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HDW-A High Performance Large Scale Data Warehouse

HDW: A High Performance Large Scale Data Warehouse

Jinguo You1, Jianqing Xi1, Chuan Zhang1, Gengqi Guo1, 2

1School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology,

Guang Zhou 510641, China

2Guangdong Communication Polytechnic, Guang Zhou 510641, China

jgyou@https://www.doczj.com/doc/b41515426.html,; csjqxi@https://www.doczj.com/doc/b41515426.html,; chuanzh69@https://www.doczj.com/doc/b41515426.html,; ggengqi@https://www.doczj.com/doc/b41515426.html,

Abstract?

As data warehouses grow in size, ensuring adequate database performance will be a big challenge. This paper presents a solution, called HDW, based on Google infrastructure such as GFS, Bigtable, MapReduce to build and manage a large scale distributed data warehouse for high performance OLAP analysis. In addition, HDW provides XMLA standard interface for front end applications. The results show that HDW achieves pretty good performance and high scalability, which has been demonstrated on at least 18 nodes with 36 cores.

Keywords: data warehouse, GFS, Bigtable, MapReduce, high performance

1.Introduction

With information generated consistently, data warehouses grow in size [1]. This challenges current data warehouse systems. To accommodate and analyze vast quantities of data over time become more difficult than ever. In some business scenarios, data warehouses and business intelligence applications are required to answer exactly the types of ad hoc OLAP queries that users would like to pose against real time data. Further, [2] proposed C-Store, a column-oriented DBMS, which outperforms the current traditional DBMSs in read optimization. As data warehouses are read-mostly, the new data warehouses design needs to consider and incorporate the C-Store feature.

Recently, Google provides server infrastructure such as GFS [3], Bigtable [4] and MapReduce [5] to handle with large amounts of data on thousands of low cost commodity machines. Considering Google’s searching information over the very large worldwide web, how about using the infrastructure to build a huge data warehouses?

This paper presents a solution built upon the Google infrastructure, called HDW. HDW is a large scale distributed data warehouse where high performance OLAP analysis is executed. It uses GFS and Bigtable to store data. Also it uses MapReduce to parallelized computation tasks such as data cube construction, ? The research is sponsored by the Science & Technology Program of Guangdong Province, China (NO. 2006B11301001, NO.

2006B80407001) and The International Science &Technology Cooperation Program of Guangdong Province, China (NO.

2007A050100026) OLAP query answering.

HDW is different from other previous parallel data warehouse and OLAP systems. The most comparable system with HDW is Panda [6, 7, 8]. They all aim at a high performance scalable parallel OLAP system built on low cost share nothing clusters. But they have quite a few differences in implementation. Panda constructs ROLAP data cubes mainly based on the pipesort algorithm, while HDW builds a MOLAP data cubes around the closed cube algorithm [9]. Panda and most other systems [10, 11, 12] employ MPI (Message Passing Interface) to communicate between a node and another node. They need to take extra consideration about data partitioning, load balance and failure tolerance, which are automatically handled by GFS and Mapreduce used in HDW. In addition, for high availability, HDW provides XMLA (XML for Analysis) standard API for front end applications. Thus, all visualization tools which support XMLA can be easily plugged into HDW system without much modification. 2. Design Overview

2.1 Architecture

The HDW system consists of four layers as illustrated in Figure 1: the storage layer, the calculation layer, the message layer and the presentation layer.

The storage layer stores metadata and summary data in GFS or Bigtable. Large data is split into blocks which

are spread across different machines. The storage layer

also extracts data from a relational database.

The calculation layer uses MapReduce framework to parallelize computation tasks such as the data cube

2008 International Muitsymposiums on Computer and Computational Sciences 978-0-7695-3430-5/08 $25.00 ? 2008 IEEE

2008 International Multi-symposiums on Computer and Computational Sciences DOI 10.1109/IMSCCS.2008.16

200

construction (i.e. aggregate data into a data cube) and OLAP queries. The calculation layer accesses data in the storage layer via the read / write interface provided by the storage layer, pre-aggregates the data and stores the aggregated data to the storage layer.

