考研英语阅读长句难句268句（1997-2006年）
简介
考研英语阅读理解的关键是长句和难句，尤其是难句的理解。这本书的写作初衷便是帮助考生从长难句入手，迅速突破长难句，提高阅读理解能力。是考生提高阅读水平的好帮手！
本书三大特色：
1、阅读难句突破。本书浓缩十年考研真题的精华，精心挑选阅读理解部分长难句268句，涵盖了所有可能影响阅读理解的句型。
2、翻译实例总汇。对于挑选出来的句子，本书除了分析句子的结构特点，还提供了准确的译文。
3、词汇重点串讲。考研英语大纲要求词汇一共5500个，但是核心词汇却不到1000。本书对考研英语阅读中涉及的核心词汇都进行了讲解，并且提供了与考研英语水平相当的时新地道的例句。
1. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse,and the casua lness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture.
【译文】 (美国社会出现）“服饰和话语趋于平民化的一致，随意和尊重的缺失”，这样正是通俗文化的特点。
【析句】注意句子的表语是引号中的句子成分，表语实际是三个内容:the democratizing uniformity,the casualness和absence of deference。形容词短语（characteristic of popularculture）是表语的后置定语。对此句的理解在很大程度上取决于对单词的理解。
【讲词】democratize意为“民主化”，本句中意为“平民化”。uniformity意为“相同，一致”。Since then,the nation has sought uniformity in education to expand oppo rtunities to all students.（自那时起，国家就致力于向所有的学生提供相同的教育机会。）This procedure has produced gratifying results in achieving uniformity in recommendations and decisions.（这一程序统一了建议和决定，效果令人满意。）disco urse表示书面和口头的表达，因此一般译成“话语”，语言学的说法是“语篇”。
casualness表示随意的态度、举止、穿着。deference意为“顺从，尊重”In deference to my friend and colleague Dr. Brundtland, I won’t show those slides at this symposium.（为了以示对我的朋友和同事布伦特兰博士的尊重，我就不在这次研讨会上播放那些幻灯片。）Out of deference to Grandma,the father neglected to tell her that he had become a Christian.（为对尊重奶奶，父亲没有告诉她自己已经信了基督教。）
2. Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks,yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”
【译文】罗德里古兹指出，尽管世界边远乡村的孩子崇拜阿诺德·施瓦辛格和加斯·布鲁克斯，然而“有些美国人却担心生活在美国的移民不知何故不受这个国家同化力量的影响。”
【析句】这是一个复合句，yet在句中起转折作用。
【讲词】 note意为“注意,记录,作笔记”，作动词表示口头或书面表达他所注意到的事件或观点，因而有时可以译成“指出，写到，注意到，说”等。He noted that many issues had been discussed at theconference.（他说会上讨论了许多议题。）immune意为“免疫的；免除的；豁免的”.The criminal was told he would be immune from punishment if he helped the police.（罪犯被告知，如果他协助警方就可以免受惩罚。）Small bus inesses started by the unemployed urban dwellers are immune from taxes for a certain period of time.（城市失业人员经营小本生意在一定时间里可以享受免税待遇。）The operation of the company will be immune to any outside interference.（公司的运营不会受外界的干扰。）
3. Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything.But particularly when viewed agai nst America’s turbulent past,today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
【译文】美国是否存在分裂社会的问题和极度愤怒的群体？确实存在。美国太大了，什么
都会存在。但是，尤其是与美国动荡的过去相比，今天的社会指数根本就不说明存在着黑暗
和恶化的社会环境。
【析句】此句的难点在于对一些词语的理解。a bit of everything是一种口语化的表达，
意为“什么都有一点”。
【讲词】divisive意为“区分的，分裂的”，divisive issues意为“分裂社会的问题”。pocket除了“口袋”之意，还可以表示“孤立的地区，保护区：被隔离的或被保护的小地
区或集团”，在句中应该理解为“社会群体”。seething意为“火热的,沸腾的”，例如：
a seething revolutionary struggle（火热的革命斗争），a seething flood（滚滚的洪水）。seething anger意为“极度的愤怒”。to be viewed against意为“对着……观察；与……相比；鉴于”。Viewed against his family background, he must have worked
hard to become what he is today.（鉴于他的家庭背景，他一定非常努力才有了今日的
成就。）
4.And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come,not to
see the plays,but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage,Shakespeare’s birth place
and the other sights.
【译文】另一边是靠游客谋生的市民，游客来到小镇不是为了看戏，而是想看看安妮·海
瑟薇的房舍、莎士比亚的出生地和其他的风景点。
【析句】定语从句（who largely live off the tourists）修饰the townsfolk居民镇
民，而该定语从句的宾语the tourists的后面又跟了另一个定语从句。注意，不能把not
to see the plays的主语看作是the townsfolk。
【讲词】sight n.视力；眼界；景象；见解vt.看见；瞄准vi.瞄准；观看adj.即席
的；见票即付的。largely意为“在很大程度上，主要地”。He owed his success largely to the support of his wife.（他的成功在很大程度上应归于妻子的支持。）
live off有两个意思，分别是“住在……外”或“靠……生活”。The family used to live off the small pocket袖珍的of land they owned.（这家人过去靠着自家的一小块
土地过日子。）Some college students have chosen to live off 住在…之外the campus.（有些学生选择住在校外。）
5.It is all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns
their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise making.
