Protein-precipitating capacity of bearberry-leaf (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.Sprengel)polyphenolics
Marian Naczk a ,*,Ronald B.Pegg b ,Ryszard Amarowicz c
a
Department of Human Nutrition,St.Francis Xavier University,Antigonish,P.O.Box 5000,NS,Canada B2G 2W5
b
Department of Food Science and Technology,The University of Georgia,100Cedar Street,Athens,GA 30602-7610,USA c
Division of Food Science,Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences,ul.Tuwima 10,10-747Olsztyn,Poland
a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:
Received 2October 2009
Received in revised form 7July 2010Accepted 3August 2010
Keywords:Bearberry Polyphenolics Tannins
Phenolic–protein interactions Protein-precipitating capacity
a b s t r a c t
Polyphenolics (PP)from bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.Sprengel)leaves were extracted with 70%(v/v)acetone.The lyophilised crude PP extract was then separated on a Sephadex LH-20column using ?rst 95%(v/v)ethanol as a mobile phase to elute fraction I low in tannins,and then 50%(v/v)acetone to elute fraction II rich in hydrolysable and condensed tannins.Bovine serum albumin (BSA)was effec-tively precipitated by PP in the bearberry-leaf crude extract and fraction II at pH values between 3.8and 4.5.A statistically signi?cant (P =0.0001)linear relationship exists between the amount of PP-protein complex formed and the quantity of PP added to the reaction mixture.The slope values of these lines indicate that fraction II from the crude extract was a more effective precipitant of proteins than other examined preparations.Based on the quantity of gelatine,fetuin,and BSA required to inhibit 50%of dye-labelled PP–BSA complex precipitation,gelatine was 3–6times more effective as a precipitation inhibitor than both unlabelled BSA and fetuin.
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1.Introduction
In 1957,Bate-Smith and Swain de?ned tannins as water-soluble phenolic compounds with molecular weights between 500and 3000Da (Bate-Smith &Swain,1962).These days,however,oligo-mer compounds having molecular weights up to 5000Da are known to exist (Khanbabaee &van Ree,2001).Tannins are second-ary metabolites of plants and are widely distributed throughout the various parts of plants.On the basis of their chemical struc-tures,these polyphenolics (PP)can be divided into two categories:hydrolysable and condensed tannins (CTs).Condensed tannins are oligomers and polymers of ?avan-3-ols which are linked by C–C bonds and therefore dif?cult to hydrolyse.Hydrolysable tannins,on the other hand,are esters of polyols,such as glucose,with sim-ple phenolic acids,like gallic acid or hexahydroxydiphenic acid,at-tached.The latter type is readily hydrolysable by acid or base as well as esterase enzymes.Tannins exhibit various properties including forming soluble and insoluble complexes with proteins,polysaccharides,nucleic acids,and alkaloids.They also exhibit strong antioxidant activity (Amarowicz,Naczk,Zadernowski,&Shahidi,2000).
Interactions between tannins and proteins are affected not only by pH and ionic strength but also by the relative concentra-tions of tannin and protein.It has long been believed that tannins act primarily as protein digestion inhibitors by binding dietary proteins and digestive enzymes (Zucker,1983).Present-day research,however,has revealed that tannins do not bind to digestive enzymes in vivo ,as the digestive enzymes are usually protected from tannins by their occurrence in a particulate mem-brane-bound form (Skopec,Hagerman,&Karasov,2004).Instead,ingested tannins likely bind to salivary proteins and the mucosa as well as the epithelium of the gut.The bioavailability of tannins in the diet is often questioned.It has been reported that dimeric and trimeric procyanidins (i.e.,CTs)are absorbed by the intestinal epithelium without any considerable limitations,but with further polymerisation,transport does not proceed (Déprez,Mila,Hu-neau,Tome,&Scalbert,2001).The intestinal micro?ora of the gut plays an important role in the metabolism of tannins.In vitro studies have shown that non-absorbed tannins can be degraded by human colonic micro?ora to various phenolic products/metabolites,which can be absorbed and participate in differing pharmacological effects (Déprez et al.,2000).Non-absorbed high-molecular-weight tannins and tannin–protein complexes also play an important role in the protection of the gastrointesti-nal tract because they retain a portion of their antioxidant activity (Riedl &Hagerman,2001).
0308-8146/$-see front matter ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.003
*Corresponding author.Tel.:+19028672205;fax:+19028672389.E-mail address:mnaczk@stfx.ca (M.Naczk).
Bearberry(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.Sprengel)is a ubiquitous procumbent evergreen shrub located throughout North America, Asia,and Europe that serves little purpose other than as wildlife forage and an occasional ornamental species,despite its presence as an active ingredient in many commercial products.The name bearberry is derived from the edible fruit,which is said to be greatly enjoyed by bears.For humans,the berries are mealy and almost tasteless when raw,but quite palatable when cooked (Willard,1992).The plant grows preferentially on sandy and well-drained soil and is common in woodlands,rocky hills,and eroded slopes throughout the North American Prairies(Simonot, 2000).Bearberry,which also goes under the names of uva-ursi, kinniknik,mealberry,and bear’s grape,has of?cial classi?cation as a phytomedicine in parts of Europe.The commercial importance of bearberry is based on its astringent properties and bene?cial effects in nephritis,kidney stones,and other diseases of the urinary tract.In chronic in?ammation of the bladder and kidneys,bear-berry has no equal(Willard,1992).The leaves are oval,leathery and evergreen.The main constituents of bearberry-leaf are arbutin (5–15%),variable amounts of methylarbutin(up to4%)and small quantities of the free aglycones.Other constituents include ursolic acid,tannic acid,gallic acid,p-coumaric acid,syringic acid,galloyl-arbutin,and up to20%gallotannins,as well as some?avonoids, notably glycosides of quercetin,kaempferol,and myricetin(Barl, Loewen,&Svendsen,1996).In contrast to other species of the fam-ily(Ericaceae),bearberry contains less CTs.According to H?nsel, Keller,Rimpler,and Schneider(1993),the limited quantity of CTs is attributed to the plant’s tremendous capability to synthesise gallotannins.
The antioxidant activity of a bearberry-leaf crude extract has been assessed by a number of chemical assays including a b-caro-tene-linoleic acid(linoleate)model system(i.e.,monitoring the coupled oxidation of b-carotene and linoleic acid),reducing power, scavenging effect on DPPH?radical,liposome model system,scav-enging capacity of hydroxyl free radicals(HO?)by use of electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)spectroscopy,and capability to curb lipid oxidation in meat model systems(Pegg,Amarowicz,&Naczk, 2005;Pegg,Amarowicz,Naczk,&Shahidi,2007).Fractionation of the bearberry-leaf crude extract revealed that the PP(i.e.,tannin constituents)play a signi?cant role toward the antioxidant activity observed in model and food systems.A better understanding of the interaction of the tannin constituents with food proteins is there-fore warranted.
The objective of this study was to determine the relative af?nity of PP isolated from bearberry leaves for selected proteins.Further-more,the effect of pH and PP concentration on the protein-precip-itating capacity of isolated PP was investigated using protein precipitation methods commonly employed for the quanti?cation of CTs.
2.Materials and methods
2.1.Collection and drying of the bearberry plant material
Branches and leaves from bearberry(A.uva-ursi L.Sprengel) were collected at three locations throughout Saskatchewan,Can-ada(Saskatoon,La Ronge,and Ruby Lake)during the summer months.The plant material was dried in a forced-air convection oven(Precision Instruments,Model DN-43)at35°C for$2days. The amount of moisture removed was calculated and the sample was then stored in a herb room at10°C with a relative humidity of less than50%until used.The remaining moisture content in the bearberry sample after this‘‘drying”process is$5–7%.Before analysis,the dried bearberry leaves were ground in a coffee mill (Moulinex Corporation,Toronto,ON).Following this equal amounts,by weight,of dried materials were mixed together.The randomised sample was used in this study.
