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The Future of the English背诵翻译部分

The Future of the English背诵翻译部分
The Future of the English背诵翻译部分

Some battles have been won or lost because the commander of a large force, arriving late, decided almost at the last moment to change sides. I feel that a powerful section of English workers, together with their union bosses, is in the same situation as that commander just before he could make up his mind. These men believe that if there is a “Good Life”going, then it’s high time they had their s hare of it. But some remaining Englishness in them whispers that there may be a catch in it. Where’s this “Good Life”in sweating your guts out, just because the managers are on the productivity-per-man-hour caper? It’s all a racket anyhow. If we don’t work like the old man used to do, we’re not turning out the honest stuff the old man was expected to turn out. It’s the profit now, not the product. Half the time, we cheat the foremen, the foremen cheat the management, the management cheats the customers. Okay, we want shorter hours, more holidays, bigger pay packets—then the “Good Life” of the adverts for us. Or are we kidding ourselves?

一支迟到战场的大部队的指挥官在差不多最后一刻决定倒戈,从而决定了某些战役的胜败。我觉得英国工人中很有势力的一部分人和他们的工会头头们跟那个指挥官在下决心前的处境相同。这些人相信,如果“美好的生活”已经到来,那么现在就是他们分享的时候了。但是他们身上残存的一些英国人特性却暗示了“这里面怕是有鬼”。仅仅因为老板们在搞“人时”生产力的把戏而把你们累得半死不活,这就算是什么“美好的生活”吗?不论怎么说,这一切只不过是一场

骗局。如果我们不像老一辈们过去那样工作,就生产不出过去要求他们生产的那种货真价实的东西来。现在要紧的是利润,而不是产品。有一半的时候我们在骗工头,工头在骗经理,经理在骗顾客。好吧,假如我们要的是工作时间短、假期长、工资高——那么我们所要的就是广告里宣传的“美好生活”。抑或我们是在自己骗自己?

There are, of course, people belonging to all classes who do not want to be fascinated and then enslaved by Admass, and who if necessary are ready to make a few sacrifices, largely material, to achieve a satisfying state of mind. They probably believe, as I do, that the Admass “Good Life” is a fraud on all counts. (Even the stuff it produces is mostly junk, meant to be replaced as soon as you can afford to keep on buying.) Such people can be found among workers in smallish, well-managed and honest enterprises, in which everybody still cares about the product and does not assume the customers are idiots. They can be found, too —though not in large numbers because the breed is dying out —among crusty High Tories who avoid the City and directors’ fees. But they are strongest and, I fancy, on the increase in the professional classes, men and women who may or may not believe in my Englishness but have rejected Admass. They are usually articulate; they have many acquaintances, inside or outside their professions, ready to listen to them; and not a few of them have a chance to talk on TV and radio. If the battle can be won, it will probably be these men and women who will swing it.

当然,各个阶层之中也还有一些不甘心被商业广告推销所迷惑然后任其摆布的人。如有必要的话,这些人还愿意做出一些牺牲,主要是物质方面的牺牲,以求达到一种令人满意的精神境界。他们也许像我一样地相信,商业广告推销所宣传的“美好生活”是彻头彻尾的骗局。(就连它所生产出来的东西也多半是一些破烂货,只要你有钱经常购买就应当不断地予以替换。)这样的人在那些规模较小、经营有方、不搞欺诈的企业的工人中可以找到,因为在这样的企业里,人们仍然把心思用在产品上,而不是把顾客都当成傻瓜。在那些不愿走进伦敦市商业区,不愿接受董事经理的高薪厚俸的、顽固的高层保守党成员中也可以找到此种人——尽管为数不会很多,因为这种人本就在日益减少。但是,这些人的力量最大,而且,据我看,在职业阶层中他们的人数也在增长。这些男男女女也许相信我所说的英国人特性,也许不信,但他们拒绝接受商业广告推销。他们一般都是能言善辩的;在本职业领域内外都有许多相识,而且都对他们言听计从;他们当中还有不少人有机会在电视或广播中发表演讲。假如这场战斗能胜利,很可能就是要靠这些男男女女去起推动作用。

To write about the English in standard and cosmopolitan political terms, the usual Left-Centre-Right stuff, is almost always wasting time and trouble. The English are different. The English are even more different than they think they are, though not more different than they feel they are. And what they feel — Englishness again —is more important than what they think. It is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that

shapes and colours actual events in England.