The message layer includes an XMLA engine which processes requests from users and invokes the calculation layer to execute parallel computation tasks. Through XMLA, the message layer provide a unify interface for client applications. Metadata discovery, OLAP query and pre-computation etc. are all wrapped into two standard methods: discover and execute.

In the presentation layer, users can make analysis via JPivot, Excel pivot table, etc. visualization tools that support the XMLA specification. The system also provides a management console to manage the GFS / Bigtable, create data warehouse schema metadata, send query request, and monitor the execution.

2.2 Interface

The storage layer provides the data access interface for the calculation layer. The Map tasks and Reduce tasks read data in Bigtable via TableInputFormat and write TableOutputFormat. When the table is from a relational database, the interface is DbInputFormat and DboutputFormat. For files, the access of GFS is wrapped as FileInputFormat and FileOutputFormat.

In the calculation layer, the interface for the data cube construction is CubingMap and CubingReduce. The OLAP querying interface is QueryMap and QueryReduce. These interfaces are all invoked by the message layer’s interface: Discover and Execute, two methods defined in XMLA.

3. Implementation Detail

3.1 Storage Structure

If the summary data in the data cube is structured, it is stored in a distributed table which we called Cubetable. Cubetable is built and managed by Bigtable. Therefore Cubetable is column oriented, which is more efficient for storage and querying of data cubes since data cubes are sparse in most situations.

The Cubetable conceptual view is shown in Figure 2.

The data cube unique name acts as the row name. The dimension unique name acts as the column family name, while the level unique name in the dimension the qualifier of the column family. As soon as a record of

the data cube is inserted into Cubetable, each cell in the same row for the record is under the same version, i.e. the same timestamp. When the record has a special value ALL or * in a dimension, the cell value is set NULL.

3.2 Data Cube Construction

Because the closed cube is very efficient in the data compression ratio, we used it to implement the data cube construction.

For the input data in files or tables specified by FileInputFormat or TableInputFormat respectively, the system partitions them into data blocks. As shown in Figure 3, every block’s content as a whole is an input value with a unique id. The map function accepts the pairs and computes every local data cube by calling DFS function (see DFS definition in [9]). The cells are stored in a local data cube closedCells. Finally the closedCells identified by a blockid are output and stored in the GFS/Bigtable. The CubingReduce does nothing except only outputting the closed cube.

Figure 3. The pseudocode of the cubing interface

The data cube is locally constructed. As the id keys of local data cubes are small and unique, the subsequently partitioning merging of these keys produces little communication overhead and little data swap between nodes.

We conducted the experiments for the data cube construction in an 18-node PC cluster with total 36 cores, 18 GB RAM, 540GB disk volumes. Although the cluster is not large, but it is easy to add more nodes (say, reach 100 -1000 cores and 1 terabyte disk volume) since it is share nothing.

For a fact table with 60 million rows (stored in text file with the size 1.37G), the data cubes are constructed in less than 5 minutes and output the 2.98G file spread over 18 nodes. Even when the number of rows reaches 100 million, the construction time is about 7 minutes. The speedup is almost linear within at least 36 cores. For high dimensions, say the fact table with 12 dimensions and 20 million rows, the construction time is only 273 seconds.

3.3 OLAP Query

The same query is sent to every data node. The parallel query task includes the QueryMap class and the QueryReduce class. As shown in Firgure 4, the (blockid, closedcells) pair from files/tables is the input of the map

function. The query strings are stored in a file which can be accessed by all map functions. Then the map function searches every queried cell in its local data cube and emits a (cell, msr) intermediate key/value pair. These intermediate pairs are partitioned by the key, i.e. the name of cell, so the measures are grouped by cells. Finally, the measures for a cell are reduced to one measure by applying the aggregate function (e.g. sum).

