外文翻译
Visual Basic language and arithmetic
The United States launched the Microsoft Visual Basic (may be referred to VB), is the latest version of the current VB 2008 Beta2 (VB9) Chinese version.
Visual meaning the visual, visible, referring to the development of operating systems like windows graphical user interface (Graphic User Interface, GUI) method, it does not need to prepare a large number code to describe the appearance of the interface elements and location, as long as the pre - The establishment of good drag and drop objects on the screen corresponding to the location.
Basic is actually an abbreviation of the phrase; this phrase is Beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code, the Chinese meaning "to the initial directive GM symbol code language."
Visual Basic learning, Professional Edition and Enterprise Edition versions to meet the different needs of the development. Study and apply to the ordinary version of the majority of learners and the use of Visual Basic development of the general staff of Windows applications, but; professional version for computer professional development of staff, including the study of functional version of the full content control and Internet development tools such as advanced features ,Enterprise contain not only all the professional version of the content, there are automated tools such as Component Manager, professional programmers to make the development of a powerful group essence of distributed applications.
Visual Basic
Section 1 the summary of Visual Basic
Microsoft Visual Basic,( abbreviate VB )as tool the most of application program one of under Windows operating platform. No matter beginner or professional developer, VB has all offered a whole set of tools to them, Development application program that it can be relaxed and convenient. So VB as most computer first-selected the ABC of programming language of beginner.
" Visual" mean method to adopt visual user of development figure interface (GUI), need and write a large number of code go and describe interface appearance and position of element seldom, Tow and show controlling part that need corresponding position to get screen can help figure design interface, user of figure,; " Basic" means BASIC language, because VB is developed on the basis of already existing BAISC language.
VB is a kind of programming language in common use of Microsoft, It, including VBA of the numerous Windows application software use VB language in Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Accessed., For users to carry on the secondary development; Make web page use more VBScript
script language sub collection of VB too at present.
Utilize data of VB visit characteristic user can establish the data base to most data base forms including Microsoft SQL Server and other enterprises data base With the application program of front, and adjustable service end part. Utilize ActiveX(TM) technology, VB can use word processor, electronic data list he Windows function that application program offers extremely, Excel of Microsoft,, Word of Microsoft,, Even can use by VB specialty edition or enterprise application program and target that edition establish directly.
The procedure that users established finally is a real .EXE file , can issue freely .
VB offer study edition, the specialty edition and enterprise edition, use to satisfied with different development demands. Study edition make programming personnel develop Windows and Windows application program of NT very easily. The specialty edition has offered the developing instrument with complete function to programming personnel of the specialty, Include studying all functions of edition in the specialty edition. Enterprise edition allow the professional personnel to establish strong distributed application program in the form of group. It includes all characteristics of the specialty edition. So can choose different editions according to different needs.
Section 2 integrated development environments
Integrated environment of VB call IDE, made up of a lot of parts , include title board, menu fence, tool fence, controlling part case, And window body window, engineering management device window, attribute window, code window and window body overall arrangement window body overall arrangement, etc. of designing etc.. Have covered all functions, such as design which develops the application program, editting, compiling and debugging, etc..
In VB, the application program calls the project too. When start VB and open a new project for the first time, can see and pursue integrated development environment interface that show.
Visual Basic Integrated development environment
VB come and organize development of application program through project, use project come and manage and form files of application program. One project uses the environment to make up by several window bodies, standard module generally. The system manages project through the project menu, for instance add the window body, quote . System allow turn on and manage a lot of projects besides.
Section 3 Visual Basic language brief introductions
Basic use and do the elementary high-level language that used often most. Its full name is Beginner' s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, abbreviate as BASIC. As its name suggests, Basic one specially for language that beginner design, because it easy to learn easy to know, So
the body is popular. Early Basic language to belong to and solve translating type, so can carry out line by line , So it can see the result carried out at once , this is a very convenient design for beginner. But it have concept of structure either, one that is in procedure maintain and management have as much as other language problems. But back-end Basic correct shortcoming of the above (such as Quick Basic), make it may used for and develop the large-scaler procedure too.
The language is the basic composition, which forms VB procedure. VB has stipulated the form of sentences and function.