若想用世界上流行的标准政治术语,即左、中、右三派这种毫无意义的陈腔老调来描述英国人的话,那多半是白费时间,徒耗精力。英国人可是与众不同。他们甚至比自己想象中的英国人还要不同,倒是同他们自己感觉中的英国人差不多。而他们所感觉到的…这一点再次反映出英国人的特性——比他们想象到的更为重要。在英国,决定一切事物形式和色彩的不是人的理性思维,而是人的本能感觉。

传统民俗节目英文翻译

民俗文艺节目翻译 一、民俗表演《龙狮舞》 Dragon and Lion Dance 表演单位:元潭乡“女子龙狮舞”传习所 Performed by: “Female Dragon and Lion Dance Institute” of Yuantan township 龙、狮——是中华民族文化图腾,“舞龙、耍狮”以最具东方民族文化特色跻身世界民族文化瑰宝。在我们巴山人的生活中,每逢重大节庆,人们都会舞龙、舞狮,表达喜悦的心情和美好的愿望。 Dragon and lion——the totem of the Chinese national culture. The most oriental ethnic Dragon Dance and Lion Dance are the gems of the world culcure.In our life in Bashan Mountain,people joyfully play Dragon and Lion Dance to express their happiness and good wishes especially on important festivals. 二、民俗表演《巴山出嫁》 Bashan Marriage 表演单位:光雾山文艺中心 Performed by: GuangWu Mountain Literature and Arts Center. 大巴山的传统婚礼习俗中的对歌、抬花轿、拜堂、成亲等场景,有游戏、表演、逗趣等,展现出大巴山人对美好生活的向往和对婚姻家庭的美好祝愿。 Traditional Bashan Weddings are always filled with interesting scenes:Antiphonal,Sedan chair lift,the Bows and so on.Games and funny performances at the wedding are aspirations for happy marriage and better life.

英语背诵美文30篇(翻译)

生而为赢(中文翻译) ——新东方英语背诵美文30篇 目录: ·第一篇:Y outh 青春 ·第二篇:Three Days to See(Excerpts)假如给我三天光明(节选) ·第三篇:Companionship of Books 以书为伴(节选) ·第四篇:If I Rest, I Rust 如果我休息,我就会生锈 ·第五篇:Ambition 抱负 ·第六篇:What I have Lived for 我为何而生 ·第七篇:When Love Beckons Y ou 爱的召唤 ·第八篇:The Road to Success 成功之道 ·第九篇:On Meeting the Celebrated 论见名人 ·第十篇:The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理论半对半 ·第十一篇What is Y our Recovery Rate? 你的恢复速率是多少? ·第十二篇:Clear Y our Mental Space 清理心灵的空间 ·第十三篇:Be Happy 快乐 ·第十四篇:The Goodness of life 生命的美好 ·第十五篇:Facing the Enemies Within 直面内在的敌人 ·第十六篇:Abundance is a Life Style 富足的生活方式 ·第十七篇:Human Life a Poem 人生如诗 ·第十八篇:Solitude 独处 ·第十九篇:Giving Life Meaning 给生命以意义 ·第二十篇:Relish the Moment 品位现在 ·第二十一篇:The Love of Beauty 爱美 ·第二十二篇:The Happy Door 快乐之门 ·第二十三篇:Born to Win 生而为赢 ·第二十四篇:W ork and Pleasure 工作和娱乐 ·第二十五篇:Mirror, Mirror--What do I see镜子,镜子,告诉我 ·第二十六篇:On Motes and Beams 微尘与栋梁 ·第二十七篇:An October Sunrise 十月的日出 ·第二十八篇:To Be or Not to Be 生存还是毁灭 ·第二十九篇:Gettysburg Address 葛底斯堡演说 ·第三十篇:First Inaugural Address(Excerpts) 就职演讲(节选) 1.青春-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 青春不是人生的一个阶段,而是一种心境;青春不是指粉红的面颊、鲜艳的嘴唇、富有弹性的膝盖,而是指坚定的意志、丰富的想象、充沛的情感;青春,它是清新的生命之泉。 青春是一种气质,勇敢胜过怯弱,渴求冒险而不贪图安逸。这样的气息60老者常常有,20青年恰恰无。年岁增添,未必使人垂老;理想不再,终于步入暮年。 岁月悠悠,衰微只及肌肤;热忱抛却,颓废必致灵魂。忧烦、惶恐、自卑,使人心灵扭曲,心灰意冷。 无论60还是16岁,人人心中都怀着对新奇事物的向往,象孩童般对未来充满憧憬,此情永不消退,在生活的游戏中汲取快乐。在你我的内心深处都有一座无线电台,只要它接收到人间和上帝发出的美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号,你就会青春永驻。