Figure 4. The pseudocode of the querying interface

Even though the OLAP query involves in each node, the result sets are small. Thus the partitioning merging for the results causes little communication.

For the fact table with 60 million rows, the 1,000 point queries answering time is only 203 seconds (the experimental environment is the same as the data cube construction environment). Each point query answering time is 0.2 seconds in average. Also the time approaches linear speedup when the number of nodes increases from 5 to 17.

3.4 The Code Base

We implemented our system based on Hadoop [13]. Hadoop is a software platform that allows one to easily write and run parallel or distributed applications that process vast amounts of data. It incorporates features similar to those of the Google File System and of MapReduce. Hadoop also includes HBase which is a column-oriented store model like Bigtable.

Although Hadoop is implemented in Java, the map and reduce computation tasks were all coded in C++ because of the efficiency of C++. The C++ program communicates with Hadoop through Hadoop Streaming.

4. Conclusions

HDW aims at building a large scale data warehouse that accommodates terabytes data atop inexpensive PC clusters with thousands of nodes. As the limited experimental condition, at present we demonstrated it on only 18 nodes with 36 cores. But in view of Hadoop’s successfully sorting 20 terabytes on a 2000-node cluster within 2.5 hours [13], we believe that HDW has the same potential ability which will be proved in the next step. The data extraction, transformation and loading (ETL) will be considered to incorporate into HDW.

References

[1] David J. DeWitt, Samuel Madden, Michael Stonebraker. How to Build a High-Performance Data Warehouse. http: // https://www.doczj.com/doc/b41515426.html,/madden/high_perf.pdf

[2] Michael Stonebraker et al. C-Store: A Column Oriented DBMS. In proceedings of VLDB, 2005.

[3] Sanjay Ghemawat, Howard Gobioff, Shun-Tak Leung. The Google file system. In 19th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 2003.

[4] Fay Chang, Jeffrey Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat et al. Bigtable:

A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data. In 7th Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation, 2006

[5] Jeffrey Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat. MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters. In Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, 2004.

[6] PANDA, http://projects.cs.dal.ca/panda/

[7] Ying Chen, Frank Dehne, Todd Eavis et al. Parallel ROLAP Data Cube Construction on Shared-Nothing Multiprocessors. Distributed and Parallel Databases, 2004 [8] Frank Dehne, Todd Eavis, Andrew Rau-Chaplin. The cgmCUBE project: Optimizing parallel data cube generation for ROLAP. Distributed and Parallel Databases, 2006.

[9] Laks V.S. Lakshmanan, Jian Pei, Yan Zhao. QCTrees: An Efficient Summary Structure for Semantic OLAP. SIGMOD, 2003.

[10] Sanjay Goil, Alok Choudhary. High performance OLAP and data mining on parallel computers. Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 1(4):391–417, 1997. [11] Sanjay Goil, Alok Choudhary. A parallel scalable infrastructure for OLAP and data mining. In Proc. International Data Engineering and Applications Symposium (IDEAS’99), Montreal, 1999

[12] Raymond T. Ng, Alan Wagner, Yu Yin. Iceberg-cube Computation with PC Clusters. SIGMOD, 2001

[13] Apache org. Hadoop. https://www.doczj.com/doc/b41515426.html,/hadoop/

衣服尺码尺寸对应表

说明:裤子上的尺码,如160/68A,160是指身高,68表示腰围,A代表体型;体型分类:A正常体B偏胖体C肥胖体Y偏瘦体 说明:34号到38号是属于超大尺寸的超大号牛仔裤 尺寸、裤长测量方法: 1、腰围 裤子腰围:两边腰围接缝处围量一周;净腰围:在单裤外沿腰间最细处围量一周,按需要加放尺寸; 2、臀围 裤子臀围:由腰口往下,裤子最宽处横向围量一周;净臀围:沿臀部最丰满处平衡围量一周,按需要加放松度;

