Predictors of Internet Use
互联网使用的预测因素
Zizi Papacharissi and Alan M. Rubin
滋滋Papacharissi 和艾伦·鲁宾
We examined.audience uses of the Internet from a uses-and-gratifications
我们examined.audience 使用互联网的用途和好处
perspective. We expected contextual age, unwillingness to communicate,
观点。我们预期上下文年龄，不愿意进行通信，
social presence, and Internet motives to predict outcomes of Internet
社会的存在和互联网的动机，预测结果的互联网
exposure, afini% and satisfaction. The analyses identified five motives for
曝光、afini %和满意。分析确定了五个动机
using the Internet and multivariate links among the antecedents and
使用互联网和多元影响因素之间的联系，和
motives. The results suggested distinctions between instrumental and
动机。结果建议器乐之间的区别和
ritualized Internet use, as well as Internet use serving as a functional
仪式化的互联网使用，以及使用互联网作为功能
alternative to face-to-face interaction.
替代面对面的互动。
Access to computer-mediated technologies, such as the Internet, has extended our
获得介导的计算机技术、互联网、扩展了我们
informational and interactive capabilities. These technologies are highly publicized,
信息和交互式功能。这些技术受到高度宣扬，
debated, and regulated media. With the widespread use of such technologies, we
辩论，和受管制的媒体。与广泛使用这种技术，我们
require greater understanding of the personal and social attributes that affect why
需要更多的了解个人和社会的特性，影响为什么
people use computer-mediated communication (CMC) and the outcomes of CMCrelated 人们使用计算机媒介通信（CMC）和CMCrelated 的成果
behavior. Computer-mediated communication is communication facilitated
行为。计算机中介交流是沟通提供便利
by computer technologies, and is defined as "synchronous or asynchronous
由计算机技术和被定义为"同步或异步
electronic mail and computer conferencing, by which senders encode in text
电子邮件和计算机会议，由该发件人进行编码文本中
messages that are relayed from senders' computers to receivers' " (Walther, 1992, p.
邮件的发件人的计算机中继到接收器的"(Walther，1992 年，p。
52). Considering the widespread use of the World Wide Web, CMC-related activities 52）.考虑普遍使用的万维网，管委会有关的活动
would also include web browsing.
此外将包括web 浏览功能。
Some researchers have focused on the interactive and informational dimensions of
一些研究者有重点的互动和信息方面的
new technologies, exploring how these newer media might differ from traditional
新的技术，探索如何这些新媒体可能不同于传统
face-to-face communication, and how they might provide additional communication
面对面的沟通，以及它们如何可能会提供额外的通讯
channels. Several attributes of CMC are thought to distinguish CMC from face-to-face
电视频道。被认为是几个属性的CMC CMC 开来面对面
communication. These include: problems in coordination owing to the lack of
通信。这些措施包括：由于缺乏协调中存在的问题
informational feedback, the absence of social influence cues in discussion, and
在讨论中，信息的反馈，缺乏社会影响提示和
depersonalization due to the lack of nonverbal involvement (Kiesler, Siegel, &
由于非言语的参与缺乏人格解体(Kiesler、西格尔，&
McGuire, 1984). CMC provides users with a massive information resource and vehicle for social interaction (Williams & Rice, 1983). it creates a sociocultural
麦圭尔，1984年）。CMC 为用户提供了一个规模庞大的信息资源和车辆的社会互动（威廉斯& 水稻，1983年）。它将创建社会文化
network where people can fulfill informational and interactive needs.
哪里人可以满足信息和互动式的网络。
Several researchers have begun to examine the unique communicative capabilities
一些研究人员已经开始研究的独特的交际功能
of CMC technologies. For example, Williams, Strover, and Grant (1 994) recognized
CMC 的技术。例如，·威廉斯，Strover 和格兰特（1 994）承认
that media systems such as personal computers create nongeographically based
媒体系统，如个人计算机创建nongeographically 基于
communities. They suggested that perspectives such as uses and gratifications can
社区。他们建议的用途和好处等方面可以
help us understand relationships among people and technologies. This is especially
帮助我们理解人与技术之间的关系。这是特别是
the case for how people use technologies to negotiate their identities, social
人们如何使用技术谈判他们的身份，为案件社会
positions, and emotional lives.
立场和情感生活。
A debate similar to what has accompanied the television medium has surrounded
类似于什么一直伴随着电视媒体的辩论已包围
this need to understand the interactive and informational potential of CMC. Some
这需要了解CMC 的互动和信息潜力。一些
have felt that some users must be protected from the possible negative effects of
有感觉有些用户必须从可能的负面影响保护
certain Internet resources. Even though little is known about what actually goes on in
某些互联网资源。即使知之甚少实际上在做什么
cyberspace, there has been some research and a lot of speculation. For example,
网络空间，有一些研究和大量的投机活动。例如，
using longitudinal data across 73 households, Kraut et al. (1998) found that greater
德国佬et al.(1998 年) 跨73 户使用纵向数据，发现，更多
Internet use related to reduced communication in the household, smaller social
互联网的使用与在家庭、小社会减少通信相关的
circles, and greater senses of depression and loneliness. Following the rationale of
圈子和更多感官的沮丧和孤独。以下的理由
Newhagen and Rafaeli (1 996), we need a clearer understanding of the relationship 纽黑根和Rafaeli (1 996)，我们需要更清楚地理解的关系
between the individual user and the technology before we can more clearly estimate 个人用户和技术之间之前我们可以更清楚地估计
the effects of these technologies.
这些技术的影响。
Following the suggestion of Newhagen and Rafaeli (1996), we considered the uses 之后纽黑根和Rafaeli （1996 年）的建议，我们认为使用
and gratifications of the internet. Earlier, Kuehn (1994) examined motives of CMC 和互联网的乐趣。早些时候，Kuehn （1994 年）审查了动机的CMC
users in an instructional setting, following a uses-and-gratifications approach. As a
教学设置，之后使用从方法中的用户。作为
psychological communication perspective, uses-and-gratifications theory assumes
心理沟通的角度看，使用从理论假设
people communicate or use media to gratify needs or wants. it focuses on motives for 人沟通或使用的媒体来满足需要或想要。它侧重于动机
media use, factors that influence motives, and outcomes from media related
媒体使用，影响动机和结果从媒体相关的因素
behavior. Psychological characteristics, social context, and attitudes and perceptions 行为。心理特征、社会背景和态度和观念
influence people?s motives and behavior (A. Rubin, 1993, 1994). In addition,
影响人们的动机和行为(A.鲁宾，1993 年，1994年）。另外
interpersonal and mediated communication channels complement and may substitute 人际交往和介导的沟通渠道的补充和可以用来代替
for each other (A. Rubin & Rubin, 1985). Research has shown that people choose
为彼此(A.鲁宾& 鲁宾，1985年）。研究表明，人们选择
among interpersonal and mediated channels to fulfill interactive and informational
之间人际和介导的渠道，以满足互动和信息
needs, depending on availability and individual perceptions of a medium, and the
需要根据可用性和一种媒介，个人的看法和
type of need to be fulfilled (A. Rubin, 1994).
类型的需要履行（A.鲁宾，1994年）。
The uses-and-gratifications perspective, then, has been used to study antecedents,
使用从角度来看，然后，被用来研究的先例，
motives, and outcomes of communication within interpersonal and mediated
动机和结果的人际交往和介导内通信
contexts. It has also been suggested as a framework by which to study new media
上下文。也有人建议作为一个框架，来研究新媒体
technologies (Newhagen & Rafaeli, 1996; A. Rubin & Bantz, 1987). Besides the
技术(纽黑根& Rafaeli，1996 年；A.鲁宾& 班茨，1987年)。此外
Internet…s unique nature, a person?s own social and psychological characteristics
互联网的独特性质，一个人的自己的社会和心理特征
affect how he or she uses the Internet. The purpose of this study, then, was to examine
影响他或她如何使用互联网。然后，此研究的目的是审查
motives for using Internet CMC channels, consider how motives are affected by
动机为使用互联网CMC 渠道，考虑动机如何受到
certain antecedents and perceptions of media attributes, and examine how motives
某些履历和观念的媒体特性，并研究如何动机
and antecedents affect attitudinal and behavioral outcomes.
和祖先影响态度和行为的结果。
Some researchers have examined the uses of the Internet within organizational and interpersonal communication settings and have provided insight into the nature of
一些研究人员研究了内组织和人际交流设置互联网的使用，并提供了洞察的性质
CMC. Much of the CMC research completed from an organizational perspective has
CMC。CMC 研究完成从组织的角度来看的多了
been summarized as the cues-filtered-out approach. Authors of these studies have
总结就是提示筛选出办法。这些研究的作者有
addres sed how CMC?s limited number of nonverbal cues affect communication.
处理CMC 的有限的数量的非语言线索如何影响通信。
Basedon such nonverbal cues, media vary in their social presence (Short, Williams, &
基于这种非语言线索，媒体在其社会的存在会发生变化（短，威廉斯，&
Christie, 1976) or media richness (Daft & Lengel, 1984).
