2018年东莞市中考各科试题与答案汇总
目录
英语--------------------------- 2 语文---------------------------15 数学---------------------------24 政治---------------------------35 历史---------------------------44 地理---------------------------52 物理---------------------------65 化学---------------------------77 生物---------------------------87
2018年东莞市中考英语试题与答案
说明:
1.全巻共10页,满分为120分,考试用时为100分钟。
2.考生务必保持答题卡的整洁。考试结束时,将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、听力理解(本大题分为A、 B、 C、 D四部分,共30小题,每小题1分,共30分)
A.听单句(本题有5小题,每小题1分,共5分)
根据所听句子的内容和所提的问题, 选择符合题意的图画回答问题, 并将答题卡上对应题目所选的选项涂黑。每小题听一遍。
1. How did Susan do in thel00-meter race?
2. Where did the old man live?
3. why did they punish Peter yesterday?
4. Which is the man the speaker is talking about
5. What do people eat with inthis country?
B. 听对话(本题有10小题,每小题1分,共l0分)
根据所听内容,回答每段对话后面的问题,在每小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案, 并将答题卡上对应题目所选的选项法黑。每段对话听两遍。
听第一段对话,回答第6小题。
6. What is the weatherlike?
A. Rainy.
B.Windy.
C. Sunny.
听第二段对话, 回答第7小题。
7. What is Lily's dress made of?
A. Silk.
B.Cotton.
C. Paper.
听第三段对话, 回答第8小题。
8. Which robot does the womanlike better?
A. The one with a sq uare head.
B. The one with a roundface.
C. The one with green eyes.
听第四段对话, 回答第9小题。
9. Where does the conversation probablytake place?
A. 0n a bus.
B. 0n atrain.
C. 0n a plane.
听第五段对话,回答第10小题。
l0. Howlong did ittake the woman to get homeftom France?
A. 3 hours
B.11 hours
C.14 hours.