Grammar:
The sentence defines incantations [Sentence body]
Sentence define agree with and used in fixed function of sentence, sentence body appoint concrete content or want concrete operation that carry out of sentence. All set of sentence VB language, carry on with VB sentence organic association finish a certain specific function the procedure. Interface + procedure can solve a certain application problem.
VB application program code window write in" code editing machine" generally. " editing machine of code" is like the word processing software of a piece of height specialization, there are many easies function of writing VB code, Pursue to show [Example Ex-Hello ]In" code editing machine" code that window written.
“Editing machine of code” window
Section 4 develop the application program with Visual Basic
Use VB programming, design appearance of application program first generally, write every target procedure code or other treatment procedure of incident respectively, Work of programming should be light more.
The procedure of establishing the application program is as follows:
Establish application program interface
The interface is the mutual bridge of user and procedure, Generally formed of window body and vision frame of the button, menu, text frameset. with standard WINDOWS interface of application program that VB establish. Require according to function of procedure and user and need of information interchange of procedure, Come to confirm that need those targets , plan the overall arrangement of the interface.
2. Design by each attributes of target in interface
Demand and set up each attribute of target such as appearance, name,, size of targeted. according to interface of planning.
Most attribute person who fetch can set up through the attribute window when design already,
Too can set up revising when operating in procedure through programming in procedure code. Have the targets respond programming by procedure code
3. Respond procedure code of programming target
Interface determine appearance of procedure only, design window add codes through" code editing machine" soon after the interface, Realize some make the tasks, such as responding, information processing,etc. after accepting external message, Add code , realize some response, information processing that make after accepting external information task, As editor's window of code pursued shows add codes
“code editi ng machine” window
4. Keep project
One VB procedure one project, at the time of designing a application program, system will set up one be expanded and called. Project file of vbp, project file include all relevant information of file that project set up this, Keep project keep associated documents of project this at the same time. For example the window body produced when design interfaces is kept and being expanded and being called. Frm sum. In the window body of foxfire. At the time of opening a project( file), this project relevant files load at the same time.
5. Operate and debugged by procedure
Operate the procedure thoroughpin operate" selecting in the menu, when the mistake appears, VB system can offer information prompt can looked for and get rid of the mistake thoroughpin debug" within operate" menus too.
6. Can produce by executive program
For make procedure can break away from VB environment, order to become next life through" file"" producing project 1.exe" of menu but executive program (eyeful), Can carry out this file directly after this. In produce, + executive program, and then through install guide bale all associated documents, Can run independently after installation under the environment of windows 9 x/2000 as a software product.
In computer system's any software, is by the every large or small each kind of software constituent constitution, defers to the specific algorithm to realize respectively, the algorithm quality direct decision realizes the software performance fit and unfit quality. Designs the algorithm with any method, what resources designs the algorithm to need, requires how many running time, how many storage space, how to determine an algorithm the quality, when realizes a software, is must give to solve. In computer system's operating system, the language compiling system, the database management system as well as in various computer application system's software, must use each one concrete algorithm to realize. Therefore, the algorithm design and the
analysis are the computer science and a technical core question.
The algorithm is the problem-solving step, we may define the algorithm Cheng Jie a determination class question the random one special method. In the computer science, the algorithm needs to use the computer algorithmic language to describe, the algorithm represents with the computer solves a kind of question precisely, the effective method. The algorithm construction of data = procedure, solves one to assign may calculate or the solvable question, the different person may compile the different procedure, solves the identical problem, here has two problems: First, with computational method close related algorithm question; Second, programming technical question. Between the algorithm and the procedure has the close relationship. The algorithm is a group has the poor rule, they had stipulated solves some specific type question a series of operations, is to the problem solving plan accurate and the complete description. Formulates an algorithm, generally must pass through stages and so on design, confirmation, analysis, code, test, debugging, time. To algorithm study including five aspect contents:①Design algorithm. The algorithm design work is impossible completely the automation, should study the understanding already by the practice to prove that was the useful some basic algorithm design method, these basic design method was not only suitable for the computer science, moreover was suitable for domains and so on electrical engineering, operations research;②Expresses the algorithm. The description algorithm's method has many kinds of forms, for example the natural language and the algorithmic language, have the suitable environment and the characteristic respectively;③Confirms the algorithm. The algorithm confirmed the goal is causes the people to believe firmly that this algorithm can work unmistakably correctly, namely this algorithm has the circularity. The correct algorithm describes with the computer algorithmic language, constitutes the computer program, the computer program moves on the computer, obtains the algorithm operation result;④Parsing algorithm. The algorithmic analysis is requires how many computing time and the storage space to an algorithm makes the quota the analysis. The parsing algorithm may forecast that what environment this algorithm does suit in moves effectively, to solves the identical question different algorithm validity to make the comparison;⑤Confirmation algorithm. With machine language description algorithm whether can calculate effectively, reasonable, must carry on the test to the procedure, the test order work and makes the space and time distribution map by the debugging to be composed.