3、裤长 由腰口往下到裤子最底边的距离;休闲裤、牛仔裤裤长不含脚口贴边,脚口贴边另预留3-4CM长供自行缭边使用; 4、净裤长 由腰口到您裤子的实际缭边处的距离;男士净裤长标准测量长度在:皮鞋鞋帮 身高裤长对照表 身高(CM) 裤长(市尺) 裤长(CM) 160~165 2尺9寸97 165~170 3尺100 170~175 3尺1寸103 175~180 3尺2寸107 180~185 3尺3寸110 男式衬衫尺码对照表单位(厘米) 身高/胸围尺码身高腰围肩宽胸围衣长袖长165/84Y 37165 94 44 104 78 58 165/88Y 38165 98 45 108 78 59.5

170/92Y 39170 102 46 112 79 59.5 175/96Y 40175 106 47 115 79 60.5 175/100Y 41175 110 48 118 80 60.5 180/104Y 42180 113 49 121 81 61.5 180/108Y 43180 116 50 124 81 61.5 185/112Y 44185 119 51 126 82 62.5 185/116Y 45185 122 51 128 82 62.5 185/120Y 46185 124 52 130 83 64 注:(身高/胸围)为净尺寸。一般实际紧腰围和成衣相差12~22厘米。 女式衬衫尺码对照表单位(厘米) 规格尺码肩宽胸围腰围下摆围后衣长短袖长短袖口长袖长长袖口155/80 3537 86 71 89 56 19.5 30 54 21 155/83 3638 89 74 92 57 19.5 31 55 22 160/86 3739 92 77 95 58 20 32 56 22 160/89 3840 95 80 98 59 20 33 56 23 165/92 3941 98 83 101 60 20.5 34 57 23 165/95 4042 101 86 104 61 20.5 35 57 24 170/98 4143 104 89 107 62 21 36 58 24 170/101 4244 107 92 110 63 21 37 58 25 173/104 4345 110 95 113 64 21.5 38 59 25 注:尺寸表中的规格表示为(身高/胸围净尺寸)的参考尺寸。 男士西服尺码对照表单位(厘米)