2.2.Preparation of the bearberry-leaf crude extract
The ground bearberry leaves sample was transferred to dark-coloured?asks,mixed with70%(v/v)acetone at a sample-to-sol-vent ratio of15:100(w/v)and placed in a shaking Magni Whirl constant-temperature bath(Blue M Electric Company,Model MSG-1122A-1,Blue Island,IL)at50°C for30min.Afterwards, the slurry was?ltered through Whatman No.1?lter paper and the residue was re-extracted https://www.doczj.com/doc/ab9363302.html,bined supernates were evaporated to dryness in vacuo<40°C using a Büchi Rotavapor/ Water bath(Models EL131and461,respectively,Brinkmann Instruments[Canada]Ltd.,Mississauga,ON).The crude extract was then dechlorophyllised according to Pegg,Barl,and Amar-owicz(2003).The dried PP extract was stored atà18°C until fur-ther analysis.
2.3.Sephadex LH-20column chromatography
Approximately4g of the bearberry-leaf dechlorophyllised crude PP extract was suspended in20mL of95%(v/v)ethanol and applied to a chromatographic column(4.5?18cm)packed with Sephadex LH-20and equilibrated with95%(v/v)ethanol (Strumeyer&Malin,1975).The column was exhaustively washed with95%(v/v)ethanol at a?ow rate of400mL/h and then eluted with50%(v/v)acetone at a?ow rate of300mL/h.Eluates for each solvent system were combined and the organic solvent removed in vacuo at<40°C using the Rotavapor.The ethanol eluate(fraction I) and acetone eluate(fraction II)were lyophilised to remove residual water and then stored atà18°C until further analysis.
2.4.HPLC analysis of the PP extract
Fraction II was analysed using a Shimadzu HPLC system(Shima-dzu Corp.,Kyoto,Japan)consisting of two LC-10AD pumps,a SCTL 10A system controller,and SPD-M10A photodiode array(PDA) detector.The chromatography was carried out using a pre-packed LiChrospherò100RP-18column(4?250mm,5l m;Merck, Darmstad,Germany).Gradient elution was carried out at the?ow rate of1mL/min.The mobile phase,adjusted to pH2.5with tri?u-oroacetic acid,comprised water(A)and acetonitrile(B).The gradi-ent program was as follows:5–40%of B,0–50min followed by 8min equilibrium time before the next injection.The injection vol-ume was20l L and the detection wavelength was280nm.The content of chromatographed compounds was expressed as mg gal-lic acid equivalents per1g of fraction(Karamac′,Kosin′ska,and Pegg,2006).
2.5.Chemical assays
The total phenolics contents in the bearberry-leaf crude PP ex-tract and its fractions were estimated by the Denis-Folin assay based on procedures described by Naczk and Shahidi(1989).Esti-mation of the phenolic compounds was carried out in triplicate; the results are averaged and expressed as mg gallic acid equiva-lents per1g of extract or fraction.
The contents of CTs in the PP extract and its fractions were determined using both the modi?ed vanillin assay(Price,Van Sco-yoc,&Butler,1978)and the proanthocyanidin assay(Naczk,Nic-hols,Pink,&Sosulski,1994);results are mean values of n=4 determinations and are expressed as mg(+)-catechin equivalents per1g of extract/fraction and absorbance units per1g of ex-tract/fraction(A550/g),respectively.
1508M.Naczk et al./Food Chemistry124(2011)1507–1513
The content of hydrolysable tannins in the PP extract and its fractions was estimated using the radial diffusion assay as de-scribed by Hagerman(1987).Results are mean values of n=4 determinations and are expressed in mg tannic acid equivalents per1g of extract or fraction.
The effects of the bearberry-leaf crude PP extract and its frac-tions on the formation of PP–protein complexes were assayed by the protein precipitation method of Hagerman and Butler(1978) [at1-mg BSA or gelatine per mL]and by the dye-labelled BSA assay of Asquith and Butler(1985)[at2-mg dye-labelled BSA per mL].A series of methanolic solutions of PP extract/fractions(0.1–2.0mg/ mL)were prepared.The protein-precipitating potential of phenolic extracts was expressed as the slope of the line re?ecting the amount of PP–protein complex precipitated vs.the amount of total phenolics added(Naczk,Amarowicz,Zadernowski,&Shahidi, 2001a,2001b).The amount of precipitated PP–protein complex, measured by the protein precipitation method of Hagerman and Butler(1978),was expressed as absorbance units at510nm, A510,per assay.The percentage of precipitated dye-labelled BSA, measured by the dye-labelled BSA assay of Asquith and Butler (1985),was calculated using the following the equation: C=12.5?(4.902A590à0.024),where C is the%of dye-labelled BSA precipitated per assay and A590is the absorbance at590nm. The effect of pH on the formation of PP–protein complexes was monitored as described by Naczk,Oickle,Pink,and Shahidi(1996).
Relative af?nities of the bearberry-leaf crude PP extract and its fractions for BSA were measured according to Asquith and Butler
(1985)with the following modi?cation:1mL of dye-labelled BSA solution,containing2mg of dye-labelled BSA instead of1mg as recommended by the authors,was mixed with0.6mL of a solution containing100–6000l g of protein competitors(i.e.,BSA,gelatine, or fetuin).To this mixture was added0.4mL of methanol contain-ing0.4mg of the bearberry-leaf crude PP extract or its fractions. The relative af?nity was calculated as the ratio between the mass of dye-labelled BSA present and the mass of the competitor which prevented50%of dye-labelled BSA from precipitating.
All assays were conducted at room temperature($22°C)using appropriate samples and blanks.Results presented in tables and ?gures are mean values of three to six determinations.The bars in the?gures represent standard deviations from mean values. The data was analysed using SigmaStat3.1statistical software(Sy-stat Software,SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL).The slopes of titration curves were calculated by linear regression analysis.Differences between treatments were determined using ANOVA and t-test.
3.Results and discussion
Seventy percent(v/v)aqueous acetone was selected for extrac-tion of polyphenolics(PP)from bearberry leaves,as this solvent system is commonly employed for the extraction of both high-and low-molecular-weight phenolics from plant materials(Anto-nolovich,Prenzler,Robbards,&Ryan,2000;Naczk&Shahidi, 2004;Rohr,Meier,&Sticher,2000).The crude PP extract yielded 21.6%of dried leaves weight(Table1).This value is over6%higher than that reported by Naczk,Grant,Zadernowski,and Barre(2006) for blueberry leaves.The crude phenolic extract were separated using Sephadex LH-20column chromatography into two fractions: fraction I contained mostly low-molecular-weight phenolics(solu-ble both in ethanol and acetone)and fraction II comprised higher-molecular-weight phenolics(soluble in acetone)(Antonolovich et al.,2000;Gu et al.,2002;Naczk&Shahidi,2004;Rohr et al., 2000.Fraction I,based on mass,accounted for79.2%of the starting material of the crude PP extract.