翻译报告参考

本次翻译实习有四天的时间,实习的内容很多,我在这有限的时间内,翻译了第一部分。我觉得这篇文章比较有难度,文章中很多单词都是我不了解的。但是,我通过查字典,查辅导书,请教同学,解决了绝大部分的问题。 英语的句子是通过一整套完整系统的语法结构和连接词将单词和词组组合在一起,强调结构上正确,逻辑上严密,思维上严谨。而汉语不是这样。一个汉语句子的分句与分句之间,或是短语与短语之间,在意思上有联系,但很少用关联词,是用每一个分句或是短语的意思组合成一个完整的句子的。比如,“Around the grave in the rundown cemetery were a few of his former advertising colleagues from New York, who recalled his energy and originality and told his daughter, Nancy, what a pleasure it had been to work with him.”我的译文是“在衰败的墓地周围,有几个他以前的纽约的广告公司的同事,他们使他想起了他曾经的精力和独创性,他告诉他的女儿南希过去和他们在一起工作是多么地愉快。”英语的句子是一个整句,但是翻译成汉语不需要连接词,却要把每个分句都翻译成单独的句子。我认为英语翻译就是理解和表达的结合,翻译力求做到信、达、雅。翻译的质量取决于我们应用两种语言的水平。但是,有一点不容忽视,那就是说英语的人的思维和说汉语的人的思维方式有很大差异。同样,英语和汉语本身也有很大差异。这是我感觉最困难的事情。例如,“If you gave my brother a box of envelopes, he could count them faster than anybody because his fingers were so dexterous and because he counted the envelopes by fives.”我的译文是“如果你给我弟弟一盒信封,他比谁都数得快,因为他的手指十分灵巧,数起信封都是用五个手指。”经过请教同学,我知道了“he counted the envelopes by fives”不应翻译成“数起信封都是用五个手指”而英翻译成“五个一数”。 英汉两种语言,除了一些专有名词之外,几乎没有绝对等值的词语,那是因为英语与汉语的词汇都普遍存在一词多义、一词多类的现象。就像一位语言学家所说:“在新的上下文里使用的每一个词都是新词。”正是词的这种多义性和变义性,决定了对英语词义的理解及其汉语表达是英译汉的难点所在。所以,我觉得,对于英译汉中每个词语的翻译都需要仔细斟酌,不可轻易地凭感觉而译。词的含义是复杂的,它不仅有直接的、表面的、一般的意思,还有引申的、内涵的、特定的含义。这是语言的共性,英语尤其如此。随便翻开英语字典,几乎每个词都有多种含义,有的甚至有几十个意思,错综复杂。比如标题“Everyman”,我翻译的是“每个人”,但是后来听说其他同学翻译的是“凡人”。我顿时恍然大悟,还是自己之前思考地不周全,没有像到引申义。

节目及节目种类名称(英文)讲课讲稿

节目及节目种类名称 (英文)