But the algorithm has certain characteristic, it includes:①Determinism. Algorithm each kind of operation must have the determination significance, this kind of operation should carry out what kind of movement should not to have the ambiguity, the goal is clear;②Effectiveness. Requests the operation which in the algorithm waits for realizing is basic, each kind of operation
can at least completes in the principle by the human with the paper and the pen in the limited time;
③Input. An algorithm has 0 or the many inputs, before the algorithm operation starts gives the algorithm to need the data the starting value, these inputs are from the specific object set;④Output. Does for the algorithm operation result, an algorithm has or many outputs, the output has some kind of specific relational quantity with the input;⑤Has poor. An algorithm always after carrying out had the poor step operation has terminated, namely this algorithm was may reach.
Satisfies a first four characteristic group of rule not to be able to be called the algorithm, can only be called the computational process, the operating system is a computational process example, the operating system uses for to manage the computer resources, controls the manufacture industry movement, when has not made industry the movement, the computational process does not stop, but is at the waiting status.
The algorithm complexity is the algorithm efficiency measure, when appraises the algorithm performance, the complexity is an important basis. The algorithm complex degree with moves computer resources how many which this algorithm needs related, needs the resources are more, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is higher; Needs the resources are less, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is lower.
The spatial resources, which computer’s resources, operate most importantly, needs the time which and the stored routine and the data need, the algorithm complexity has division time complexity and the spatial complexity.
The algorithm carries out the operation on the computer, needs the data which certain storage space depositing description algorithm the procedure and the algorithm need, the computer completes the operation task to require certain time. The procedure which writes according to the different algorithm places when on the computer operates, needs the time and the space are different, the algorithm complexity is needs the time and the spatial one kind of measure to the algorithm operation. The different computer its operating speed difference is very big, is weighing an algorithm the complexity to note this point.
Regarding question, which assigns willfully, a profitable target which designs, the complex low algorithm is as far as possible when designs algorithm considered. Moreover, when the question, which assigns already when has many kinds of algorithms, an important criterion which choice complexity low, is when selects algorithm should follow. Therefore, the algorithm complex analysis or selects to the algorithm design has the important guiding sense and the use value.
When discussion algorithm complexity, two questions need to clarify:
(1) An algorithm's complexity expresses with what kind of quantity;
(2) How to calculate one to assign the algorithm the complexity. After finding solves a
question the algorithm, is this algorithm realization, as for whether could find the method which realized, was decided in the algorithm circularity and the computation complexity, whether this question did have the solution algorithm, whether to provide the time resources which and the spatial resources the algorithm needed.