The total phenolics contents(TPC)in the bearberry-leaf crude PP extract as well as fractions I and II were expressed as gallic acid equivalents/g of extract or fraction(Table2).Gallic acid was se-lected because it is a common standard for the quanti?cation of phenolics in plant extracts.The TPC values determined are some-what higher than those reported for blueberry-leaf extracts(Naczk et al.,2006).Fraction II contains over twice as much of TPC per g of extract as fraction I even though greater than60%of the phenolics present in the crude PP extract were eluted in fraction I.Fraction I consisted chie?y of arbutin with small quantities of gallic acid and hydroquinone(Amarowicz&Pegg,unpublished data).The total content of CTs in PP extracts was determined by both the vanillin and proanthocyanidin assays.The vanillin assay is commonly used for quanti?cation of CTs due to its speci?city for?avanols and dihydrochalcones(Sarkar&Howarth,1976).On the other hand, the proanthocyanidin assay depends on acid hydrolysis of inter?a-van bonds of CT to form anthocyanidins.The yield of reaction depends on the HCl concentration,reaction time,reaction temper-ature,presence of transition metal ions,as well as length of the CT chain(Porter,Hrtstich,&Chan,1986;Scalbert,1992).The contents of CT as determined by both these assays are summarised in Table 2.Condensed tannins were predominantly found in fraction II,but smaller quantities of CTs were noted in fraction I.These tannins are probably comprised of low-molecular-weight proanthocyanidins, because the phenolics present in fraction I displayed a weaker pro-tein-precipitating potential than those in fraction II(Table1).Gu et al.(2002)reported that low-molecular-weight procyanidins such as monomers,dimers,and trimers are eluted from Sephadex LH-20columns with aqueous alcohol as the mobile phase.These authors extracted phenolics from lowbush blueberries with70% (v/v)acetone containing0.5%(v/v)acetic acid.Furthermore,the bearberry-leaf extract,but especially fraction II,is also a good source of hydrolysable tannins.Three gallotannin species were de-tected in the bearberry PP of fraction II(Fig.1).The UV spectra of the tannins are similar to that of gallic acid.The content of com-pounds1,2,and3was70,125,and35mg gallic acid equivalents per g of fraction II.Similarly,Pegg,Rybarczyk,and Amarowicz (2008)as well as Karamac′,Kosin′ska,and Pegg(2006)detected the presence of gallotannins in an ethanolic extract from bearberry leaves.The structural identi?cation of these tannins is in progress. Only traces of hydrolysable tannins were found in fraction I. Table1
Yield and protein-precipitating potential of the bearberry-leaf polyphenolic extract and its fractions.
Phenolic preparation Extract yield a PPA b DLPA c
Crude extract21.6 5.0±0.0645.7±1.4 Fraction I17.1 4.0±0.142.8±2.1 Fraction II 2.17.2±0.2137.2±8.2
a Mean of n=2;%dried weight from bearberry leaves.
b PPA,protein precipitation assay;results are given as absorbance units per mg of galli
c acid.
c DLPA,dye-labelle
d protein assay;results ar
e presented as%precipitated pro-tein per mg gallic acid.
Table2
Total phenolics and tannins contents of the bearberry-leaf polyphenolic extract and its fractions.
Phenolic
preparation
Total phenolics
content
Condensed tannins(CTs)Hydrolysable
tannins
mg gallic acid
equivalents/g
extract
mg(+)-catechin
equivalents/g
extract
A550/g
extract
mg tannic acid
equivalents/g
extract Crude extract366±5232±2130±134±1
Fraction I285±9124±4106±4Traces
Fraction II699±12619±10392±6341±25
M.Naczk et al./Food Chemistry124(2011)1507–15131509
Hydrolysable tannins were,however,not detected in the extracts from blueberry leaves(Naczk et al.,2006).
Different methods are available to determine the protein-pre-cipitating capacity of PP(Makkar,1989).Of these methods,the dye-labelled BSA assay described by Asquith and Butler(1985) and the protein precipitation assay developed by Hagerman and Butler(1978)were selected for quanti?cation of the protein-pre-cipitating potential of PP isolated from bearberry leaves.The dye-labelled BSA assay allows for direct measurement of the quantity of protein precipitated by PP,whereas the protein precipitation as-say permits for the estimation of the amount of precipitated pro-tein–bound PP.
Fig.2depicts the relationships between the amount of protein or PP precipitated as a PP–protein complex with increasing quantities of PP added to a solution containing a known amount of protein(i.e.,1mg/mL for the protein precipitation assay and 2mg/mL for the dye-labelled BSA assay).The curves shown here are referred to as titration curves.A statistically signi?cant (P=0.0001)linear relationship existed between the amount of PP–protein complex formed and the quantity of bearberry-leaf crude PP extract/fraction added to the reaction mixture for up to 4-mg PP/mL for the crude PP extract,up to3-mg PP/mL for fraction I,and up to0.5-mg PP/mL for fraction II.The intercept values of the linear relationships presented in Fig.2indicates that bearberry-leaf PP possess a de?nitive threshold prior to binding unlabelled BSA (i.e.,negative intercept values;see Fig.2A),but did not show any threshold prior to binding dye-labelled BSA(i.e.,positive intercept values;see Fig.2B).The numerical values of the slopes of the titra-tion curves are a measure of the protein-precipitating potential of test phenolics or phenolic-containing extracts(Naczk et al.,
2001a, 1.HPLC chromatogram of fraction II of bearberry PP and UV spectra of chromatographed compounds.
2001b).The higher the slope value,the more effective is the test phenolic as a protein precipitant.Of the tested PP,the fraction II phenolics were the most effective protein precipitants(Table1). The strong protein-precipitating potentials of fraction II phenolics may be attributed to the presence of both hydrolysable and CTs. Thus,the observed dissimilarities of the slopes of the titration curves(Table1)may be due to differences in af?nities of the bear-berry-leaf PP for BSA.Similar differences in slope values were
reported by Naczk et al.(2006)for the titration curves obtained for PP extracts isolated from blueberry leaves.According to Porter and Woodruffe(1984),the capability of PP to precipitate proteins depends upon the molecular weights of the target PP.However, the chemical structures and molecular weights of the bearberry-leaf PP are still largely unknown.
The effect of pH on the protein-precipitating capacity of PP from bearberry leaves was evaluated to determine the optimum pH for precipitation of BSA and gelatine by the PP preparations.The opti-mum pH is de?ned as the pH at which maximum precipitation of a PP–protein complex occurs.Fig.3illustrates the effect of pH on the formation of insoluble PP extract/fraction–protein complexes,as determined by the protein precipitation assay.BSA was effectively precipitated by the bearberry-leaf PP extract/fractions at pH values ranging between3.9and5.0(optimum pH4.0),and for gelatine between4.0and5.5(optimum pH5.0).A similar effect of pH on the formation of PP–protein complexes was reported by Hagerman and Butler(1978)for PP isolated from sorghum grains and by Nac-zk et al.(2006)for PP extracts obtained from blueberry leaves.