节目名称(英文) 今日说法Legal Report 道德观察Ethical Review 新闻调查News Probe 实话实说Tell it like it is 共同关注Eyes on 大家Great Masters 科技博览Science Review 科技苑Science and Technology 走近科学 Approaching Science 全球资讯榜Newslist 文化访谈录Culture Interview 探索发现Exploring 新闻30分 News 30 Min 百家讲坛Lecture Room 挑战主持人Challenge Anchor 名将之约Winner’s Circle 让世界了解你Meet China 中国电影报道China Movie Repor(拼写错误) 今日影视Movie Today 世界电影之旅World Film Report

世界影视博览World Cinema 影视同期声Movie & TV Express 周日影院Sunday Movie Zone 佳片有约 the Best 天天饮食I can cook so do you 搜寻天下Exploring High & Low 乡村大世界the World of Country 子午书简Diary Read Speedy Digest 当代工人contemporary labourer 讲述Story 人物People 影响100 Influence 100 健康之路Meet on the Road of Health 焦点访谈 Topics in Focus 新闻调查 News Probe 新闻30分 News in 30 Minutes 东方时空 Oriental Horizon 社会经纬 Net of Justice 夕阳红 Sunset Glow 商业电视 Business TV 市场热线 Market Hotline 世界经济报道 World Economic Report

英语四级作文翻译必背50句

四六级写作、翻译必背句型 学习步骤和方法:一看二译三比四背 (一)理解并重点掌握其中的常用表达(划线部分) (二)做汉译英练习,即在不看英文的前提下把中文翻译成英语; (三)将自己的译句与原句对照; (四)默写并口头背诵英语原句 特别提醒: 最好要制订进度计划,即具体每天理解和背诵多少个新句,复习多少个旧句。 1. According to a recent survey, each year four million people die from diseases linked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查,每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。 2. The latest surveys show that quite a lot of students have unpleasant associations with homework. 最近的调查显示相当多的学生对家庭作业没什么好感。 3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. 没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。 4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation. 越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifelong course. 说到教育,大部分人认为其是一个终身的过程。 7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and great efforts should be made to protect local environment from the harmful effects of international tourism. 应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量,努力保护当地环境不受国际旅游业的不利影响。 9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrant workers will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrant workers have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution. 越来越多的专家相信民工对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而,越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法,他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题,像犯罪和卖淫。 10. Many citizens complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time (in) waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers. 许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少,以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车,而车上可能已满载乘客。 11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it. 无可否认,空气污染是一个极其严重的问题:城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。 12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement. 一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

05 英文翻译模板 供参考

毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译 题目一种配电网小电流故障 选线新方法 专业电气工程及其自动化 班级 学生 指导教师 年

一种配电网小电流故障选线的新方法 I. Zamora, Member, IEEE, A. J. Mazón, Member, IEEE, K. J. Sagastabeitia, and J. J. Zamora 摘要:在配电网系统中,故障点经经高阻接地或者中性点经消弧线圈接地使得故障电流比较小。以前高的故障电阻主要由于非有效接地或者绝缘降低引起。到后来,中性点就不接地或者经消弧线圈接地,然而,由于这样使得故障电流很小,无法使传统的过流继电器动作或者熔断熔断。本文提出了一种适用于辐射状配电网的基于特定频率电压信号叠加原理的单相接地故障选线新方法,计算机仿真和实验室试验都证明这种方法对于任何形式的接地故障选线都比较准确。 关键词:配电网,故障诊断,小电流接地,信号叠加 符号说明 R fbi馈线i单相对地电阻 Iresi 馈线i残余电流 VNG中性点电压 VpG相电压 Vh参考电压 Ki 馈线i的不对称度 △Kri 馈线i对称度的相对变化率 (a) Prefault situation 故障前 (b) Superposition situation叠加信号时