《石钟山记》译文,内容主旨,文学常识

石钟山记 《水经》上说:“鄱阳湖口有座石钟山。”郦道元认为,这山下面临深潭,微风掀起波浪时,水和石互相撞击,发出的声音象大钟一样。这种说法,人们常常怀疑它。现在把钟和磬放在水里,即使大风浪也不能使它发出声音,何况石头呢。到了唐代,李渤才寻访了它的遗迹,在潭边上找到两座山石,敲着听听它的声音,南边的山石声音重浊而模糊,北边的山石声音清脆而响亮。鼓槌的敲击停止以后,声音还在传播,余音慢慢消失。他自己认为找到了石钟山命名的原因了。然而这种说法,我更加怀疑。能敲得发出铿锵作响的山石。到处都有,可是唯独这座山用钟来命名,这是为什么呢? 元丰七年农历六月丁丑那天,我从齐安乘船到临汝去,正好大儿子苏迈将要到饶州德兴县做县尉,送他到湖口,因此能够看到这座叫做“石钟”的山。庙里的和尚叫小童拿一柄斧头,在杂乱的石壁中间选择一两处敲打它,发出硿硿的响声,我仍旧笑笑,并不相信。到了晚上,月色明亮,我单独和迈儿坐小船,到绝壁下面。大石壁在旁边斜立着,高达千尺,活象凶猛的野兽、奇怪的鬼物,阴森森的想要扑过来抓人似的;山上栖息的鹘鸟,听到人声也受惊飞起,在高空中磔磔地叫着;还有象老头子在山谷中咳着笑着的声音,有的人说:“这就是鹳鹤。”我正心中惊恐想要回去。忽然,巨大的声音从水上发出,噌吰的声音象击鼓敲钟一样不停。船夫非常害怕。我仔细地观察,原来山下都是石头的洞穴和裂缝,不知它的深浅,微微的水波进入里面,冲荡撞击,便形成这种声音。船划回到两山中间,快要进入港口,有块大石头挡在水流中心,上面可以坐百来人,中间是空的,有很多窟窿,风吹浪打吞进吐出,发出窾坎镗鞳的声音,跟先前噌吰的声音互相应和,好像音乐演奏起来一样。我因而笑着对迈儿说:“你明白吗?发出噌吰响声的,那是周景王的无射钟,发出窾坎镗鞳响声的,那是魏庄子的歌钟。古人没有欺骗我们啊!” 事情没有亲眼看到、亲耳听到,却主观地推断它的有无,能行吗?郦道元见到和听到的,大概和我的见闻相同,可是说得不够详尽;一般做官读书的人又总不愿夜晚乘小船停靠在绝壁下面,所以没有谁能了解真相;而渔夫船工,虽然知道却又不能用口说出用笔写出来。这就是这座山(命名的真实原由)在世上没能流传下来的缘故啊。而浅陋的人竟用斧头敲击来寻求用钟命名的原由,还自己认为得到了它的真相。我因此把上面的情况记载下来,叹息郦道元记叙的简略,而笑李渤见识的浅陋。 【内容主旨】 本文记录了作者考察石钟山得名的原因的过程,文中的叙事,议论皆由探寻石钟山命名的来由而发,卒章显志,先得出“事不目见耳闻,而臆断其有无,可乎”的观点,再用“叹郦元之简,而笑李渤之陋”的一叹,一笑点写自己的写作意图。 全文分三个部分,第一段,对石钟山命名缘由的两种解释表示怀疑。第二段解疑,通过实地考察去探究石钟山命名的真实缘由。属记叙部分。第三段得出结论,即事情如果没有亲眼看见,亲耳听到就不能凭主观臆测去推断它的有无。属议论部分。 【写作手法】 《石钟山记》的结构不同于一般的记游性散文那样,先记游,然后议论,而是先议论,由议论带出记叙,最后又以议论作结。作者以“疑──察──结论”三个步骤展开全文。全文首尾呼应,逻辑严密,浑然一体。本文第一句就提郦道元的说法,提出别人对此说的怀疑,这种怀疑也不是没有根据,而是用钟磬作的实验为依据。这就为文章的第二段中作者所见的两处声

毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称: Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处:Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金,洪城铱昌,宰瑾李, 刘链柱译 摘要:旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率,压降,并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50%的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积,体直径,减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法,用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词:吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子,工作场所,或其他建筑,因此,室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物,毒物,食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤,预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中,吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间,以及纸过滤器也应定期更换,由于压力下降,气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形,在粗颗粒(>2.0微米)模式为主要的外部来源,如风吹尘,海盐喷雾,火山,从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放,以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式,典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克,可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