Two globular proteins,BSA and fetuin,as well as gelatine,with an open random coil conformation,were selected as model pro-teins to evaluate the af?nity of proteins for PP extracted from bear-berry leaves.Both BSA and gelatine are widely used for the elucidation of polyphenol–protein interactions(Asquith&Butler, 1986;Frazier,Papadopoulou,Mueller-Harvey,Kissoon,&Green, 2003;Hagerman&Butler,1978,1981;Makkar,1989).A number of binding mechanisms have been proposed for the interactions between the polyphenols and BSA or gelatine(Frazier et al., 2003).For fetuin,on the other hand,the binding mechanism is still unknown(Asquith&Butler,1986).Fig.4shows the effect of the competitors(i.e.,gelatine,fetuin,and BSA)on the precipitation of dye-labelled BSA by the bearberry-leaf crude PP extract,while
M.Naczk et al./Food Chemistry124(2011)1507–15131511
similar plots were obtained for fractions I and II.The plots for gelatine,fetuin,and BSA are nonparallel.According to Creighton (1980),this may be brought about by the cooperative binding of PP with protein or by the heterogeneity of the binding sites.The relative af?nities of the examined PP preparations for BSA,fetuin, and gelatine,calculated as the ratio between the mass of dye-la-belled BSA present and the mass of competitor which prevented 50%of dye-labelled BSA from precipitating,are given in Table3. Based on the quantity of gelatine,fetuin,and BSA needed to inhibit the formation of insoluble dye-labelled BSA–PP complexes by50%, gelatine was3–6times more of an effective inhibitor than unla-belled BSA and fetuin.This suggests that the polyphenol–protein interactions can be affected by the nature of proteins involved. The relative af?nities of the PP in both the bearberry-leaf crude extract and fraction I are somewhat lower than those reported by Asquith and Butler(1985)for sorghum and quebracho CTs,by Naczk et al.(2001a,2001b)for CTs from canola hulls,beach pea, evening primrose,and faba beans,as well as by Naczk et al. (2006)for PP extracts from blueberry leaves.This may be affected by the chemical structures and molecular weights of the PP present in the investigated samples.Asquith and Butler(1985)have also suggested that precipitation of dye-labelled BSA is in?uenced by the degree of PP polymerisation.The composition of the PP in the bearberry-leaf extract is still unknown;so,further chromato-graphic analyses are warranted.
The results of our study indicate that PP isolated from bearberry leaves are a good source of phenolics including both hydrolysable tannins and CTs.The bearberry-leaf PP was not only a very effec-tive precipitant of dye-labelled BSA,but also unlabelled BSA.The optimum pH for precipitation of unlabelled BSA by the bear-berry-leaf PP was in the pH range similar to that reported by Hagerman and Butler(1978)for sorghum CTs and by Naczk et al. (2006)for blueberry-leaf crude PP.Additionally,the bearberry-leaf PP displayed a greater af?nity for gelatine,with a conformational open structure than for BSA with a compact globular structure.
Acknowledgments
Marian Naczk thanks the Natural Sciences and Engineering Re-search Council(NSERC)of Canada for?nancial support in the form of a research grant.Ronald Pegg is appreciative of the Saskatche-wan Agriculture and Food ADF and the OVPR at the University of Georgia for?nancial support in this study.
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Table3
Relative af?nities of the bearberry-leaf polyphenolics extract and its fractions for