克里斯蒂，1976年) 或媒体丰富性(呆呆& 伦格尔，1984年）。
Social presence is “the feeling that other actors are jointly involved in communicative
社会的存在是"的感觉其他行为者共同参与交际
interaction” (Short et al., 1976, p. 65). In other words, social presence is a sense
互动"（短等人，1976 年，p.65）。换言之，社会的存在是一种
that others are psychologically present and that communication exchanges are warm,
其他人是心理上存在和沟通交流是温暖，
personal, sensitive, and active. Lacking nonverbal cues compared to other media,
个人、敏感和积极。缺乏其他媒体相比的非语言线索
computers have been found to have less social presence or media richness than other
已经发现计算机有比其他的更少的社会的存在或媒体丰富性
media such as the telephone or voice mail (Perse & Courtright, 1993; Rice, 1993).
媒体如电话或语音邮件(佩斯& 考特赖特，1993 年；水稻，1993年）。
Perceptions of social presence influence CMC motives and outcomes. For example,
社会的存在的观念影响CMC 的动机和结果。例如，
Perse, Burton, Kovner, Lears, and Sen (1992) found that college students who rated
佩斯、伯顿、Kovner、Lears，和森(1992年) 发现那所大学学生额定
computers as more socially present, tended to use them more often and to find them
计算机作为社会更本，往往更多地使用并找到它们
more helpful in learning.
在学习中更有帮助。
Similarly, media richness theory assumes that people distinguish among communication
同样，媒体丰富理论假设人们区分通信
media based on the intrinsic properties (e.g., personalness and warmth) of the
媒体的基础的内在属性（例如，personalness 和温暖）
media. These properties influence people?s perceptions and selection of media to
媒体。这些属性影响人们的观念和对媒体的选择
fulfill communication needs (Fulk, Steinfield, Schmitz, & Power, 1987). The ways in
满足通信需求(福勒、Steinfield、施密茨& 电源，1987年)。在方法
which media richness is employed in research are similar to those found in social
哪些媒体丰富性雇用的研究是那些在社会中找到相似
presence research. Different media are ranked on how rich they are, usually in the
存在的研究。不同的媒体，排列如何丰富他们，通常是在
following order (starting with the most rich): face-to-face, telephone, electronic mail,
以下顺序（从最富开始）：面对面、电话、电子邮件、
personal written communication, and formal written communication (Steinfield &
个人书面的通信和正式书面沟通(Steinfield &
Fulk, 1987; Trevino, Lengel, & Daft, 1987).
福勒，1987;特雷维尼奥、伦格尔，& 呆呆，1987年)。
In contrast, researchers have documented differences in groups using face-to-face
相反，研究人员已经记录了使用面对面的群体的差异
and computer-mediated communication for decision making or to brainstorm in
和计算机媒介通信的决策或在集体讨论
organizational settings. Kraut and Attewell (1 997) found that employees who
组织设置。德国佬和Attewell (1 997) 发现，员工人
extensively used electronic mail (e-mail) in their organization were more committed
广泛地使用的电子邮件(e-mail) 在他们的组织中都更致力
to the goals of and better informed about their companies than those who used e-mail
对目标的和更好地了解他们比那些使用电子邮件的公司
less often. CMC groups also outperformed groups using verbally oriented media to
较少。CMC 集团还优于使用口头上面向的媒体到组
communicate (e.g., Valacich, Dennis, & Connolly, 1994; Valacich, George, Nunamaker,
进行通信（例如，Valacich，丹尼斯，& 康诺利，1994 年；V alacich，乔治，Nunamaker，& V ogel, 1994; Valacich, Paranka, George, & Nunamaker, 1993). Valacich and
& V ogel，1994 年；Valacich、Paranka、乔治，& Nunamaker，1993年)。Valacich 和colleagues argued that computer mediation can support unlimited parallel and
同事认为计算机调解可以支持无限的并行和
distinct communication episodes, whereas traditional (e.g., verbal) media support
不同通信情节，而传统（例如，口头) 媒体支持
serial communication. McGuire, Kiesler, and Siege1 (1 987) found that face-to-face
串行通信。麦圭尔、Kiesler 和Siege1 (1 987) 发现，面对面
discussion contained more argumentation than computer-mediated discussion in
讨论所载更多论证比计算机为中介的讨论
decision-making groups. Straus (1 9971, however, found that, although computermediated
决策团体。Straus (1 9971，然而，发现，虽然computermediated
groups exhibited more supportive and less attacking communication than
群体表现出更多的支持性和较不攻击通信比
face-to-face groups, computer-mediated groups were less cohesive and satisfied
面对面组计算机中介团体是少凝聚力和满意
about group outcomes.
关于小组的成果。
Other researchers have argued for the existence of computer-mediated interaction.
其他研究者认为存在的计算机为媒介的互动。
Walther (1 992), for example, found that as computer-mediated communication develops over time, communicators adapt their language and textual displays to
瓦尔特(1 992)，例如，发现随着电脑中介通信的发展随着时间的推移，宣传员适应他们的语言和文字显示为
enhance immediacy and to manage relationships they develop through CMC. He
增强直观性和管理关系他们通过管委会制定。他
proposed a social information-processing perspective that embodied relational
建议社会的信息加工的角度看，体现关系
motivators and the decoding of textual cues that may substitute nonverbal ones.
动机和解码可以用来代替非言语部分的文字提示。
Walther's (1 992) rationale grew out of such assumptions as people have a need to
产生这种假设人有需要的瓦尔特的(1 992) 理由
affiliate and expend considerable social energy trying to get others to like and
正式会员和付出相当大的社会能量，试图让别人喜欢和
appreciate them. Therefore, CMC users, just as communicators in any context, should
很感激他们。因此，CMC 的用户，只是作为在任何上下文中，新闻机构应
desire to transact personal, rewarding, complex relationships. CMC users should
办理个人、奖励、复杂关系的愿望。CMC 用户应
exhibit relational indicators and communicate to do so.
陈列关系指标和沟通来这样做。
Walther (1 993) extended this research to include impression management of
瓦尔特（1 993）扩展这项研究包括的印象管理
computer-mediated communication and how relational and personal indicators of
计算机媒介通信和如何关系和个人的指标
CMC vary and change over time (Walther, 1994). Walther (1995) noted that
CMC 会发生变化随时间而变化(Walther，1994年）。瓦尔特（1995 年）指出，
face-to-face groups did not express greater intimacy than computer-mediated groups.
面对面群体没有表达更亲密比介导的计算机组。
He concluded that (a) mediated interaction is rarely impersonal, (b) CMC is
他的结论(a) 介导的相互作用是很少没有人情味，(b) 管委会是
interpersonal when users have the time and interest to interact on a relational level,
当用户有时间和兴趣进行交互在关系层面上，人际交往
and (c) CMC is hyperpersonal when users can manage relationships and impressions
和(c) CMC 是hyperpersonal 时用户可以管理关系和印象
in ways more effective than with face-to-face communication or other mediated
更比面对面的沟通与有效或其他的方式介导的
channels (Walther, 1996).
渠道(Walther，1996年）。
Parks and Floyd (1 996) supported Walther's arguments, by outlining levels of
大纲级别的支持瓦尔特的论据，公园和佛洛伊德(1 996)
friendship formation in cyberspace. They found more developed personal relationships 友谊在网络空间的形成。他们发现更发达的个人关系
for those who posted (i.e., mailed messages to newsgroups) more often and who
对于那些张贴(即，邮寄邮件到新闻组）往往更容易和人
had been posting for a longer time. However, two-thirds of the relationships that
有的已过帐更长的时间。但是，三分之二的关系，
developed on-line did not remain there. People used the audio/visual capacities of
开发了网上没有不留在那里。人们使用的音频/视频能力
the World Wide Web, and then moved on to face-to-face and telephone communication. 世界宽的Web，然后搬到面对面和电话沟通。
Similarly, Straus (1 996, 1997) concluded that electronic communication was
同样，斯特劳斯（1 996、1997年）得出结论电子通信
not inherently more depersonalized than face-to-face communication, and that
不本质上更比面对面的沟通，和那人格解体
patterns of performance and interaction are similar in computer-mediated and
性能和互动模式是相似的在计算机中介和
face-to-face groups. Hollingshead (1 996) found that factors such as status of group
面对面的群体。Hollingshead (1 996) 发现，组的状态等因素
members were more important than any differences between computer-mediated
成员是介导的计算机之间的任何差异比更重要
and face-to-face communication in decision making.
