表面保护要求
TL 244-2010 Previous issues
以前的版本
TL 244: 1987-10, 1992-05, 1993-11, 1995-12, 2002-05, 2004-12, 2006-08, 2007-02
Changes 更改
The following changes have been made compared with TL 244: 2007-02:
– Scope supplemented by components ≤ 1 200 MPa with heat treatment
– Ofl-r647 and Ofl-r648 added
– Table of surface protection types containing Cr(VI) (formerly Table 2) removed
– Figures 1 and 2 added
– Test acc. to PV 1209, PV 1200, and PV 1210 added
– Requirement for homogeneous structure added
– Upper limit of nickel content changed
– Notes on testing regarding layer thickness measurement (formerly Section 4) added in Section3.9
– Requirements in Section 3.11 changed
– Referenced standards updated
– Standard restructured
相对于TL244：2007-02版本，已作了如下更改：
（1）补充了热处理后零件的抗拉强度≦1200Mpa部分；
（2）添加了Ofl-r647和Ofl-r648两种涂覆方法；
（3）原表2中关于含铬的表面保护类型已删除；
（4）添加了图1和图2；
（5）添加了PV 1209,PV 1200和PV1210三种测试依据；
（6）镀层表面形态的要求有所增加；
（7）镍的上限值有所改变；
（8）原第4条关于镀层厚度的测量的内容加入到3.9部分；
（9）原3.11部分的要求有所改变；
（10）参考标准有更新；
（11）标准重组。
1 Scope 范围
This Technical Supply Specification (TL) specifies requirements for electrolytically deposited and Cr(VI)-free post-treated zinc/nickel alloy coatings on ferrous materials and steel parts with a tensile strength R m≤ 1 000 MPa according to code letter "r" specified in Volkswagen standard VW 13750. It furthermore defines application limits
表面保护要求
TL 244-2010
and exceptions for tensile strength values > 1 000 MPa.
本标准规定了抗拉强度为Rm≦1000Mpa（按VW 137 50的特征字母r）的铁材料和钢制件上的电解离析和无铬含量（VI）后处理的锌/镍合金涂覆层的要求。此外还定义了抗拉强度值大于1000Mpa 时的应用极限。
The alloy coatings defined in this standard must not be used for steel parts with a tensile strength Rm > 1 200 MPa and a surface hardness > 370 HV. Exceptions may be made for components with a tensile strength Rm between 1 000 MPa and 1 200 MPa. However, heat treatment acc. To DIN EN ISO 4042 is required in these cases.
本标准定义了合金涂覆不适用于抗拉强度Rm>1200Mpa和表面硬度>370HV的钢制件。而且适用于抗拉强度值在1000Mpa和1200Mpa之间的钢制件时，必须按DIN EN ISO 4042作热处理。
These coatings, used as heavy-duty corrosion protection (protection class 6), are especially suitable for components and systems of threaded joints for which, besides an increased corrosion load, a temperature load of up to 150 °C (engine compartment and brake area) is to be expected. The silver colored coatings Ofl-r642, Ofl-r643, Ofl-r645 and Ofl-r647 are particularly suitable for conducting connections (ground connections). 这些当作坚固防腐层（稳定等级为6）的涂覆层，亦特别适用于除了腐蚀负荷增加和温度负荷增加至150°C（例如：发动机室和刹车系统）之外的部件以及螺栓拧紧系统。银色涂覆层（例如：
Ofl-r642,Ofl-r643,Ofl-r645和Ofl-r647）特别适用于导线连接（接地线连接）。
In particular, these coatings are suitable for fasteners with driving recess to avoid clogging of force application points.
这些涂覆层特别适用于内部传动的紧固元件，以避免附加的施力作用。
Due to their electrochemical compatibility, they are also suited for use in contact with aluminum materials (but not for use in direct contact with magnesium materials).
另外，鉴于其电化相容性，这些涂覆层尤其适用于与铝材料的连接（但不适用于与镁材料直接连接）。
Ofl-r647 and Ofl-r648 are particularly suitable for parts subjected to plastic deformation after surface coating (e.g., pipe systems, blind rivet nuts, blind rivet bolts, punching bolts).
Ofl-r647和Ofl-r648特别适用于表面处理后会发生塑性变形的从动元件。（如管道系统、拉钉、拉帽、打孔螺栓）
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2 Description 标识
See VW 13750, Section 2.
参见VW 137 50，第2章节。
3 Requirements 技术要求
3.1 Surface protection types 表面防护类型
The surface protection types listed in Table 1 apply.
表面保护类型见表1：
Table 1
Surface
Characteristics and appearance
Protection type
passivated (silver-colored to soft bluish
coating,
Ofl-r642 Zinc/nickel
iridescence), preferred surface protection type for adhesive
coatings (MKL) and locking all-around coatings (KLR) acc.
to VW 60424
coating,
passivated and additionally sealed Ofl-r643 Zinc/nickel
(silver-colored to soft bluish iridescence)
Ofl-r645 As for Ofl-r643, but with additional lubricant treatment acc.
to TL 52132
passivated (bendable zinc/nickel coating,
coating,
Ofl-r647 Zinc/nickel
silver-colored to soft bluish iridescence), e.g., for pipe systems Ofl-r648 As for Ofl-r647, but additionally with two layers of top coat
which contains aluminum pigments and which is applied
using the dip/spin coating method (description: Xylan
5320/F1138, silver-colored) and additional lubricant
treatment acc. to TL 52132
Ofl-r649 a) Zinc/nickel coating, deposited from weakly acidic
electrolytes, silver-colored, passivated, and additionally
sealed (only for castings, e.g., brake calipers)
deposited from alkaline electrolytes,
coating,
Ofl-r672 Zinc/nickel
black, passivated, preferred surface protection type for black
adhesive coatings (MKL) and locking all-around coatings
(KLR)
Ofl-r673 Zinc/nickel coating, black, passivated, and additionally
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TL 244-2010
sealed
Ofl-r677 As for Ofl-r673, but with additional lubricant treatment acc.
to TL 52132
a) The use of weakly acidic electrolytes is to be coordinated with the departments GQL-LM/2 and/or I/GQ-32.