【译文】他们是靠莎士比亚过日子，而莎士比亚自己就是一位演员（留着胡子），当初也
是吵吵嚷嚷的，想到这些不无讽刺的意味。
【析句】这是一个主从复合句，主句是It’s all deliciously ironic。另外，非限制性
定语从句who earns their living修饰Shakespeare，其字面意思是：莎士比亚挣钱养活
他们，即他们靠莎士比亚过日子。
【讲词】ironic意为“讽刺的，说反话的；有讽刺意味的”。Ironically, even the go vernment was aware of the situation.（具有讽刺意味的是，甚至连政府都清楚这一情况。）share作名词时表示“分享；份额；一份；股份”，句中did his share of noise-making字面意思是他也制造他那一份噪音，即莎士比亚当初也是吵吵嚷嚷的，像现在的演
员一样。
6. The sightseers who come by bus and often take in Warwick Castleand Blenheim Palace on the side don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surp
rised to find a theatre in Stratford.
【译文】坐着大巴来的观光客，虽然经常顺便看看沃尔威克城堡和布伦海姆宫，一般都不
是来看戏，其中有些人看到斯特拉福德竟然一家剧院甚至惊讶不已。
【析句】全句是由两个分句组成，在第一个句子的主干结构是The sightseers… don’t usually see the plays。定语从句（who come by bus）是修饰主语The sightseers，而
破折号中间的成分是对定语从句的补充。some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford是第二个分句。
【讲词】take in的词义较多，可以表示“接受,接待,吸收,理解,包括,轻信,注意到,欺骗”，
在句中的意思是“游览，观光”。on the side意为“兼职；另外”。He did some accou
nting on the side.（他还人帮人做会计。）
7. It is the playgoers,the RSC contends,who bring in much of the towns revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash
into the hotels and restaurants.
【译文】皇家莎士比亚戏剧公司说，游客给小镇带来了很大一部分收入，因为他们过夜（有
些人甚至住上四五夜），把大把的钱花在旅馆和餐馆。
【析句】这是一个因果复合句。主句的正常语序是The RSC contends主张it is the pl aygoers…。从句（who bring in much of the towns revenue收入收益税收）是the playgoers戏迷的定语。
【讲词】contend意为“竞争；奋争；主张；声明”。The defense防卫被告辩护 cont ended主张that the evidence was inadmissible难承认的.（被告方声称证据是不可接受的。）I had to contend with long lines before I could get a taxi at the airpo rt.（我在机场必须排着长队才上了一出租车。）Hilary Clinton may contend竞争 in the 2008 presidential race against a Republican.（希拉里·克里顿会在2008年的总统选举中与一位共和党人一争高下。）contend with对付.bring in意为“引进；带来；生产”。How much did the sideline bring the farmer family in last year?（去年副业使这家农户增加了多少收入?）The sale brought us in over $1，000.（那笔买卖使我们赚了一千多美元。）
8. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decor ated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.
【译文】希尔顿正在那里建造自己的饭店，你可以肯定饭店会装修哈姆莱特汉堡吧、李尔王厅、班戈宴会厅等等之类，而且消费水平会非常高。
【析句】全句的主干结构是Hilton is building its own hotel there，which引导的非限制性定语从句包含两个并列的谓语成分以修饰its own hotel，其中you may be sure是插入语。注意Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth，希尔顿饭店肯定会在店内以哈姆莱特、李尔王和班戈等来命名其酒吧、大厅和餐厅等。
【讲词】expensive在句中是修饰希尔顿，即Hilton is very expensive，意思是指希尔顿的消费水平很高。再如：Tokyo is expensive不能译“东京很贵”，而应该译成“东京的消费（水平）很高。”
9. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)lean, pointed,d edicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box offi ce opens at 10∶30 a.m.
【译文】他们长相一样（尽管他们来自四面八方）——瘦削、专注的面孔，穿着牛仔服和凉鞋，啃着面包，在剧院外的石板台阶上席地而卧，等着购买20张坐票和80张站票，这些戏票是剧院会为席地而卧的人预备，并在早晨10∶30向他们出售。
【析句】句子的主干结构是They all seem to look alike，括号中的成分（though the y come from all over）是插入的条件从句。破折号后面的成分是全句的状语，之所以用破折号是因为作者想对主语（they，即the young people）进一步加以说明。细分起来，状语分为两大部分：一是描绘他们的长相、穿着和吃住，二是说明他们的目的（购票）。前
一部分包括四个方面的内容：一是(with) lean,pointed,dedicated faces，二是wearing jeans and sandals，三是eating their buns，四是bedding down for the night on t he flagstones outside the theatre。而在目的状语中，when the box office opens at 10∶30 a.m.是一个时间状语从句，两个过去分词结构（held for the sleepers和sold to them）修饰the 20 seats and 80 standing room tickets。
【讲词】pointed意为“尖的，尖削的”，a pointed nose（尖鼻子），a pointed face （尖脸）。dedicated意为“专注的，一心一意的献身的具献身精神的”。He is a dedicated musician.（他是一富有献身精神的音乐家。）be dedicated to，dedicate on eself to和dedicate ones life to都有“献身于……”的意思。注意dedicate还有“捐赠；献”的意思。I’d like to dedicate捐献the book to my parents.（我想把这本书献给我的父母。）
10. Their methods do not attempt to estimate判断评价 the actual biomass(the a mount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass生物量over time.