并在决策中面对面的沟通。
Still, identity management and community formation on-line have been researched
仍然，身份管理和在线社区形成了研究
by new media researchers who have approached the topic ethnographically. Turkle
由新传媒研究者接触过ethnographically 的主题。寇
(1 9841, for example, looked at how computer interfaces invite human interaction and （1 9841，例如，一家搜索计算机接口如何邀请的人机交互和
have the potential to replicate our thoughts and actions. She also examined the
有可能复制我们的思想和行动。她还审查了
development of artificial intelligence research and computer-centered cultures, such
人工智能研究和以计算机为核心的文化，发展这种
as hackers. The role of the computer as a prosthetic device that catapults one into
作为黑客。假肢的设备的弹射一入计算机的角色
"cyberspatial interaction" has been examined by Haraway (1 991 1. According to
"赛博空间互动"，已由Haraway (1 991 1。根据
Haraway, the advent and diffusion of new communication technologies can Haraway、出现和扩散的新的通信技术可以
eradicate or blur distinctions between human-animal, human-machine, and physicalnonphysical
消除或模糊人与动物、人机和physicalnonphysical 之间的区别
dimensions, and cyberspace presents an inviting environment for
尺寸和网络空间提供了一个温馨的环境
communication and identity exploration. It is the anonymous and textual nature of
通信和身份的探索。它是匿名和文本的性质
cyberspace that allows one to overcome "identity fixes," such as gender, looks, and
赛博空间，例如性别、允许一个克服"标识修补程序，"看起来，和
disabilities. People choose to explore certain sides of their personalities (eg., assertiveness) more extensively, or even invent virtual life personae different from
残疾人士。人选择，探讨他们的个性的某些边(eg.，自信) 更广泛地，或甚至发明从不同属虚拟生活人
their real life personality (e.g., Bolter, 1996; Cutler, 1996; Lipton, 1996). For certain
他们的真实生活个性(例如，钻机，1996 年；卡特勒，1996 年；立顿，1996年）。对于某些
researchers, the striking point is that the individual and computer function as one, and
研究人员，醒目点是在个人和计算机功能为一体，和
it is because of the machine that the individual is able to reinvent himself/herself
正是由于这台机器，个人是能够重塑自己
on-line (Stone, 1995).
在线(石头，1995年)。
People initiate and maintain several on-line communities to overcome the confines
人民发起和维持几个在线社区，克服范围
of real life in cyberspace, and envision cyberspace as a utopian universe for achieving
现实生活中网络空间，和想像空间作为一个实现的乌托邦宇宙
equality (Stone, 1991). These on-line communities have been the subject of
平等(石头，1991年)。这些在线社区一直的主题
observations for several researchers, who have explored the interactive dimension of
对几个研究人员，他们探讨了的交互式维度的意见
the Internet as setting this medium apart from other forms of communication (e.g.,
互联网作为（例如，设置这一媒介除其他形式的通讯
Baym, 1995; Beaubieu, 1996; Jones, 1995; McLaughlin, Osborne, & Smith, 1995;
Baym，1995 年；Beaubieu，1996 年；琼斯，1995 年；麦克劳克林、奥斯本，& 史密斯，1995 年；
Turkle, 1995).
寇，1995年)。
Technologies such as the Internet, then, possess both interactive/social and
技术，例如互联网，然后，拥有两个互动的/社会和
informational/task-oriented dimensions for users. In this respect, the needs the
用户信息/面向任务的尺寸。在这方面，需要
Internet fulfill may not be too different from the needs met by more traditional
互联网满足5 月不会从更多的满足的需求也不同传统
interpersonal and media channels, including talk radio, which also enhances the
人际交往和媒体渠道，包括电台访谈节目，还增强了
opportunity to reinvent one?s identity and to compensate for a sense of inadequate
机会，重塑一个人的身份，弥补不足的感
social interaction (e.g., Armstrong & Rubin, 1989). Similar to findings about more
社会交互（例如，阿姆斯壮& 鲁宾，1989年）。类似的更多结果
traditional media, social and psychological characteristics should influence people?s
传统媒体、社会和心理特征应影响人民
expectations and uses of the Internet.
期望和互联网的使用。
Motives
动机
Audience activity is central to uses-and-gratifications research, and communication
观众活动是使用从研究和通信中心
motives are key components of audience activity (A. Rubin, 1993). Motives are
动机是观众活动(A.鲁宾，1993年) 的重要组成部分。动机是
general dispositions that influence people?s actions taken to fulfill a need or want.
影响人们的行为采取满足需要或想要的一般倾向。
Motives are also key components of this study of the Internet. Othershave argued that 动机也是互联网的这项研究的关键组成部分。体格辩称
the Internet is a mass medium with the ability to fulfill interpersonal and mediated
互联网是有能力履行人际和介导的大众传播媒体
needs (e.g., Morris & Ogan, 1996). Besides identifying different motives for this newer 需求（例如，莫里斯& 奥根，1996年）。除了确定不同的动机为此较新technology, we relied on interpersonal and mediated motives research to examine
技术，我们依赖于人际和介导的动机研究，以探讨
CMC motives.
CMC 的动机。
Schutz (1966) argued that three interpersonal needs influence all aspects of
舒茨(1966 年) 辩称三个人际交往需求影响的各个方面
communication: inclusion, affection, and control. R. Rubin, Perse, and Barbato
通信：包容、感情、和控制。·鲁宾、佩斯和Barbato
(1 988) drew upon previous research and identified six major motives for interpersonal （1 988) 借鉴以往的研究和确定六个主要动机为人际交往
communication: pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation, and control.
通讯: 快乐、感情、包容、逃生、松弛和控制。
They developed the Interpersonal Communication Motives (ICM) Scale. Affection,
他们开发了人际沟通的动机(ICM) 规模。感情，
inclusion, and control were seen as more interpersonally oriented needs, whereas
列入，并控制被视为更人际导向的需求而
pleasure, relaxation, and escape were needs derived from earlier uses-andgratifications 快乐和放松，转义是较早使用andgratifications 从派生的需求
mass communication research (e.g., Greenberg, 1974; A. Rubin, 1981,
大众传播研究(例如，格林伯格，1974 年;A.鲁宾，1981 年，
1983).
1983 年）。
When examining the uses of newer media, researchers have sometimes combined
在审查时较新媒体的使用，有时合并了研究人员
interpersonal and mediated motives. In most cases, depending on the nature of the
人际交往和介导的动机。在大多数情况下，根据的性质
new medium, researchers have augmented more traditional uses-and-gratifications motives. For example, Garramone, Harris, and Anderson (1 986) used open-ended
新的媒介，研究人员，增强了更多传统用途从动机。例如，Garramone、哈里斯和安德森(1 986) 用于不限成员名额
questions to assess gratifications sought from political electronic bulletin board
问题，以评估从寻求政治电子公告板
systems (BBSs) and found four gratifications: surveillance, personal identity, diversion,
系统(Bbs) 和发现四个好处：监测、个人身份、引水，
and technological access to legislators. When investigating the uses of
并对立法者的技术访问。在调查的用途时
videocassette recorders (VCRs), A. Rubin and Rubin (1 989) retained social interaction,
录像机(Vcr) A.鲁宾和鲁宾(1 989) 保留社会互动
and added library storage, freedom of choice, learning, and time shifting as
和添加的库存储、自由的选择、学习和时间转移作为
motives for using VCRs. Also, when comparing CMC and interpersonal-communication
使用Vcr 的动机。此外，当CMC 和人际沟通的比较
motives, Flaherty, Pearce, and Rubin (1 998), found that people used computers
动机、弗莱厄蒂、皮尔斯和鲁宾（1 998），发现人们使用计算机
to gratify: (a) interpersonal needs (i.e., inclusion, affection, control, relaxation,
满足: (a) 人际交往的需要（即，包容、感情、控制、松弛，
escape, and pleasure); (b) needs traditionally fulfilled by media (i.e., social interaction,
转义和快乐) ；(b) 需要由媒体(即社会互动，传统上履行
pass time, habit, information, and entertainment); and (c) other needs (i.e., time
逝去的时间、习惯、信息和娱乐）；和(c) 其他需要(即，时间
shifting and meeting people), which are fulfilled by new media.
转移和会议的人），被实现由新的媒介。
Following from earlier studies in which researchers assessed motivation to
之后从早些时候的研究中，研究人员评估的动机
communicate in various contexts, our first research question addressed the motives
沟通在各种情况下，我们第一次研究问题的动机
for using the Internet:
互联网使用：
SociaVPsychological Antecedents and Perceptions
SociaVPsychological 的先例和看法
Previous research supports a conceptualization that combines examining both
先前的研究支持结合检查两个概念
personal and media motives to assess the uses of newer technologies such as personal
个人和媒体的动机，以评估较新技术如个人的用途
computers. According to uses and gratifications, however, communication needs
计算机。根据用途和好处，但是，通信需求
interact with social and psychological factors to produce motives for communicating
与社会和心理因素，以产生动机的沟通互动
(Rosengren, 1974). Researchers have sought to understand how attitudes and
(Rosengren，1974年）。研究人员已经试图去理解如何态度和
dispositions influence gratifications sought, obtained, and audience behavior. Certain
处置影响从寻求，获得，和受众行为。某些
social and psychological factors, along with perceptions of the medium, should
社会和心理因素，以及介质的看法应
influence Internet use.
影响互联网的使用。
Contextual age. Contextual age is a life-position construct that was developed by
上下文的年龄。上下文的年龄是一种生活-位置构造，由开发
Rubin and Rubin (1981) to account for the limitations of us'ing chronological age in
鲁宾和鲁宾(1981 年)，占中us'ing 实足年龄的限制
communication research. Consisting of interpersonal interaction, social activity,
通信的研究。组成的人际交往，社会的活动，
mobility, life satisfaction, health, and economic security dimensions, contextual age
流动性、生活满意度、健康和经济安全的维度，上下文年龄
has been found to influence media use (Rubin & Rubin, 1982).