表1
表面保护类型特性和外观
Ofl-r642 锌/镍—涂覆层，钝化处理（外观为银色至淡蓝彩虹光）涂层表面适
用于依VW 6042做的涂覆保护类型（MKL）和全周涂覆类型（KLR）Ofl-r643 锌/镍—涂覆层，钝化处理，另外作封闭处理（外观为银色至淡蓝彩
虹光）
Ofl-r645 同Ofl-r642,但是须另外按TL52132作润滑剂处理
Ofl-r647 锌/镍—涂覆层，钝化处理（可弯曲锌/镍—涂覆层，银色至淡蓝彩
虹光，如管道系统）
Ofl-r648 如Ofl-r647，但又利用浸泡或旋转的方法增加了两层含铝材质镀层
(类型Xylan 5320/F1138 银色)，额外按TL52132作润滑剂处理。
Ofl-r649 1）锌/镍—涂覆层，从弱酸电解质中离析，银色，钝化处理，和封闭处
理（仅用于铸件，例如：制动钳）
Ofl-r672 锌/镍—涂覆层，从碱性电解质中离析，黑色钝化处理，优先适用于
黑色涂覆保护类型（MKL）和全周涂覆保护类型（KLR）
Ofl-r673 锌/镍—涂覆层，黑色钝化处理，且另外作封闭处理
Ofl-r677 同Ofl-r673，但是须另外按TL52132作润滑剂处理
（a）如使用弱酸电解质，必须与GQL—LM/2和/或I/GQ—32部门商定。
3.2 General requirements 基本要求
Approval of first supply and changes acc. to VW 01155.
Avoidance of hazardous substances acc. to VW 91101.
10 finished parts are required for complete testing.
首次供货和更改的认可按VW 01155。
避免有害物质按VW 91101。
进行一次完整的试验需要10个成品件。
NOTE 1 Surface protection types with sealing may impair paintability.
注1：采用封闭剂的表面保护类型，可能影响涂胶的附着性能。
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TL 244-2010
These coatings are also unsuitable for sealing elements on gas-carrying systems such as the airconditioning system, because the coatings contain micro-cracks. Subsequent plastic deformation (flaring, pinching, bending) of coated components must be avoided as this could damage the corrosion protection and thus reduce the component's corrosion resistance. Ofl-r647 or Ofl-r648 are to be used preferrentially for parts subjected to subsequent plastic deformation. Ofl-r647 is to be used preferentially for fluid-carrying systems.
由于其微裂性，这些涂覆层也不适合于诸如空调装置的供气系统的密封元件。采用这种涂覆方法的部件，必须避免后来的塑性变形（卷边、挤压、弯曲），这是因为这种情况会导致损害防腐性能，从而降低防腐耐抗性。Ofl-r647或Ofl-r648将优先运用于会发生塑性变形的零件。Ofl-r647将优先应用于流体运载系统。
Unless certain sections of a part that are marked in the drawing are excluded from the surface coating, the entire surface of the parts must comply with the required surface protection type and display the prescribed properties. The coatings must adhere firmly to the base material.
除非元件在图纸上特意标出不须涂覆，否则元件的全部表面必须依照所需的保护类型并表明其性质，涂覆层应牢牢的附着在基体材质上。
General notes on surface morphology: The surface roughness of parts with a zinc/nickel coating depends, among other things, on the characteristics of the zinc/nickel electrolyte and/or the surface finish of the component. The difference in surface roughness Rz between the uncoated and coated component must be ≤ 5 μm.
表面形态的一般注意事项：锌镍涂层零件表面粗糙度，除其他因素外，取决于锌镍电解液特性和组件的表面光洁度。有涂层与无涂层之间的表面粗糙度相差必须≦Rz 5um。
Distinct nodulation on the zinc/nickel surface in connection with severe cracking as illustrated in Figure 1 are to be avoided since they have a negative influence on the coating's properties (e.g., flaking, insufficient corrosion protection, unintended welding of components due to friction during assembly). A homogeneous structure (no distinct nodulation) which may exhibit fine cracks from the surface to the base material must be ensured for the zinc/nickel coating (see Figure 2).
锌/镍涂覆的表面：由严重开裂引起的结瘤（如图1）会对品质产生负面影响（如剥落，防腐能力不足，元件在组装过程中无意识擦伤），所以必须要避免。结构均匀（无明显的结瘤），虽然表面到基体可能有细微裂缝的，但可以确定锌/镍涂覆是优良的（见图2）。
NOTE 2 The coatings shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 were deposited as rack-galvanized goods. Barrel-galvanized goods may deviate slightly therefrom.
注2：图1和图2都是挂镀出来的涂层。桶镀可能会有所差别。
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TL 244-2010
Figure 1– Figure 2 -
Zinc/nickel coating with distinct Zinc/nickel coating with homogeneous nodulation and cracking (not OK) structure (OK)
图1锌镍镀层含不同的结瘤和裂痕图2 锌镍镀层含相同特征的结构Legend
1 Embedding mass
2 Zinc/nickel coating
3 Steel
如图
1 嵌入层
2 锌/镍涂覆层
3 钢制件
The production process and its control must not impair the functional characteristics of the finished part.
生产过程的设计和控制，必须不影响成品件的使用性能。
The protective layers must not exhibit any pores, cracks, damage or other flaws that were caused by the deposition method and which impair corrosion protection and/or specified appearance.
这些保护层不允许有气孔、裂纹、损坏和其他影响防腐层和外观规定的缺陷。
Given proper mounting, the coating must not exhibit any damage that would lead to impairment of function and/or decrease of the specified corrosion protection.
在按技术要求装配时，不许损坏涂覆层，从而影响功能和降低防腐层规定。
The surface treatment procedure is to be conducted so that damage by delayed brittle fractures (hydrogen embrittlement) can be ruled out. This must be verified in the first-sample test report by means of the bracing test according to DIN 50969.
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TL 244-2010
表面处理实施方法必须管控从而避免脆裂（氢脆）损坏。可通过按DIN 50 969的初制样品试验报告内的张力试验予以证明。
3.3 Fasteners 连接元件
In the case of metric threaded parts, the coating must not result in the h-position being exceeded in the case of external threads or the H-position being fallen below in the case of internal threads (see VW 11611).
米制螺纹件在涂覆后外螺纹不得高于h-位置，内螺纹不得低于H-位置（参见VW 11611）。
In the case of screws, the test requirements listed below only apply to the head and/or the wrench surfaces; in the case of nuts, they apply only to the nut body without threaded area, and in the case of quick fasteners, they apply to the body. For threaded and thread-like shaped parts, such as tap end studs, the test requirements only apply to the face surfaces.
若是螺栓，下列提及的试验要求仅适用于头部和扳手面，若是螺母，仅适用于无螺纹的螺母体部，若是连接元件，仅适用于体部。若是螺纹零件和类似的螺纹零件，例如螺柱，试验要求仅适用于端面。
The reduced requirements according to Section 3.11 apply to process-related weak spots of the coating on fasteners such as the shank and the thread as well as to quick fasteners. 对于连接元件如杆体和螺纹以及连接元件在涂装过程中，由于受到薄弱环节条件的限制，只得采用按第3.11章节降低的要求。
Furthermore, the specifications in DIN EN ISO 4042 concerning the maximum possible thickness of the electroplated coating in the thread profile must be taken into consideration.