【译文】他们的方法并不是要评估特定海域鱼种的实际生物量，而是评估在这一段时间内生物量的变化。
【析句】这是一个简单句，但是宾语是两个，一是the actual biomass(the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean，一是changes in that biomass over time。
【讲词】rather意为“宁愿；有点，相当”。I’d rather stay at home.（我宁愿呆在家里。）He is rather lazy.（他有些懒。）有时rather在句中表示转折，或者对前文进行纠正（经常与or连用)。There are five, rather six, persons killed in the traff ic accident.（在这场车祸中，共有5人，应该是6人死亡。）
11. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of largep redators (animals that kill and eat other animals)in a new fishery is reduced onaverage by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long fi shed areas, it has halved again since then.
【译文】根据他们在《自然》上发表的最新论文，在新渔场开始捕鱼的15年之内，大型捕食动物的生物量平均减少80％。在一些长期捕鱼的海域，生物量在此之后又减少了一半。
【析句】句子的结构比较简单，但要注意数字的表述，而这正是考试的内容。在新渔场开始捕鱼的15年之内，大型捕食动物的生物量平均减少80％，而在此之后又减少了一半，即剩下的20％又减少了一半，因而应该只剩下10％了。
【讲词】 halve意为“平分,分享,减半”。The company s profits halved after the demand in the market became low.（市场的需求减少之后，公司的赢利减少了一半。）
12.That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so th ereal difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one r ecorded by changes in catch sizes.
【译文】这意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕杀，因此介于现在和过去这一段时间，海洋生物量的真正差别可能比捕获量所记录的变化更要糟糕。
【析句】这是一个因果复合句，前半句是原因，后半句表示结果。而在表示原因的从句中，宾语较为复杂,of后面跟了一个主句从句，其主句又是一个主语从句。what is in the se a是一种婉转的说法，即海洋中的生物，或文中所说的生物量（biomass）。另外，注意re corded by changes in catch sizes是一个过去分词结构，修饰the one（即the actual biomass）。
【讲词】 catch作名词时可以表示“捕获；捕鱼量”（what is caught），catch sizes
也是“捕获量”或“捕鱼量”的意思。
13.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hook swould have been available to trap them , leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
【译文】有些鱼因此并没有被捕获，因为没有更多的带饵鱼钩来捕获它们，这就导致低估过去的鱼量。
【析句】这是一个因果复合句，主句是：Some individuals would therefore not have been caught。leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past是作从句的状语。
【讲词】available意为“有用的,有空的”。These train tickets are available on the day of issue only.（火车票仅在发售当天才能买到。）有些人结了婚但与异性交往，英文就是married but available，有人简称之MBA。另有些单身但是已经名花（或草）有主，英文就是single but not available。
14. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relative lyshort time into the past.
【译文】这种概念是，人们没有能够发觉海洋中所发生的巨大变化，因为他们只是关注了过去相对短暂的一段时间里所发生的情况。
【析句】主句的宾语是一个从句，而从句是一个因果复合句。主句是people have faile dto detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean，从句是because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past 。另外，which have happened in the ocean是一个定语从句，修饰the massive changes。
【讲词】detect意为“察觉,发现,侦查,探测”。She was surprised to detect hatred behind his smile.（她觉察到他的笑容背后竟然藏着仇恨，因而为之吃惊不小。）The de ntist could detect no sign of decay in her teeth.（牙医在她的牙齿上找不到蛀蚀的迹象。）The policeman detected the presence of the criminal in the hall.（警察感觉罪犯就在大厅里。）
15.That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield tha tcan be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is a bout 50% of its original levels.
【译文】这一点很重要，因为理论表明，当目标鱼种的生物量大致降至最初水平的50％时，渔场才能收获最大的持续捕鱼量。
【析句】That matters是全句的主干，后面是一个表示原因的从句，而从句又包含一个表示时间的状语从句。
【讲词】yield作动词时意为“生产，生长；屈从”，作名词表示“产量；收益”。The door yielded to a gentle push.（轻轻一推，门就开了）The child pleaded, but the parents wouldn’t yield.（孩子苦苦哀求，但父母就是不让步。）This year’s yield from the coal mine was very large.（今年这煤矿产量甚丰。）crop作名词意为“农作物；产量”，作动词表示“收获，收割”。注意crop up有“突然出现；突然发生”的意思。
A difficulty has cropped up at work.（工作中突然出现困难。）
16. Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be t his: artist’s only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.