男装、女装衣服尺码对照表

男装、女装衣服尺码对照表
1、男装尺码对照表
身高 (cm)
衬衣尺码 (领围 cm)
西服尺码夹克尺码西裤尺码
(肩宽 (胸围 (腰围
cm)
cm)
cm)
西(腰裤围尺寸码) T
恤尺码
毛衣尺码 内裤尺码 统计比例
160 37(S) 44(S) 80(S) 72
28
S
S
S
0
165 38(M) 46(M) 84(M) 74,76 29
M
M
M
1
170 39(L) 48(L) 88(S) 78
30
L
L
L
2
175 40(XL) 50(XL) 92(M) 80
31
XL
XL
XL
3
180 41(2XL) 52(2XL) 96(L) 82
32
2XL
2XL
2XL
3
185 42(3XL) 54(3XL) 100(XL) 84,86 33
3XL
3XL
3XL
2
190 43(4XL) 56(4XL) 104(4XL) 88
34
4XL
4XL
4XL
1
195 44(5XL)
90
35
5XL
5XL
5XL
0
2、衬衫尺寸(除个别款尺寸,买前询问)
平铺尺寸 M
XL
胸围 97cm 99cm 101cm
肩宽 43cm 44cm 45cm
衣长 67cm 68cm 69cm
袖长 62cm 64cm 65cm
3、裤装尺码为: 26 代表腰围为:“尺” 28 代表腰围为:“尺” 30 代表腰围为:“尺” 32 代表腰围为:“尺” 34 代表腰围为:“尺” 38 代表腰围为:“尺” 42 代表腰围为:“尺” 50 代表腰围为:“尺” 54 代表腰围为:“尺”
27 代表腰围为:“尺” 29 代表腰围为:“尺” 31 代表腰围为:“尺” 33 代表腰围为:“尺” 36 代表腰围为:“尺” 40 代表腰围为:“尺” 44 代表腰围为:“尺” 52 代表腰围为:“尺”
4.女装尺码对照表
上装尺码
“女上装”尺码对照表(cm)
S
M
L
155/80A
160/84A
165/88A
XL 170/92A

衣服尺码尺寸对应表

裤子尺寸对照表1 裤子尺寸对照表2 说明:裤子上的尺码,如160/68A,160是指身高,68表示腰围,A代表体型;体型分类:A正常体B偏胖体C肥胖体Y偏瘦体 牛仔裤尺码对照表:(以下测量误差在+-2cm) 说明:34号到38号是属于超大尺寸的超大号牛仔裤

尺寸、裤长测量方法: 1、腰围 裤子腰围:两边腰围接缝处围量一周;净腰围:在单裤外沿腰间最细处围量一周,按需要加放尺寸; 2、臀围 裤子臀围:由腰口往下,裤子最宽处横向围量一周;净臀围:沿臀部最丰满处平衡围量一周,按需要加放松度; 3、裤长 由腰口往下到裤子最底边的距离;休闲裤、牛仔裤裤长不含脚口贴边,脚口贴边另预留3-4CM长供自行缭边使用; 4、净裤长 由腰口到您裤子的实际缭边处的距离;男士净裤长标准测量长度在:皮鞋鞋帮和鞋底交接处;

男式衬衫尺码对照表 单位(厘米) 身高/胸围 尺码 身高 腰围 肩宽 胸围 衣长 袖长 165/84Y 37 165 94 44 104 78 58 165/88Y 38 165 98 45 108 78 59.5 170/92Y 39 170 102 46 112 79 59.5 175/96Y 40 175 106 47 115 79 60.5 175/100Y 41 175 110 48 118 80 60.5 180/104Y 42 180 113 49 121 81 61.5 180/108Y 43 180 116 50 124 81 61.5 185/112Y 44 185 119 51 126 82 62.5 185/116Y 45 185 122 51 128 82 62.5 185/120Y 46 185 124 52 130 83 64 注:(身高/胸围)为净尺寸。一般实际紧腰围和成衣相差12~22厘米。