听第六段对话,回答第l1-12小题。
11. What does the man think of Tina?
A. A shy gir1.
B. Aconfidentgirl.
C. An unftiendly girl.
12. How can Tina start a conversation according to the man?
A. By making smalltalk.
B. By singing a song. C By keeping smilng.
听第七段对话, 回答第l3- 15小题。
13. What's the possible relationship between thetwo speakers?
A. Husband andwife.
B. Fatherand daughter.
C. Motherand son.
14. Who are their new neighbors?
A. The Browns.
B. A young couple.
C. A big family
15. When did the Browns put their house on the market?
A. Severaldays ago.
B. Severalweeks ago.
C. several years ago.
C. 听独白(本题有10小题,每小题1分,共10分)
根据所听内容, 在每小题所给的三个选项中, 选出一个能完成句子的最佳答案, 并将答题卡上对应题目所选的选项涂黑。独白听两遍。
听第一篇独白,回答第16_20小题。
16. Steven visited his grandma_.
A. once a month
B. twice a month
C. three times a month
17. Steven didn'tlike the sweatars because .
A. they were too small
B. theywere for adults
C. they made himlook funny
18. Stevenlived 18.Steven felt in a small flat ____________.
A. a1one
B.with his parents
C. with his classmates
19. Steven felt_when his grandma asked about his sweaters.
A. angr
B. easy
C. awkward
20. Infact, Steven's sweaters________.
A. were stolen
B. were given away
C. were thrown away
听第二篇独白, 回答第21-25小题
21. Peppa Pig, a British cartoon, has been translated into_ languages
A. 14
B. 40
C. 80
22. ______ are fond ofthe cartoon
A. 〇nly adults
B. Only young children
C. Both children and adults
23. According to the passage, visitors cannot have___________.
A. a horse ride
B. a balloon ride
C. a boat ride
24. The Peppa Pig theme parks in Beijing and Shanghai will be open just in time for .
A. the Year ofthe Dog
B. the Year ofthe Pig
C. the Year ofthe Tjger
25. The passage is mainly about ________.
A. What PePPa Pig likes
B. how popular Peppa Pig is
C. why kidslike Peppa Pig
D.听填信息(本题有5小题,每小题l分,共5分)
你将听到的是一篇关于我国明代医药学家李时珍的短文。请你根据所听内容填写下面的
信息卡, 并请将答案写在答题卡相应题目的答题位置上。短文听两遍。
Li Shizhen and Bencao Gangmu
Date of Li's birth: July3rd, 26
Li's life experience:
★_ _27 _ the nationa1 exam three times andtumed to medicine
★Cured(治愈) the son of the Prince of Chu
★got a govemment position; read medjcal books and found__28___ in some of them
★Wrote a book providing 29 and clear information on medicine
Bencao Gangma:
★Introduction of more than 1,800 Chinese medical plants
★Description of the type, form, taste, 30 and use of 1,094 medica1 plants
二、单项填空(本大题有15小题,每小题1分,共l5分)
在每小题所给的四个选项中, 选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案, 并将答题卡上对应题目所选的选项涂黑。
31. ________ new study says that going to_______bedlate is harmfu1 to our health.
A. /, /
B.A, /
C.A,the
D. The, the
32. The th ree _____ upstairs are too sma1l to have enough_____ for a double bed.
A. room, room
B. room, rooms
C. rooms, room
D. rooms, rooms
33.- How soon wi1l we get the offer from a new high schoo1? – _______about two months.
A.In
B.For
C.Among
D. During
34. Boxing Day, the26th of December, got______name firom a time gave boxes ofgifts to poor people
who had to work at Christmas.
A.it's
B.its
C.one's
D. one
35. According to a survey, four out of five women do housework at home, but only____ ofmenwould do it.
A. four fifth
B. fourfifths
C. two fifth
D. tw o fifths
36. _ My grandpa practices playing the guitar_____ in the university for the elderly every day.
_ cool! It's never too old toleam.
A.hard
B.hardly
C.great
D.greatly
37. china is getting more and more independent of westem technology, ______it is leading in many
fields, such as the self-driving car industry.
A./
B.or
C.but
D.and
38. It ls sajd that the number of forest ParkS in Guangdong ______ to more than l,000 so far.
A increase B. increased C.has increased D.will increase
39. _ what do you think of the movie Operation Red Sea?
_wonderfu1. I've never seen a movie _ than it.
A. more excited
B. more exciting
C. mOSteXcited
D. most exciting
40 _ l saw the light of your room was stil1 on at two o'Clock last night.
_ 〇h, I ____a football match of the Russia World Cup.
A. watched
B. was watched
C. am watching
D. was watching
41.-Yuan Longping, a famous Chinese scientist, is now doing research on sea rice
-If farmers____ start planting rice in salty water. China's food supply will surely rise
A.can
B.can’t
C. must
D. mustn’t
42. After long years of war, many people in Syria are homeless. I think it important_____ a peaceful world.
A.build
B.not build C to build D.not to build
43. Many shops in China_____to shut down as a new law against ivory( 象牙)trade came into effect on
January 1st. 2018
A. ordered
B. didn t order C .were ordered D. weren't ordered
44. -Could you tell me_____you'd like me to pay you?
-Youd better use mobile payment. I don't care____it is Ali Pay or We Chat Pay.
A.how, whether B how, why C what, whether D what, why
45 -Would you mind my tuming up the TV? The New Year concert has just begun.
-_________.Just go ahead.
A.Please don’t
B.Better not
C. I'm afraid not
D. Of course not
三、完形填空(本大题有10小题,每小题1分,共10分)
通读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后在每小题所给的四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案,并将答题卡上对应题目所选的选项涂黑
A wealthy man love his son very much.As he wanted his son to lead a happy life,send him to see a wise old man for his advice on happiness.
When the old man learnt about his 46 , he handed the boy an empty bowl and said. "Go to the river miles away and 47 it with water, I will tell you about it 48 no water is spilt( 酒)when you reach here "Although the boy was very surprised at this, he had no choice but to 49 this task.
The boy 50 on foot for the river and some time later came back with a bowl of water. The old man asked him,"Did you notice the beautiful flowers along the road and the birds singing the trees? " The boy could say nothing about them because he gave his 51 attention to the bowl in his hands The old man smiled and said, "Bring me 52 bowl of water, but this time enjoy the flowers and the singing of birds as well.
When he returned, the boy was able to 53 everything he had seen to the old man. But when he looked down at his bowl, he found 54 that most water was gone. He forgot all about his bowl while enjoying the beautiful things along the road.