【译文】许多事情让人们觉得艺术家是怪人，而最古怪的事情也许就是：艺术家的唯一工作就是探索情感，而他们所关注的却又是那些令人不快的情感。
【析句】句子比较简单，应该关注explore和focus两个单词的意思。
【讲词】explore有“考究；探索；探讨”的意思。Scientists have been known to ex plore in this region of the earth.（科学家们一直在考察这一地域。）We must explo re all the possibilities for the solution of the problem.(我们必须探讨解决这个问题的所有可能性。）focus作名词表示“焦点”，作动词意为“重视；关注”。Because of his strange clothes , he immediately became the focus of attention when he entered the office.（他由于服装奇特，一走进办公室便成了大家注意的中心。）You mu st try to focus your mind on work and study.(你应该努力把思想集中在工作和学习上。）All eyes were focused on the speaker.（大家的目光都集中在发言人身上。）
17. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happ iness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordswor th’s Daffodils to Baudelaire’s Flowers of Evil.
【译文】但是到了19世纪的某个时候，更多的艺术家开始觉得快乐是没有意义的，是虚假的，更是枯燥乏味的，从华兹华斯的《黄水仙》到波德莱尔的《恶之花》都是如此。
【析句】句子的主干结构是more artists began seeing ha ppiness as…，as we went from Wordsworth’s Daffodils to Baudelaire’s Flowers of Evil作全句的状语。另外，句中的see是“考虑，认为”的意思，相当于consider。
【讲词】 somewhere在句中意为sometime，即表示“某个时候”。另外，Wordsworth（17 70-1850）和Baudelaire（1821-1867）分别是英国和法国的诗人。phony也写作phoney,
作名词“冒牌货，骗子”或形容词“假冒的，伪造的”。He is such a phony.他纯粹是个骗子。
18. The rise of anti happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass med ia, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
【译文】反快乐艺术几乎是随着大众传媒的出现而诞生，与此同时也产生了一种商业文化，不再把快乐当作一种理想，而是当作一种意识形态。
【析句】此句是一个简单句，主干是The rise of anti happy art almost exactly tra cks the emergence of mass media…a commercial culture。with it中的it是指the emergence of mass media 。另外，in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology是一个定语从句，修饰a commercial culture。
【讲词】track作动词时表示“追踪,留下足迹,走”。An old wagon was tracking thro ugh the mountains.（一辆旧马车正在山区行走。）The accountant tracked the compan y’s performance daily.（会计每天跟踪把握公司的运营状况。）ideology意为“意识形态”，或指某种思想体系和意识。
19. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mas smedium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in da nger and that they would someday be meat for worms.
【译文】在大众传媒出现和初级教育普及之前的西方，最强势的大众媒介是教会，它提醒信徒他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们的身躯有朝一日会成为蛆虫的肉糜。
【析句】句子的主干是the most powerful mass medium was the church，之前的成分是时间状语，之后which引导的从句是一个定语从句，修饰the church 。而在定语从句中，worshippers是间接宾语，两个that引导的从句是两个直接宾语。
【讲词】 literacy是指“读写能力”，因此建议译成“初级教育”。remind“提醒，使想起”。常用结构是remind sb. to do sth.(提醒某人做某事）和remind sb. of sth.(让某人想起某事）。
20. And since these messages have an agenda to lure us to open our wallets th ey make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.“Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.
【译文】由于这些信息暗含着一种诡计——诱使我们打开我们的钱包——它们就使得快乐的想法显得不大可靠。“欢庆吧！”治疗关节炎的药品Celebrex的广告一声令下，随后不久我们就发现这种药品可能会增加心脏病发作的危险。
【析句】在第一句中，these messages是指商业文化所传播的信息。第二句是复合句，主句倒装，正确的语序应该是the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex commanded “Ce lebrate!”倒装的语序以及command的使用更加形象地传达了广告的强势，广告的信息以命令的方式传达给顾客，让他们没有思考的余地。
【讲词】agenda意为“议程”，但在有时可以表示“不可告人的计划（阴谋）”。The go vernment has promised to put on its agenda the development of the village.（政府许诺把这个村庄的开发提到议程上来。）Some of the eighteenth century pessimis ts harbored an agenda for cultural control.（在18世纪的悲观主义者中，有些人图谋控制文化。）
21. But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that hap piness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joycarry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment.
【译文】但是我们忘记的是——我们的经济所依赖的就是遗忘——快乐远不是没有痛苦的喜悦。最有可能给我们带来最大快乐的东西也有可能会带来损失和失望。
【析句】在第一句中，主语是一个主语从句，破折号中间的成分是插入语。在第二句中，主语（The things）后面跟了一个定语从句。
【讲词】potential作形容词意为“潜在的,可能的”，作名词表示“潜能,潜力”。We h ave to be prepared for any potential difficulties.（我们应对潜在的困难做好准备。）The father detected soldier potential in the boy.（父亲觉察到孩子天生是块当兵的料。）
22. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, a s religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of f resh air.