外文翻译
Visual Basic语言和算术
美国推出的Microsoft Visual Basic（可简称为VB），是目前的VB 2008 Beta2中（VB9）中文版本的最新版本。
视觉意义的视觉，可见，指的是开发的操作系统，如Windows图形用户界面（图形用户界面，GUI）的方法，它并不需要准备大量的代码来描述界面元素的外观和位置，如前长 - 建立良好的阻力和下降的对象，在屏幕上相应的位置。
基本实际上是一个短语的缩写，这句话是初学者通用符号指令代码，中文意思是“最初的指令通用符号代码语言。”
Visual Basic的学习，专业版和企业版的版本，以满足发展的不同需求。学习和运用到日常的学习和使用的Visual Basic开发Windows应用程序的一般工作人员的过半数版本，但是专业版计算机专业开发人员，包括版本的全部内容控制功能的研究和互联网开发工具，如先进的功能，企业包含不仅所有内容的专业版，有自动化工具，如组件管理，专业的程序员，使一个强大的分布式应用程序组本质的发展。
Visual Basic中
第1条中的Visual Basic摘要
微软的Visual Basic（简称VB中）作为工具的Windows操作系统平台下的应用程序。无论初学者还是专业开发，VB都提供了一整套工具，开发应用程序，它可以是轻松和方便。所以VB的大多数计算机的第一选择编程语言的初学者ABC。“可视化”是指方法，采用可视化的开发图形界面（GUI），用户需要编写大量的代码去描述界面元素的外观和位置很少，拖车和显示控制部分，需要相应的位置，画面可以帮助图设计接口，数字用户，“基本法”是指BASIC语言，因为VB对现有BAISC语言的基础上开发的。
VB是一种编程语言中普遍使用的微软，它包括众多的Windows应用软件，利用VB语言在Microsoft Excel中的VBA，微软访问，为用户进行二次开发;网页使用更多的VBScript脚本。语言子目前也收集VB。
利用VB的数据访问特点用户可以建立数据的基础上，大多数数据的基本形式，包括Microsoft SQL Server和其他企业数据与前端应用程序的基础，和服务端可调部分。利用的ActiveX（TM）技术，VB可以使用文字处理器，电子数据清单，他的Windows应用程序提供极了，微软的Excel，Microsoft Word的，甚至可以使用VB专业版或企业应用程序的功能和目标，版建立直接。
的程序，用户终于成立，是真实的。EXE文件，可以自由发行。
VB的的要约研究版，专业版和企业版，使用，以满足不同的发展要求。学习版使编程人员开发Windows和Windows NT的应用程序很容易。专业版提供了功能
齐全的专业编程人员的开发工具，包括学习版在专业版的所有功能。企业版允许专业技术人员，建立强大的分布式应用程序组的形式。它包括专业版的所有特征。因此可以根据不同的需求选择不同的版本。
第2集成开发环境
VB调用IDE由很多零件组成，综合环境，包括标题板，菜单围栏，围栏工具，控制部分的情况下，窗口身体视窗，工程管理设备的窗口，属性窗口，代码窗口和窗口一体的整体安排窗口身体的整体安排，设计等。已覆盖所有功能，如设计，开发应用程序，编辑工作，编制和调试等。
在VB中，应用程序调用的项目。当启动VB和首次打开一个新的项目，可以看到和追求的集成开发环境界面，显示。
Visual Basic集成开发环境
VB中来，并通过项目组织的应用程序的开发，利用项目来和应用程序的管理，形成文件。一个项目使用的环境，使几个窗口机构，标准模块一般。系统管理项目，通过项目“菜单上，例如添加窗口的身体，报价。系统允许打开和管理的项目很多，除了。
第3节简要介绍Visual Basic语言
基本使用方法，并做到经常使用最基础的高层次语言。它的全称是初学者通用符号指令代码，缩写为基本。顾名思义，专为语言的一个基本的初学者设计的，因为它易学易知，所以身体很受欢迎。早期的Basic语言，属于和解决翻译的类型，所以可以进行按行，所以可以看到的结果进行一次，这是一个非常方便的设计初学者。但它有结构的概念，一个程序是维护和管理作为很多其他语言的问题。但后端以上（如快速基本法）基本正确的缺点，使它可用于发展过大的缩放过程。语言是VB程序的基本组成，形成。 VB中已规定了句子的形式和功能。
语法：
句子定义咒语[句子身体]
判刑确定同意并用于固定功能的句子，句子体委的具体内容，或要开展刑罚的具体操作。集所有的句子VB语言，用VB句子有机协会完成某一特定功能的程序。接口+程序可以解决一定的应用问题。
VB应用程序代码窗口写在一般的“代码编辑机”。“像一块高度专业化的字处理软件编辑码机”是的，有许多easies编写VB代码的功能，追求显示[范例EX 你好]在“代码编辑机”代码窗口写。
“代码编辑机”窗口
第4节发展与Visual Basic应用程序
使用VB编程，应用程序的外观设计首先一般，分别写每个目标的程序代码或其他事件的处理过程，编程工作应该是轻多了。
建立应用程序的过程如下：
建立应用程序接口
该接口是相互的桥梁，一般用户和程序窗口的身体和视力帧的按钮，菜单，文本框架形成。与标准的Windows应用程序接口，VB的建立。要求按照程序和用户需要的信息交换过程的功能，来确认需要这些目标，计划的接口的整体安排。2。在接口设计每个目标属性
要求，并设置每个属性的目标，如外观，名称，有针对性的大小。根据规划接口。大多数属性的人谁取可以通过属性窗口设置设计时了，也可以成立修改在程序运行时通过程序代码中的编程。有目标的响应程序代码编程
3。应对规划目标程序代码
接口程序只确定外观设计窗口中添加代码尽快通过“代码编辑机”后的界面，实现一些作出响应，信息处理等任务，等等。接受外部信息后，添加代码，实现一些响应，信息处理，使接受外部信息的任务后，显示为追求代码编辑器的窗口添加代码
“代码编辑机”窗口
4。保持项目
一个VB程序一个项目，在设计应用程序时，系统将成立一个扩大，并呼吁。船民的项目文件，项目文件包含的所有文件的相关信息，该项目成立，保持项目的同时保持这个项目的相关文件。例如窗口体内产生的设计接口时，保持和不断扩大，被称为。 FRM的总和。在火狐的窗口机构。在打开一个项目（文件），该项目相关文件，同时负载的时间。
5。操作和调试通过的程序
VB的系统操作过程thoroughpin操作“菜单中选择，当出现错误时，可以提供信息提示可以寻找并获得摆脱错误thoroughpin调试”内操作“菜单。
6。可生产执行程序
为使程序可以打破从VB环境下，为了成为“文件”来世“生产项目1.EXE的菜单，但执行程序（满眼）”，可以开展此文件后，直接。在农产品，+执行程序，然后通过安装指南包中的所有相关文件，可以独立运行，安装完成后，作为一个软件产品的环境下9 x/2000窗口。