《石钟山记》的原文及译文

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余同,而言之不详;士大夫终不肯以小舟夜泊壁之下,故莫能知;而渔工水师虽知而不能言。此世所以不传也。而陋者乃以斧斤考击而求之,自以为得其实。余是以记之,盖叹郦元之简,而笑李渤之陋也。 [译文] 《水经》上说:鄱阳湖口有座石钟山。郦道元认为,这山下面临深潭,微风掀起波浪时,水和石互相撞击,发出的声音象大钟一样。这种说法,人们常常怀疑它。现在把钟和磬放在水里,即使大风浪也不能使它发出声音,何况石头呢。到了唐代,李渤才寻访了它的遗迹,在潭边上找到两座山石,敲着听听它的声音,南边的山石声音重浊而模糊,北边的山石声音清脆而响亮。鼓槌的敲击停止以后,声音还在传播,余音慢慢消失。他自己认为找到了石钟山命名的原因了。然而这种说法,我更加怀疑。能敲得发出铿锵作响的山石。到处都有,可是唯独这座山用钟来命名,这是为什么呢? 元丰七年农历六月丁丑那天,我从齐安乘船到临汝去,正好大儿子苏迈将要到饶州德兴县做县尉,送他到湖口,因此能够看到这座叫做石钟的山。庙里的和尚叫小童拿一柄斧头,在杂乱的石壁中间选择一两处敲打它,发出□□的响声,我仍旧笑笑,并不相信。到了晚上,月色明亮,我单独和迈儿坐小船,到绝壁下面。大石壁在旁边斜立着,高达千尺,活象凶猛的野兽、奇怪的鬼物,阴森森的想要扑过来抓人似的;

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译〔含原文〕

南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点:南京信息职业技术学院 专业:电子信息工程 姓名:陈洁 学号: 014910253034 外文出处:《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。 指导教师评语: 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误,用词准确,没 有重要误译,忠实原文;译文通顺,条理清楚,数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名: 年月日 注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址:独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始,如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备,64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备,达到8个字节(一个4字)可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取(8字节/传送*33百万传送字/秒),在66MHz总线上可以528M字节/秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备,总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上(AD[31::00])引导,所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外,对64位寻址反映的存储器目标(驻留在4GB地址边界上)可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性,各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能,PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时,REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#(如果目标支持64位数据传送),ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔(但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效,ACK64#才可被有效)。像REQ64#一样,ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时,ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址/数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡

男装女装衣服尺码对照表

男装、女装衣服尺码对照表1、男装尺码对照表 2、衬衫尺寸(除个别款尺寸,买前询问)

3、裤装尺码为: 26代表腰围为:“尺” 27代表腰围为:“尺” 28代表腰围为:“尺” 29代表腰围为:“尺” 30代表腰围为:“尺” 31代表腰围为:“尺” 32代表腰围为:“尺” 33代表腰围为:“尺” 34代表腰围为:“尺” 36代表腰围为:“尺” 38代表腰围为:“尺” 40代表腰围为:“尺” 42代表腰围为:“尺” 44代表腰围为:“尺” 50代表腰围为:“尺” 52代表腰围为:“尺” 54代表腰围为:“尺” 4.女装尺码对照表 “女上装”尺码对照表(cm)

“女下装”尺码详细对照表(cm) 其他算法

裤子尺码对照表 26号------1尺9寸臀围2尺632号------2尺6寸臀围3尺2 27号------2尺0寸臀围2尺734号------2尺7寸臀围3尺4 28号------2尺1寸臀围2尺836号------2尺8寸臀围3尺5-6 29号------2尺2寸臀围2尺938号------2尺9寸臀围3尺7-8 30号------2尺3寸臀围3尺040号------3尺0寸臀围3尺9-4尺 31号------2尺4寸臀围3尺142号------3尺1-2寸臀围4尺1-2 牛仔裤尺码对照表 5.尺码换算参照表 女装(外衣、裙装、恤衫、上装、套装) 标准尺码明细 中国 (cm) 160-165 / 84-86 165-170 / 88-90 167-172 / 92-96 168-173 / 98-102 170-176 / 106-110 国际 XS S M L XL

衣服尺寸对照表

衣服尺寸对照表 女款上装 女裤 尺码XL 3XL

女式内裤 女式泳装 女鞋 2尺4 2尺6 2尺7 2尺8 2尺9 3尺 3尺1 (市尺) 尺码 S M L XL 3XL 光脚长度 女裙对应臀围 尺码 XS/32 S/34 M/36 L/38 XL/40 腰围 63-70 70-76 80-86 86-93 93-100