【译文】今天，周围到处都是轻易就能得到快乐的许诺，我们需要艺术来告诉我们死的象征意义，好比宗教曾经告诉我们的那样：记住，你会死的，一切终有结束的时候，快乐不在于否认这一点，而在于要接受这一点。这个信息虽说比丁香烟还要苦涩，然而不管怎样却也有一股清新的气味。
【析句】主干结构是we need art to tell us，过去分词结构（surrounded by promise s of easy happiness）作状语，注意Memento mori是作直接宾语，而us则是间接宾语。冒号后面的句子是Memento mori的同位语。另外，as religion once did作结果状语。
【讲词】Memento mori是拉丁语，意为“死的象征”。clove cigarette（丁香香烟）含有少量的丁香，味道芬香，具有一定的止痛作用。
23. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card”, which when us ed in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities.
【译文】赌场因他是一个好顾客而发给他一张“游乐卡”，此卡可以积分并享受免费的食品和饮料，并能使赌场跟踪使用者的赌博活动。
【析句】此句是一个简单句，主干结构是The casino issued to him… a “Fun Card”。as a good customer是一个介宾短语，作him的后置定语。a “Fun Card”后面跟了一个定语从句，而这个定语从句又是一个复合句，从句是when(it is) used in the casino，主句则有两个并列的谓语成分：一是earns points for meals and drinks，一是enables the casino to tract the user’s gambling activities。
【讲词】track在此句中的意思同monitor（监视，记录）。The air controller in Per th tracked the aircraft’s progress as it headed east across the desert.（在飞机朝东飞越沙漠时，珀斯的空中管制员跟踪到飞机的航线。）track down可以表示“追到，查到，找到”。After two days of almost nightmare, I tracked down the problem.（经过几乎是噩梦般的两天，我终于查到了问题的所在。）
24. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patro nage because it knew he was addicted.
【译文】现在他正在起诉赌场，控告赌场既然知道他赌博上瘾就应该阻止他上船赌博。
【析句】句子比较简单，但是应该掌握句中关键的单词。
【讲词】sue意为“控告；请求；求婚”。He sued the department store for his per sonal injury he had suffered when he slipped on the floor inside the store.（他起诉了那家百货大楼，要求对其在店内滑倒所受到的人身伤害进行赔偿。）The enemy sue d for peace after the battle.（敌人在战斗结束以后求和。）He sued for the hand o f the girl he loved.（他向自己所爱的姑娘求婚。）charge也有“起诉”的意思，但是charge还可以表示“指责”，不一定要正式起诉某人。patron意为“赞助人，资助人；老顾客”。patronage表示“保护,赞助,光顾”或“保护人的身份；老顾客的身份”。It se ems our little establishment has finally been deemed worthy of the bank’s patr onage.（看来银行终于认为值得资助我们这种小机构。）Shopkeepers thanked Christmas shoppers for their patronage.（店老板感谢圣诞节顾客的光临。）addict意为“上瘾的人；瘾君子”，a cigarette addict（烟民，烟鬼），a drug addict（吸毒者）。addi
cted意为“上瘾；着迷”，如表示对什么上瘾或着迷，后面要跟介词to。例如：He was a ddictedto drugs.（他吸毒上瘾。）
25. Noting the “medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to pr esent medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the cas inowould pose no threat to his safety or well-being.
【译文】鉴于其问题赌博行为的“医疗和心理”性质，信中表示在他出示医学和心理学证明以示光顾赌博不会对其安全和健康构成任何威胁之前，赌场不会再次对他开放。
【析句】句子的主干是the letter said。N oting…gambling behaviors是现在分词短语作状语，宾语是一个that引导的从句。从句是一个复合句，主句是he would have to pr esent… his safety or well-being，从句是before(he is) being readmitted to the casino。
【讲词】 /在英语中表示“和”的意思。admit在句中的意思是“接纳”。After two yea rs in practice, he was admitted to the bar association.（从业两年以后，他加入了律师协会。）You will not be admitted to the auditorium without a ticket.（没有票是不会让你进礼堂的。）well-being表示“康乐,安宁,福利”，台湾人喜欢译成“福祉”。We should put the people first and give priority to the people’s well-being.（我们应该把人民放在首位，以人民的安康为重。）
26. Every entrance ticket lists a toll free number for counseling from the Ind iana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless , Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly ad dicted to gambling,”intentionally wo rked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will”.