proteins a.
Phenolic preparation Bovine serum albumin Gelatine Fetuin
Crude extract0.59 2.830.29
Fraction I0.72 2.550.32
Fraction II0.81 5.220.39
a Results are mean values of n=2determinations.
1512M.Naczk et al./Food Chemistry124(2011)1507–1513
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联想新员工培训分析 （一）培训方案 联想对新员工的指导从其进入公司的第一天开始。上班第一天，有新员工的“首天培训”，主要是熟悉工作环境和要求；紧接着是所在公司的新员工入职培训、集团的“入模子”培训及后续的轮岗培训，之后，新员工就可以返回各自的部门和岗位。前两个培训各需—周，轮岗通常需1—2周，经过这三个规范过程，新员工的培训内存就告一段落。 这当中的重点是集团统一的“入模子”培训。培训班为全脱产封闭式，共5天，其中一天是军训。课程包括联想简介、发展历史、奋斗目标、经营理念、行为规范和团队训练等，以及一系列团队活动，包括卡拉OK比赛、拔河比赛、篮球比赛等。培训班将一天分成几个时间段，每一段时间都作了统一安排。培训班的管理制度是依照公司对员工的要求来做，有严密的纪律，每天早晨出操点名，白天学院上课时，还要组织检查内务。从早晨起床到晚上熄灯都要对每个小组进行考察、打分。如上课迟到就要罚站，并对所在小组扣分，还会在最后的培训鉴定上标明。 培训班中，团队的协作作为—项重要内容贯穿始终。新学员刚刚进入培训班就被分为若干个小组，每组不超过20人，每个小组选拔3—4位骨干。之后的每一天，每一项活动都将按组进行打分，学习效果和最后成绩与这些分数有直接关系。
学习过程始终重视学员的参与，从互动式教学到各种团队活功，讲求人人参与，协调配合，积极竞赛。根据活动内容不同，各组组长会将组内人员进行不同组合和分工，每个人都有机会承担某一项活动的主力，一方面发挥新员工所长和能动性，另—方面注意挖掘每个人的潜能，有机会锻炼自己的弱项。因此，不论这个新员工是怎样的一个人，都有机会展示、发现并提升自己。 在拓展训练中，设有盲人行动、建寺庙和过硫酸河游戏、背摔等，这些训练主要为了提高学员的心理承受能力。如背摔，学员要站在一个高高的台子上闭着眼睛脸朝上似自由落体地摔向下面围起圈子的人们。为提高新员工的表达与胆量，培训班设有一个即兴主题演讲内容，每个新员工在拿到演讲题目后有两分钟的准备时间，然后他要站到一个很高的台子上进行两分钟的演讲，不管你是情急下的语无伦次，还是紧张的心跳、腿软甚至不知所措，你都必须坚持下来，完成演讲。类似这样的训练在子公司各自的培训课程完成之后，还要在集团统一的培训班上再度进行过关训练。几次下来，新员工能了解所必须具备的各种能力和自信心、他们会在今后的岗位上得到进一步的锻炼和提高。 联想入职培训的另一个特点是新员工指导人。公司在每一位新员工到岗之前都要指定一对一的指导人。指导人负责带新人并考察新员工在试用期间的表现能力等，其作用一是代行了人力资源部的考察职责，二是通过帮带行使部门职责。指导人已经在联想形成—种制度，对指导人的选择，公司也有一系列规范，包括要求和资格认定及指导
联想新员工培训内容 联想新员工培训后，在入职之初，都会发一份联想员工行为操守准则。这份准则共六条，规范了作为一名联想人应该具备的基本原则，包括做人诚实一致、做事公司分明、业务活动适度、对业务伙伴公正廉洁等。 在遵守公司制度履行岗位职责的基础上，认同联想文化。核心文化价值观是：“服务客户，精准求实，诚信共享，创业创新”。 联想认为，企业是有血型的，符合这个血型的人，就能成为联想的员工；不符合这个血型的人，联想与之无缘。联想管理学院就是要培养出具有联想血型的人。 联想需要三种血型的人： 第一种就是能独立做事的人； 第二种是能够带领一帮人做事的人； 第三种能审时度势，把握全局的领军人物。 如果你还不知道自己被贴上什么标签，我们奉劝你要赶紧行动起来，最好是用最快的速度找到这个标签，并赶紧到自己的大脑上。只有这样，你才能自信地告诉大家：我属于这个企业的一分子。 否则，你就很有可能面临“走人”的危险——因为，绝大多数的企业是不能容忍一个“异类”的存在的。 联想新员工培训包括企业文化培训、专业技能培训和联想员工时间管理培训。联想十分重视员工的时间管理，认为员工的工作不是从自己的任务开始，而是从掌握时间开始的。只有有效管理自己的时间，
减少非生产性工作所占用的时间，才是当务之急。 附：联想新员工时间管理培训 一、认识自己的时间 1. 记录自己的时间； 2. 管理自己的时间； 3. 集中自己的时间。 二、如何诊断自己的时间 第一步：要记录自己时间耗用的实际情形。 必须在“当时”立即加以记录，长期积累就可以保持一份时间记录簿，以便于自己检讨；你会发现自己的时间花费往往很乱，常常浪费在无谓的小事上，但是经过练习并且持之以恒，时间的利用是会有进步的。 第二步：先将“非生产性”的和“浪费时间”的活动找出来，消除这类活动；要做到着一点，有赖于自己发问下面的几个问题： 浪费时间，无助于成果。将时间记录本拿出来，逐项地问：“这件事如果不做，有何后果？”假使认为：“不会有任何影响”，那么要即刻停止,对于那些出于礼节性的事情,只要审度一下婉绝即可； 事实上，人总有一种倾向，高估自己的地位的重要性，认为许多事是非要恭亲不可，然而，实际上并非这样；在时间记录所载活动中,如果哪一项另请他人做更好,就要学会“授权给别人”，这样才能真正做好自己该做的工作。 有一项时间浪费的因素，我们是必须消除的：不要浪费别人的时间！
【摘要】及时、规范、全面的新员工入职培训是企业人力资源管理中不可忽视的一个重要环节。但有一部分企业在新员工入职培训实践中，存在培训缺乏系统性、规范性、培训内容简单及培训效果缺乏反馈和评估等误区。现代企业可通过树立以战略为导向的培训理念、加强新员工入职培训过程管理、确定针对性的新员工入职培训内容、选择灵活多样的新员工培训形式和建立完善的新员工入职培训效果反馈及评估体系等措施来提高培训的效果。 【关键词】新员工入职培训误区策略 新员工入职培训是企业为新进员工所专门设计并实施的培训，它在为企业塑造合格员工、传承企业文化、建设成功团队、赢得竞争优势等方面有着十分重要和独特的作用。新员工入职培训是一个企业录用的员工从局外人转变为企业人的过程，是员工从一个团体融入到另一个团体的过程，是员工逐渐熟悉、适应企业环境并开始初步规划职业生涯、定位自己的角色、开始发挥才能的过程。及时、规范、全面的新员工入职培训是企业人力资源管理中不可忽视的一个重要环节。日本松下电器公司的“入社教育”，联想集团的“入模子培训”，无不体现了对新员工入职培训的重视。研究新员工入职培训的误区及改进策略，有着重要的实践意义。 一、新员工入职培训中存在的误区 德隆商务咨询公司一项针对企业培训状况的调查显示在我国12个行业的百家企业中，有32%的企业根本不提供任何员工培训，有15%的企业只为员工提供最简单的入职培训。而在员工培训的满意度调查中，员工对入职培训的不满意高达67%。另据有统计表明，国内有近78%的企业没有对新进员工进行有效的培训，往往把新员工入职培训当作一个简单“行政步骤”。很多企业在新员工入职培训中存在一些误区。 1.新员工入职培训缺乏系统性和规范性 主要表现为：（1）很多企业在培训的时间安排上，随意性很大。如由于企业营业的需要，有些企业以工作忙，人手不足为借口，马上分配新招到的员工到相关部门开始工作，而不顾及对新员工的培训，只等有时间了再派新员工参加培训。这种无序的培训给培训部门带来了不必要的协调工作量，增加了培训的次数与时间成本，并且新员工没参加培训既增加了企业用人的风险性，又不利于新员工角色的迅速转换；（2）企业缺乏规范性的培训文本或讲义。为了维护企业培训水平，企业都应有自己的培训资料，对新员工入职培训必须掌握的知识、技能和态度都必须设定目标进行考核，只有这样才能使培训工作有持续性，并且能避免企业的后续培训的内容重叠和资源的浪费把新员工培训变成新员工欢迎典礼。许多企业在培训形式上，主要是领导发言、代表致辞、体检聚餐。 2.新员工入职培训内容简单 很多企业把新员工入职培训当作一个简单“行政步骤”，认为新员工培训只要了解一些企业基本情况则可，所谓的培训也就是安排一天或两天时间，在内容安排上主要是参观企业、讲解员工手册与企业的一些基本规章制度等培