1简介 配电网的维护和运行里面两个必须要考虑的关键问题是公网安全和电能质量。在最大限度内输送电能必须协调好电能质量和苛刻的安全极限之间的矛盾。所有这些实现都要以新的立法形势和把握好技术改进和经济维护为前提。 然而,设计一种完全可靠的电力系统是不可能的,所以就要发展在最短时间内找到故障点并恢复供电的各种技术,短路故障情况下,短路电流变化比较明显,所以很容易找出故障线路。但是,由于故障的特殊性,配电网中的小电流接地不能被通常的保护监测到。 小电流接地故障通常发生在于高阻接地或有中性点有补偿装置的系统中。在第一种情况下,间接接地或弧光接地使得故障电阻很大,从而限制了故障电流。在第二种情况下,独立的系统或者中性点经电抗接地的系统在发生单相接地故障时,允许系统急需运行相负荷供电一段时间。 无论如何,如果对小电流接地不进行监控,有可能使巨大的电能危及人身安全和设备安全,即使短路电路很小,对设备来说是安全的,但是故障时刻的高电压已经威胁到人身的安全。因此,研究小电流接地选线装置对公众安全是必要的。 目前,有很多人从事这方面的研究工作,期望找出最好的办法来解决这个问题。利用神经网络,小波变换和人工智能的方法已经越来越重要了。低频信号分析也已经被用来分析故障特征,在中性点经消弧线圈接地系统中,利用改变消弧线圈的档位或者在中性点向系统注入工频电流信号,通过检测其对地的流通回路,但是,大部分这种技术只是用于一些小电流接地故障或者仅仅用于特定的情况下和特定类型的配电网中。 本文提出了一种基于电压信号叠加原理来监测小电流故障的的新方法,该方法适用配电网中的任何接地故障类型。

英语阅读理解带翻译:电视节目

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全新版大学英语综合教程4英语背诵段落及翻译

1 In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland. He was prepared for the long march across Russian soil to Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow -- the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter. 1812年,法国皇帝拿破仑·波拿巴率大军入侵俄罗斯。他准备好俄罗斯人民会为保卫祖国而奋勇抵抗。他准备好在俄罗斯广袤的国土上要经过长途跋涉才能进军首都莫斯科。但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌—俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。 2 In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was called. Hitler's military might was unequaled. His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers. 1941年,纳粹德国元首阿道夫·希特勒进攻当时被称作苏联的俄罗斯。希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。他的战争机器扫除了欧洲绝大部分地区的抵抗。希特勒希望速战速决,但是,就像在他之前的拿破仑一样,他得到的是痛苦的教训。仍是俄罗斯的冬天助了苏维埃士兵一臂之力。

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基于反馈神经网络肘关节力矩的动态预测 R.Song K.Y.Tong 健康技术与信息学系,香港理工大学 KowIoon,香港

摘要 肌肉模型是身体部分运动分析的一个重要组成部分。尽管许多研究已经集中在静态条件下,但是肌电信号(EMG)和关节转矩在自愿动态情况下之间的关系并没有被很好的研究。本研究的目的是调查的一个反馈人工神经网络的性能(RANN)自愿动态情况下的复杂肘扭矩估计。肌电信号和运动数据,其中包括角度和角速度,被用来作为估计在运动过程中预期的扭矩输入。此外,角度和角速度的预测精度的作用进行了研究,并比较两个模型。一个模型的肌电图和关节运动的投入和其他的模型只使用肌电图无运动数据输入。六例健康体检者,和两个平均角速度(60°S 7和90°S 7)三种不同负荷(0公斤,1公斤,2公斤)在手的位置被选择来训练和测试90°屈肘、全伸肘之间的递归神经网络(0 ~)。训练结束后,根平均平方误差(RMSE)预期的扭矩和扭矩之间的模型预测,在训练数据集的肌电图和关节运动的投入和测试数据集,分别为0.17±0.03 nm和0.35 + 0.06 nm。预期的扭矩和预测模型的RMSE值之间的扭矩,在训练数据集只有肌电输入和测试集,分别为0.57 t - 0.07 nm和0.73 T 0.11 nm。结果表明,肌电信号一起运动的数据提供了更好的性能预测的关节力矩;关节角度和角速度提供了重要信息的关节力矩的估计在自愿的运动。 关键词:肌肉骨骼模型,自愿的运动,反馈人工神经网络,逆动力学模型

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CCTV节目单 英文翻译

1. Topics in Focus 焦点访谈 2. News Probe 新闻调查 3. News in 30 Minutes 新闻30分 4. Business TV 商业电视 5. Market Hotline 市场热线 6. World Economic Report 世界经济报道 7. Stock Market Analysis 股市分析 8. Soccer Night 足球之夜 9. Health Club 健康俱乐部 10. Spring Festival Gala Evening春节联欢晚会 11. Half the Sky 半边天 12. Super Variety Show 综艺大观 13. Garden for Opera Fans 戏迷园地 14. Big Pinwheel大风车 15. Tangram 七巧板 16. Twelve Studio 12演播市 17. Chinese Ethnic Peoples 中华民族 18. Science and Technology Review 科技博览 19. Human and Nature 人与自然 20. Zhengda Variety Show 正大综艺

21. Gallery of Calligraphy Painting 书坛画苑 22. Time Together across the Strait 天涯共此时 23. China Kaleidoscope 华夏风情 24. China News 中国新闻 25. China Report 中国报道 26. Travelogue 旅行家 27. Around China 中国各地 28. China Today 今日中国 29. Sunday Topics 周日话题 30. English News 英语新闻 31. Oriental Fashion 东方时尚 32. Chinese Cooking 厨艺 33. Traditional Chinese Medicine 中华医药 34. Total Soccer 天下足球 35. Hoop Park 篮球公园 36. Weather Report 天气预报 37. English News 英语新闻 38. Sports World 体育世界 39. Lecture Room 百家讲坛 40. People 人物 41. Sports News 体育新闻 42. Mystery All Star 全明星猜想

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在职及准假证明 致:签证官 XX女士/先生在XXX公司工作,职位是XXXX。她/他自XXXX年X月进入我公司。我公司批准XX女士/先生XXXX年XX月赴意大利旅游,所有费用包括:机票费,运输费,住宿费和医疗保险等均由她/他本人承担。她/他将会按时回国并继续在我公司工作。 姓名出生日期护照号职位月薪 XXXXXX.XX.XXGXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.XX 在此我们担保她/他会在当地遵守意大利的法律。旅游后她/他会回到中国并继续在我单位上班。所有的旅游费用均由她/他本人承担。 希望您能够予以签证 领导人签名 领导人职位XXXXXXX 单位盖章 单位电话:XXXX XXXX 单位地址:北京市XXXXX 单位名称:XXXXXXXXXX

CERTIFICATION Dear Visa Officer: Hereby we certify that Mr./Ms.XXX is the (Title)of (Company Name). He/She joined our company since (Date). We certificate Mr./Ms. XXX take his/her holiday to Italy from (date) to (date). We make sure that he/she will obey the local rules and come back to China on Time. We will also keep his/her position till his/her coming back. Name Date of Birth Passport-No .Position Salary XXXXXXX.XX.XXGXXXXXXXXXXXXRMBXXXX.XX Hereby we guarantee that he/she will abide by the laws of Italy. He/She is going to visit and will come back to China on schedule and still working in our units. All the cost of the travel will be borne by him/herself. Your kind approval of this application will be highly appreciated. Name of leader: Position of leader Company stamp: Best Regards, Signature: Title: XXXX Tel: XXXXXXXX

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经典英文美文 >01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements. Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless authority. Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 01 音乐的语言 画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上,每个人都可以观赏到。作曲家写完了一部作品,得由 演奏者将其演奏出来,其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职业演奏者,所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。 一名学音乐的学生要想成为一名演奏者,需要经受长期的、严格的训练,就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。绝大多数的训练是技巧性的。 音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度,必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演员相当的水平。歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子,因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话,他们的声 带将不能满足演唱的要求。弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时,用 右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协调。钢琴家们则不用操这份心,因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。 给钢琴调音是调音师的职责。但调音师们也有他们的难处:他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤,不能让

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