【译文】每张入场券上都印有印第安纳心理健康中心的免费咨询电话号码。然而，威廉斯的诉讼指责赌场明知他“赌博成瘾不能自拔”，还故意设法“引诱”他“继续违反其意愿的行为”。
【析句】第二句中charge所跟的宾语从句主干为the casino… worked to “lure” hi m to…。
【讲词】 toll作名词主要表示“（钟、铃）声；征税；收费；伤亡”。The death toll from the train accident over the weekend passed 250.（在上周末的火车脱轨事故中死亡的人数超过了250。）toll-free意为“免费”，例如：Most big companies have to ll-free numbers.（多数大公司都有免费电话。）suit作名词有“起诉，诉讼”意，等于law suit。work在句中表示“设法”。All his life, he worked to help the poor rur al women.（他一生都设法帮助那些贫穷的农村妇女。）
27. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diso rders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontr
ollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
【译文】《精神错乱诊断与统计手册》第四版写道：“病态赌博”是一种持续反复并难以控制的行为，与其说是追求金钱，倒不如说是为了寻求冒险博取横财的刺激。
【析句】句子的主干结构是The fourth edition… says，宾语是一个从句，其主语是“p athological gambling”，谓语是involves，宾语是一个less… than…构成的比较结构，比较pursuit of money和pursuit of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a win dfall。
【讲词】 pursuit意为“追求”，pursuit of money即表示“对金钱的追求”。to take risks(the risk) in doing sth表示“冒险做某事”。The entrepreneurs took the ris kin lending their money and hoped that the business they invested in would suc ceed.（企业家冒险借出他们的钱，希望他们所投资的生意会成功。）quest表示“追求；寻找”。The company is questing for improving its service.（公司正在追求改进服务。）The quest for truth has never been more important than it is now.（对真理的追求从来没有像现在这样重要。）
28. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality dis orders akin to physical disabilities.
【译文】在科学或所谓的科学的驱动下，社会正对曾被视为性格缺陷或道德缺失的东西重新进行归类，认为是类似于身体残疾的性格失衡。
【析句】句子的主干结构是society is reclassifying，宾语是what…moral failings，后面的成分（as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities）是宾语补足语。被动分词结构（Pushed by science,or what claims to be science）作全句的状语。
【讲词】 flaws意为“缺点；裂纹；瑕疵”，character flaws指“性格缺陷”。They sh are the character flaw of arrogance.（他们都有傲慢的缺点。）failings意为“缺点，缺陷”。physical disability意为“身体残疾或缺陷”，这里的physical意为“身体的，生理的”。akin意为“同类的，类似的”。I should teach my students that science is akin to common sense.（我要教导学生，让他们了解科学类似于常识。）The situati on there is akin to that of the West before the rise of the ready to wear indu stry in the early 1900s.（这种情形与20世纪初成衣工业出现前的西方相仿。）
29. It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral prob lems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained asweakness of will.
【译文】令人担心的是，社会越发把行为问题当作是疾病来治疗，常把更为坚强的上几代人称之为意志薄弱的行为定义成上瘾。
【析句】这是一个简单句，主干结构是It is worrisome that society is medicalizin g more and more behavioral problems,其中it作形式主语。often defining as… weak ness of will是medicalizing的伴随状语。注意more and more在句中是副词，修饰med icalizing。
【讲词】will作名词时意为“意愿；意志”，will power意为“意志力，自制力”。Whe re there is a will, there is a way.(有志者，事竟成。）The international communi ty needs to demonstrate its political will to end hunger.（国际社会应该拿出根除饥饿的政治意志来。）When you have the will to win,you will find the skill to wi n.（你要是有赢的意志，就会获得赢的技巧。）will作名词还可表示“遗愿；遗嘱”。Nev er yielding to Victorian conventions,Collins had insisted upon a simple funera l in his will.(考林斯一生都不愿迎合维多利亚时代的习俗，他在遗嘱中要求在他死后只举办一个简单的葬礼
30. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty an dpleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about mor alproblems.
【译文】我会把他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。
【析句】本句的主干结构比较简单：I shall define him as an individual。但是注意修饰an individual的是一个定语从句，其宾语是the activity of thinking in Socrat ic way about moral problems,介词结构（as his primary duty and plea sure in li fe）作其补语。
【讲词】 define在句中的含义为“定义；解释”。define sth as sth是一个常见的结构。The Chinese term o f yuanfen in common usage can be defined as the “binding for ce” that links two persons together in any relationship.（汉语中的“缘分”通常是表示两个人之间的“凝聚力”。）Job stress can be defined as the harmful physic al and emotional responses one experiences at work.（职业压力可以定义为人们在工作时所遇到的有害的身体和情感反应。）elect意为“选举”，但还可以表示“选择；决定”。She elected to return to work after her baby was born.（她决定孩子出生后再去做工作。）有时可以把elect译成“当作”，或根据句意不一定直译。
31.His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligatio nof revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
【译文】他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。
【析句】句子的主干是His function is analogous to that of a judge，后面是一个定语从句，修饰a judge，说明法官的职责是什么。注意revealing的宾语是the course of
reasoning（推理的过程），which led him to his decision是the course of reasonin g的定语，而in as obvious a matter是作状语。
【讲词】obligation意为“职责，义务”。Then in the marriage union,the independ ence of the husband and wife will be equal , their dependence mutual,and their obligations reciprocal.(在一桩婚姻中，丈夫与妻子的关系是相互平等，相互依赖，彼此都应尽其责任。）course在句中表示“过程”。in an obvious matter是个不太常见的词组，意为“明显地，显然地”。They cannot pretend ignorance in an obvious matte r.（他们显然不能假装一无所知。）
32. I have excluded him because , while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of appro aching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
【译文】我之所以把他排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实层面。
【析句】主句是I have excluded him，而because所引导的从句又包含一个主从结构，其主句是he has not been charged… those pro blems，从句是while his accomplishme nts… moral problems。the task of approaching any实际表示the task of approachi ng any moral problems but the factual aspects of those problems，即他所承担的任务不是解决任何道德问题，而是处理（研究）这些问题的事实层面。
【讲词】to be charged with意为“被控”或“承担，负责”。He also was charged w ith lying to federal officers.（他被控向联邦官员撒谎。）He was charged with the responsibility of designing all new public buildings.(他负责设计所有新建的公共建筑。）approach作动词意为“接近；处理”。The officials in Honolulu knew disas ter was approaching.（檀香山的政府官员知道灾难即将到来。）How should I approach the issue and solve it?（我该怎么处理并解决这一问题呢？）
33.But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs hi sactivity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to anexploration of rules of conduct in business.