“Well, young man, "the old man said. "Enjoy the beauty of the world, but never forget the water in your bowl. This is the 55 of happiness
46. A.research B.promise C.purpose D.experience
47. A.waxh B.fill https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae7315178.html,pare D.connect
48. A.if B.until C.unless D.while
49. A put ou B pick out C point out D carry out
50. A. set off B paid off C.got off D.kept off
51. A public B weak C.quick D.full
52. A.any B.every C. another D.the other
53. A change B.imagine C. examine D.describe
54. A. lazily B.sadly C.luckily D excitedly
55.A.result B.cause C. secret D.decision
四．阅读理解(本大题有15小题,每小题2分,共30分)
阅读A、B两篇短文, 从每小题所给的四个选项中,选出能回答所提问题或完成所给旬子的最佳答案, 并将答题卡上对应题目所选的选项涂黑。
A
BIPC would like to invite beekeepes to the
World Bee Day Activities
9:00 a.m- 4:00 pm, Sunaay, May 20th 2018
Landhill Hall, Cornwall
Bees are now jn danger and its number is going down every yearlargely beCauSe of human activity, whjle a thjrd ofthe world's food production depends on this yel1oW and blaCk insect(昆虫) and other po11inators(传授花粉者).
May 20th thjs year js the first World Bee Day. It was createdlast year by the UN,after S1ovenia put forward the idea, to draw people's attention to the important role of beeS and other pollinators in keeping the planet healthy.
A day for a11 those who are interested inleaming to improve the quality(质量) of their bees! A day also for those who want toknow more about bee keeping!
Bring your family with you and have fun! Let's celebrate everything connected With bees and the coming of spring!
Activieies for the whole family
talks on bees/bee products for sale/wax(蜡) & candle-makinglessons
Bee Communication:
Dr Gavin Ramsay wi11 explain the dances ofbees, te1ling you about what smart behaviors bees have. Cleaning beeswax & candle-makinglessons : Classes wi1l be given byKate Black.
Cafe: Lunch and tea/coffee/cakes are available atthe cafe.
These activities are held by BIPC, the Bee Improvement Program for Comwall.
Tickets are $8 for members of BIPC and $10 for non-members. Half price for a child.
All the money will go to the City Bee Protection Project.
Book your place by emailing bengreen@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae7315178.html,
56. The danger that bees are facing is caused by_.
A. beekeepers
B. foodproduction
C. human activity
D. otherpo11jnators
57. The World Bee Day was created_.
A. to advise people to keep healthy
B. to help beekeepers sell more bee products
C. to celebrate the COmin9 ofSP「ing
D. to make peopleknow the importance ofbees
58. During the 58.During the activities, you can learn all the fol1owjng EXCET_.
A. to make a candle
B. to improve the quality of bees
C. to make tea and coffee
D. to understand the dances of bees
59. Bi1l, a member of BIPC, and his 5-year-old son will pay____for tickets to the activities.
A. 10 dollars
B. 12 do11ars
C.l6 do11ars D? l8 dollars
60. The money from the sales oftickets ______.
A wil1 be used to protectbees B. wil1 make BIPC very rich
C. will be given to beekeepers
D. w ill be spent on the celebrations
B
There’s much lo see under the sea, but you need to remember that light behaves differently in water than in air The objects appear c1oser to you than lhey exactly are. You might find yourself reaching out to touch something and completely missing it.
Objects under water wil1 appearlarger than they would on the surface, too? Be careful not to te11 any stories abo ut the big fish that got away. That fish might not be so big afte all! It’s just because sometime s things can seem to be as much as about 33 percent biggge in water!
What's more, in deeper water, co1ors just don't seem as bright. In fact, it looks as if some co1ors are missing. Remember the co1or of an object resultsfrom the wavelengths(波长) of light that are reflected(反射)from its surface.Andl ight is taken in as it moves down through the water.
Swimmers wear wet suits to keep warm underwater. Let's take a bright red, yellOW, and blue wet suit as an example. These co1ors are hard to miss on the suIface ofwater. Watch carefully the changes in co1or as you descend in the water. The red part nowlooks almost black because the red 1ight wavelengths, thelongest among these three colors, are missing. As you go down deeper, the same thing wi1l happen to the yelIow part and in the end to the blue part. Even at a place ofabout6 to9 meters underwater, you wi1l look terrible, like a ghost(鬼怪)!And you have to wait for your retum to the surface to enjoy the bright co1ors again!
61 _ You miss the object underwater when you want to touch it because_____.
A. your eyesight is quite poor
B. you are not quick enough
C. it is not as c1ose as it seems
D. it disappears very quickly
62. The examPle ofthe wet suit is used to exPlain the change of______ of an object underwater.
A. the size
B. the color
C. the position
D. the welght
63. The underlined word“descena” probably_____ in Chinese in this passage
A.上升
B.漂浮
C.屏息
D.下潜
64. Which ofthe fo1lowing is true?
A.A four-meter-1ong fish Iooks three meterslong underwater.
B. The wavelengths of red light are longer than those of blue light
C. Much water will be taken in by the swimmer deep in the wat er
D.You will see a ghost if you go as deep as 6 to 9 meters into the sea
65. The best title of this passage is_________
A. The Standard of Co1or Underwater
B.The Direction of Light Underwater
C.The Brightness of Co1or Underwater
D. The Behavior of Light Underwater
C
配对阅读左栏是对中国传统文化感兴趣的五位外国学生的描述, 右栏是中国传统文化活动的简介, 请为左栏的每位学生选择一个合适的活动, 并将答题卡上对应题目所选的选项涂黑。
五、短文填空(本大题有10小题,每小题1.5分,共15分)
请用适当的词完成下面的短文, 并把所缺单词填写在答题卡指定的位置上。每个空只能填写一个形式正确、意义相符的单词。
Wi1l Johnson has worked hiS way up the list of most popular stars in his country. 1n fact, it is not surprising that Wi1l is so successfu1 if we know about his early life. some valuab1e lessons he learnt as a Child have strongly influenced him 71 his later life. One of them was from hls father 72 _ was strict with him and his brother.
0nce, Will and his brother Harry __73____ given a job to rebuild a broken brjck(砖) wall ln the yard. The Wal1 WaS fifty feet_._74 and around sixteen feet high The boys had to mix concrete(水泥)and place only one brick at a time. They didn'l know why their fathe gave them 75 a hugejob. 76 with the allitude(.念度)of''one brick more'', both Will and Harry rebuiltbthe wall in_ 77 perjod ofbsix months. Each time they werc about to give up, their father 78_ them up patienlly. Both brothers were so sad aboul the job at 79 , but after completing the task, they felt a sense of pride. and so did their father. Even today when Will thinks that he won’t be able to do something, he wil1 look back to this experience and keep telling 80 ,“one brick at a time”.
六、读写综合(本大题分为A、B两部分,共20分)
A. 信息归纳(共5小题,每小题1分,共5分)
请阅读一张“共享小图”(一种新型社区图书馆)的海报,根据所提供的信息,完成信息卡, 把答案写在答题卡指定的位置上。
It’s a MaiIbox… It’s a Bird House...
No. Wait. It’s a Library!
Sunshine Park Has A Little Free Library!
Bryan Lim is excited to be the director ofthe Little Free Library for our neighbors in Sunshine Park Community!
The way it works is simple:
◆ We bring to thelibrary a number ofgood books that we hope w加interest our neighbors.
◆ You stop by and take whatever catches your eyes.
◆ You retum and bring other books for thelibrary whenever you can.
◆ Books are always a gift, Never for sale!
Join us for our smal1 opening at9 am on March25th, 2018.
Call 9051 660l or email bryan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae7315178.html, for more information!
Take a book Leave a book
More about LittIe Free Library:
The idea was started in2009 in Hudson, Wisconsin, when Todd Bol placed a homemade wooden box in his front yard. The boxlookedlike a one-room schoolhouse. Insjde were a dozen or more books free for the taking. It was put there in memory of Todd's mother, a teacher wholoved reading. She had died several years earlier.
His neighbors and fiiends1oved it, so he built severa1 more and gave
them away. Later, more people joined Todd in starting the project called Little
Free Library. In2017, the「e were more than sixty thousand Little Free
Libraries in over eighty countries around the world.
B.书面表达(本题15分)
根据要求完成短文写作,请将作文写在答题卡指定的位置上。
假设你是上文“共享小图”海报中的 Bryan Lim,经过三个月的运营之后'请你写封电子邮件给Todd Bol, 谈谈你对“共享小图”的感受。内容包括:
1.简单介绍你的身份,并说明写信意图;
2.这种图书馆的好处(两点);
3.“共享小图”存在的问题及其原因, 并询问建议。
作文要求:
1.不能照抄原文; 不得在作文中出现学校的真实名称和学生的真实姓名。
2.语句连贯,词数80个左右。作文的开头和结尾已经给出,不计入总词数,也不必抄写在答题卡上Dear Todd,
I hope this email finds you well.______________________________________________________
I am looking forward to your reply.