现已发现影响媒体使用（鲁宾& 鲁宾，1982年）。
As "a transactional, life-position index of aging" (Rubin & Rubin, 1986), researchers
作为"老化的事务性的生活位置指数"(鲁宾& 鲁宾，1986年），研究人员
have observed that contextual age influences mass mediated and interpersonal
已观察到上下文年龄影响大众介导以及人际交往能力
communication (Palmgreen, 1984; Rubin & Rubin, 1992), as well as CMC (Bruning,
通信(Palmgreen，1984 年;鲁宾& 鲁宾，1992年)，以及CMC (Bruning，
1992). In this investigation, we examined three contextual-age dimensions that
1992 年).在这次调查，我们审查了三个上下文年龄尺寸，
should affect Internet use. In particular, one's degree of mobility, economic security,
应影响互联网的使用。特别是，一个人的一定程度的流动性、经济安全、
and life satisfaction should affect one's ability to access and to use the Internet.
和生活满意度应会影响一个人的能力若要访问和使用互联网。
Unwillingness to communicate. Burgoon (1 976) conceptualized unwillingness to
不是愿进行通信。伯贡(1 976) 概念化，不愿意
communicate as a global communication construct that represents "a chronic
作为一种全球通信构造，表示"慢性进行通信
tendency to avoid and/or devalue oral communication" (p. 60). Unwillingness to communicate has been linked to anomia and alienation, introversion, self-esteem,
避免和/或贬值口语交际的趋势"(p.60)。不愿意沟通挂钩anomia 和异化、内向、自尊、communication apprehension, and reticence (Burgoon, 1976). it has two dimensions:
交流恐惧和沉默(伯贡，1976年)。它有两个方面：
(a) reward, which includes distrust, perceived isolation, evaluations of the
(a) 奖励，其中包括不信任，认为隔离的评价
utility of communication, and an individual?s perceptions of the value of hidher
实用程序的通信和个人的认识价值的hidher
communication to others; and (b) approach-avoidance, which includes anxiety,
与他人；通讯。和(b) 办法避税，其中包括焦虑，
introversion, and amount of participation in various communication contexts
内向和参与各种通信上下文的金额
(Burgoon, 1976).
(伯贡，1976年)。
Unwillingness to communicate (UC) had been applied to mass media research to
不愿进行通信(UC) 已适用于大众媒体的研究
help explain differences in media use. in talk radio research, for example, Armstrong 帮助解释媒体使用的差异。在谈论无线电研究中，例如，阿姆斯壮
and Rubin (1 989) found that, as compared with noncallers, talk radio callers were less 和鲁宾(1 989) 发现，noncallers，而谈话电台呼叫者少
willing to communicate in face-to-face interaction and perceived face-to-face
愿意在面对面的互动交流和感知面对面
communication to be less rewarding. Similar to talk-radio callers, and consistent with 沟通是较少的回报。类似于电台访谈节目的调用方，并符合
the CMC literature addressing self-identity needs, the internet should provide a
CMC 文学解决自我认同的需要，提供互联网应
functional alternative to more traditional channels for those who find face-to-face
那些人找到面对面的更多传统渠道的功能性替代
communication less rewarding.
沟通较少的回报。
Media perceptions. As noted before, due to the lack of nonverbal cures,
媒体的看法。如以前指出的由于缺乏的非言语治疗
computer-mediated communication is said to be low in social presence in comparison 计算机媒介通信是说是在社会面前在比较低
to face-to-face communication (e.g., Perse & Courtright, 1993; Rice, 1993).
到面对面的沟通（例如，佩斯& 考特赖特，1993 年；水稻，1993年）。Carramone et al. (1986) found that social presence related positively to personal Carramone et al.(1986 年) 发现社会的存在与积极相关的个人
identity satisfaction (which included expressing one…s own opinion, knowing others?（其中包括表达自己的意见，了解他人的身份满意
opinions, and interacting with others) for users of political computer bulletin board
意见，并与其他人进行交互) 为政治计算机公告板的用户
systems. Because it refers to the ability of CMC media to transmit interpersonally
系统。因为它是指在人际间传播的CMC 媒体能力
oriented content effectively, social presence should help differentiate between
面向的内容有效，社会的存在应该帮助区分
informational and interpersonal uses of the internet.
信息性和人际交往方式使用互联网。
Based on the differences in one?s social and psychological characteristics and
基于一个人的社会和心理特点的差异和
perceptions of the social presence of the communication medium, our second
观念的传播媒介，社会上存在我们的第二
research question was: RQz: How do antecedents (i.e., contextual age, unwillingness to communicate) and
研究的问题是：RQz：如何做（即上下文年龄，不愿意进行通信）的先例和
media perceptions (Le., social presence) relate to Internet motives?
媒体看法（Le。，社会的存在）涉及互联网的动机吗？
Behavioral and Attitudinal Outcomes
行为和态度方面的成果
lnternet use. Attitudes and exposure are important correlates of media use. For
互联网使用。态度和曝光的媒体使用相关的重要因素。为
example, motives and attitudes such as affinity and realism have been related to
有关示例、动机和态度亲和性和现实主义等
different patterns of television viewing (A. Rubin, 1983). Patterns of exposure or use
不同模式的电视收视(A.鲁宾，1983年）。接触或使用的模式
(i.e. amount of use, duration of use, types of use) and attitudes are also relevant to the
（即使用的量，使用类型使用的持续时间）和态度也是有关的
study of the internet.
互联网的研究。
Researchers interested in CMC patterns of use have measured the amount and
对于使用CMC 模式感兴趣的研究人员测量了量和
types of use. These have been linked to more positive attitudes about computers and
类型的使用。这些已链接到更积极的态度有关计算机和
to higher levels of learning (Perse et al., 1992), as well as to motives and personal
向更高水平的学习(佩斯et al.，1992年)，并向动机和个人
identity satisfaction (Carramone et al., 1986).
身份满意(Carramone et al.，1986年）。
Affinity. Affinity, or the perceived importance of communication behavior or
亲和。亲和或认为的沟通行为的重要性或
channels, has been a significant component of media-use patterns. Affinity with television has been positively linked to viewing motives such as arousal, habit, pass
渠道，一直是媒体使用模式的重要组成部分。与电视的亲和力积极相连已查看的动机，如兴奋，习惯，传递
time, escape, and entertainment (Rubin, 1981). Perceived importance of the Internet
时间、逃生和娱乐(鲁宾，1981年)。互联网的感知的重要性
and patterns of using the Internet should be influenced by the social and psychological
以及使用互联网的模式应受到社会和心理
characteristics of the individual.
个体的特征。
Satisfaction. Communication satisfaction is a communication outcome that is
满意。通信的满意就是通信的结局
related to fulfilling our expectations through interaction (Hecht, 1978a). It has been
有关履行我们的期望通过互动（赫克特，1978a)。它已
described as an affective dimension of audience activity (Perse & Rubin, 1988).
描述为观众活动(佩斯& 鲁宾，1988年）情感维度。
Marketing researchers have found satisfaction to influence product choices and
市场营销研究人员发现了满意地影响产品的选择和
related behavior (Oliver, 1980).
相关的行为（奥利弗，1980年）。
Hecht (1 97813) suggested that communication satisfaction should be related to
赫克特(1 97813) 建议沟通满意度应与有关的
interpersonal disclosure and relationship development. Spitzberg and Hecht (1 984) 人际交往的披露和关系发展。斯匹和赫克特(1 984)
found that motivations and skills predicted communication satisfaction. Similarly,
发现的动机和技能预测沟通满意度。同样地，
Palmgreen and Rayburn (1 985) found satisfaction related to gratifications sought. Palmgreen 和瑞(1 985) 找到满意有关寻求乐趣。
Specifically pertaining to CMC satisfaction, Garramone et al. (1 986) measured
具体有关的CMC 满意，Garramone et al.(1 986) 来衡量
satisfactions obtained from political bulletin board use and found that social presence 满意度从政治公告板获得使用，发现这种社会的存在
and personal identity satisfaction related positively. Variations in satisfaction, then, 并积极与有关的个人身份感到满意。满意，然后的变化
should be an outcome of Internet use.
应使用互联网的一项成果。
The third research question considered how motives and individual differences
如何考虑第三个研究问题的动机和个体差异
predicted these behavioral and attitudinal outcomes of using the Internet.
预测使用互联网的这些行为和态度的结果。
RQ3: How do Internet antecedents, perceptions, and motives predict behavioral and RQ3：如何做互联网的先例、看法、和动机预测行为和
attitudinal outcomes of Internet use (i.e. amount and types of Internet use, duration 互联网使用的态度结果（即数量和类型的互联网使用，持续时间
of Internet use, Internet affinity, and Internet satisfaction)?
使用互联网、互联网的亲和力，和互联网满意）吗？
In this study, then, we employed a uses-and-gratifications framework to examine
在此研究中，然后，我们雇用一个用途从框架，以检查
how (a) social and psychological antecedents (i.e., contextual age and unwillingness 如何(a) 社会和心理的先例(即上下文年龄和不愿
to communicate), (b) perceptions of media attributes (i.e., social presence), and (c) 进行通信），(b) 对媒体属性（即社会的存在) 和(c) 的看法
Internet motives influence behavioral (i.e., patterns of Internet exposure) and
互联网的动机影响行为（即互联网曝光模式）和
attitudinal (i.e., Internet affinity and satisfaction) outcomes of Internet use.
态度(即互联网亲和力和满意) 互联网使用的结果。
Method
方法
Sample and Procedures
示例和程序
The Internet has become a popular research and recreational tool on college
互联网已经成为一个热门的研究和上大学的娱乐工具
campuses. College students participate in newsgroups, Multi-User Dimensions, and
校园。大学生参加新闻组，多用户尺寸和
chatrooms. They use the Internet for their coursework, construct their own web sites,
聊天室。他们使用互联网的老生、构建自己的web 站点，
visit others, and correspond through e-mail regularly. College students also have
访问其他人，并通过电子邮件定期对应。大学生也有
enabled useful conclusions about communication behavior in prior investigations.
启用通信行为的事先调查有用的结论。
Our sample in the study, then, was college students at a large midwestern university.
我们的示例中的研究，然后，是在大的中西部大学大学生。
A total of 279 students enrolled in an introductory communication class were
在介绍性通信类279 学生共
surveyed about their use of the Internet. The sample breakdown was 58.8% female
其使用互联网进行了调查。样本崩溃是58.8%，女性
(n = 164) and 41.2% male (n = 11 5); 51.6% of the students were first-year (n = 144),
（n = 164）和41.2%男性(n = 11 5）；51.6%的学生是第一年(n = 144），
33.3% sophomore (n = 93), 12.2% junior, and 2.9% senior (n = 8). Participation in the study was voluntary, and participants received research credits for the introductory
33.3%二年级（n = 93），12.2%初级和高级2.9%(n = 8）。在研究中的参与是自愿的和学员们收到介绍性研究学分
course.
课程。
Measurement
测量
CMC motives. We used a combination of interpersonal, media, and new technology
CMC 的动机。我们使用的人际关系、组合媒体和新技术
motives to measure motives for using the Internet. To construct an Internet
衡量的互联网使用动机的动机。构建互联网
motives scale, we combined interpersonal (affection, inclusion/companionship, and
动机规模，我们结合人际(感情、列入/陪伴，和
control), media (entertainment, habit, information, social interaction, escape, surveillance,
控制），媒体（娱乐、习惯、信息、社会互动、逃生、监视、
pass time, and relaxation), and Internet (time control, convenience, economy,
传递时间和松弛），和互联网（时间控制、方便、经济、
and expressive need) motives. We used three items representing 15 possible a priori
和富有表现力的需要）的动机。我们使用的先验代表15 可能的三个项目
categories, and adapted several statements from previous research to the Internet
类别，并且适应从先前的研究到互联网的几个语句
context. Respondents were asked how much their reasons for using the Internet were
上下文。受访者被问及多少他们使用互联网的原因是
like these reasonsfor using the Internet on a 5-point Likertscale (5 = exactly, 1 = not 像这些在5 点Likertscale 上使用互联网的reasonsfor （5 确切地，= 1 = 不at all).
在所有）。
We used principal-components analysis with varimax rotation to extract and
我们用主成分分析与大化旋转来提取和
interpret possible Internet motive factors. We required an eigenvalue of 1 .O or greater 对可能的互联网的动机因素的解释。我们所需的 1 的特征值。O 或更大
to retain a factor, which also had to contain at least three items meeting a 60/40
要保留一个因素，还必须包含至少三个项目会议的60 40
loading criterion. Responses to the retained items were summed and averaged to
正在加载标准。保留项目的答复是总结和平均到
form the scales representing each factor. The analysis accounted for 63.2% of the
形式表示每个因素的尺度。分析占63.2%
variance. Its results are summarized for RQ, below.
方差。其结果为RQ，概述如下。
Contextualage. We used Rubin and Rubin?s (1 982) Contextual Age Scale to assess Contextualage。我们使用鲁宾和鲁宾的（1 982）上下文年龄尺度来评估
life position. Because the sample consisted of college students, the physical health,
生活的位置。因为该示例包括大学生，身体健康，
social activity, and interpersonal interaction dimensions were not included. No
社交活动和人际交往方面没有列入。无
significant variations were expected for the college student sample in these three
为学院学生样品在这三个预期的重大变化
dimensions. Each remaining dimension-economic security, life satisfaction, and
尺寸。每个剩余的维度经济安全、生活满意度和
mobility-contained 5 items (Rubin & Rubin, 1982; Rubin & Rubin, 1982).
流动性包含5 项(鲁宾& 鲁宾，1982 年;鲁宾& 鲁宾，1982年）。Respondents stated their levels of agreement with these statements on a 5-point
受访者表示其水平与这些声明一个 5 点协议
Likert-type scale (5 = strongly agree, 1 = strongly disagree). We summed and
李克特量类型规模（5 = 非常同意，1 = 坚决不同意)。我们总结和
averaged responses to the items of each subscale. The mean scores for the separate
平均响应每个量表的项目。平均分数为分开的
dimensions were: life satisfaction (M = 3.40, SD = 0.75, Cronbach a = .75); mobility 维度是：生活满意度（M = 3.40，SD = 0.75，Cronbach a =.75）；流动性(M = 3.74, SD = 0.82, Cronbach a = .70); and economic security (M = 2.98, SD = (M = 3.74，SD = 0.82，Cronbach a =.70）；与经济安全(M = 2.98，SD =
0.89, Cronbach a = .61). We deleted two items to improve reliability of the
0.89，Cronbach =.61）。我们删除了两个项目，提高可靠性
economic security dimension to .75.
经济安全到.75 维度。
Unwillingness to communicate. Burgoo n?s (1 976) 20-item Unwillingness-to-
不是愿进行通信。伯贡的(1 976) 20 项不愿-到-
Communicate Scale includes two dimensions: Approach-Avoidance (UC-Avoid) and
通信规模包括两个层面：办法避税(UC 避免) 和
Reward (UC-Reward). To clarify the direction and interpretation of results, we will
奖励(UC-奖励)。为明确的方向和结果的解释，我们将
refer to approach-avoidance as avoidance. High UC-Avoid scores meant that a
为避免提到的办法避免。UC 避免高分，这意味着
respondent was anxious or fearful about interpersonal encounters, whereas high
答辩人焦虑或害怕人际交往遇到，而高
UC-Reward scores implied that a respondent felt valued by hidher friends and family.
UC 奖励分数暗示答辩人认为价值由hidher 的朋友和家人。
We summed and averaged responses for the several items of each dimension. To be
我们总结和平均的几个项目的每个维度的响应。要
consistent with other measures in the study, we used a 5-point Likert scale for the
与其他措施的研究相一致，我们使用的 5 点李克特量表
measure (5 = strongly agree, 1 = strongly disagree). The mean for the UC-Avoid dimension was 2.66 (SD = 0.72, Cronbach a = 39); it was 3.68 (SD = 0.71,
措施（5 = 非常同意，1 = 坚决不同意)。UC 避免维度的意思是2.66 (SD = 0.72，Cronbach = 39）；它是3.68 （SD = 0.71，
Cronbach a = .88) for UC-Reward.
Cronbach =.88) 为UC 奖赏。
Social presence. We used 5 items to assess the social presence of the Internet. We
社会的存在。我们用5 个项目来评估互联网社会的存在。我们
asked respondents to rate the Internet on sociability, personalness, sensitivity,
要求应答者善交际、personalness、灵敏度、上的互联网
warmth, and activity on 5-point semantic differential scales, the two anchors being
温暖和5 点语义差别体重秤上的活动两个锚被
very (5) and not at all (1). We constructed a social presence index by summing and
非常(5) 而不是在所有的(1)。我们建造一个社会的存在索引的总结和
averaging the five responses. We initially obtained a .62 Cronbach a, but deleted 1
平均5 个答复。我们最初获得，但已删除的 1.62 Cronbach
item to improve the reliability for the 4-item scale to .65 (M = 3.1 3, SD = 0.73).
项目以改善可靠性的4 项扩展到.65 (M = 3.1 3，SD = 0.73）。
Internet use and attitudes. We operationalized the amount of Internet use as the
互联网的使用和态度。我们实施的互联网使用作为量
total number of hours of Internet use in a day. Respondents were presented with a
总使用互联网在一天中的小时数。受访者介绍了与
grid, and asked to fill out how many minutes they used each type of Internet facility
网格，并要求填写多少分钟他们使用每种类型的互联网设施
(i.e., e-mail, newsgroups, chatrooms, browsing, and other) yesterday and on an
（即，电子邮件、新闻组、聊天室、浏览和其他）昨天和上
average day. We then summed and averaged these two numbers for each type of use.
平均一天。相加，然后平均为每种类型的使用这两个数字。
Thus, it was possible to analyze each type of use separately. A total of overall use was
因而，它是使用的可能要分别分析每种类型。共整体使用的是
also obtained. This method has been used successfully to assess amount of television
此外获得了。此方法已被成功地用于评估金额的电视
viewing (e.g., Conway & Rubin, 1991; Rubin, 1981, 1983). The two questions for
查看（例如，康威& 鲁宾，1991 年；鲁宾，1981 年，1983年）。为这两个问题each type of use had an average Pearson correlation of .57, suggesting that the
每种类型的使用了.57，表明平均Pearson 相关性
amount of Internet use is somewhat variable each day. Participants indicated they
互联网的使用金额有些变量的每一天。与会者表示他们
used the Internet an average 45.01 minutes each day. Of that daily use, 35.2% was
用互联网平均45.01 分钟的每一天。35.2%，日常的是使用的
spent web browsing, 34.2% using e-mail, 14.2% in chatrooms, 10.2% with
花的web 浏览、使用电子邮件的34.2%、在聊天室里的14.2%、10.2%与newgroups and listservs, and 6.2% with other uses such as FTP or Telnet.
放置和邮递名录服务机，并与其他用途（如FTP 或Telnet 的6.2%。
As a measure of duration of use, participants also indicated the number of years
作为使用持续时间的措施，与会者还指出年的数
and months they had used the Internet. The average length was 18.70 months.
和他们有使用互联网的几个月。平均长度为18.70 个月。
We adapted the Television Affinity Scale (Rubin, 1981) to assess liking or affinity
我们被适应电视亲和规模(鲁宾，1981年），评估的喜好或姻亲关系
with the Internet. This was a 5-item Likert scale (5 = strongly agree, 1 = strongly
与互联网。这是5 项李克特量表（5 = 非常同意，1 = 强烈
disagree). We summed and averaged responses to the items. The mean for the 5-item
不同意）。我们总结和平均响应的项目。5 项意思
scale was 2.25 (SD = 0.85, Cronbach a = .84).
规模是2.25 （SD = 0.85，Cronbach =.84）。
lnternet satisfaction. Similar to Palmgreen and Rayburn (1985), we used a
互联网的满意度。我们使用类似于Palmgreen 和瑞（1985 年），
single-item to assess satisfaction with Internet use. We asked respondents to indicate:
单个项目来评估互联网的使用感到满意。我们要求受访者以指示：
"Overall, how satisfied are you with the job the Internet does in providing you with
"总体而言，您的互联网工作的满意度如何做中为您提供
the things you are seeking?" Response options ranged from extremely satisfied (5) to
你正在寻找的东西确定吗?"响应选项非常满意(5) 至不等
notatallsatisfied(1). This measure had a mean of 3.78 (SD = 0.83).
notatallsatisfied(1)。这项措施有很厉害的3.78 (SD = 0.83)。
Statistical Analysis
统计分析
We used Pearson correlations to examine relationships among Internet motives,
我们使用Pearson 相关性审查互联网的动机之间的关系
social and psychological factors, and social presence. We used canonical correlation
社会和心理因素和社会的存在。我们使用典型相关
to investigate multivariate relationships between motives and antecedents/
调查动机和祖先之间的多元关系/
perceptions (contextual age, UC-Reward, UC-Avoid, and social presence). We used （上下文年龄、UC 奖励、UC 避免，和社会的存在）的看法。我们使用hierarchical regression analysis for each outcome variable. Consistent with the
对于每个结果变量的层次回归分析。与一致
conceptual framework, we entered contextual age and unwillingness to communicate 概念框架，我们输入上下文年龄和不愿意进行通信
dimensions on the first step, social presence on the second, and motives on the
尺寸上的第一步，第二，社会的存在和动机上
third step.
第三步。
Results
结果
Internet Motives
互联网的动机
RQ, asked about computer-user motives for using the Internet. The factor analysis RQ，询问的互联网使用的计算机用户的动机。因素分析
of the Internet motive statements yielded five interpretable factors: interpersonal
互联网的动机语句产生了可解释的五个因素：人际交往
utility, pass time, information seeking, convenience, and entertainment. Tables 1 and 实用程序、逝去的时间、信息寻求、便利性和娱乐等。表1 和
2 summarize the factor analysis and Internet motives.
2 总结的因素分析和互联网的动机。
The first factor, interpersonal utility, accounted for 18.1% of the variance after
第一个因素，人际关系的实用程序，占18.1%后的方差
rotation. It contained 12 items from a priori categories of inclusion, affection, social 旋转。它包含了12 个项目从先验类别的包容、情感、社会
interaction, expressive need, and surveillance (Cronbach a = .93). It was the only
互动、富有表现力的需要和监测(Cronbach =.93）。它是唯一一个
factor that contained statements primarily from interpersonally oriented categories. 主要从人际导向类别声明所载的因素。
Pass time consisted of 3 items, all of which comprised that a priori category
逝去的时间项目3 项，所有这一切组成，包括了一个先验类别
(Cronbach a = 35). It explained 7.5% of thevariance. lnformation seeking contained (Cronbach = 35）。它解释了thevariance 的7.5%。寻求所包含的信息
5 information, surveillance, and convenience items (Cronbach a = 37). It accounted 5 信息、监测和便利项目(Cronbach = 37)。它占
for 8.3% of the variance. Convenience included 4 items from time control,
方差的8.3%。便利包括 4 项从时间控制，
convenience, economy, and social interaction categories (Cronbach a = .78). The
方便、经济和社会互动类别(Cronbach =.78）。的
factor explained 6.2% of the variance. Entertainment contained 2 entertainment
因子解释的方差的 6.2%。娱乐所载2 娱乐
items and 1 habit item, ”I just like to use it” (Cronbach a = .85). It explained 4.2% of 项目和项目1 的习惯，"我只是喜欢使用它"(Cronbach =.85）。它解释的 4.2% the variance after rotation.
旋转后的方差。
lnformation seeking (M = 3.52, SD = 0.83) and entertainment (M = 3.50, SD =
信息寻求(M = 3.52，SD = 0.83) 和娱乐(M = 3.50，SD =
0.95) had the highest mean scores. Convenience (M = 3.27, SD = 1.02) was also a 0.95) 了平均得分最高。方便(M = 3.27，SD = 1.02) 也是
salient factor, whereas pass time (M = 2.82, SD = 1.05) and interpersonal utility (M = 凸因子，而打发时间(M = 2.82，SD = 1.05）和人际实用程序(M =
2.43, SD = 0.94) were less salient reasons for using the Internet. Primarily, these
2.43，SD = 0.94) 是较不明显的原因使用互联网。主要是这些
computer users sought a convenient vehicle of information and amusement. We
计算机用户寻求信息和娱乐的方便的交通工具。我们
found no significant differences between male and female respondents on these
发现男性和女性被访者对这些无显著差异
factors.
考虑的因素。
Most motives correlated moderately. Interpersonal utility and entertainment were
大多数的动机相关适度。人际交往的实用程序和娱乐
the only motives that did not correlate significantly. The highest correlations were
唯一的动机，并不显著相关。关联度最高的
between interpersonal utility and pass time (r = .52), entertainment and information
人际交往的实用程序和传递时间之间(r =.52), 娱乐和信息
seeking (r = .48), entertainment and convenience (r = .48), and pass time and
寻求(r =.48), 娱乐和方便(r =.48), 和传递的时间和
entertainment (r = .37), all p < .001.
娱乐(r =.37), 所有p <.001。Motives, Antecedents, and Social Presence
动机、履历和社会的存在
RQ2 asked how antecedents and media perceptions related to Internet motives. We RQ2 问如何与互联网的动机相关的先例和媒体的看法。我们
found several significant Pearson correlations between Internet motives, and life
发现了几个重大Pearson 相关性研究互联网的动机和生活
satisfaction, mobility, economic security, UC-Avoid, UC-Reward, and social presence. 满意、流动性、经济安全、避免UC、UC-奖励和社会的存在。
The strongest correlations were between: UC-Reward and interpersonal utility
最强的相关人之间：UC 奖励和人际实用程序
(r = .35), information seeking (r = -.34), and entertainment (r = .26); mobility and
(r =.35), 信息寻求(r =-。34），和娱乐(r =.26) ；流动性和
interpersonal utility (r = -.32) and information seeking (r = .29); and life satisfaction 人际交往实用程序(r =-。32) 和信息寻求(r =.29) ；与生活满意度
and information seeking (r = .28), all p < .001.
和信息寻求(r = 28 级), 所有p <.001。
The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because
孩子。 Does your throat hurt you? Added the mother to the child. 女孩的表情没有任何变化，而她的目光却一直没有从我的脸上移开。 But the little girl’s expression didn’t change nor did she move her eyes from my face. 你看过她的嗓子了吗？ Have you looked? 我想看，孩子的母亲说，但看不见。 I tried to, said the mother but II couldn’t see. 这个月碰巧她上学的那个学校已经有好几例白喉病。虽然到目前为止没有人说出这件事，但很显然，我们心里都想到了。 As it happens we had been having a number of cases of diphtheria in the school to which this child went during that month and we were all, quite apparently, thinking of that, though no one had as yet spoken of the thing. 好了，我说，我们先看看嗓子吧。 Well, I said, suppose we take a look at the throat first. 我以医生特有的职业方式微笑着，叫着孩子的名字。我说，来吧，玛蒂尔达，张开嘴，让我看一下你的嗓子。 I smiled in my best professional manner and asking for the child’s first name I said, come on, Mathilda, open your mouth and let’s take a look at your throat.没有任何反应。 Nothing doing. 哦，来吧，我劝道，张大你的嘴，让我看看。看，我说着把两只手伸开，我的手里没有东西，张大嘴，让我看看。 Aw, come on, I coaxed, just open your mouth wide and let me take a look. Look, I said opening both hands wide, I haven’t anything in my hands. Just open up and let me see.
The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中
9种常见的INTERNET接入方式 2005-07-22 13:58作者：王玉涵出处：考试吧责任编辑：王玉涵提到接入网，首先要涉及一个带宽问题，随着互联网技术的不断发展和完善，接入网的带宽被人们分为窄带和宽带，业内专家普遍认为宽带接入是未来发展方向。 宽带运营商网络结构如图1所示。整个城市网络由核心层、汇聚层、边缘汇聚层、接入层组成。社区端到末端用户接入部分就是通常所说的最后一公里，它在整个网络中所处位置如图1所示。 在接入网中，目前可供选择的接入方式主要有PSTN、ISDN、DDN、LAN、ADSL、VDSL、Cable-Modem、PON和LMDS9种，它们各有各的优缺点。 PSTN拨号: 使用最广泛 PSTN（Published Switched Telephone Network，公用电话交换网）技术是利用PSTN 通过调制解调器拨号实现用户接入的方式。这种接入方式是大家非常熟悉的一种接入方式，目前最高的速率为56kbps，已经达到仙农定理确定的信道容量极限，这种速率远远不能够满足宽带多媒体信息的传输需求; 但由于电话网非常普及，用户终端设备Modem很便宜，大约在100～500元之间，而且不用申请就可开户，只要家里有电脑，把电话线接入Modem 就可以直接上网。因此，PSTN拨号接入方式比较经济，至今仍是网络接入的主要手段。 PSTN接入方式如图2所示。随着宽带的发展和普及，这种接入方式将被淘汰。 ISDN拨号：通话上网两不误
ISDN(Integrated Service Digital Network，综合业务数字网)接入技术俗称“一线通”，它采用数字传输和数字交换技术，将电话、传真、数据、图像等多种业务综合在一个统一的数字网络中进行传输和处理。用户利用一条ISDN用户线路，可以在上网的同时拨打电话、收发传真，就像两条电话线一样。ISDN基本速率接口有两条64kbps的信息通路和一条16kbps 的信令通路，简称2B+D，当有电话拨入时，它会自动释放一个B信道来进行电话接听。 就像普通拨号上网要使用Modem一样，用户使用ISDN也需要专用的终端设备，主要由网络终端NT1和ISDN适配器组成。网络终端NT1好像有线电视上的用户接入盒一样必不可少，它为ISDN适配器提供接口和接入方式。ISDN适配器和Modem一样又分为内置和外置两类，内置的一般称为ISDN内置卡或ISDN适配卡；外置的ISDN适配器则称之为TA。ISDN内置卡价格在300～400元左右，而TA则在1000元左右。 ISDN接入技术示意如图3所示。用户采用ISDN拨号方式接入需要申请开户，初装费根据地区不同而会不同，一般开销在几百至1000元不等。ISDN的极限带宽为128kbps，各种测试数据表明，双线上网速度并不能翻番，从发展趋势来看，窄带ISDN也不能满足高质量的VOD等宽带应用。 DDN专线: 面向集团企业 DDN是英文Digital Data Network的缩写，这是随着数据通信业务发展而迅速发展起来的一种新型网络。DDN的主干网传输媒介有光纤、数字微波、卫星信道等，用户端多使用普通电缆和双绞线。DDN将数字通信技术、计算机技术、光纤通信技术以及数字交叉连接技术有机地结合在一起，提供了高速度、高质量的通信环境，可以向用户提供点对点、点对多点透明传输的数据专线出租电路，为用户传输数据、图像、声音等信息。DDN的通信速率可根据用户需要在N×64kbps(N=1～32)之间进行选择，当然速度越快租用费用也越高。 用户租用DDN业务需要申请开户。DDN的收费一般可以采用包月制和计流量制，这与一般用户拨号上网的按时计费方式不同。DDN的租用费较贵，普通个人用户负担不起，DDN主要面向集团公司等需要综合运用的单位。DDN按照不同的速率带宽收费也不同，例如在中国电信申请一条128kbps的区内DDN专线，月租费大约为1000元。因此它不适合社区住户的接入，只对社区商业用户有吸引力。 ADSL: 个人宽带流行风 ADSL(Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line，非对称数字用户环路)是一种能够通过普通电话线提供宽带数据业务的技术，也是目前极具发展前景的一种接入技术。ADSL素有“网络快车”之美誉，因其下行速率高、频带宽、性能优、安装方便、不需交纳电话费等特点而深受广大用户喜爱，成为继Modem、ISDN之后的又一种全新的高效接入方式。
定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...
The use of force 大意: Mathilda had been ill for three days. Her mother had given her some medicine, but it didn’t do any good. So they had to ask the doctor to come. There had been a number of cases of diphtheria in Mathilda School and two of them had been dead. When the doctor arrived at Olson’s home, he wanted to examine Mathilda throat first. But no matter how he coaxed, She wouldn’t open her mouth. So the doctor had to get the tongue depressor into her mouth. But Mathilda reduced it to splinters. In orde r to protect Mathilda herself and other children, the doctor had to make sure whether she had diphtheria or not, so that he could treat her in time. Letting Mathilda‘s father hold her wrists he tried his best to open her mouth and found she really had diphtheria. This story made us can think such a question that something in life can’t only depend on self-willingness. Under some circumstances, certain force seems necessary. 对医生的评价:After the doctor arrived at the girl’s home, he wanted to see her throat. As there had been a number of cases of diphtheria in the school to which the girl went during that month, the doctor also thought that of the girl. So he smiled to the girl and asked her to open her mouth and let him have a look at her throat. No matter how the doctor coaxed, the girl shut her mouth firmly. Thinking that the girl might have diphtheria and possibly die of it, the doctor decided to use force to open her mouth. He had seen at least two children lying dead in bed of neglect in such cases. He felt that he must get a diagnosis now. So he grasped the girl’s head with his left hand and tried to get the wooden tongue depressor between her teeth. But when the doctor got the wooden spatula behind her last teeth. She gripped the blade between her molars and reduced it to splinters. In the final unreasoning assault the doctor outer powered the girl. He forced the heavy silver spoon back of her teeth and down her throat till she gagged. Her both tonsils were covered with membrane. From that the doctor had done, I thought he was a responsible person. In order to save the lives of the patients, especially those children who did not know how to co-operate with the doctor, he had to take some measure. Otherwise a good or suitable time of treatment would be missed. The doctor appears to be compassionate and keen to human behavior, characteristic of a good doctor, though he is also undeniably blunt and slightly prejudiced. 思想: Though there are reasons often justifiable, what compels the use of force against others isn't simply altruism alone. The overall theme of the story revolves around power and submission and the doctor's unnerved feeling following the forceful encounter. 作者如何写的: The story is narrated in first person by a doctor, who is answering a house visit to see a sick girl. Williams uses interior monologue as a "stream-of-consciousness" tool reflects the narrator's experience of dialogue and gives insight into the character and his appraisal of the situations he encounters. The story is written without the use of quotation marks, and the dialogue is not distinguished from the narrator's comments. The story is rendered from the subjective point of view of the doctor, and explores his subdued enjoyment of forcefully subduing the stubborn child in an attempt to acquire the throat sample.
“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法
不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.