【译文】但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范，就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规范一样。
【析句】这是一个比较句，主句的主干结构是his primary task is not to think abou t the moral code，定语从句（which governs his activity）修饰the moral code。理解和翻译此句的关键是理解词组any more than。
【讲词】code有“编码；准则”的意思。the moral code（道德规范），the code of c onduct（行为准则）。The moral code is simple,as it involves one’s morals or fo r that matter judgment of others morals.（道德规范是个简单的问题，因为它涉及一个人的道德或对别人道德的判断。）any more than意为“较……多些”，not any more
than“不比……多些”。I don’t like the guy any more than you do.(我并不比你更喜欢那个家伙。）There are no typical Harvard professors,any more than there are typical Harvard students.（没有什么典型的哈佛大学教授，也没有什么典型的哈佛大学学生。）
34. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of th em make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve m oral judgment.
【译文】他们可以教得更好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的人的问题进行独立思考。
【析句】本句是一个转折复合句。第一个分句（They may teach very well and more th an earn their salaries）相对简单，第二个分句较难之处是human problems跟了一个定语从句（which involve moral judgment）。
【讲词】more than意为“超过”，视具体情况也可译为“不只是”。reflection在句中是“思考，反省”的意思。independent reflection就是independent thinking的意思。This was a choice made without sufficient reflection.（做出这一选择并没有经过充分的思考。）The book contains his reflection on his experiences in Tibet.（这本书是他对自己在西藏的经历所作的反思。）
35. Su ch behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assump tion that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
【译文】这种行为被看作是“人之常情”，其潜在的假定是：其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的埋怨意识。
【析句】主句是Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”，介词短语with the underlying…作伴随状语，而that引导同位语从句解释前面的名词assumption。
【讲词】 regard作动词时通常表示“看作，尊重”。Accoun ting may be regarded as a process of communication in a very real sense.（会计也许可以被看作是真实的交流过程。）He is a highly regarded scholar in the academic circle.（他在学术界被视为一位德高望重的学者。）underlying表示“潜在的，根本的”。Clearly,Lef ti sts have an underlying view of the difference between the “civilized” and “savage” races.（显然，左派人士对“文明”种族和“野蛮”种族的区别有一个基本的看法。）capable表示“有能力”，如果与of连用可以表示“有能力做某事”。That mob’s capable of any crime.（这群暴徒什么犯法的事都能做出来。）human意为“人类的，人性的，有同情心的”，在句中表示“有人性的”，all too human意为“太具有人性的”，因而可以译为“人之常情”。
【析句】本句是一个是由if引导的条件状语从句，主句是the other… slice of cucum ber，其中包括三个并列的谓语成分，讲述了猴子的三种反应：一tossed her own token at the researcher，二（tossed her own token）out of the chamber，三refused to accept the slice of cucumber。
【讲词】token意为“表示,象征,记号,代币”。例如：Tears are queer tokens of hap piness.（眼泪是快乐的一种奇怪的表示。）另外，as a token of或in token of表示“作为……的标志或象征”。We shook hands as a token of our friendship.（我们握手以表示我们的友谊。）by the same token表示“基于同样的理由”。By the same token, our African friends are welcome to share with us their experiences and lessons relating to foreign direct investment attraction and the build out of economi c and technological development zones.（同样，我们也愿意和非洲朋友们一起交流在吸引外资，建设经济技术开发区方面所取得的成功经验和失败教训。）
39. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchi nsand humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
【译文】但是，这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。
【析句】本句的主语由whether…or whether（是……还是……）结构充当，两个whethe r各自引导一个主语从句，而且后一个从句的宾语（ancestor）后接一个定语从句。全句的谓语由系动词(is)+表语(an unanswered question)构成。as yet是一个插入语，意思是“迄今为止”。
【讲词】stem作名词主要表示“茎（干）、词干、家系、干线”等。作动词时意为“滋生,阻止”。He put a huge effort into trying to stem the rebellion but to no effect.（他拼命想阻止叛乱，但是没有成功。）注意stem from意为“出现”或“形成”。The C zech German declaration on mutual relations and their future development clos ed some of the controversial issues in Czech’German relations stemming from th e past.（捷克与德国关于相互关系及未来发展的声明结束了两国关系中的一些历史争端。）
40. Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evide nce was inconclusive,the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?