前言 2 第一章关于岗前培训与指导 3 第二章服务工程师指导12 第三章备件专员指导15 第四章非业务岗位新员工指导17 第五章新任站长指导18 附录1 岗位规范培训四步骤20 附录2 表格汇编22 表1 技术类新员工站内培训指导时间推进表22 表2 备件新员工站内培训指导时间推进表23 表3 新任站长站内实习指导时间推进表24 表4 岗位责任书学习和交流表25 表5 岗位工作规范交流总结表26 表6 试用期重点工作目标计划书27 表7 周工作目标计划表（一）28 表8 周工作目标计划表（二）29 表9 新员工轮岗实习考核表30 表10 新员工试用期考核表31 表11 新员工试用期工作总结表32 表12 联想电脑公司试用（见习）人员转正表33 表13 新员工提前转正申请表34 表14 延迟参加新员工入职培训申请表35
企业应对员工提供必要的培训，以保证他们具备完成工作所必备的知识和技能，这是企业在员工已经进入企业后所从事的提高这些员工价值的人力资源管理活动。 员工培训分为岗前培训与在职培训，岗前培训的主要目的是让员工尽快适应企业的工作环境；而在职培训涉及培养员工应该具有何种技能，以及如何提高培训人员的执行能力，更好地实施培训。员工培训是一个系统的过程，它通过提高员工的技能水平，增强员工对企业的规则和理念的理解以及改进员工的工作态度，旨在提高员工特征和工作要求之间的配合程度。 本手册主要讲述作为联想服务站如何进行站内新员工的岗前培训指导，供站内使用、执行。
第一章关于岗前培训与指导 1.1 岗前培训与指导的意义与作用 1.2 岗前培训与指导的步骤及方法 1.3 有关联想服务中心站的站内新员工培训与指导 1.1 岗前培训与指导的意义与作用 岗前培训与指导的意义 企业新员工岗前培训是使新员工熟悉企业、适应环境和形势的过程。新员工进入企业会面临“文化冲击”，有效的岗前培训可以减少这种冲击的负面影响。新员工在企业中最初阶段的经历对其职业生活具有极其重要的影响。新员工处于企业的边界上，他们不再是局外人，但是也没有有机地融入企业，因此会感到很大的心理压力。他们希望尽快地被企业接纳，结果，这一时期员工比以后的任何时期都容易接受来自企业环境的各种暗示。这些暗示的来源包括企业的正式文件、上级所作的示范、上级的正式指示、同事所作的示范、自己的努力所带来的奖惩、自己的问题所得到的回答和任务的挑战程度等。员工在组织的第一年是一个关键的时期。在这一阶段，员工尽力使自己与企业的要求相适应，这可以产生积极的工作态度和高的工作标准。 新员工刚刚进入一个企业时，他最关心的是学会如何去做自己的工作，以及与自己的角色相应的行为方式。一般来说，他们更愿意通过自己的观察和亲自的尝试来适应新的环境，而不大愿意通过询问上级和同事，或者阅读公司的政策手册来了解所需要的信息。因此，有效的岗前教育是一项技巧性很强的工作。 岗前培训与指导的作用 岗前培训是员工在企业中发展自己职业生涯的起点。岗前培训意味着员工必须放弃某些理念、价值观念和行为方式，要适应新企业的要求和目标，学习新的工作准则和有效的工作行为。公司在这一阶段的工作要帮助新员工建立与同事和工作团队的关系，建立符合实际的期望和积极的态度。员工岗前培训的目的是消除员工新进公司产生的焦虑，而新员工辅导有助于消除这些焦虑。具体而言，岗前培训的作用有以下几个方面： 第一，岗前培训是新员工进入团队过程的需要。新的环境给员工一种不确定感。一个
联想电脑公司 人力资源部文件 文件编号：QB/LX·RS· A0148-98发文日期： 1998/9/23第 1页，共8页 收文部门：公司各部 收文者：全体员工抄送：／／ 拟制：赵松林审核：王建中审批：牛红 关键字：新员工培训制度是否受控 :是□否□ 文件类别：管理规定、价格政策、请示报告、会议通知、备忘录、总结报告、会议纪要、问题处理、通报、技术报告、协议、文件转发、一般通知、其他 是否保密：是□ 1. 绝密 2.机密 3.秘密否□保密期限：/ 保密文件的销毁方式： 1.到期后由发文部门收回统一销毁 2.到期后由收文部门自行销毁 新员工培训制度（修订） 1．目的：为使电脑公司的新员工尽早了解联想的历史和文化、树立联想人的自豪感和自信心，并尽快熟悉工作环境、掌握必要的工作手段和技能，明确工作的规范和要求,以便 顺利地投入到工作之中去，根据《联想电脑公司培训工作管理章程》的有关条款， 特制定本制度。 2．适用范围：所有试用期的新员工，包括社会在职人员、应届毕业生以 及由集团其它部门转入的员工。 3．所有试用人员必须参加“新员工培训”（从集团其他部门转入的人员可免予参加集团培训）。 凡不参加“新员工培训”的，从社会招聘的在职人员不予转正，应届毕业生和从集团其他部门转入的人员不予定级。 4．新员工培训组成部分 4．1 电脑公司入职培训 4．2 集团公司新员工培训 4．3 电脑公司内部轮岗实习 5．培训内容 5．1电脑公司入职培训 1
5．1．1电脑公司宗旨、成长历程、经营业绩与未来发展目标 5．1．2电脑公司组织结构及各部宗旨与职责 5．1．3电脑公司主要规章制度（考勤、考核、工薪、财务、岗位 责任体系等） 5．1．4电脑公司的研发、制造现场参观 5．1．5客户意识与合作精神、团队建设 5．1．6通用岗位技能（基本礼仪、内部信息网、讲演等）5．2 集团新员工培训 5．2．1联想简介与历史 5．2．2联想企业文化 5．2．3规章制度等 5．2．4演讲技巧与团队精神 5．3 电脑公司轮岗实习 主要是针对本岗位工作的实际需要，选择与本岗位有业务关系的两 个岗位或两个处（分属两个部门），具体内容包括： 5．3．1实习部门工作和业务的基本情况和有关政策、制度 5．3．2实习岗位的具体工作流程和规范，明确相关接口人 5．3．3具体参与实习岗位工作过程，体会联想做事的方式和氛围6．培训时间安排 6．1 新员工培训每月安排一期，具体安排如下： 6．1．1每月整周第一周的周二至周五为电脑公司新员工入职培训； 6．1．2第一周的周日至第二周的周四为集团公司新员工培训，周 五新员工返回本部门接受其岗位指导人对其轮岗实习安排； 6．1．3第三周至第四周为新员工轮岗实习。 6．2 新员工试用一周（外地新员工须试用三周）后即参加最近一期的培训。 7．培训的组织、教学与指导 7．1 电脑公司入职培训 7．1．1公司人力资源部培训处负责整体策划、组织实施。 7．1．2每期培训须有一位总经理室成员给学员讲话，每位总经理 2
联想电脑公司人力资源部文件 文件编号：QB/LX·RS·A0148-98 发文日期：1998/9/23 第 1 页，共8 页 收文部门：公司各部 收文者：全体员工抄送：／／ 拟制：赵松林审核：王建中审批：牛红 关键字：新员工培训制度是否受控:是□否□ 文件类别：管理规定、价格政策、请示报告、会议通知、备忘录、总结报告、会议纪要、问题处理、通报、技术报告、协议、文件转发、一般通知、其他 是否保密：是□ 1.绝密 2.机密 3.秘密否□保密期限：/ 保密文件的销毁方式： 1.到期后由发文部门收回统一销毁 2.到期后由收文部门自行销毁 新员工培训制度（修订） 1．目的：为使电脑公司的新员工尽早了解联想的历史和文化、树立联想人的自豪感和自信心，并尽快熟悉工作环境、掌握必要的工作手段 和技能，明确工作的规范和要求,以便顺利地投入到工作之中去， 根据《联想电脑公司培训工作管理章程》的有关条款，特制定本 制度。 2．适用范围：所有试用期的新员工，包括社会在职人员、应届毕业生以 及由集团其它部门转入的员工。 3．所有试用人员必须参加“新员工培训”（从集团其他部门转入的人员可免予参加集团培训）。凡不参加“新员工培训”的，从社会招聘的在职人员不予转正，应届毕业生和从集团其他部门转入的人员不予定级。 4．新员工培训组成部分 4．1电脑公司入职培训