Best regards
参考答案
一、听力理解(本大题有30小题，每小题1分，共30分)
1-5 ACBCA 6-10 ACBBC 11-15 AAABB16-20 ACCCB 21-25 BCABB
26. 1518 27. f ailed 28. many mistakes29. correct 30. nature
二、单项填空 (本大题有15小题，每小题1分，共15分)
31-35 BCABD 36-40 ADCBD 41-45 ACCAD
三、完形填空 (本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分)
46-50 CBADA 51-55 DCDBC
四、阅读理解(本大题有15小题，每小题2分，共30分)
56-60 CDCBA 61-65 CBDBD 66-70 GDBFC
五、短文填空 (本大题有10小题，每小题1.5分，共15分)[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K][来源:Z+xx+https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae7315178.html,]
71. in 72. who / that 73. were 74. wide 75. such 76. However
77. a 78. cheered79. first 80. himself
六、读写综合(本大题分为A/B两部分，共20分)
( A ) 信息归纳
81. Sunshine Park Community82. March 25th，201883. His front yard
84. A teacher85. Over eighty
( B ) 书面表达
Dear Todd,
I hope this email finds you well. I am Bryan Lim, a director of the Little Free Library for our neighbors in Sunshine Par k Community. Knowing that you run a little free library as well, so I would like to share my experience with you. On one hand,this kind of l ibrary is creative and very convenient for people who enjoy reading. Moreover, on the other hand,not only can it be beneficial to our neighbors but also it can be functioned much more easil y. However, everything has its pros and cons.The library is free, which means it is free for everybody. Therefore,it's ve ry hard for us to monitor
whether books can be returned on time. I a m not so familiar to deal with the problems. I urgently need your advice. Can you do me the favor?
I am looking forward to your reply.
Best regards
2018年东莞市中考语文试题与答案
(试卷满分150分。考试用时120分钟)
注意事项：
1．答卷前，考生务必在答题卡上用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔填写自己的考生号、姓名；同时填写考点考场号、座位号。
2．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁，考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、基础(24分
1. 根据课文默写古诗文。(10分
(1)蝉则千转不穷，________________。(吴均《与朱元思书》)(1分)
(2)南宋诗人赵师秀《约客》中“__________，_______________”的诗句表现了作者独坐灯下的寂寞心情。(2分)