INTERNET接入最常见的9种方法 提到接入网，首先要涉及一个带宽问题，随着互联网技术的不断发展和完善，接入网的带宽被人们分为窄带和宽带，业内专家普遍认为宽带接入是未来发展方向。 宽带运营商网络结构如图1所示。整个城市网络由核心层、汇聚层、边缘汇聚层、接入层组成。社区端到末端用户接入部分就是通常所说的最后一公里，它在整个网络中所处位置如图1所示。 在接入网中，目前可供选择的接入方式主要有PSTN、ISDN、DDN、LAN、ADSL、VDSL、Cable-Modem、PON和LMDS9种，它们各有各的优缺点。PSTN拨号: 使用最广泛 PSTN（Published Switched Telephone Network，公用电话交换网）技术是利用PSTN通过调制解调器拨号实现用户接入的方式。这种接入方式是大家非常熟悉的一种接入方式，目前最高的速率为56kbps，已经达到仙农定理确定的信道容量极限，这种速率远远不能够满足宽带多媒体信息的传输需求; 但由于电话网非常普及，用户终端设备Modem很便宜，大约在100～500元之间，而且不用申请就可开户，只要家里有电脑，把电话线接入Modem就可以直接上网。因此，PSTN拨号接入方式比较经济，至今仍是网络接入的主要手段。 PSTN接入方式如图2所示。随着宽带的发展和普及，这种接入方式将被淘汰。 ISDN拨号：通话上网两不误 ISDN(Integrated Service Digital Network，综合业务数字网)接入技术俗称“一线通”，它采用数字传输和数字交换技术，将电话、传真、数据、图像等多种业务综合在一个统一的数字网络中进行传输和处理。用户利用一条ISDN用户线
表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法
Internet所提供的服务 Internet是一个涵盖极广的信息库，它存贮的信息上至天文，下至地理，三教九流，无所不包，以商业、科技和娱乐信息为主。除此之外，Internet还是一个覆盖全球的枢纽中心，通过它，您可以了解来自世界各地的信息；收发电子邮件；和朋友聊天；进行网上购物；观看影片片断；阅读网上杂志；还可以聆听音乐会；当然，我们还可以做很多很多其他的事。我们可以简单概括如下功能： 信息传播 你或他人都可以把各种信息任意输入到网络中，进行交流传播。 Internet 上传播的信息形式多种多样，世界各地用它传播信息的机构和个人越来越多，网上的信息资料内容也越来越广泛和复杂。目前， Internet己成为世界上最大的广告系统、信息网络和新闻媒体。现在，Internet除商用外，许多国家的政府、政党、团体还用它进行政治宣传。 通信联络 Internet有电子函件通信系统，你和他人之间可以利用电子函件取代邮政信件和传真进行联络。甚至你可以在网上通电话，乃至召开电话会议。 专题讨论 Internet中设有专题论坛组，一些相同专业、行业或兴趣相投的人可以在网上提出专题展开讨论，论文可长期存储在网上，供人调阅或补充。 资料检索
由于有很多人不停地向网上输入各种资料，特别是美国等许多国家的著名数据库和信息系统纷纷上网，Internet己成为目前世界上资料最多、门类最全、规模最大的资料库你可以自由在网上检索所需资料。 目前，Internet己成为世界许多研究和情报机构的重要信息来源。 Internet创造的电脑空间正在以爆炸性的势头迅速发展。你只要坐在微机前，不管对方在世界什么地方，都可以互相交换信息、购买物品、签订巨大项目合同，也可以结算国际贷款。企业领导可以通过Internet洞察商海风云，从而得以确保企业的发展：科研人员可以通过Internet检索众多国家的图书馆和数据库；医疗人员可以通过Internet同世界范围内的同行们共同探讨医学难题；工程人员可以通过Internet了解同行业发展的最新动态：商界人员可以通过Internet实时了解最新的股票行情、期货动态，使自己能够及时的抓住每一次商机，永远立于不败之地；学生也可以通过Internet开阔眼界，并且学习到更多的有益知识。 总之，Internet能使我们现有的生活、学习、工作以及思维模式式发生根本性的变化。无论来自何方，Internet都能把我们和世界连在一起。Internet 使我们可以坐在家中就能够和世界交流，有了Internet，世界真的小了，Internet将改变我们的生活。 那么，Internet是怎样完成上述功能的呢？那就是它所提供的服务了。它提供的服务包括WWW服务，电子邮件（E-mail），文件传输（FTP），远程登录（Telnet），新闻论坛（Usenet），新闻组（News Group），电子布告栏（BBS），Gopher搜索，文件搜寻（Archie）等等，全球用户可以通过Internet提供的这些服务，获取Internet上提供的信息和功能。这里我们简单的介绍以下最常用的服务： 1、收发EMAIL（E-MAIL服务）
‘Unit 1 Text A The Use of Force 他们是我的新病人，我所知道的只有名字，奥尔逊。 They were new patients to me, all I had was the name, Olson. 请您尽快赶来，我女儿病得很重。 “Please come down as soon as you can, my daughter is very sick.” 当我到达时，孩子的母亲迎接了我，这是一位看上去惊恐不安的妇人，衣着整洁却一脸忧伤的神色她只是说，这位就是医生吗？ When I arrived I was met by the mother, a big startled looking woman, very clean and apologetic who merely said, Is this the doctor? 然后带我进了屋。 And let me in. 在后面，她又说到，请你一定要原谅我们，医生，我们让她呆在厨房里，那儿暖和，这里有时很潮湿。 In the back, she added. Y ou must excuse us, doctor, we have her in the kitchen where it is warm. It is very damp here sometimes. 在厨房的桌子旁边，这个孩子穿得严严实实的，坐在她父亲的腿上。 The child was fully dressed and sitting on here father’s lap near the kitchen table. 他父亲试图站起来，但我向他示意不用麻烦，然后我脱下外套开始检查。 He tried to get up, but I motioned for him not to bother, took off my overcoat and started to look things over. 我能够觉察出他们都很紧张，而且用怀疑的眼光上下打量着我。 I could see that they were all very nervous, eyeing me up and down distrustfully. 在这种情形下，他们通常不会提供太多的情况，而是等着我告诉他们病情，这就是为什么他们会在我身上花3美元。 As often, in such cases, they weren’t telling me more than they had to, it was up to me to tell them; that’s why they were spending three dollars on me. 这个孩子用她那冷漠而镇定的目光目不转睛地盯着我，脸上没有任何表情。 The child was fairly eating me up with her cold, steady eyes, and no expression on her face whatever. 她纹丝不动，内心似乎很平静。这是一个非常惹人喜爱的小东西，外表长得象小牛一样结实。 She did not move and seemed, inwardly, quiet; an unusually attractive little thing, and as strong as a heifer in appearance. 但是她的脸发红，而且呼吸急促，我知道她在发着高烧。 But her face was flushed, she was breathing rapidly, and I realized that she had a high fever. 她长着一头漂亮浓密的金发，就像刊登在广告插页上和周日报纸图片版上的那些孩子一样。 She had magnificent blonde hair, in profusion. One of those picture children often reproduced in advertising leaflets and the photogravure sections of the Sunday papers.
The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.
第一单元 一、英译汉 Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. 亚里士多德是古希腊的哲学家和科学家。 His writings cover many subjects, including physics, biology, zoology, logic, ethics, poetry, theater, music, linguistics, politics and government, and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. 他的作品涵盖了许多学科，包括物理学、生物学、动物学、逻辑学、伦理学、诗歌、戏剧、音乐、语言学、政治和政府，构成了第一个综合的西方哲学体系。 Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics. 亚里士多德是第一个将人类的知识领域划分为不同学科的人，如数学，生物学和伦理学。 He believed all people's concepts and all their knowledge were ultimately based on perception. 他相信人所有的观念和所有的知识在根本上都是基于感知能力。 His views on natural sciences laid the groundwork for many of his works. 他对自然科学的看法构成了他许多作品的基础。 He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge in his era. 他几乎对他所处时期的每一个人类知识领域都作出了贡献。 His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and even today all aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the important subject of academic study. His philosophy had a long-lasting influence on the development of all Western philosophical theories.
网络组建Internet提供的服务 随着Internet的商业化的发展趋势，它提供的信息服务的功能逐渐增强，服务方式多样化，资源也越来越丰富。在Internet上可以进行科学研究、资料查询、收发邮件、联机交谈、联机游戏、网上购物等活动。Internet主要的常用服务项目有。 1．电子邮件（E-mail） 电子邮件（Electronic mail）服务是Internet上用户最多、使用最广泛的服务。与传统的通信方式相比，它有着巨大的优势。 电子邮件具有传递速度快、内容多样化、收发方便、成本低廉的特点。通常只需数秒钟电子邮件即可送达至全球任意位置的收件人信箱中，其速度比电话通信更为高效快捷。另外电子邮件不仅可传送文字信息，而且还可附上声音和图像等多媒体信息文件。由于电子邮件所采取异步工作方式，使得收信人可以自由决定时间、地点接收和回复邮件。电子邮件最大的优点还在于其低廉的价格。用户花费极少的上网费即可将重要的信息发送给远在地球另一端的用户。 目前，通过邮件传播的病毒以及垃圾邮件、邮件炸弹等因素对用户计算机构成了不小的威胁。针对这种情况，不少网站的邮箱服务增加了病毒扫描、反垃圾邮件等功能。为了确保电子邮件的安全性，也可以采用加密的办法来传输邮件，即使被人截获，也不会被轻易破译。2．文件传输（FTP） FTP（File Transfer Protocol）是文件传输协议，它允许Internet的用户将一台计算机上的文件传送到另一台上。它也是Internet中被广泛使用的服务之一。 使用FTP几乎可以传送任何类型的文件，如文本文件、二进制可执行文件、图形文件、图像文件、声音文件、数据压缩文件等。但是要想使用FTP服务器必须先登录，登录时要求给出其在FTP服务器上的合法账号和口令。目前，Internet上多数FTP服务器提供了免费的FTP服务，即用户可以匿名登录。用户可以使用anonymous作为用户名，用guest作为密码进行匿名登录。有些FTP服务器要求用户以自己的电子邮件地址作为密码。 FTP协议也是一种TCP/IP应用协议。不管用户身在何处、如何上网、使用何种类型的计算机或操作系统，只要遵循TCP/IP协议族中FTP协议，就可以很方便地交换文件。 在FTP的工作模式中，文件传输分为“上传”（Upload）和“下载”（Download）两种。“上传”是指用户将本地文件上传到FTP服务器上，“下载”则是指用户将远程FTP服务器上的文件下载到本地计算机上。 3．WWW服务 WWW（World Wide Web）被称为“万维网”或者3W，它的出现是Internet发展的一个里程碑，它是Internet上最方便且最受用户欢迎的服务。 WWW是一种基于超文本方式的信息查询工具。它向用户提供了一种非常简单、快捷、易用的查找和获取各种共享信息的渠道。并且它是用众多的超文本标记语言（HTML即Hype Text Makeup Language）写成，是基于超文本方式的信息查询工具。由于万维网（WWW）使用的是超媒体和超文本信息组织和管理技术，任何单位或个人都可以将自己所要发布和共享的信息，以HTML格式存入到各自的服务器中。当其他网上用户需要该信息时，可以通过浏览器（Internet Explorer）进行检索和查询。 WWW还可以通过一种单独的高级浏览服务提供的对多种服务器的访问功能，对存放在FTP服务器、Gopher服务器和WAIS服务器的文件进行访问。 超文本是一种信息的集合体，可以任意将文本、图像、声音和视频等信息组合进行相应的信息存储和检索系统中，用户可从其中一个主题跳到相关主题。