4．2集团公司新员工培训 4．3电脑公司内部轮岗实习 5．培训内容 5．1电脑公司入职培训 5．1．1电脑公司宗旨、成长历程、经营业绩与未来发展目标 5．1．2电脑公司组织结构及各部宗旨与职责 5．1．3电脑公司主要规章制度（考勤、考核、工薪、财务、岗位 责任体系等） 5．1．4电脑公司的研发、制造现场参观 5．1．5客户意识与合作精神、团队建设 5．1．6通用岗位技能（基本礼仪、内部信息网、讲演等）5．2集团新员工培训 5．2．1联想简介与历史 5．2．2联想企业文化 5．2．3规章制度等 5．2．4演讲技巧与团队精神 5．3电脑公司轮岗实习 主要是针对本岗位工作的实际需要，选择与本岗位有业务关系的两 个岗位或两个处（分属两个部门），具体内容包括： 5．3．1实习部门工作和业务的基本情况和有关政策、制度 5．3．2实习岗位的具体工作流程和规范，明确相关接口人 5．3．3具体参与实习岗位工作过程，体会联想做事的方式和氛围
目录 前言 (2) 第一课LTL网络培训手册 (3) 第二课关于计算机运用的其他问题 (10) 第三课商务流程 (13) 第四课LTL 财务知识 (18) 第五课时间管理概览 (19) 附：《联想之歌》
前言 为了完善集团公司的新员工“入模子”培训工作，巩固培训成果；也为了迅速使新员工转变观念、统一意志，认同LTL的经营理念和价值观以及掌握LTL的基本知识、方法和技能等内容，提升自己的角色转变意识和实际岗位工作能力，为今后的进一步提高创造条件，我们开展了这项新员工培训工作。 为便于培训工作的开展，经过我们的努力，编写了这套教材，以利于我们共同学习和提高。在此，我们对给予我们工作大力支持的调研部、秘书室、经营计划部、综合部以及部分事业部的同仁表示感谢，并对集团人力资源部和联想电脑公司人力资源部同仁的大力支持，致以诚挚的谢意。 由于我们水平有限和时间仓促，教材中的不妥之处在所难免，还望各位同仁不吝赐教，以便于把我们的工作做得更好。
他山之石…… 本章我们来学习一些较实用的技能方法，希望能给你带来一些便利，包括：LTL 网络的基本知识和操作、财务知识、时间管理等；另外，我们将不断丰富此篇内容，让更 多的联想同仁来分享。 第一课 LTL 网络培训手册 适用于LTL 网络用户 经营计划部 主编 一． 前 言 1. 此次培训的内容 讲解网络的基本知识。 讲解内部主页的内容。 收发Email 的方法和使用技巧。 掌握浏览Internet 的方法。 出差时怎样上网。 2．联想集团网络和LTL 网络的概况 二． 登录NT 域 目前我们LTL 的网络供大家登录的有三个域。分别为LTL 域、LTL_SW 域和RAS 域。 域，用通俗的话来说，就是由一台服务器（域控制器）管理的用户群的集合。如果想登 局域网 终端 终端 终端 终端 终端 终端 服 务 器 服 务 器 网 络 传 输 设 备 集团IT 部 POP3、 SMTP 服务器 代理 服务器 Proxy Server 防 火 墙 Internet 学习 提示
方案编号：YT-FS-4092-78 新员工的万能培训方案 (完整版) Develop Detailed Rules Based On Expected Needs And Issues. And Make A Written Plan For The Links To Be Carried Out T o Ensure The Smooth Implementation Of The Scheme. 深思远虑目营心匠 Think Far And See, Work Hard At Heart
新员工的万能培训方案(完整版) 备注：该方案书文本主要根据预期的需求和问题为中心，制定具体实施细则，步骤。并对将要进行的环节进行书面的计划，以对每个步骤详细分析，确保方案的顺利执行。文档可根据实际情况进行修改和使用。 在新员工到单位报到后，必须进行入厂、入校或 入公司教育，称这种教育为"引导"，即对新员工的工 作和组织情况作正式的介绍，让他们了解熟悉单位的 历史、现状、未来发展计划，他们的工作、工作单位 以及整个组织的环境、单位的规章制度、工作的岗位 职责、工作操作程序、单位的组织文化、绩效评估制 度和奖惩制度，并让他们认识将一起工作的同事等等。 此外。培训还要建立传帮带的师徒制度，使新职工更 快地熟悉环境，了解工作操作过程和技术，让他们知 道，如果碰到困难和问题，应该通过什么渠道来解决。 没有任何社会经历，就像一张白纸一样，踏上人 生旅途的新员工，对他们影响最大的是刚参加工作时 遇到的领导及老员工。对新员工的培养方式决定着新
员工的人生态度和生活目标，疏忽不得。 一、踏上工作岗位前的集中训练新来的员工，一般要经过领导人讲话、学习有关本公司知识、实习、集训等集中教育，然后再正式分配到各个部门。这种集中式的训练一般由人事部门组织，短则一个月，长则半年，也有将近一年的。这种训练的目的是要解决一些共同的问题，让新员工尽快熟悉和了解公司的基本情况。可采用通信教育或内部刊物发行的方式来实现。 训练内容应包括三大板块： 1.帮助新员工了解公司，培养员工的认同感。其作法可考虑讲述公司发展史。 主要负责人介绍、有关产品的生产销售状况、经营方针与发展目标等等。 2.在上述活动的基础上，要求新员工确定自己的工作态度和人生目标，同时为之提供有关交际、员工常识之类的小册子，帮助其尽快完成角色转换。 3.请新员工讲述对公司的感想，了解新员工在想
新大学生入职培训方案 篇1 一、施行新员工“Ｃ。Ａ。Ｎ。”计划的背景及目的 20XX年，中信银行拥有30家一级分行、20家二级分行、493家营业网点、15，070名员工，并于07年4月在上海、香港两地同步上市，经营和管理步入一个新的开展时期。随着业务的快速开展，机构和人员规模不断增加，每年全行都有几千名新员工加入。其中，既有大学毕业生也有社会招聘人员，个人的经历、背景等存在很大差异。业务的快速增长和现有人员紧张的矛盾日益突出，要求新员工更快地适应岗位工作要求。 20XX年以前，全行新员工培训缺乏统一标准的要求，各分行在新员工培训内容、形式、组织管理模式等方面存在很大差异，培训效果也参差不齐。内容方面，有的分行仅对新员工进行点钞、辨伪、计算器等业务技能的培训，有的已经系统安排了企业文化、主要业务开展战略、礼仪、沟通、公文写作等方面的培训；形式方面，大部分分行停留在单一的集中面授培训阶段，做得比较好的分行已开始综合采用拓展训练、模拟银行上机操作、师傅带徒弟、管理培训生管理办法等多种形式；组织管理模式方面，普遍缺乏有效的激励约束机制，新员工主动学习的积极性和热情没有充分调动起来。一方面，新员工上岗后，对中信银行的业务和管理规章管理办法不够熟悉，难以很快独立
承担岗位工作，业务压力大而人员相对紧张的矛盾没有得到缓解，更重要的是存在潜在的操作风险；另一方面，由于缺乏合理的引导，新员工难以尽快融入新的团队和集体，原本对工作的满腔热情和神往转变成满心失望，造成很大的心理落差，出现新员工在试用期内离职的现象。 如何让全行的新员工都接受统一、规范化的培训？如何让他们具备基本的职业技能和素养，掌握岗位必备的知识和技能？如何让这些来自不同背景的新员工尽快接受中信文化，融入所在团队？如何缩短他们的适应期，更快地成为一名合格的员工？这些已成为全行培训管理者必须尽快解决的问习题。 二、新员工“Ｃ。Ａ。Ｎ。”计划的主要做法 从培训对象角度看，新员工是一个特殊群体，他们从事的岗位工作覆盖银行经营管理的各个方面，要做到统一，首先必须深入了解我们的客户，也就是全行各用人单位对新员工培训的期望，把握新员工群体共有特点，明确各个岗位对新员工的整体要求。为此，20XX年3至4月，中信银行总行培训中心启动了新员工培训调研活动，发放了近百份问卷，全面覆盖总行各部门、各分行人力资源部、业务部门及重点支行，了解了对新员工的培训期望、各分行现行的新员工培训做法。同时，对ＩＢＭ、微软、英特尔、索尼、惠普、海尔、联想、宜家等国内外企业新员工培训进行了调研。 在调研问卷分析中，我们结合逻辑思维方法和数量关系分析方法，对全部调研问卷分别从经营/管理、所在地域、分行规模等多个维度
德 邦 物 流 企 业 新 员 工 培 训 的 策 划 方 案 姓名：杨兴团 学号：4 专业：10级市场营销教育