(3)轮台东门送君去，去时雪满天山路。______________，___________。(岑参《白雪歌送武判官归京》)(2分)
(4)____________，飞鸟相与还。(陶渊明《饮酒》)(1分)
(5)请把韩愈的《左迁至蓝关示侄孙湘》默写完整。(4分)
封朝奏九重天，夕贬潮阳路八千。欲为圣明除弊事，肯将衰朽惜残年！
________________?____________。___________，___________________。
2. 根据拼音写出相应的词语。(4分)
(1)有几个园里有古老的藤萝，盘曲 lin xun的枝干就是一幅好画。
(2)这些闪电的影子，活像一条条火蛇，在大海里 wan yan游动，一晃就消失了。
(3)“ jo gong jin cui，死而后已”正好准确地描述了他的一生。
(4)希望你能够客观地分析前因后果，作为借鉴，以免 chong dao fu zhe
3. 下列句子中加点的词语使用不恰当的一项是(3分)
A.少小离家老大回，看到家乡如今田园荒芜，我心里隐隐作痛。
B.她总喜欢和别人比品牌、比档次，这种攀比心理把她害得很苦。
C.我十分仰慕这位科学家，但当我见到他时，内心却有点诚惶诚恐。
D.登高远望，看到高山大川、沧海桑田的壮丽景色，我心潮澎湃。
4. 下列对病句的修改不正确的一项是(3分)
A.在全国各行各业进一步改革开放的新形势下，对高等院校的学科建设、专业设置以及培养目标都提出了新的更高的要求。(删掉“在”和“下”)
B.为激发同学们参与体育锻炼的兴趣，有人提议把校运会可以改为体育节，这样参与的同学或许会多些。(将“或许”移至“这样”后)
C.学霸就是学霸，他稍微思考，就十分自信地说出了这道难题的两种解题方法，使在场的同学都惊讶不已。(将“稍微”改为“稍作”)
D.许多观众看完《战狼2》，激情满怀，为祖国的强大而自豪，使观众不约而同地喊出“厉害了，我的国”。(删掉“使观众”)
5.阅读下面材料，按要求作答。(4分)
《诗经》包括：“风”，地方乐调，《风》诗是民间歌谣，反映劳动人民的生活和思想情感；“雅”，周王朝中央所在地的乐调，《雅》诗是宫廷诗歌；“颂”，祭祀时用的歌舞曲，《颂》诗是庙堂祭祀诗歌。《雅》诗和《颂》诗大多反映统治阶级的生活。国风和部分小雅是劳动人民的口头创作，最有价值，开创了古代诗歌的光辉传统，对后世诗歌产生了深远的影响。
(1)请用一句话概括以上内容，不超过30字。(2分)
(2)根据材料内容，以“国风”为描述对象，用上一种修辞方法，写一句话。(2分)
二、阅读(46分)
(一)(10分)
送东阳马生序(节选
余幼时即嗜学。家贫，无从致书以观，每假借于藏书之家，手自笔录，计日以还。天大寒，砚冰坚，手指不可屈伸，弗之怠。录毕，走送之，不敢稍逾约。以是人多以书假余，余因得遍观群书。既加冠，益慕圣贤之道。又患无硕师名人与游，尝趋百里外，从乡之先达经叩问。先达德隆望尊，门人弟子填其室，未尝稍降辞色。余立侍左右，援疑质理，俯身倾耳以请；或遇其叱咄，色愈恭，礼愈至，不敢出一言以复；俟其欣悦，则又请焉。故余虽愚，卒获有所闻。
当余之从师也，负箧曳屣行深山巨谷中。穷冬烈风，大雪深数尺，足肤皲裂而不知。至舍，四支僵劲不能动，媵人持汤沃灌，以衾拥覆，久而乃和。寓逆旅，主人日再食，无鲜肥滋味之享。同舍生皆被绮绣，戴未缨宝饰之帽，腰白玉之环，左佩刀，右备容臭，烨然若神人；余则缊袍敝衣处其间，略无慕艳意，以中有足乐者，不知口体之奉不若人也。盖余之勤且艰若此。
6.解释下列加点词语在句子中的意思。(3分)
(1)走．送之走( )
(2)礼愈至．至( )
(3)腰．白玉之环腰( )
7. 把文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(4分)
(1)尝趋百里外，从乡之先达执经叩问。
(2)负箧曳屣行深山巨谷中。
8.下列对文章的分析理解、下正确的一项是(3分）
A.选文是一篇赠序，作者叙述自己青少年时代求学的艰难和学习的勤勉，目的是勉励马生是成为德兼备的人
B.虽然作者幼时“无从致书以观，但不敢稍逾约的守信和弗之怠的坚持使他得以遍观群书
C.极为传神地写出了作者对老师的恭敬和求知的恳切
D.作者写穿着讲究的同舍生和寒酸的自己对比，突显作者对口体之奉不如人也的毫不在意和学习的勤奋刻苦
(三)(9分)
初，敦之举兵也，刘隗劝帝尽除诸王，王导率群从诣阙请罪，值顗(字伯仁)将入，导呼顗谓曰:"伯仁，以百口累卿!"顗直入不顾。既见帝言导忠诚申救甚至帝纳其言。及出、导犹在门，又呼顗。顗不与言，"既出，又上表明导，言甚切至。敦既得志，问导曰:"周顗、戴若思南北之望，当登三司，无所疑也。"导不答。敦曰:"若不尔，正当诛尔。"导又无言。导后料检中书故事，见顗表救己，殷勤款至。导执表流涕，悲不自胜.