【译文】还记得科学家们宣扬吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据，科学也不确定的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是决心摧毁我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？
【析句】这里有三个问句，第一个问句的结构比较明了，而后两个问句则省略了Do you remember… insisted，只有两个由that引导的宾语从句。注意英语中，常会省略并列结构中的相同成分。
【讲词】lobby作名词时意为“大厅”，作动词时表示“游说”。The President lobbie dthe bill through Congress.（总统游说国会通过这项提案。）作动词的lobby其名词形式可以是lobbying（游说，院外活动），也可以是lobby。进行院外活动的人、进行疏通的人或说客，英文叫lobbyer或lobbyist。out to(do…)“力图要……的”。
41. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after anoth er try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.
【译文】科学家们一波接着一波，试图告诫我们要认清全球气候变暖正在带来日益严重的威胁，在此情形之下现在又出现了令人不安的类似事情。
【析句】as在句中是连接词，引导一个从句，说明在什么背景之下又出现了类似的事情。在这样的结构中，as可以翻成“当（在）……时候”，或者适度对句子进行调整。不管怎样，应该清楚There are upsetting parallels today是主句，是全句的核心。
【讲词】 parallel可以作名词（平等，并列，相似物）、形容词（平行的,相同的，并联的）、动词（相应，平等）和副词（平行地，并列地）。There are few parallels betwe en American football and European football.（美国足球和欧洲足球没有什么相似之处。）This book is about the parallel lives of two contemporaries.（这本书是关于两个同时代人的类似生活的。）awaken除了“叫醒，唤醒”以外，还可以表示“认识到，意识到”。注意awaken后面接介词to。People must be awakened to the danger of ch emical weapons.(一定要唤起人们认清化学武器的危险性。)Awakened to the situation he was in,he was at a loss what to do.（一下子认识到他的处境，他竟然不知所措了。）
42. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by theWhite House, to tell us that the Earth s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man made.
【译文】最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家，这些专家告诉我们地球气候确实在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。
【析句】本句的主干是The latest was a panel，过去分词短语enlisted by the White House作后置定语，修饰panel。另外，不定式短语to tell us作panel的补语，而不定式短语后又接两个（间接）宾语从句，说明告诉了我们哪些情况。
【讲词】panel表示“面板；陪审团，（专门）小组。”a(the) panel of judges（评审小组）。Congress has appointed a panel to investigate the incident.（国会任命了一个专门小组来调查这一事件。）enlist的基本意思为“征召；参军；谋取(支持、赞助等)”。According to the law,a young man should enlist when he is eighteen.（根据法律规定，年满十八岁必须应征入伍。）The President talked to some Congressional leader
s,in an effort to enlist their support for the bill.（总统与一些国会的领袖谈了话，以争取他们支持这项议案。）
43. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future , andit is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
【译文】但是科学确实为我们提供了涉及未来的最佳指导，关键是我们的国家和整个世界在做重大决策时，应该依据涉及人类现在的行为对未来产生的后果时科学所能作出的最佳判断。
【析句】本句包含and连接的两个并列分句，其中第一个分句中的does表示强调；第二个分句中的it是形式主语，critical后面的that从句是真正的主语。在第二个分句中，ju dgments后面又跟了一个定语从句，以说明是什么样的judgements。注意it is critical 等于it is important，后面所跟的从句实际上是虚拟语气。
【讲词】guide可以作动词。Thousands of lanterns slowly drift out to sea guidin g the dead on their return journey to the other world.（数千只灯笼慢慢向大海漂去，给死人返回阴间指明道路。）guide的一个派生词guidance也较常见，意为“指导”。He is now studying under the guidance of Professor Green.（他现在正在格林教授的指导下学习。）
44. Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.
【译文】就同吸烟问题一样，来自许多领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学研究还不完整，在我们确定此事之前向大气中继续排放废气是没问题的。
【析句】本句的主干是voices now come from many quarters，现在分词短语insisting 作伴随状语，后面是两个以that引导的宾语从句，其中第二个宾语从句还包含以until引导的时间状语从句。
【讲词】quarters表示“住处，角落”。from many quarters等于from many places。l iving quarters表示“生活区”。for sure意为“确定地，确切地”。I know for sure that he must have done something terrible.我敢肯定他一定做了什么天大的坏事。）No one knows for sure what happened to Bill.（没有人确切知道比尔出了什么事。）
45. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take o ut an insurance policy now.
【译文】这是一个危险的游戏：等有了百分之百的证据，也许就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显并且越来越大，一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。