此外，还必须考虑到DIN EN ISO 4042中关于电镀涂覆层在螺纹型面可能的最大厚度说明。Fasteners with metric threads must be treated with lubricants according to TL 52132 in order to ensure constant coefficients of friction. The coefficients of friction are tested according to VW 01129.
为了调整恒定的摩擦系数，必须采用润滑剂按照TL 52132对米制螺纹的连接元件进行处理。摩擦系数的试验按VW 01129施行。
The surface structure of the zinc/nickel layer has a considerable impact on the coefficients of friction. It is therefore imperative to avoid nodulated parts (see Figure 1).
表面保护要求
TL 244-2010
锌/镍镀层表面结构对摩擦系数有相当大的影响。因此必须避免结瘤样件（见图1）。
3.4 Zinc/nickel coating process 锌/镍—涂覆方法
For components with geometrically complicated shapes, the coatings deposited from alkaline systems are especially suitable. These coatings display a uniform nickel distribution over the entire current density range.
从碱性电解质系统离析出的涂覆层，特别适用于几何形状复杂的部件。这些涂覆层通过整个电流密度范围获得一种均匀的镍分布。
Except for Ofl-r649, all zinc/nickel coatings described herein are deposited from alkaline electrolytes.Ofl-r649 is deposited from weakly acidic electrolytes.·
除了Ofl－r649，所有描述的锌/镍涂覆层采用碱性电解质进行离析，而Ofl—r649与此相反采用弱酸性电解质进行离析。
If direct deposition from alkaline zinc/nickel electrolytes, e.g. on cast materials, is possible only under unfavorable conditions, the surface may be activated by deposition of a pre-zinc coating from a weakly acidic zinc electrolyte. The use of such a 2-layer system as well as the electrolytes used must be agreed upon with the Volkswagen AG Laboratory (GQL-LM/2) and/or the Audi AG Test Laboratory (I/GQ-32).
假如仅在不利的情况下可以直接采用碱性电解质进行离析，例如在铸件材料上，那么就允许通过一种弱酸性电解质进行预镀锌离析来激活表面。然而，要采用这种2层系统以及所使用的电解质，必须与大众汽车股份有限公司的中心实验室（GQL-LM/2）和奥迪股份有限公司的实验室（I/GQ-32）进行磋商。
3.5 Cr(VI)-free conversion layers 无铬（VI）转化层
In order to improve the corrosion resistance of electrolytically deposited zinc/nickel coatings to salt water and condensed water, a post-treatment in passivation treatment solutions is required.
在电解质离析的锌/镍—涂覆层中，为了改善对盐水和冷凝水的腐蚀耐抗性，采用钝化液进行后处理。The passivation treatment solution must not contain any Cr(VI) compounds in order to ensure that the resultant conversion layers are likewise Cr(VI)-free.
所用的钝化液不得含有铬（VI）—化合物，从而能保证形成的转化层也无铬（VI）。
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TL 244-2010
3.6 Post-treatments 后处理
In areas visible to the customer, the appearance of the components must not be impaired by strong color variations (iridescence). Therefore, a sealing post-treatment of the conversion layer must be performed depending on the surface protection type. This results also in an improvement of the corrosion protection.
在客户可视范围内，外观要求不得有严重色差，所以必须根据其表面保护类型采用一种对应的封闭技术进行后处理，这种后处理同时增强了防腐性能。
Long periods until the first occurrence of corrosion (e.g., 1 000 h and more) obtained in the salt spray test acc. to DIN EN ISO 9227 do not provide reliable information. Therefore, corrosion tests for sealed zinc/nickel coatings must be performed acc. to PV 1209 or optionally acc. to PV 1200 and PV 1210. Please refer to Section 3.11 for further notes.
按DIN EN ISO 9227进行盐雾试验，直到第一次出现腐蚀（例如：1000小时以上），并不能提供可
靠信息。为此锌镍涂层抗腐蚀测试应根据PV 1209或是PV 1200和 PV 1210.关于更进一步的注意事项请参看3.11.
Organic polymers, inorganic protective layers or mixtures of the two, which can contain additional inorganic and/or organic lubricants if necessary, can be used for sealing.
有机聚合物、无机保护层或者其他含有无机和/或有机润滑剂的混合物,均能用作封闭材料。
The thickness of the layer structure may be increased slightly by the additional sealing (0,1 μm to 2 μm), but this must not impair the functionality of the surface.
由于添加了封闭剂,使得涂覆层结构厚度稍微增加了（0.1μm 到2μm）,但不允许影响表面的功能。
If besides the corrosion protection further functional surface characteristics such as paintability, compatibility with agents, sliding properties, threading behavior, vulcanizability, temperature behavior or electrical conductivity are required, part-specific tests or functional tests must be performed.
如果除了腐蚀防护以外还要求诸如可涂覆性、介质相容性、摩擦特性、螺栓拧紧特性、可
硫化性、温度特性、导电性等的其他功能性的表面性能,那么就必须按零件规格进行试验
或者进行功能性试验。
The post-treatments must not cause any impairments such as unsightly drop-like residues resulting from crystallization and/or formation of a film on the part surface.
后处理不能对部件表面留下影响,比如由于结晶和/或形成薄膜产生的微量点状残留物。
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3.7 Base material 基本材料
See drawing or master data list (MDL).
参见图纸或者主要数据列表（MDL）。
3.8 Nickel content 镍含量
X-ray fluorescence test using measurement devices based on DIN EN ISO 3497.
In disputed cases, the test is to be performed acc. to PV 1214 and/or PV 1216.
当使用测量仪时，按照DIN EN ISO 3497，须用X射线荧光法进行试验。
当结果有争议时，按PV1214或PV1216进行仲裁。
Requirement for Ofl-r642, Ofl-r643, Ofl-r645, Ofl-r672, Ofl-r673 and Ofl-r677: 12% to 16%
Requirement for Ofl-r647 and Ofl-r648: 10% to 15%.
Requirement for Ofl-r649: 10% to 18%.
对Ofl—r642，Ofl—r643，Ofl—r645，Ofl—r672，Ofl—r673和Ofl—r677的要求：12%－16%；对Ofl—r647 和Ofl—r648的要求：10%－15%；
对Ofl—r649的要求：10%－18%。
In exceptional cases, exclusively for castings (e.g. brake caliper), a nickel content of 12% to 17% is permissible for deposits from an alkaline electrolyte system.
在特殊情况下，仅针对铸件而言（例如：制动钳），如果涂覆层采用碱性电解质离析的话，镍含量允许为12%~17%。
3.9 Thicknesses of the electroplated coating 电镀涂覆层的厚度
Testing acc. to DIN EN ISO 1463, DIN EN ISO 2178, and DIN EN ISO 3497.
试验按照DIN EN ISO 1463，DIN EN ISO 2178和DIN EN ISO 3497。
A coating thickness measurement device based on the X-ray fluorescence measuring method described in DIN EN ISO 3497 (e.g. Fischer scope device from Helmut Fischer GmbH & Co., Germany) that allows for the simultaneous measurement of coating
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TL 244-2010 thickness and nickel content is to be used.
如果按照DIN EN ISO 3497 （例如：Helmut Fischer股份有限公司生产的Fischer scope）使用基于X射线荧光测量法的涂覆厚度层测量仪，那么就可以同时测量涂层厚度和镍含量。
The measuring duration is chosen so that repeat accuracy is lower than or equal to 0,5 weight percent nickel. Repeat accuracy is defined as the standard deviation of measured values under repeat conditions (same observer, same equipment, same specimen with same measuring point, short intervals between measurements).
可以这样选择测量时间，即重复精密度小于或者等于镍的重量的0.5%。这种重复精密度就是重复条件下的测量值得标准偏差（相同的观察者、相同的测量仪、具有相同测量部位的同一试样、前一测量和后一测量的之间的时间间隔要短）。
The coating thickness is measured using the magnetic/inductive method according to DIN EN ISO 2178 by applying a test probe to the surface. For specimens with a rough surface, several individual measurements (at least 5) must be performed on the reference surface. The measuring result indicates the local coating thickness. The measuring equipment must be checked by comparative testing at regular intervals or prior to a measurement series.
若采用按照DIN EN ISO 2178 的磁感应方法测量涂层厚度，用一个探针监控测量涂层的厚度。若是粗糙表面的试样，必须在基准面上进行多次（至少5次）单独测定。这种测量结果是局部的涂层厚度。在定期的时间间隔内或者在一个测量系列之前，用试样比对方法检验该测量仪。
Requirement: 要求
8 μm to 25 μm (for components of a general nature),
8 μm to 15 μm (for threaded parts, measuring point according to DIN EN ISO 4042),
6 μm to 10 μm for components with Ofl-r64
7 and Ofl-r648.
8um-25um（用于一般类型部件）
8um-15um（用于螺纹件，测量点按照DIN EN ISO 4042）
6um-10um（用于用Ofl—r647和Ofl—r648涂覆的铸件）
NOTE 3 In order to meet the corrosion protection requirements set forth in Section 3.11, screws with driving recess and combined parts with black passivated zinc/nickel alloy coatings require a thicker base layer than silver-colored zinc/nickel alloy coatings. This
is due to the fact that, depending on process control, the layer thickness may decrease by up to 3 μm during black passivation. Insufficient base layer thickness will thus result in insufficient corrosion protection of the driving recesses and the washers.
注3：为了满足3.11所要求的腐蚀保护层，螺丝含孔穴及螺丝组合件黑色钝化锌镍镀层需要厚于银色锌镍镀层，这是因为加工控制过程中，黑色钝化膜厚可能减少3μm MAX.，如果没有足够的基础
表面保护要求
TL 244-2010
厚度，将会使孔穴和华司镀层厚度不足，造成抗腐蚀能力下降。
3.10 Adhesive strength 附着强度
Thermal shock test based on DIN EN ISO 2819.
The specimen is aged for 30 minutes at (300 ± 10) °C and is then submerged in water with a temperature of 15 °C to 25 °C.
Requirement: no bubble-shaped or large-scale stripping of the zinc coating.
温度突变试验按照DIN EN ISO 2819。
试件在（300±10）°C下存放30分钟，紧接着浸入温度为15°C至25°C的水中。
要求：锌涂覆层没有气泡状或大面积的脱落。
3.11 Corrosion behavior 腐蚀特性
The corrosion resistance of the systems must be ensured in the as-received condition and also after a 24-hour period of aging at an elevated temperature of 120 °C. These are minimum requirements which must always be adhered to.
在供货状态下以及在120°C下存放24小时候必须保证系统的耐蚀性。这些要求是最低要求的规定值，无论如何必须予以遵守。
The tests acc. to Section 3.11.1 and Section 3.11.2 must be performed for systems with passivation and sealing layers. The tests acc. to Section 3.11.1 must be performed for systems without sealing layers.
测试依据第3.11.1和第3.11.2的必须进行钝化和封闭。依据第3.11.1试验则不能有封闭。
3.11.1 Test method NSS according to DIN EN ISO 9227.
NSS试验方法按DIN EN ISO 9227。
The following applies to the evaluation of the zinc/nickel coatings including passivation and sealing layers:
– No base metal corrosion after a test duration of 720 h for all surface protection types according to TL 244.
– No zinc corrosion after the test durations listed in Table 2. Zinc corrosion up to a maximum degree of change of S4 acc. to DIN 34804 is permissible after a test duration of 720 h.
表面保护要求
TL 244-2010
为了评定钝化涂层和封闭层在内的锌/镍—涂覆层，适用下面的要求：
— TL 244的所有表面保护类型中，基体金属在720小时试验后无腐蚀；
— 在表2中列出的试验时间内无锌腐蚀。根据DIN 34804中的S4，经过720小时的试验时间后， 得到允许的锌腐蚀的最大程度。
The following applies to the evaluation of the shank and thread areas of threaded and quick fasteners:
No base metal corrosion after a test duration of 480 h.
为了评定拧紧元件和连接元件的螺杆区域和螺纹区域，适用下面的要求：
— 480小时的试验时间内无基体腐蚀。
Table 2 – Test durations and requirements for the evaluation including passivation and sealing layers
表
表2：评定钝化层和封闭层的试验时间和要求 Protection type Test duration in h Requirement Barrel plated goodsa) Rack-galvanized goods Ofl—r642 Ofl—r672 120 96 144 - Zinc corrosion up to a maximum degree of change of S1 acc. to DIN 34804 permissible Ofl—r647 Ofl—r648 Ofl—r649（b ） - 144 - 240 - 120 Ofl—r643 Ofl—r645 Ofl—r673 Ofl—r677 144 144 144 144 240 240 240 - a) Barrel-galvanized goods are small parts which cannot be coated as rack-galvanized goods because of their shape, and which therefore are coated as bulk goods.。 b) Not intended for barrel plated goods.
表面保护要求
TL 244-2010
3.11.2 Test method acc. to PV 依据PV 的测试方法
After 4 cycles (4 weeks) of climate corrosion cycle test acc. to PV 1209 or optionally 20 cycles acc. to PV 1210 and 16 cycles acc. to PV 1200 (5 cycles acc. to PV 1210 are followed by 4 cycles acc. To PV 1200). Evaluation acc. to DIN EN ISO 2081.
依据PV1209进行气候腐蚀测试4周期或依据PV1210进行20周期和依据PV1200进行16周期测试（5周期依据PV 1210和4周期依据PV 1200的重复测试），评定方法依据DIN EN ISO 2081。
The following applies to the evaluation of d zinc/nickel coatings including sealing:
– No base metal corrosion after 4 cycles (4 weeks) of climate corrosion cycle test ac. to PV 1209 or optionally 20 cycles acc. to PV 1210 and 16 cycles acc. to PV 1200.
以下要求为适用评定锌镍镀层的钝化和封闭：
依据PV1209进行气候腐蚀循环测试4循环（4星期）或依据PV1210进行20个循环测试车身及附件腐蚀试验和依据PV1200进行16个循环环境交变稳定性试验都无基体腐蚀。
4 Other applicable documents 其他引用的标准
The following documents cited in this Standard are necessary to its application.
以下规范为本标准引用，若需要请具体查看。
Some of the cited documents are translations from the German original. The transla- 保护类型 试验时间（h ） 要求 桶镀（a ） 挂镀 Ofl—r642 Ofl—r672 120 96 144 - 按DIN 34804中S1,得到锌的允许最大腐蚀程度及其变化 Ofl—r647 Ofl—r648 Ofl—r649（b ） - 144 - 240 - 120 Ofl—r643 Ofl—r645 Ofl—r673 Ofl—r677 144 144 144 144 240 240 240 - a ）桶镀的概念是指基于其几何面不能作为挂镀涂覆而只能作为散装物件涂覆的小型零件。 b ）对桶镀没有作预先规定。
表面保护要求
TL 244-2010
tions of German terms in such documents may differ from those used in this Standard, resulting in terminological inconsistency.
部分标准由德文标准翻译，译文与德文原文意思可能会因理解不同而有些不同。
Standards whose titles are given in German may be available only in German. Editions in other languages may be available from the institution issuing the standard.
部分标题在德文中为专有名词，在其他译本中可能会失真。
PV 1200 Vehicle Parts; Testing of Resistance to Environmental Cycle Test
(+80/-40) °C
汽车零件；气候交变循环试验（+80/-40）°C
PV 1209 Kondensatoren, Wasser- und Ladeluftkühler aus Al-Legierungen;
Korrosionsprüfung (Klima-Korrosionswechsel-Test)
冷凝器，水和铝合金空气冷却器；腐蚀试验（腐蚀与气候变化的测试）PV 1210 Body and Add-on Parts; Corrosion Test
车身及附件；腐蚀试验
PV 1214 Zinc or Nickel Alloy Coatings; Determination of Nickel Content
锌/镍合金涂覆层；镍含量的测定
PV 1216 Determination of Nickel Content Using ICP-OES
采用ICP-OES测定镍含量
TL 52132 Lubricant for Threaded Fastening Elements with Electrolytically
Applied Coatings or those of Stainless Steel; Requirements
润滑剂 - 电解质涂覆或不锈钢的螺纹扣件；技术要求
VW 01129 Limit Values for Coefficients of Friction; Mechanical Fasteners with Metric ISO Threads
摩擦系数极限值；采用米制ISO螺纹的机械连接元件
VW 01155 Vehicle Supply Parts; Approval of First Supply and Changes
汽车一般供货商；首次供货和变动的批准
表面保护要求
TL 244-2010
VW 11611 Metric ISO Thread; Limit Dimensions with Protective Coating for Medium Tolerance Class; External Threads 6gh / Internal Threads 6H
米制ISO螺纹；公差等级中级（6g/6H）防护层极限尺寸
VW 13750 Surface Protection of Metal Parts; Surface Protection Types, Codes 金属件表面防护；防护类型，编码
VW 60424 Designation Information for Screws, Bolts, Nuts and Washers; Shapes, Types and Additional Specifications
螺丝，螺栓和和垫圈的形状、类型等信息和其它补充说明
VW 91101 Environmental Standard for Vehicles; Vehicle Parts, Materials,
Operating Fluids; Avoidance of Hazardous Substa
汽车、汽车零件、材料、生产原料、避免有害物质环境标准
DIN 34804 Fasteners - Change of appearance of black surfaces
连接元件 – 黑色表面的外观变化
DIN 50969 Testing of high-strength steel building elements for resistance to
hydrogen-induced brittle fracture and advice on the prevention of
such fracture
高强度钢制部件抗氢感应脆裂强度
DIN EN ISO 1463 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness –
Microscopical method
金属层和氧化层；层厚测量；显微法
DIN EN ISO 2081 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Electroplated coatings of
zinc with supplementary treatments on iron or steel
金属和其它无机涂层；对钢或铁有另作处理的电镀锌涂层
DIN EN ISO 2178 Non-magnetic coatings on magnetic substrates - Measurement of
coating thickness - Magnetic method
在磁性的母体金属上涂覆非磁性涂覆层；层厚测量；磁性法
DIN EN ISO 2819 Metallic coatings on metallic substrates - Electrodeposited and
chemically deposited coatings - Review of methods available for
表面保护要求
TL 244-2010
testing adhesion
在金属的母体金属上涂覆金属涂覆层；电化涂覆层；附着强度试验方法概览DIN EN ISO 3497 Metallic coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - X-ray
spectrometric methods
金属涂覆层；层厚测量；X射线荧光测量法
DIN EN ISO 4042 Fasteners - Electroplated coatings
连接元件 – 电镀涂覆层
DIN EN ISO 9227 Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres - Salt spray tests
人工气候腐蚀试验 – 盐雾试验
现在英语的重要性相信大家都是有所了解的，特别是外贸工作者对英语的重要性更是深有体会的。同时在学业学习的过程中我们也是会经常遇到一些英汉互译的问题的额，那么我们应该怎样在线实现英汉互译的问题呢？下面就一起来看一下吧。 步骤一：要在线实现英汉互译的问题，我们就需要通过浏览器搜索在线翻译，进入下面这个页面来帮助我们进行实现。 步骤二：通过浏览器进入在线翻译页面后，有两个选项一个是短句翻译的选项，中文150字以内，英文150词以内都支持进行翻译，适合零散短句，日常用语，商贸交流，邮件往来，地址信息等短文本的翻译。
步骤三：还有一个选项是文档翻译的选项，一次只支持翻译一个文档，所支持翻译的文档格式有一下几种：PDF、WORD文档中的图片、扫描件、图纸。但是背景模糊的纯图片无法进行翻译。 步骤四：了解完上面的两个选项后，我们就可以根据需要选择一个选项进入了，下面小编就选择短句翻译的选项，来为大家进行讲解。
步骤五：转入短句翻译的选项后，会出现两个文本框，我们需要在左边的文本框中输入需要进行翻译的语句。 步骤六：语句输入好后，在文本框的上方可以对一些翻译的选项设置，这样可以帮助我们更快的实现翻译。
步骤七：翻译选项设置好后，就可以通过选择开始翻译按钮，对短语进行翻译了。 步骤八：耐心等待短语翻译结束后，翻译结果会在右边的文本框中呈现，我们可以通过文本框上方的复制按钮对翻译后的结果进行复制粘贴，也可以直接通过鼠标选中进行复制粘贴。
英汉互译的实现方法，上面已经为大家分享过了，实现过程简单快速，生活中再遇到关于翻译的问题，就可以用这个方法来进行实现了。
一、材质中英文对照表 1.摇粒绒：Polar Fleece 2.珊瑚绒：coral fleece / soft terry 3.羊羔绒：Berber fleece / polyester faux sherpa 4.短毛绒：short plush 5.长毛绒：long plush 6.毛绒：fur 7.天鹅绒：velvet 8.拖把绒：cord velour 9.PV绒：PV plush 10.毛巾布：terry 11.灯芯绒：corduroy 12.双色毛绒：two-tone faux fur 13.毛线针织：knitting 14.麂皮绒：microfiber/microsuede 15.格利特：glitter 16.亮片：sequin 17.佳积布：nylex 18.尼龙布：nylon 19.汗衫布：jersey 20.沙丁布：satin 21.网布：mesh 22.帆布：canvas 23.斜纹棉布: cotton twill 24.PU 25.镜面PU：patent PU 26.平纹PU：smooth PU 27.EV A 28.点塑底：fabric with dot / skid free dot/non skid dot 29.TPR 30.PVC注塑：PVC injected 二、鞋子装饰物（ornament） 1.松紧带：elastic gore 2.魔术贴：velcro 3.电绣：embroidery 4.蝴蝶结：bow 5.爱心：heart 6.鞋带：lace 7.鞋眼：eyelet 8.人造钻石：rhinestone 9.搭带：strap 10.拉环：loop 11.毛球：POM 12.织唛标：Woven label 13.烫印：heat seal 14.贴片：patch 15.拉链：zipper 三、颜色 1. 豹纹：leopard/ cheetah 2. 斑马纹：zebra 3. 虎纹：tiger 4. 米黄色：beige 5. 桃红色：fuschia 6. 淡紫色：lilac 7. 海军蓝：Navy 8. 咖啡色：Brown 9. 迷彩：camo 10. 湖水蓝：blue atoll/ turq / lake blue 11. 格子：plaid / gingham 12. 紫色：purple 13. 灰色：grey/gray 14. 条纹：strip 15. 银光粉：neon pink 16. 金属色：metallic 17. 栗色：chestnut AI Artwork 设计稿