前言： 德邦物流公司有限公司经过几年的发展，已经形成了全国31个省级行政区的完善物流网络。所以为了更好的发展和逐步与国际物流水平接近，公司急切需要一批业务熟练、富有管理能力及其有物业业务经验的人士来公司为公司献计献策为公司未来的发展做充分准备，还需要原来的员工一如既往的努力，这个公司能走到现在的地步离不开他们的支持，如今物流企业也是多如牛毛，挑战更大了，但正如很多人都知道的那样，挑战与机遇并存。一个好的人才培训方案会给公司培养一群精英来为公司服务同时自己也可以达到自己人生目标。如今制定这个培训方案，目的就是给在岗员工一个对企业更深的认识，以及对自己的业务的一个熟知、熟练，用最短的时间给在岗员工补充各种知识，以便使员工有一个更好的发展空间和舞台，同时也为公司的发展，建立更好人才培训方案，以满足社会的发展需要和面临的各种挑战。 公司简介： 德邦是国家“AAAAA”级物流企业，主营国内公路零担运输业务，创始于1996年。截止2012年10月，德邦已在全国31个省级行政区开设直营网点2600多家，服务网络遍及国内550多个城市和地区，自有营运车辆5100余台，全国转运中心总面积超过80万平方米。 公司始终以客户为中心随时候命、持续创新，始终坚持自建营业网点、自购进口车辆、搭建最优线路，优化运力成本，为客户提供快速高效、便捷及时、安全可靠的服务体验，助力客户创造最大的价值。 公司秉承“承载信任、助力成功”的服务理念，保持锐意进取、注重品质的态度，强化人才战略，通过不断的技术创新和信息化系统的搭建，提升运输网络和标准化体系，创造最优化的运载模式，为广大客户提供安全、快速、专业、满意的物流服务。一直以来，公司都致力于与员工共同发展和成长，打造人企双赢。在推动经济发展，提升行业水平的同时，努力创造更多的社会效益，为国民经济的持
目录 前言 (2) 第一课 LTL网络培训手册 (3) 第二课关于计算机运用的其他问题 (10) 第三课商务流程 (13) 第四课 LTL 财务知识 (18) 第五课时间管理概览 (19) 附：《联想之歌》
前言 为了完善集团公司的新员工“入模子”培训工作，巩固培训成果；也为了迅速使新员工转变观念、统一意志，认同LTL的经营理念和价值观以及掌握LTL 的基本知识、方法和技能等内容，提升自己的角色转变意识和实际岗位工作能力，为今后的进一步提高创造条件，我们开展了这项新员工培训工作。 为便于培训工作的开展，经过我们的努力，编写了这套教材，以利于我们共同学习和提高。在此，我们对给予我们工作大力支持的调研部、秘书室、经营计划部、综合部以及部分事业部的同仁表示感谢，并对集团人力资源部和联想电脑公司人力资源部同仁的大力支持，致以诚挚的谢意。 由于我们水平有限和时间仓促，教材中的不妥之处在所难免，还望各位同仁不吝赐教，以便于把我们的工作做得更好。
他山之石…… 本章我们来学习一些较实用的技能方法，希望能给你带来一些便利，包括：LTL 网络的基本知识和操作、财务知识、时间管理等；另外，我们将不断丰富此篇内容，让更 多的联想同仁来分享。 第一课 LTL 网络培训手册 适用于LTL 网络用户 经营计划部 主编 一． 前 言 1. 此次培训的内容 讲解网络的基本知识。 讲解内部主页的内容。 收发Email 的方法和使用技巧。 掌握浏览Internet 的方法。 出差时怎样上网。 2．联想集团网络和LTL 网络的概况 二． 登录NT 域 目前我们LTL 的网络供大家登录的有三个域。分别为LTL 域、LTL_SW 域和RAS 域。 域，用通俗的话来说，就是由一台服务器（域控制器）管理的用户群的集合。如果想 局域网 终端 终端 终端 终端 终端 终端 服 务 器 服 务 器 网 络 传 输 设 备 集团IT 部 POP3、 SMTP 服务器 代理 服务器 Proxy Server 防 火 墙 Internet 学习 提示
【最新推荐】联想新员工入职培训-word范文 本文部分内容来自网络，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将予以删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可随意编辑修改！ == 联想新员工入职培训 联想的新员工入职培训 联想对新员工的指导从其进入公司的第一天开始。上班第一天，有新员工的“首天培训” ，主要是熟悉工作环境和要求;紧接着是所在公司的新员工入职培训、集团的“入模子”培训及后续的轮岗培训，之后，新员工就可以返回各自的部门和岗位。 前两个培训各需—周，轮岗通常需 1—2 周，经过这三个规范过程，新员工的培训内存就告一段落。这当中的重点是集团统一的“入模子”培训。培训班为全脱产封闭式，共 5 天，其中一天是军训。课程包括联想简介、发展历史、奋斗目标、经营理念、行为规范和团队训练等，以及一系列团队活动，包括卡拉 ok 比赛、拔河比赛、篮球比赛等。培训班将一天分成几个时间段，每一段时间都作了统一安排。培训班的管理制度是依照公司对员工的要求来做，有严密的纪律，每天早晨出操点名，白天学院上课时，还要组织检查内务。从早晨起床到晚上熄灯都要对每个小组进行考察、打分。如上课迟到、bp 机乱响就要罚站，并对所在小组扣分，还会在最后的培训鉴定上标明。 培训班中，团队的协作作为—项重要内容贯穿始终。新学员刚刚进入培训班就被分为若干个小组，每组不超过 20 人，每个小组选拔 3—4 位骨干。之后的每一天，每一项活动都将按组进行打分，学习效果和最后成绩与这些分数有直接关系。学习过程始终重视学员的参与，从互动式教学到各种团队活功，讲求人人参与，协调配合，积极竞赛。根据活动内容不同，各组组长会将组内人员进行不同组合和分工，每个人都有机会承担某一项活动的主力，一方面发挥新员工所长和能动性，另—方面注意挖掘每个人的潜能，有机会锻炼自己的弱项。因此，不论这个新员工是怎样的一个人，都有机会展示、发现并提升自己。 在拓展训练中，设有盲人行动、建寺庙和过硫酸河游戏、背摔等，这些训练主要为了提高学员的心理承受能力。如背摔，学员要站在一个高高的台子上闭着眼睛脸朝上似自由落体地摔向下面围起圈子的人们。为提高新员工的表达与胆量，培训班设有一个即兴主题演讲内容，每个新员工在拿到演讲题目后有两分钟的准备时间，然后他要站到一个很高的台子上进行两分钟的演讲，不管你是情急下的语无伦次，还是紧张的心跳、腿软甚至不知所措，你都必须坚持下来，完成演讲。类似这样的训练在子公司各自的培训课程完成之后，还要在集团统一的培训班上再度进行过关训练。几次下来，新员工能了
联想新员工培训的分析 联想集团通过“入模子”培训，使公司的企业文化的建设得到持续发展，企业文化的传承的一致性得到了保持，同时使公司的管理制度得到了认可与执行。 一、企业文化的建设的持续性 企业文化的发展过程是一个长期积累的循序渐进的过程，成熟的企业文化具有丰富的底蕴，这种底蕴就是一种积累，一种延续，一种坚持；没有这种积累，这种延续，这种坚持，就不可能有丰富的、成熟的企业文化底蕴。不管你的企业如何发展，不管企业内部结构如何变化，其根源都是可以追朔久远的。通过入模子培训，联想集团的企业文化就可以一年一年、一代一代的传承下去。 二、企业文化传承的一致性 传承企业文化需要建立完善的企业文化传承机制，搭建文化理念的贯输通道，新员工企业文化培训是传承机制的一部分。在每位新人入司时，企业都有相关技能和素质培训。在这些培训过程中，不能忽视对企业文化的培训。只要每一个新来的人员都能感受到企业内在的这种文化，并加以理解和深入感知，企业文化就能够透过时间传递给企业的每一个人，不断被放大。 联想控股从小型企业到现在的龙头企业，从以前单一的IT领域到现在的多领域，这发展过程中保持企业文化的一致性是很重要的。任何企业都有自己的文化基因，之后进入的任何员工，可以用自己的思想去优化这一文化，却不能颠覆它，新员工必须如老员工一般，从心底认同企业的核心价值观。 三、企业的管理制度得到认可 在很多的公司，公司的管理制度很完善，但是却一直执行不下去，不按流程办事。联想能有今天的辉煌与柳传志重视按流程制度办事不无关系，他曾在公司强调：“员工做事，有流程制度的一定要按流程制度办事；流程制度有问题，那就先按流程制度办事，然后提出改进建议；没有流程制度，先按公司文化要求办，然后提出建设流程制度的建议。”要把制度执行下去，就要对执行的部门与个人进行培训，而联想的“入模子”培训，就把联想集团的企业文化以及管理制度等很好的贯彻了下去。 个人认为，企业最重要的的就是文化的传承，联想集团的“入模子”培训，