文胸 80,83,85,88,9 85,88,90,93,95,9 90,93,95,98100,1 95,98,100,103,105,1 103,105,108,110,1 胸 女袜胸 68-72(cm) 73-77(cm) 78-82(cm) 83-87(cm) 88-92(cm) 03 08 13 A,B,C,D,DD A,B,C,D,DD,E 型 A,B,C,D,DD,E A,B,C,D,DD,E B,C,D,DD,E 尺 70A,70B,70C 75A,75B,75C, 80A,80B,80C 85A,85B,85C 90B,90C,90D 码 70D,70DD 75D,75DD,75E 80D,80DD,80E 85D,85DD,85E 90DD,90E 英 32A,32B,32C 34A,34B,34C 36A,36B,36C 38A,38B,38C 40B,40C,40D

女式衬衫 数目为12.5公分者为B 罩杯。以此类推计算,即下胸围尺寸为 75公分者,可容许+/-2.5公分的误差,凡 介于72.5?77.5公分者皆可穿75。假设您的下胸围尺寸为 72.5公分,则建议选购75的胸罩而非70,因 为在 穿着时会比较舒适,二来也比较耐穿。 臀围 型号 80-88cm (约 34 85-93cm (约 36 90-98cm (约 38 100-108cm (约 罩杯 【罩杯的尺寸】上胸围尺寸减去下胸围尺寸之数目为 10.0公分者为A 罩杯。上胸围尺寸减去下胸围尺寸之 式 32D,32DD 34D,34DD,34E 36D,36DD,36E 38D,38DD,38E 40DD,40E XL 范围

石钟山记-原文-翻译

石钟山记-原文-翻译

石钟山记 苏轼 《水经》云:“彭蠡之口有石钟山焉。”郦元以为下临深潭,微风鼓浪,水石相搏,声如洪钟。是说也,人常疑之。今以钟磬置水中,虽大风浪不能鸣也,而况石乎!至唐李渤始访其遗踪,得双石于潭上,扣而聆之,南声函胡,北音清越,桴止响腾,余韵徐歇。自以为得之矣。然是说也,余尤疑之。石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也,而此独以钟名,何哉? 元丰七年六月丁丑,余自齐安舟行适临汝,而长子迈将赴饶之德兴尉,送之至湖口,因得观所谓石钟者。寺僧使小童持斧,于乱石间择其一二扣之,硿硿焉。余固笑而不信也。至莫夜月明,独与迈乘小舟,至绝壁下。大石侧立千尺,如猛兽奇鬼,森然欲搏人;而山上栖鹘,闻人声亦惊起,磔磔云霄间;又有若老人咳且笑于山谷中者,或曰此鹳鹤也。余方心动欲还,而大声发于水上,噌吰如钟鼓不绝。舟人大恐。徐而察之,则山下皆石穴罅,不知其浅深,微波入焉,涵淡澎湃而为此也。舟回至两山间,将入港口,有大石当中流,可坐百人,空中而多窍,与风水相吞吐,有窾坎镗鞳之声,与向之噌吰者相应,如乐作焉。因笑谓迈曰:“汝识之乎?噌吰者,周景王之无射也;窾坎镗鞳者,魏庄子之歌钟也。古之人不余欺也!” 事不目见耳闻,而臆断其有无,可乎?郦元之所见闻,殆与余同,而言之不详;士大夫终不肯以小舟夜泊绝壁之下,故莫能知;而渔工水师虽知而不能言。此世所以不传也。而陋者乃以斧斤考击而求之,自以为得其实。余是以记之,盖叹郦元之简,而笑李渤之陋也。 注释 1、选自《苏东坡全集》。 2、彭蠡:鄱阳湖的又一名称。 3、郦元:就是郦道元,北魏人,地理学家,著《水经注》。 4、鼓:振动。 5、搏:击,拍。 6、洪钟:大钟。 7、是说:这个说法。

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