(节选自《晋书》；有删改)
①：、的堂兄。③(1)：周额，字伯仁。曾投奔王敦，与王导交好。
9.下列项中、加点词语意思相同的一项是(3分)
A.敦之举兵也\傅说举于版筑之间
B.直入不顾\直截了当
C.美下与\客从外来,与坐谈
D.顗不与言/望尘莫及
10.请用三条“\“给文中画线句子断句。(3分)
医帝言导悲诚申救甚至帝纳其言
11.结合选文，说说王导为什么“悲不自胜”。(3分）
(三)(10分)
微塑料，海洋中的新型污染物
①最近，一篇关于英国女王向塑料宣战的文章在“朋友圈”刷屏，据说白金汉宫等王室房产内将禁用抛弃式塑料吸管和塑料瓶。这一新闻再次引发了人们对海洋塑料污染问题的关切。
②塑料垃圾是海洋不能承受之重。据统计，全球每年有1000万—2000万吨的塑料垃圾进入海洋，随时间的流逝破碎成不计其数的微塑料存在于水体中，能够存在数百年时间。
③微塑料，指粒径小于5毫米的塑料个体。如今，微塑料的分布区域已遍及地球各个角落，从近岸河口区域到大洋，从赤道海域到南北极，从海洋的表层到大洋的超深渊带，人类都发现了它的踪迹。根据来源，微塑料可分为两类：一类是初生微塑料，其成品就是微塑料粒，例如日化用品中含有的微塑料及塑料微珠在运输过程中泄露进入环境；另一类是次生微塑料，也就是体积较大的塑料垃圾进入自然环境后，经光照、物理、化学及生物降解作用，碎片化形成的微塑料。
④海洋微塑料极易被生物当作饵料而误食。这是由于其与海洋食物链底端生物处于相同的尺寸范围，而且表面可以附着微生物和其它海洋生物。在食物网的流动过程中，对生物产生物理和化学上的危害。例如，无法被消化也不容易排出体外的微塑料，在海洋生物的消化道中长期累积，会使生物产生饱腹感，导致营养不良甚至因无法摄食而死亡；微塑料自身的化学毒性以及从环境中吸附的化学毒物，可能会对摄食的生物产生直接伤害，并且可能在食物链中的各个水平生物体内富集。
⑤相对于渫浮的藻类和其他生物残骸等自然物质，微塑料的性质稳定，但是，微塑料也可能造成入侵物种及病原微生物的传播。因为在海洋环境中的微塑料就像一艘乘风破浪的小船，能搭载附着在表面的微生物随洋流旅行，其中部分有害微藻和水产致病菌，可能对海洋生态系统产生影响。
⑥现在，荷兰、澳大利亚和美国都发明了海洋塑料垃圾收集装臵，对塑料垃圾有很好的效果，但问题的关键在于投入运行后的管理，包括收集的塑料垃圾如何进一步分类、利用等。此外，如果没有政府的资金等方面的支持，推广工作也会困难重重。
⑦面对现在海洋塑料污染问题，我们从上到下都应该行动起来。让我们共同向海洋中的新型污染物”宣战！
(选自《人民日报》2018年4月13日；有删改)
链接：
科学家己经在许多食品中发现了微塑料。有研究表明，平均每只海洋生物贻贝中含有1.8个微塑料粒，每公斤食盐中含有1~10个，每瓶啤酒中甚至含有上百个。微塑料对人的危害要考虑剂量。东海每立方米的海水中只含有几个甚至不到一个微塑料粒，虽然微塑料可以通过水产品等进入人类食物链，但其对人类健康是否造成危害还未被科学证实。
(选自《南方周末》2018年5月17日；有删改)
12.下列对“微塑料”的理解，正确的一项是(3分)
A.微塑料是指粒径小于5毫米的塑料个体，体积与海洋食物链底端的生物相当，能随着洋流流动
B.微塑料是塑料垃圾经过物理、化学及生物降解作用，从而形成的塑料}微珠，进入环境产生污
染。
C.微塑料对海洋生态系统的危害体现在其加速了病原微生物的传播，造成了其他物种的入侵
D.人类食物链中的微塑料来源于水产品，其对人类的健康是否造成危害，还有待科学证实。
13.下列对选文的分析理解，不正确的一项是(3分)
A.选文先用新闻引出话题，接着介绍微塑料的来源、分布和分类，然后说明其危害及治理面临的困难。
B.选文第②段列举的数字，说明海洋塑料垃圾数量多，存留时间长，表明治理海洋塑料污染形势严峻。