英语谚语大全（中英互译） 本文是关于英语谚语大全（中英互译），仅供参考，希望对您有所帮助，感谢阅读。 1、All beginnings are hard. 万事开头难。 2、A book is like a garden carried in the pocket. 书是随时携带的花园。 3、A friend is a second self. 朋友是第二个自我。 4、A candle lights others and consumes itself. 蜡烛照亮了别人，燃尽了自己。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作而无娱乐会使人愚钝。 6、A good conscience is a continual feast. 白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。 7、A good name is better than riches. 好名誉胜过有财富 8、A bad workman always blames his tools. 劣工咎器。 9、A snow year, a good year. 瑞雪兆丰年。 10、Act fairly by all men. 一视同仁。 11、A man can die but once. 人生只有一次死。 12、A match will set fire to a large building. 星星之火，可以燎原。
13、A miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘，差之千里。 14、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 开头不好，结尾必糟。 15、A man can not spin and reel at the same time. 一心不能二用。 16、Adversity makes a man wise, not rich. 困难和不幸不能使人富有，却能使人聪明。 17、A word to the wise is enough. 聪明人不用细说。 18、A good beginning makes a good ending. 欲善其终 , 必先善其始。 19、After rain comes fair weather. 否极泰来。 20、A body without knowledge is like a house without a foundation. 人无知犹如房屋无基。 22、A door must be either shut or open. 门不关就得开，二者必居其一。 / 非此即彼。 23、A little body often harbors a great soul. 浓缩的都是精品。 24、A man can do no more than he can. 凡事只能量力而行。 25、A little of everything, and nothing at all. 样样皆通，样样稀松。 26、A picture is a poem without words. 画为无言诗。 27、A word spoken cannot be recalled. 一言说出，难以收回。
如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2 。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3 。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4 。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5 。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情??在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8 。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像 一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。每一个沐浴在 爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对 我而言意味着什么。distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更 近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让 我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。
中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表 中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表.txt我们用一只眼睛看见现实的灰墙，却用另一只眼睛勇敢飞翔，接近梦想。男人喜欢听话的女人，但男人若是喜欢一个女人，就会不知不觉听她的话。在互联网上混的都时兴起个英文名字，一是方便注册用户名，二是有个好英文名容易显得自己比较Cool。但是起英文名时，中文姓氏还是要保留的，并且姓氏一般都有专门的英文翻译，比如“刘德华”的英文名是Andy，刘姓对应的英文翻译是Lau，所以全称便是“Andy Lau”。当然了，我们一般人直接用汉语拼音作为姓氏的英文翻译也可以，但在比较正式的场合下，最好还是用相应的英文翻译。 姓氏的英文翻译跟汉语拼音是有一些细微差别的，这主要由中西方人发音的不同特点来决定的。比如，从声母上来看，D开头的姓，英文翻译对应的是T，G对应的是K，X对应的是HS，Z、J 一般对应的是C，韵母也会有一些细微差别。详细的，请参考如下中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表，正在起英文名的朋友可以看看。 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha
常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei
+ plus 加号；正号 - minus 减号；负号 ±plus or minus 正负号 ×is multiplied by 乘号 ÷is divided by 除号 ＝is equal to 等于号 ≠is not equal to 不等于号 ≡is equivalent to 全等于号 ≌is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号 ≈is approximately equal to 约等于号 ＜is less than 小于号 ＞is more than 大于号 ≮is not less than 不小于号 ≯is not more than 不大于号 ≤is less than or equal to 小于或等于号 ≥is more than or equal to 大于或等于号 % per cent 百分之… ‰per mill 千分之… ∞infinity 无限大号 ∝varies as 与…成比例 √(square) root 平方根 ∵since; because 因为 ∴hence 所以 ∷equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例 ∠angle 角 ⌒semicircle 半圆 ⊙circle 圆 ○circumference 圆周 πpi 圆周率 △triangle 三角形 ⊥perpendicular to 垂直于 ∪union of 并，合集 ∩intersection of 交，通集 ∫the integral of …的积分 ∑(sigma) summation of 总和 °degree 度 ′minute 分 ″second 秒 ℃Celsius system 摄氏度 { open brace, open curly 左花括号 } close brace, close curly 右花括号 ( open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号 ) close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号() brakets/ parentheses 括号 [ open bracket 左方括号 ] close bracket 右方括号 [] square brackets 方括号 . period, dot 句号，点 | vertical bar, vertical virgule 竖线 & ampersand, and, reference, ref 和，引用 * asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号，乘号，星，指针 / slash, divide, oblique 斜线，斜杠，除号 // slash-slash, comment 双斜线，注释符 # pound 井号 \ backslash, sometimes escape 反斜线转义符，有时表示转义符或续行符 ~ tilde 波浪符 . full stop 句号 , comma 逗号 : colon 冒号 ; semicolon 分号 ? question mark 问号 ! exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation point (美式英语) ' apostrophe 撇号 - hyphen 连字号 -- dash 破折号 ... dots/ ellipsis 省略号 " single quotation marks 单引号 "" double quotation marks 双引号 ‖ parallel 双线号 & ampersand = and ～swung dash 代字号 §section; division 分节号 →arrow 箭号；参见号
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Trading Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract th This Contract is entered into this 5 day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿ This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿ 19＿, BETWEEN ＿(hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the
中英文经典电影台词中英文互译 中英文经典电影台词中英文互译 (1) 英文电影 (1) 中文电影 (9) 英文电影 1. "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn." Gone with the Wind, 1939 ―坦白说，亲爱的，我不在乎。‖——《乱世佳人》（1939年） 2. "I"m going to make him an offer he can't refuse." The Godfather, 1972 ―我要开出一个他无法拒绝的条件。‖——《教父》（1972年） 3. "You don't understand! I coulda had class. I coulda been a contender. I could've been somebody, instead of a bum, which is what I am." On the Waterfront, 1954 ―你不明白！我本可以进入上流社会。我本可以成为一个上进的人。我本可以当个有脸面的人物，而不是像 现在这样当个小混混。"‖——《码头风云》（1954年） 4. "Toto, I've got a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore." The Wizard of Oz, 1939 ―托托，我有一种感觉我们再也回不了家了。‖——《绿野仙踪》（1939年）5. "Here's looking at you, kid." Casablanca, 1942 ―孩子，就看你的了。‖——《卡萨布兰卡》（1942年） 6. "Go ahead, make my day." Sudden Impact, 1983
英汉互译在线翻译句 子
美句集锦 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求 you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害 when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情…在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。 love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。 distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 if i know what love is, it is because of you.
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表 1. 语言的普遍特征： 任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity 移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性cultural transmission 2。语言的功能： 传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能：Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能metalingual 3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支 语音学Phonetics 音位学phonology 形态学Morphology 句法学syntax 语义学semantics 语用学pragmatics 4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure 提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky 提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance 1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language: a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard befor e. 2.What is the most important function of language? a. interpersonal b. phatic c. informative d.metallingual 3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __ a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative
中英文翻译 EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CPT DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP Offer Offeror Offeree Invitation for offer Subject to our final confirmation Cross offer Withdrawal Revocability Counter-offer Acceptance Mail box rule Receive of the letter of acceptance rule Late acceptance Identified to the contract Shipping documents Sale by description Sale by sample Fundamental breach of contract Anticipatory breach Specific performance Breach of condition Breach of warranty Unconditionally appropriated to the contract Reserve the right of disposal To the order of the seller or his agent Sale on approval Floating cargo Quality to be considered as being about equal to the sample Sales by specification, grade or standard Fair average quality Sales by brand of trade mark
纺织品专业词汇翻译中英文对照表纺织品[转]纺织品专业词汇翻译中英文对照表纺织品Braided Fabric 编织物 Deformation 变形；走样 Fast Colours 不褪色；色泽牢固 Punch Work 抽绣 Embroidery 刺绣品 Acetate Fibre 醋酯纤维 Hemp 大麻 Damp Proof 防潮 Sanforizing, Pre-Shrunk 防缩 Textiles 纺织品 Crochet 钩编编织物 Gloss, Lustre 光泽 Synthetic Fibre 合成纤维 Chemical Fibre 化学纤维 Jute 黄麻 Gunny Cloth (Bag) 黄麻布（袋） Mixture Fabric, Blend Fabric 混纺织物Woven Fabric 机织织物 Spun Silk 绢丝 Linen 麻织物 Woolen Fabrics 毛织物（品） Cotton Textiles 棉纺织品 Cotton Velvet 棉绒 Cotton Fabrics 棉织物（品） Non-Crushable 耐绉的 Viscose Acetal Fibre 黏胶纤维Matching, Colour Combinations 配色Rayon Fabrics 人造丝织物 Artificial Fibre 人造纤维 Crewel Work 绒线刺绣 Mulberry Silk 桑蚕丝, 家蚕丝 Silk Fabrics 丝织物 Silk Spinning 丝纺 Linen Cambric 手帕亚麻纱 Plain 素色 Figured Silk 提花丝织物 Jacquard 提花织物 Applique Embroidery 贴花刺绣Discolourization 褪色 Mesh Fabric 网眼织物 Bondedfibre Fabric 无纺织物
中英互译中遇到的不对等词及其翻译 王碧娟 （洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部河南洛阳471022） 【摘要】本文就中英语言中的不对等对等词汇进行了比较研究，探讨了它们对翻译的重大影响，并介绍如何利用当代的翻译理论及其翻译技巧，如音译、直译、意译等处理一些汉英翻译中看似不可译的英汉中词汇不对等现象。 【关键词】不对等；音译；直译；意译 一、简述 美国翻译理论家尤金.A奈达指出每一种语言都具有其独特的构词功能、词序、句法和语言风格，比如成语和诗句，每一种语言中都有大量的词汇用以体现该民族，该文化的特征。[1]但在长期的发展过程中，不同民族要面对一些完全相同的事物，如太阳、月亮、水、火，如生老病死。所以，不同的语言之间就会有一些对等的词汇来表示相同的事物，但其表达方式却不尽相同。中文、英文分属不同的语系，所以在这一点上，它们自然也不例外。翻译是跨语言交际的一种途径，所以，理解词汇的意义就非常重要了。本文就中英语言中的对等词汇进行了比较研究，并探讨了它们对翻译的重大影响，并介绍如何利用当代的翻译理论及其翻译技巧处理一些汉英翻译中看似不可译的英汉中词汇不对等现象。 二、中英对等词汇的比较研究 为了更好的理解对等词汇，我们应先讨论一下词义，著名的英语语言学家利奇，在他的《语义学》一书中将词义清晰地划分为七类： （一）概念意义；（二）含蓄意义；（三）风格意义；（四）感情意义；（五）折射意义；（六）搭配意义；（七）主题意义。 其中（二）、（三）、（四）、（五）、（六）可被归纳为联想意义。[2]这样的分类能帮助我们更好的理解词义。但当我们在探讨词汇语义学时，我们主要关注两种词义，即代表该词在实际语言学领域的意义的指称意义和指在使用过程中形成的价值观和态度，即联想意义。这里，我们将对中英文中对等词的指称义和联想意义进行比较和分析。 1、指称意义相同但联想意义不同 在这一部分，我们将把指称意义相同但联想意义不同的词做一比较。我们也知道，语言，作为文化的一个重要部分，能反应一个地区，一个民族或一个国家的文化。语言同时也是人们表达自己文化的途径。语言与文化间的关系就如同文
……公司章程ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION of ……CO., LIMITED
……公司章程 ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF ……CO., LIMITED 根据《中华人民共和国公司法》（以下简称《公司法》）及其他有关法律、行政法规的规定，特制定本章程。 In accordance with the PRC Company Law (hereinafter referred to as the "Company Law") and other relevant laws and regulations, these articles of association are hereby formulated. 第一章公司名称和住所 CHAPTER 1 The Name and Domicile of the Company 第一条公司名称： Article 1 The name of the Company is 第二条公司住所： Article 2 The domicile of the Company is 第二章公司经营范围 CHAPTER 2 Business Scope of the Company
第三条公司经营范围： Article 3 The business scope of the Company is (subject to approval in business license and the Administration for Industry and Commerce ) -------- 第三章公司注册资本 CHAPTER 3 The Registered Capital of the Company 第四条公司注册资本：人民币---万元。公司增加、减少及转让注册资本，由股东做 出决定。公司减少注册资本，还应当自做出决定之日起十日内通知债权人，并于三十 日内在报纸上至少公告一次，减资后的注册资本不得低于法律规定的最低限额。公司 变更注册资本应依法向登记机关办理变更登记手续。 Article 4 The registered capital of the Company is------ RMB. Resolutions on the increase, reduction or transfer of the Company's registered capital shall be made by the shareholers. The Company may reduce its registered capital according to the regulations set in these Articles of Association. Where such reduction of capital occurs, the Company shall inform its creditors of the reduction of registered capital within ten (10) days following the date on which the reduction resolution is adopted, and make at least one announcement regarding the reduction in a newspaper within thirty (30) days. After the reduction, the registered capital of the Company shall not be less than the statutory minimum limit. It shall apply
日常常用英语口语（一） I'll send you the digital photos by e-mail. 我将通过电子邮件给你发送这些数码照片。 A: Did you take lots of photos when you were in Shanghai? A: 你在上海的时候照了很多照片吗？ B: Yes, I did. I took some really good pictures of all the new buildings, especially in Pudong. B: 是的，我拍了很多。我拍了很多不错的新建筑物的照片，尤其是在浦东。 A: I'd love to see them. A: 我很想看一看那些照片。 B: I'll send you the digital photos by e-mail. I'll send you some of the best ones. B: 我将通过电子邮件给你发送这些数码照片。我会选些最好的发给你。 A: That would be great－thanks. Have you got my e-mail address? A: 那太好了－谢谢。你有我的电子邮件地址吗？ B: Yes, no problem－I've got it. B: 是的，没问题。－我有。 Notes 注释 1. You talk about digital photos, e.g. I'll send you the digital photos by e-mail. 你可以说digital photos（数码照片）。例如：I'll send you the digital photos by e-mail.（我将通过电子邮件给你发送这些数码照片。） 2. With a camera, you take pictures or take photos, e.g. I took some good pictures in Shanghai. 你用照相机take picture (拍照) 或者take photos (拍照)。例如：I took some good pic tures in Shanghai. (我在上海拍了一些不错的照片。) 日常常用英语口语（二） A: Do you cycyle to work every day? A: 你每天骑自行车上班吗？ B: Nearly every day. If it's raining or freezing cold and windy, I catch the bus.
汉译英 1、走社会主义道路，就是要逐步实现共同富裕。共同富裕的构想是这样的：一部分地区有条件先发展起来，一部分地区发展慢点，先发展起来的地区带动后发展的地区，最终达到共同富裕……解决的办法之一，就是先富起来的地区多交点利税，支持贫困地区的发展。翻译：To take the road of socialism is to realize common prosperity step by step. Our plan is as follow: where conditions permit, some areas may develop faster than others; those that develop faster can help promote the progress of those that lag behind, until all become prosperous… One way is for the areas that become prosperous first to support the poor ones by paying more taxes or turning in more profits to the state. 2、要提倡科学，靠科学才有希望。 翻译：We must promote science, for that is where our hope lies. 3、现阶段中国已经实现了粮食基本自给，在未来的发展过程中，中国依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给，客观上具备诸多有利因素 翻译：China has basically achieved self-sufficiency in grain at the present stage, and there are many favorable objective factors for her to maintain such achievement by her own efforts in the course of future development. 4、社会主义中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治，永不称霸。 翻译：Socialist China should show the world through its actions that it is opposed to hegemonism （霸权主义）and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 5、老科学家、中年科学家很重要，青年科学家也很重要。 翻译：Veteran and middle-aged scientists are important, and so are young ones. 6、革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。 翻译：Revolution means emancipation（解放）of the productive forces, and so does reform. 7、将右腿提放20次。再将左腿提放二十次。 翻译：Lift and lower the right leg for 20 times. Repeat with the left leg. 8、世界在观望。世界在倾听。世界希望看到我们的所作所为。 翻译：The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. 9、过去，只讲在社会主义条件下发展生产力，没有讲还要通过改革解放生产力，不完全。应该把解放生产力和发展生产力两个讲全了。 翻译：In the past, we only stressed expansion of the productive forces under socialism, without mentioning the need to liberate them through reform. That conception was incomplete. Both the liberation and the expansion of the productive forces are essential. 10、这样好嘛，就是要有创造性。 翻译：That’s good. Creativity is just what we want. 11、对改革开放，一开始就有不同意见，这是正常的。 翻译：In the beginning opinions were divided about the reform and the open policy. That was normal. 12、同时，我们的对外开放采取了多种方式，包括搞经济特区，开放十四个沿海城市。 翻译：In the meantime, we have implemented the policy of opening China to the outside world in many ways, including setting up special economic zones and opening 14 coastal cities. 13、改革开放迈不开步子，不敢闯，说来说去就是怕资本主义的东西多了，走了资本主义道路。要害是姓“资”还是姓“社”的问题。 翻译：The reason some people hesitate to carry out the reform and the open policy and dare not break new ground is, in essence（本质上）, that they are afraid it would mean introducing too