在计算机系统的任何软件，是由每一个或大或小的每一种软件组成的宪法，按照特定的算法分别实现，算法的质量直接决定实现该软件的性能优劣。任何方法设计的算法，设计算法需要什么样的资源，需要多少运行时间，多少存储空间，如何确定一个算法的质量，实现软件时，必须给予解决。在计算机系统的操作系统，语言编译系统，数据库管理系统以及各种计算机应用系统的软件，必须使用每一个具体的算法实现。因此，算法设计与分析是计算机科学和技术的核心问题。
该算法是解决问题的第一步，我们可以定义算法程杰的决心类问题的随机一个特殊的方法。在计算机科学，算法需要使用计算机算法语言描述，算法代表用计算机解决问题的一种精确，有效的方法。数据程序算法的建设，解决了分配计算或解决的问题，不同的人可能编译不同的程序，解决了相同的问题，这里有两个问题：一是计算方法，算法的问题密切相关;第二，编程的技术问题。算法和程序之间有着密切的关系。该算法是一组有穷的规则，他们规定一些特定类型的问题解决了一系列行动，是解决问题的计划，准确和完整的描述。制定一个算法，一般必须通过阶段和设计等，确认，分析，代码，测试，调试，时间。算法的研究，包括五个方面的内容：①设计算法。算法的设计工作是不可能完全自动化的，应通过实践证明是有用的一些基本算法的设计方法研究已经了解，这些基本的设计方法不仅适合计算机科学，而且是合适的域，并因此电气工程，运筹学;②表示的算法。描述算法的方法有多种形式，例如自然语言和算法语言，分别有合适的环境和特点;③确认算法。证实了该算法的目标是使人们坚信，该算法可以正确无误地工作，即该算法具有圆。正确的算法与计算机算法语言描述，构成了计算机程序，计算机程序在计算机上移动，获得算法的运算结果;④解析算法。算法分析需要多少计算时间的算法和存储空间，使配额的分析。这种算法，什么样的环境举措有效的西装，以解决同一问题的不同算法的有效性作出比较;⑤确认算法，解析算法可以预测。是否与机器语言描述算法可以计算出有效，合理的，必须进行的测试程序，测试治安工作，使调试的空间和时间分布图组成。
但是，该算法具有一定的特征，它包括：①确定性。算法的各种操作必须有决心的意义，这种操作应该开展什么样的运动，不应该有歧义，我们的目标是明确的;
②效能。请求的操作在等待实现的算法是最基本的，至少可以在原则纸张和笔，在有限的时间与人力完成各种操作;③输入。一个算法有0个或许多投入，算法操作开始前，给出了算法需要数据的起始值，这些投入是从特定的对象集;④输出。算法运算结果，算法或多个输出，输出与输入某种特定关系数量;⑤差。实施后的算法总是差一步操作已终止，即该算法可以达到。
满足规则的第一个四个特征的组不能够被称为算法，只能被称为计算过程中，操作系统是一个计算过程的例子，操作系统用于管理计算机资源，控制制造行业运动时，并没有作出行业的运动，计算过程不停止，但在等待状态。
算法的复杂度是算法效率的措施，评价算法的性能时，复杂性是一个重要的基础。该算法的复杂度与移动计算机的资源多少，该算法需要的关系，需要的资源越多，表明，该算法的复杂性较高;需要的资源较少，表明，该算法的复杂性是较低的。哪台计算机的资源，空间资源，最重要的工作，需要的时间和存储程序和数据需要，算法的复杂度有分裂的时间复杂度和空间复杂度。
该算法进行了计算机上的操作，需要一定的存储空间存放描述算法的程序和算法
需要的数据，在计算机完成操作任务，需要一定的时间。写入根据不同的算法地方时，对计算机的运行，需要时间和空间的过程是不同的，算法的复杂度算法操作需要的时间和空间的措施。不同的计算机，其运行速度的差异是非常大的，是衡量一个算法的复杂性，要注意这一点。
有关的问题，分配故意的，盈利的目标而设计的，低复杂算法是尽量考虑设计算法时。此外，当问题，其中已经分配时，有多种算法，其中选择的复杂性低的一个重要标准是，当选择算法应遵循。因此，算法的复杂的分析，或选择算法的设计具有重要的指导意义和使用价值。
当讨论算法复杂，有两个问题需要澄清：
（1）算法的复杂性，对什么样的数量;
（2）如何计算分配算法的复杂性。后找到解决问题的算法，这是算法的实现，能否找到方法实现，决定在这个问题是否有解决方案的算法，算法的圆度和计算复杂性，是否提供时间资源和空间资源算法的需要。
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication
计算机网络新技术外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 计算机网络新技术 摘要 21世纪是一个信息时代的经济，计算机网络技术是这个时期的代表技术，以非常快的、具创造性得不断地发展，并将深入到人民群众的工作，生活和学习中。因此，控制这种技术看起来似乎具有很重要的意义。现在，我主要是采用新技术的几种网络技术在现实生活的应用。 关键字 因特网数字证书数字银包网格存储 3G
1.前言 互联网满36岁，仍然是一个进展中的工作。36年后在加州大学洛杉矶分校的计算机科学家使用15英尺的灰色电缆连接两台笨重的电脑，测试了一种在网络上新的数据交换的方式，这将最终成为互联网依然是一个在取得进展的工作。 大学的研究人员正在试验如何提高网络容量和速度。编程人员正在设法为网页注入更多的智能。并正在进行重新设计网络以减少垃圾邮件（垃圾邮件）和安全麻烦的工作。 与此同时威胁织机：批评人士警告说，商业，法律和政治压力可能会阻碍一些使互联网发展到今天的创新的类型。 斯蒂芬克罗克和温顿瑟夫属于1969年9月2日研究生加入的加州大学洛杉矶分校斯莱昂兰罗克教授工程实验室的团体，作为位无意义的测试数据两台计算机之间默默流动。到第二年的1月，其他三个“节点”加入到了这个网络。 然后是电子邮箱，几年之后，在七十年代后期一个所谓的核心通信协议即TCP / IP 协议，在80年代域名系统和在1990年万维网-现在的第二个最流行的应用背后电子邮件出现了。互联网的扩大，超出其最初的军事和教育领域延伸到了企业和全球的家庭中。 今天，克罗克仍然为互联网工作，为协作设计更好的工具。作为互联网管理机构的安全委员会主席，他正试图保卫系统的核心处理免受来自外部的威胁。 他认识到，他帮助建立的互联网工作远未完成，而这些改变是在商店，以满足多媒体日益增长的需求。网络供应商现唯一的“最佳努力”是在提供的数据包上。克罗克说，需要有更好的保障，以防止跳过和过滤现在常见的视频。 瑟夫，现在在MCI公司说，他希望他建立了有内置安全的互联网。微软，雅虎和美国在线公司，和其他的一些，目前正在努力改进网络，使邮件发送者可以验证的方式发送以降低使用虚假地址发送垃圾邮件。 瑟夫说，现在正在制定许多功能，是不可能立即解决计算速度慢和互联网管道窄，或
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