C.微塑料对海洋的污染表现在它能像小船一样随洋流旅行，进入超深渊带，产生有害微藻和水产致病菌。
D.塑料垃圾的再分类、循环利用和设备的运行管理、推广，是海洋塑料垃圾收集装置投入使用后的新课题。
14.阅读下面材料，结合选文，分析可能导致海鸟死亡的几种原因。(4分)
英国南极科考队在距离极点1500米的南乔治亚岛考察时，在死亡的海鸟胃中发现了微
塑料、包装袋碎片等物。
(四)(17分)
笔下犹能有花开
肖复兴
①秋末冬初，天坛里那排白色的藤萝架，上边的叶子已经落得差不多了。想起春末，一架紫藤花盛开，在风中像翩翩飞舞的紫蝴蝶——还是季节厉害，很快就将人和花雕塑成另外一种模样。
②没事的时候，我爱到这里来画画。这里人来人往，坐在藤萝架下，以静观动，能看到不同的人，想象着他们不同的性情和人生。我画雪不入流，属于自娱自乐，拿的是一本旧杂志和一支破毛笔，倒也可以随心所欲、笔随意驰。
③那天，我看到我的斜对面坐着一位老太太，个子很高，体量很大，头戴一顶棒球帽，还是歪戴着，很俏皮的样子。她穿着一件男士西装，不大合身，有点儿肥大。我猜想那帽子肯定是孩子淘汰下来的，西装不是孩子的，就是她家老头儿穿剩下的。老人一般都会这样节省、将就。她身前放着一辆婴儿车，车的样式，得是几十年前的了，或许还是她初当奶奶或姥姥时推过的婴儿车呢。如今的婴儿车已经“废物利用”，变成了她行走的拐杖。车上面放着一个水杯，还有一块厚厚的棉垫，大概是她在天坛里遛弯儿，如果累了，就拿它当坐垫吧。
④老太太长得很精神，眉眼俊朗，我们相对藤萝架，只有几步距离，彼此看得很清楚。我注意观察她，她也时不时地瞄我两眼。我不懂那目光里包含什么意思，是好奇，是不屑，还是不以为然?正是中午时分，太阳很暖，透过藤萝残存的叶子，斑斑点点洒落在老太太身上，老太太垂下脑袋，不知在想什么，也没准儿是打瞌睡呢
⑤我画完了老太太的一幅速写像，站起来走，路过她身边时，老太太抬起头问了我一句“刚才是不是在画我?”我像小孩爬上树偷摘枣吃，刚想下来，看见树的主人站在树底下等着我那样，有些東手就擒的感觉。我很尴尬，赶紧坦白：“是画您呢。”然后打开旧杂志递给她看，等待她的评判。她扫了一眼画，便把杂志还给我，没有说一句我画的她到底像还是不像，只说了句：“我也会画画。”这话说得有点儿孩子气，有点儿不服气，特别像小时候体育课上跳高，我跳过去了那个高度，另一个同学歪着脑袋说：“我也能跳。”
⑥我赶紧把那本旧杂志递给她，对她说：“您给我画一个。”她接过杂志，又接过笔，说：“我没文化，也没人教过我，我也不画你画的人，我就爱画花。”我指着杂志对她说：“那您就给我画个花，就在这上面，随便画。”她拧开笔帽，对我说：“我不会使这种毛笔我都是拿铅笔画。”我说：“没事的，您随便画就好！”
⑦架不住我一再请求，老太太开始画了。她很快就画出一朵牡丹花，还有两片叶子。每个花瓣都画得很仔细，手一点儿不抖，我连连夸她：“您画得真好！”她把杂志和笔还给我，说：“好什么呀！不成样子了。以前，我和你一样，也爱到这里画画。我家就住在金鱼池，天天都到天坛来。”我说：“您已经够棒的了，都多大岁数了呀！”然后我问她有多大岁数了，她反问我：“你猜。”我说：“我看您没到八十岁。”她笑了，仲出手冲我比划：“八十八啦！”
⑧八十八岁了，还能画这么漂亮的花，真让人羡慕。我不知道我能不能活到老太太这岁数，能活到这岁数的人，身体是一方面原因，心情和心理是另一方面原因。这么一把年纪了，心未与年俱老，笔下犹能有花开，这样的人并不多。
⑨那天下午，阳光特别暖。回家路上，总想起老太太和她画的那朵牡丹花，忍不住好几次翻开那本旧杂志来看，心里想：如果我活到老太太这岁数，也能画出这么漂亮的花来吗?
(选自《北京晚报》2017年12月12日；有删改
15.根据全文,按要求填写下表。(4分)
16.分析第①段在文中的作用。(4分)