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2019年中考英语名词语法讲解及答案

2019年中考英语名词语法讲解及答案
2019年中考英语名词语法讲解及答案

2019年中考英语名词语法讲解

(名师精讲语法知识+真题实战,值得下载打印练习)

名词词义解析

考点名词的可数性和不可数性

名词的所有格

分析解读:名词词义辨析是中考对名词考查的最大热点,又是重点和难点.对名词的考查主要集中在语义辨析上,尤其是在具体语境中考查近义高频名词的用法区别。

专有名词

个体名词

名词分类可数名词

普通名词集体名词

不可数名词物质名词

抽象名词

可数名词的规则变化

名词的数可数名词的不规则变化

不可数名词

名词

Of 所有格的构成及用法

名词所有格-’s所有格的构成及用法

双重所有格

名词作主语

名词作定语

名词的句法及功能名词作宾语

名词作表语

名词作同位语

专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称,如Beijing,China等。

普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名

词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。

集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看。一般来说,视为整体时作单数看,突出它

的成员时作复数看。(army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public)

His family is not large.

His family are all music lovers.

有少数集体名词通常用作单数。

Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.

Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.

个别集体名词则多作复数看待。

Eg: The police are looking for him.

一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:

1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”

Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份)

Three beers, please. (三杯) It was a special tea. (一种)

2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。

Eg: rains (雨季) sands (沙滩) snows (积雪) waters(海域)…

抽象名词转化为可数名词。

Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概念)

As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者,失败者,可数)

考点一:名词词义辨析

掌握几组近义词辨析

1.family,house与home

Family指“家,家庭”,可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房;home 作“家”讲,指人们

生活居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境;house有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住

的地点。如:

My family are very kind. 我的家人都很友好。

He left home for Beijing. 他离家去北京了。

They lived in a small house. 他们住在一栋小房子里。

2. job与work

job是可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工”;work是不可数名词,指工作、劳动、用工。如:

Selling newspapers is his part-time job. 卖报纸是他的兼职。

He has been out of work. 他失业了。

Li Ling wants to be a singer. She thinks it’s an interesting job.

李玲想成为一名歌手。她认为那是一份有趣的工作。

3.problem与question

两个词都表示“问题”。一般来说,problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题,教学问题等等,这种问题是有待解决的,与之搭配的动词常用solve;question总是与“疑问、质问、询问”相联系,这种“问题”是有待回答的,常与动词answer连用。如:He asked me some question. 他问了我一些问题。

There is no problem that he is honest.他为人诚实是毫无疑问的。

4. voice, noise与sound

voice是“嗓音”;noise是“吵闹声”,指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声;sound是指人所听到的自然界的任何声音。如:

I recognized her voice at once.我立刻听出了她的声音。

Don’t make so much noise.别弄出那么多噪音。

At the foot of the hill, you could hear nothing but the sound of the running water.

在山脚下,除了流水声,你什么也听不见。

考点二:名词的可数性和不可数性

1.可数名词的复数形式

(1)名词复数形式的变化规则如下表:

情况构成方法读音例词

一般情况加-s 在清辅音后读/s/

在浊辅音后读/z/

在t后读/ts/

在d后读/dz/ cake----cakes

day----days student----students bed----beds

以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾的词加-es 读/iz/ bus----buses

box----boxes

watch----watches

dish----dishes

以辅音字母加-y结尾的词变y为i,再加-es 读/z/ baby----babies

city----cities

以元音字母加-y结尾的词加-s 读/z/ toy----toys

monkey----monkeys

以f或fe结尾的词变f或fe为ves 读/vz/ leaf----leaves

wolf-wolves

不规则变化改变单数名词中的

元音字母

元音改变man----men

woman----women

foot----feet

单复数形式相同读音不变fish----fish

sheep----sheep 其他形式mouse----mice

child----children

(2) 某国人变复数

a Chinese----Chinese an Englishman----Englishmen an Arab----Arabs

口诀:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。

(3)以-o结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿“。如:

Negro----Negroes hero----heroes tomato----tomatoes potato----potatoes

而一般的加-s。如:

zoo----zoos radio----radios

(4) 名词修饰名词时,若前面的名词是man, woman,变复数时,前后两个名词都要变成复数

形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。如:

man teacher----men teachers boy student----boy students apple tree----apple trees

(5)有些以-f或-ef结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。如:

roof----roofs belief----beliefs proof----proofs chief----chiefs(首领)

记住这句话:The thief’s wife had caught three wolves with half a knife and some leaves in her life.

特殊情况:scarf---scarves或scarfs,handkerchief----handkerchiefs或handkerchieves, ox----oxen,stomach----stomachs

复合名词的复数形式:

1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law → fathers-in-law, passer-by→passers-by,

looker-on→lookers-on, editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief

2.无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如:grown-ups, good-for-nothings(无用的人),go-betweens (中间人),look-outs(守望者)

题组训练:变复数

1.Japanese----

2. Frenchman----

3. American----

4. German----

5. Australian----

6.piano----

7. kangaroo---- 8. bamboo---- 9. woman driver----

2.不可数名词的数

(1)表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后的名词只用原形。如:

a piece of paper 一张纸 a drop of water 一滴水 two cups of tea 两杯茶

(2)不少名词在汉语中是可数的,但在英语中却不可数比如不能说 a bread, a news, a paper 等,但如果要表示这些不可数名词的数量,应用一类“可数”的词作定语来表达。如:

a piece of news 一则新闻 a piece of advice 一条建议 a piece of bread 一片面包

a piece of work 一份工作 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水 a basket of food 一篮子食物

a block of ice 一块冰 a pair of glasses一副眼镜 a pair of trousers 一条裤子

注意:有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。

beauty(美,美貌)---a beauty(一个美人/物)

danger(危险)—a danger(一件危险的事/人)

failure(失败)—a failure(一件失败的事/人)

honour(光荣)—an honour(带来荣誉的/或事)

pity(遗憾)—a pity(一件可惜的事)

success(成功)—a success(一件成功的事/人)

surprise(惊奇)—a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事)

pleasure(乐趣)—a pleasure(一件有趣的事)

worry(担心)—a worry(一件令人担心的事)

experience(经验)—an experience(一次经历)

service(服务)—a service(一个服务机构)

英语中有许多对词,一个可数,一个不可数。

a poem(一首诗) poetry(诗歌总称)

a machine(一台机器) machinery(机器总称)

a job(一件工作) work(工作)

a laugh(一个笑声) laughter(笑声)

a permit(许可证) permission(允许) a garment (一件衣裳) clothing(衣裳总称) a bag(case) (一件行李) luggage, baggage(行李) a loaf (一只面包) bread(面包) a hair(一根头发) hair(头发)

考点三:名词所有格

1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是’s所有格,另一种是

of 所有格。如:Beijing is China

’s capital.=Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。

2.用and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加

’s。如:

This is Mary and her sister

’s bedroom.

这时玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。用and 连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时

,两个名词都在词尾加

’s 表示所

有关系。如:These are Tom

’s and Mary

’s bags.

这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。3.以-s 结尾的名词,在s 后加“’”;不以-s 结尾的词在词尾后加’s。如:

Teachers ’ Day 教师节

Children

’s Day 儿童节

4.of 所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如:

the door of the room 房间的门 the window of the car 车窗5.双重所有格有两种形式

:(1) of +名词所有格;(2) of +名词性物主代词。如:

He is a friend of my brother

’s.

他是我哥哥的一个朋友。Is she a daughter of yours. 她是你的女儿吗?

6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上’s代表全称。如:

at the doctor

’s

在诊所at my uncle

’s

在我叔叔家7.一些具有名词性质的复合不定代词

,如someone, everyone 等和else 连用时,’s应加在

else 之后。如:

somebody else ’s pencil 别人的铅笔8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命

的东西的名词,也可在词尾加

’s或“’”来构成

所有格。如:(1)用于时间

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2017中考英语语法专题详解

2017中考英语语法专题详解 一:名词 专题一名词 1. 名词的数 概述: 名词按其表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词及其单复数:可数名词有单复数变化,其前通常用不定冠词和数词来修饰,还可用many, few, a few, some, any, plenty of, lots of, a number of 等修饰。构成名词复数形式的方法分为规则法和不规则法两种。 复数的规则构成法:绝大多数英语中的名词复数都是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。具体规则如下图: 规则 例词 一般情况下加-s apple-apples, ruler-rulers 以s, x, ch,sh,结尾的加-es bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes 以辅音字母加y结尾的,把y变成i再加-es city-cities, county-countries 以f或fe结尾的,把f或fe变成v,再加-es knife-knives, leaf-leaves 以o结尾的,有的词尾加-es,有的加-s

在初中英语范围内加-es的主要有以下4个:tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes Hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes 2) 复数的不规则构成法: a.单复同形的:Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, deer-deer, sheep-sheep, fish-fish(表示鱼的数量) b. 熟记下列词的复数变化:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children c. 以man, woman做定语构成的复合名词,变复数时要全变:a man teacher-two men teachers; 其他情况一般只变主体名词而作定语的名词不变:a girl student-two girl students 3. 不可数名词:不可数名词没有单复数。如:water, meat, air等。在表示数量时,通常用以下方法。 1)用some, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等表示多少。 There is little milk at home. The old man has lots of money. 2) 若要表示不可数名词的数量,应用“数词+量词+of+名词”这种形式,若数字超过一,量词应用复数形式。如:a glass of water-two glasses of water, a piece of bread-two pieces of bread

自考英语语法名词解释

Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base,which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference,which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns,but even in the singular they refer to groups of people,animals or things. Compound A compound,the product of composition,and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators (also termed coordinating conjunctions)which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense (be being a.)in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state,implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. (e.g. he is being rude) end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions,the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis:省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression,especially our surprise,excitement,amazement,etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.

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