Computer Program 1 Introduction Computer Program, set of instructions that directs a computer to perform someprocessing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follow the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. Programs fall into two major classes: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out somefunction directly for a user, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM,hard drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems,so that they maybe used by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS\2, and UNIX. 2 Program Development Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer uses another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code— a format that the operating system
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
附录A With the new network technology and application of the continuous rapid development of the computer network should. Use of becoming increasingly widespread, the role played by the increasingly important computer networks and human. More inseparable from the lives of the community's reliance on them will keep growing. In order for computers to communicate, they must speak the same language or protocol. In the early days of networking, networks were disorganized in many ways. Companies developed proprietary network technologies that had great difficulties in exchanging information with other or existing technologies; so network interconnections were very hard to build. To solve this problem, the International Organization for Standardization（ISO）created a network model that helps vendors to create networks compatible with each other. Finding the best software is not easy. A better understanding of what you need and asking the right questions makes it easier. The software should be capable of handling challenges specific to your company. If you operate multiple distribution centers, it may be beneficial to create routes with product originating from more than one depot. Few software providers though, are capable of optimizing routes using multiple depots. The provider should be able to support installation of its product. Make sure to clearly understand what training and software maintenance is offered. Obviously, selecting the right routing/scheduling software is critically important. Unfortunately, some companies are using software that may not be best suited to their operation. Logistics actives with responsibility for approving the software ought to be comfortable they've made the right decision. It is important to realize that not all routing/scheduling software is alike！ There questions to ask are：Which operating system is used？How easy is the software to use？Here is a good way to tell. Ask if its graphical user interface（GUI）is flexible. Find out about installation speed - how long does it take？Is the software able to route third party customers with your core business？When was the software originally released and when was it last upgraded？ In 1984, ISO released the Open Systems Interconnection（OSI）reference model,
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
附录 一、英文原文： The NetWorks Birth of the Net The Internet has had a relatively brief, but explosive history so far. It grew out of an experiment begun in the 1960's by the U.S. Department of Defense. The DoD wanted to create a computer network that would continue to function in the event of a disaster, such as a nuclear war. If part of the network were damaged or destroyed, the rest of the system still had to work. That network was ARPANET, which linked U.S. scientific and academic researchers. It was the forerunner of today's Internet. In 1985, the National Science Foundation (NSF) created NSFNET, a series of networks for research and education communication. Based on ARPANET protocols, the NSFNET created a national backbone service, provided free to any U.S. research and educational institution. At the same time, regional networks were created to link individual institutions with the national backbone service. NSFNET grew rapidly as people discovered its potential, and as new software applications were created to make access easier. Corporations such as Sprint and MCI began to build their own networks, which they linked to NSFNET. As commercial firms and other regional network providers have taken over the operation of the major Internet arteries, NSF has withdrawn from the backbone business. NSF also coordinated a service called InterNIC, which registered all addresses on the Internet so that data could be routed to the right system. This service has now been taken over by Network Solutions, Inc., in cooperation with NSF. How the Web Works The World Wide Web, the graphical portion of the Internet, is the most popular part of the Internet by far. Once you spend time on the Web,you will begin to feel like there is no limit to what you can discover. The Web allows rich and diverse communication by displaying text, graphics, animation, photos, sound and video. So just what is this miraculous creation? The Web physically consists of your personal computer, web browser software, a connection to an Internet service provider, computers called servers that host digital data and routers and switches to direct the flow of information. The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the client; the remote computers that store electronic files are the servers. Here's how it works: Let's say you want to pay a visit to the the Louvre museum website. First you enter the address or URL of the website in your web browser (more about this shortly). Then your browser requests the web page from the web server that hosts the Louvre's site. The Louvre's server sends the data over the Internet to your computer. Your web
第一篇： 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset