九年级英语辅导8
一、单项填空：（共20小题，计分20分）
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
( )1. If he ________ with us, we _______ finish the task earlier.
A.were;will
B. was, would
C. was, will
D.were, would
( )2. --- How about the movie you saw yesterday?
--- Som e people think it’s boring, ______ think it’s exciting.
A. other
B. others
C. each
D. another
( )3. .It’s ______difficult _______ watch English movies because the people speak too quickly.
A.so;that
B.too;to
C.too;too
D.to;too
( )4. _____ of you has a divtionary, so you can look up the word in it.
A. Neither
B. Everybody
C. Every
D. Each
( )5. The National Day is coming. We’ll have seven days _____.
A. on
B. off
C. up
D. down
( )6. --- Y ou look ______. What has happened to you?
--- Everyone expected us to win the match, but we lost to the girls.
A. sad
B. sadly
C. happy
D. angrily
( )7. --- Is Wang Lin good at singing?
--- Y es, he can sing _______ his teacher.
A. as better as
B. as well as
C. as good as
D. so well as
( )8. This dictionary ______ be Lily’s. Hers is still in her bag.
A. can’t
B. may not
C. mustn’t
D. needn’t
( )9. After eight hours’ hard work, the firemen finally ______ th forest fire.
A. put away
B. put out
C. put down
D. put in
( )10. --- I hear that an old couple are travelling around China by bike.
--- Oh, _____ long way on their bicycles! They’re so great.
A. what a
B. how
C. what
D. how a
( )11. ______ the bad weather, the swimming match had been put off.
A. Because
B. With the help of
C. For
D. Thanks to
( )12. --- Do you often see William ________ on the play ground?
--- No, but he is often seen _____ Chinese Kung fun in the park.
A. run; play
B. run; to play
C. running; play
D. running; to play
( )13. Students should pay attention to _____ the teacher in class.
A. hear
B. listen to
C. listening to
D. hearing of
( )14. She had left for Sichuan _______ I returned.
A. after
B. as soon as
C. before
D. since
( )15. --- Could you tell me ______ tomorrow morning?
--- well, it will start at 9 o’clock.
A. when the film will start
B. where will the film starts
C. when will the film start
D. where the film will start
( )16. I prefer songs ______ are written by singers.
A. who
B. that
C. where
D. when
( )17. --- Hi Mike! How’s it going?
--- _____. Everything goes well.
A. Terrible
B. Just so-so
C. Pretty good
D. Too bad
( )18. I don’t know if my uncle ______. If he ______, I will be very happy.
A. comes, will come
B. will come, will come
C. comes, comes
D. will come, comes
( )19. A talk on developments in science ________ in the school hall next week.
A. given
B. will be given
C. has been given
D. gives
( )20. --- Do you ofen get on-line?
--- Y es. I _______ most of my time on it. It’s a good way to study English.
A. cost
B. spend
C. pay
D. take
三、完形填空：（共10小题，计分10分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21-30各题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳选项。
Parents are the closest people to you in the world. They love you just because you are you. They want to do 21 for you, but there are often some problems between you and your parents.
Zhuang Shuxia, a middle school student, doesn’t 22 her parents. “In my parents’ eyes, I am always too young,” said Zhuang.
Do you and your parents also have problems? Why don’t you 23 about it? Y ou can get to know each other better. At the International（国际的）Day of Families, 24 May 15th, people around the world talk about family problems and try to 25 them.
A study last year showed that 1,500 Beijing families had the 26 problem as Zhuang’s family. Children who are 12 to 15 years old don’t like talking with their parents much at home.
In fact, your parents love you a lot and they always try to understand you 27 you talk about your problems with them. Find a good time to talk, like 28 you’re eating dinner, going out for a walk or watching TV.
Tell them something you’re 29 , or ask them about their interesting lives when they were young. They love to talk about it.
Listen to them 30 , and look them in the eye.
Be honest. Y our parents will trust you more. A trusting family is happy family
( )21. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
( )22. A. get along well withB. argue withC. discuss with D.agreewith
( )23. A. talk B. show C. ask D. say
( )24. A. in B. on C. at D. for
( )25. A. stop B. like C. solve D. make
( )26. A. special B. same C. different D. difficult
( )27. A. and B. if C. so D. but
( )28. A. which B. what C. when D. that
( )29. A. afraid of B. interested in C. angry with D. anxious about
( )30. A. correctly B. usually C. carefully D. happily
四、阅读理解：（共15小题，计分30分）
阅读下面短文，并做每篇后面的题目上。从每题所给的四个选项中，选出能完成所给句子的最佳选项。
A
Once upon a time, two young men were spending some time in the country. One day, while taking a walk together, they crossed a large field.
“Look out!” one of the young men shouted, because a bull（公牛）suddenly appeared（出现）and began to chase（追赶）them. They were very frightened. They ran as fast as they could, but the bull kept chasing them.
Finally one of the men climbed a tree. The other one jumped into a hole, but soon he came out of it. Immediately the bull chased him back into the hole.
“Stay there,” his friend shouted, but soon the man came out again, and again the bull chased him right back. This went on five or six more times.
Finally, the man in the tree got angry and shouted to his friend in the hole, “Y ou fool! Stay in that hole for a while. Otherwise, this bull will keep us here all day!”
“That’s easy for you to say,” the other man said as he jumped one more time back into the hole, “But there happened to be（碰巧）a bear in this hole.”
( )31. The story took place in the ______.
A. hole
B. village
C. town
D. large field
( )32. What did the men do that day? They ______.
A. took a walk
B. chased each other
C. shouted
D. jumped
( )33. When the men started runnning, the bull began _____ them.
A. shouting t
B. chasing
C. jumping at
D. playing with
( )34. One of the men climbed a tree, the other _____.
A. got into a hole
B. ran away
C. kept running
D. went back home
( )35. The man couldn’t stay in the hole because ________.
A.he was frightened
B. the hole was too small
C. there was a bear in it
D. he wanted to save his friend
B
Do you want to do well in exams? Sometimes your knowledge is not enough, you also need good strategies. Here are some for you:
●Before you answer the questions, if you feel a little nervous, take a few deep breaths to help you
relax.
●Always read the question carefully and make sure that you understand it. Read it a few times if
possible.
●Find out how much each question is worth or how many points you need.
●If it asks to give one answer, only write one.
●If there is a difficult question, don’t worry. Go on to the next question and come back to it if you
have time later.
●Try not to leave questions unanswered when you finish the test. Sometimes a guess may get you
points.
●When you finish, go back and check your answers. Y ou will need to check your writing for spelling
mistakes.
( )36. From the passage, we know we can ____ to help ourselves relax if we feel a little nervous.
A. tell ourselves not to be nervous
B. ask the teacher for help
C. go out for a walk
D. take a few deep breaths
( )37. To make sure we understand the question, we had better ______.
A. read it fast
B. read it till we finish it
C. read it a few times if possible
D. read it slowly
( )38. When we finish answering all the questions, we need to ______.
A. hand in at once
B. check spelling mistakes
C. worry about our points
D. check with classmates
( )39. The underlined word “strategies” in the passage means ________.
A. 策略
B. 思维
C. 途径
D. 智慧
( )40. Which of the following is NOT RIGHT according to the passage?
A. Find out how many points we need or how much each question is worth.
B. Try not to leave questions unanswered when we finish the test.
C. If it asks to give one answer, we’d better write more.
D. Sometimes we should guess the answers to get points.
C
Plants and animals, including humans, need food and water to live on. These are from the natural resources（资源）on Earth. To protect these resources, we need to keep the air clean and the water drinkable. We need to keep soil（土壤）healthy. How do we do that?
Protect the land
The soil that covers fields and farms provides much of the food we eat. Human activities such as plowing（耕）fields, mining（采矿）, and building highways can destroy（破坏）the land. Erosion happens when wind and water carry away the soil. Soil erosion can turn rich farmland into a desert wasteland. So does this mean we shouldn’t build a highway or plow a field? Of course not. But it does mean we might think about Earth—friendly ways of doing those things.
Today farmers plow their fields in different ways to prevent erosion. They try to use less water for their crops. They keep animals from eating the growing grass in just one area. Farmers also plant trees to prevent erosion from happening.
Save the T rees
Another human activity that damages the land is deforestation（采伐森林）. People take away a large number of trees from a forest. Millions of square kilometers of forest disappear each year. When this happens, many plants and animals lose their places to live. They may die out, or become very few. Scientists haven’t even discovered all the living things in the forest. We may be losing some without even knowing they are there. Trees absorb（吸收）and use carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）when they make food. Environmentalists encourage careful management of the forests. They ask people to replant trees after they cut down the forest. Recycle, Reuse, Reduce
People throw a piece of paper into the wastebasket after using it. The paper becomes trash. Where does the trash go next? Much of our trash ends up in landfills（垃圾填埋地）. They take up valuable land and sometimes pollute the water, air, and land around them. More than a third of the trash in landfills is paper. Recycling, reusing, and reducing what you throw away can cut down on the need for more landfills. In fact, we can recycle about eighty percent of household trash.
( )41. What does the underlined word erosion mean?
A. Plowing fields and mining.
B. cutting down trees and farming.
C.Wind and rain carrying away soil.
D. Building highways on the farmland
( )42. Why do we need to save the trees?
A．To discover more new trees every year.
B.To encourage careful management of the forest.
C．To take away a large number of trees from the forest.
D．To keep good places for animals and plants to live in.
( )43. How much of the trash can we recycle?
A. All the trash
B. V ery little.
C. One third
D. Four fifths.
( )44. What’s the purpose of the author writing the passage?
A.To ask people to look for places to plant trees.
BTo tell peole how to protect natural resources.
C.To show how the lands are destroyed by people.
DTo discuse ways of protecting animals and plants.
( )45. How do famers plow their fields to prevent erosion?
A.keep animals from eating the growing grasss in just one area.
B.Plant trees to prevent erosion from happening.
C.Try to use less water for their crop.
D. all of the above.
五、单词拼写：（共5小题，计分5分）
根据要求在下列句子空缺处写出各单词的正确形式（每空只写一词）。
46. Jack was born on N 21st,1985.
47. He is very kind, _______________（耐心的）and friendly to his students.
48. People use mobile phone to send short m______________（pieces of information）each other.
49. I don’t like Zhou Jielun’s songs because he can’t sing the songs _________(清晰地).
50. The tsunami(海啸) washed their houses away. They’re h now.
六、综合填空：（共5小题，计分5分）
从下面方框中选择适当的词填入短文中，使短文通顺正确（注意有些词要用适当的形式）。方框
Jolin Tsa i(蔡依林)was born 51 September 1980 in Taiwan. She first entered the entertainment industry at age 18, winning 52 prize in an MTV singing competition with the song The Greatest Love of All. After her performance, she was single(单曲) ,Be a Neighbor to the World, in July 1999, The single was very 53 .
Tsai is now a superstar in Asian countries and she has fans worldwide, 54 a lot of fans in Ameri ca. W e 55 she will sing more beautiful songs and become more and more popular in the future.
51.__________ 52.__________ 53.___________ 54.___________ 55.___________
七、任务型阅读：（10分）
阅读下面短文，然后按要求完成第81-87各题。
Dragon-Boat Festival（端午节）
Dragon-Boat Festival also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by eating Zong Zi and racing dragon boats. To hold the dragon-boat races is in memory of Qu Y uan, one of the greatest poets （诗人）in China.
Qu Y uan was born in Zigui of Hubei Province over 2200 years ago. Qu Y uan was an honest minister（大臣）of the State of Chu, during the Warring States Period (475—221BC)（战国时期）. He was upright, and wise. He wanted to bring his country peace and make the State more stronger, but the country was in the hands of bad officials, he failed. At last, he was very discouraged（1）the Miluo River, throwing, he, into, himself, life, by, his ended. （2）据说当时人们从船上跳下去试图救他。But it was too late. Also, they were very sad and they threw rice into the water to feed Qu Y uan’s spirit.
（3）Now we read his poem Li Sao which was filled with deep love for his country. We can see the dragon—boat races and have a kind of Chinese food named Zong Zi to eat during the Dragon—boat Festival.
56. What are the two important things on the Dragon—Boat Festival? ______________________________________________________________________________ 57. 把（1）处画线部分的单词组成句子。
______________________________________________________________________________ 58. 把文中（2）处的汉语句子译成英语。
______________________________________________________________________________ 59. 把（3）处画线部分翻译成汉语。
______________________________________________________________________________ 60. List the words that can describe the qualities（品质）of Qu Y uan. (at least 3)
_____________________________________________________________________________
八、写作：（计分15分）
这个学期将要结束了，你们将有一个较长的暑期，你和你的好友们正在谈论着
你们的计划。李燕说她想去北京学英语，这对她今后的学习有好处。张平打算多锻炼身体，因为他太虚弱而不能参加许多活动。王华决定和父母去徒步旅行，那会使他感到放松和快乐。你虽然不打算出去，但你愿意帮妈妈做些家务活。最后你们还要去看望你们的老师。相信
你们会过一个多彩的暑假。
请你根据以上情景及内容要点提示，用英文写一篇小短文（用第一人称表达），字数
80～ 100词，开头已给出，不计入总字数。
This term will end. We’ll have a long summer vacation. M y friends and I are talking our plans.
浙教版科学八上 八年级上《科学》第一章生活中的水复习提纲 第一节水在哪里 1．海洋水：海水约占地球水总量的96.53% 2．陆地淡水：地球上最大的淡水主体是冰川水，目前，人类利用的淡水资源主要是河流水、淡水湖泊水、浅层地下水，仅占地球上淡水总量的0.3% 3．水有固、液、气三种状态，水的三态变化属于物理变化 4．水与生命：一个健康成年人，平均每天需2.5升水,人体重量的2/3以上是水分 5．水的循环：小循环 ①陆上内循环：陆地--－大气 ②海上内循环：海洋--－大气 大循环海陆间水循环：海洋-－陆地-－大气 海陆间大循环的5个环节：①蒸发②水汽输送③降水④地表径流 ⑤下渗(地下径流) 海陆间大循环的意义：①使地球上的水、大气、岩石和生物发生密切的联系； ②使海洋源源不断地向陆地供应淡水，使水资源得到再生。 6．每年的3月22日为“世界水日” 第二节水的组成 1．水的电解 电极气体的量检验方法及现象结论 正极气体体积是负极的1/2 气体能使带火星的木条复燃正极产生的气体是氧气负极气体体积是正极极的2倍气体能在空气中燃烧,产生淡蓝色火焰负极产生的气体是氢气 实验结论: 水通直流电氢气+氧气(水的电解是化学变化) 说明水是由氢元素和氧元素组成的（水是由水分子构成的，水分子由氢原子和氧 原子构成） 2.、水的重要性质 颜色无色沸点100℃ 气味无味凝固点0℃ 状态常温常压下液态水的异常现象4℃时密度最大,结冰后体积膨胀,冰浮在水面上
1．密度定义：单位体积的某种物质的质量叫做该物质的密度。. 密度是物质的固有属性，与物体的形状、体积、质量无关，即对于同一物质而言，密度值是不变的。 密度的大小只由材料决定。(如：一杯水和一桶水的密度是一样的；) 不同的物质，密度不同； 2．密度的公式： ρ = m / v（公式变形：m＝ρv v＝m / ρ） ρ表示密度，m表示质量（单位：千克或克），v 表示体积（单位：m3或cm3） 水银的密度为13.6×103千克/m3，它所表示的意义是1m3的水银的质量是13.6×103千克。 3．密度的单位： （1）密度的单位：kg/m3或g/cm3， （2）两者的关系：1g/cm3=1000kg/m31kg/m3=1×103-g/cm3 （3）水的密度：1×103kg/m3或1g/cm3 1毫升= 1cm3= 1×106-m31吨=1000千克=1×106克（4）单位转化 ： 1毫升= 1×103-升1升＝103-m3 4．密度的测量 （1）测量原理：ρ＝m/v （2）测量步骤：①用天平称量物体的质量；②用量筒或量杯测量物体的体积；③计算 5．密度知识的应用： （1）在密度公式中，知道其中任意两个量，即可求得第三个量。 （2）可用于鉴别物质的种类。
培训机构八步集体教研法 办学一点通 2018-12-25 14:34:03 培训机构八步集体教研法 在培训机构学校中，建立集体教研有着十分重要的作用和意义： 培训机构八步集体教研法 有利于有效凝聚集体智慧，集思广益，做到资源共享，他山之石可 以攻玉。 有利于能很好地落实新课改要求，准确把握教学的重难点，整体教 学水平的提高；凝聚集体智慧。 培训机构八步集体教研法 有利于教研活动的开展；打造精英教学团队，提高教学效率和质量，缩小差距。 有利于节省时间，减轻压力，提高教学效果，增进了解，提高工作 效率。 有利于开发学校现有的教育资源，缩短年轻教师的成长周期，节减 学校培训开支。培养骨干教师，然后迅速复制。 ?全文共计2693字，预计阅读需要7分钟。 培训机构学校开展成功集体教研的八大步骤 开展成功的集体教研，以下的八大步骤是必不可少的，而且是环环 相扣的： 第一、确定集体备课的组织形式及参加人员 可以针对于教师教授同一级别，根据教学目标，按教学步骤进行教研；也可以针对于教师教授不同级别，教师可选择进行课型进行教研。 这都可以随机搭配进行备课。 培训机构八步集体教研法 第二、坚持集体备课的实施原则──四定、五备、六统一 原则1、“四定”：定时间、定地点、定内容、定中心发言人。这 些都需提前准备与通知。
原则2、“五备”：备课标，备教材，备学生，备教法学法，备教 学手段和过程。 备课标：明确教与学的方向。 备教材：注重教材的创造性使用。 备学生：熟知中国学生的认知规律（视觉、听觉、动觉），记忆规律，生理规律。这是最难的一部分，学生没有备好，那其他的准备都是 废的，不起作用的。 备教法和学法：在教授知识的同时必须促进学生自主发展. 备教学手段和过程：板书、教具等激活课堂。 原则3、“六统一”： 统一目标，统一重难点，统一导学提纲，统一进度，统一作业（课 堂练习题和课后作业题，作业难度分三个层次），统一单元检测试题。 第三、集体教研的操作程序和基本流程 基本流程：确立课题─>组内讨论─>确定主备（讲）人（形成初案）─>集体研讨（形成共案）个性化设计（形成个案）─>教学实践（跟踪）─>课后交流、反思─>二次──资料保存。 第四、个人初备要求 1．备课标：熟悉教学的课标。 2．备教材：“八点备课法”──重点、难点、弱点、疑点、考点、易错点、易混点和盲点。 （1）依据“全册备课—单元备课—课时备课”的思路，准确备出 单元、章节的重、难点以及解决重点的方法，突破难点的手段。 （2）深入研究教材，创新教学手段。 （3）备出教参上没有的东西，变成自己的财富（来于教参，又高 于教参）。 培训机构八步集体教研法 （4）备出章节之间知识的过渡、衔接、拓展和深化。 （5）备问题的预设及设计意图
八年级（上）科学第二章复习提纲 目录： 1 大气层 2 天气和气温 3 大气的压强 4 大气压与人类生活 5 风 6 为什么会降水 7 明天的天气怎么样 8 气候和影响气候的因素 9 中国东部的季风和西部的干旱气息 1、 2、B、没有声音;;C、易受陨石侵 袭；D 3、5层 对流层、平流层、中间层、暖层、外层。 4、对流层：是大气的底层，与人类的生活和生产关系最密切的一层。 *重点记忆：A、对流层最显著的特点------有强烈的对流运空气对流运动的规律： B、各种复杂的天气现象（如云、雨、雪、雷电等）都发生在对流层； *对流层集中了地球3/4的大气质量和几乎全部的水汽、固体杂质 C、对流层的厚度不均匀，表现在两极厚度小，赤道厚度大 5、平流层：大气温度随高度的增加而逐渐增高，气流平稳，利于高空飞行；内有臭氧层，能吸收 紫外线，对人类起保护作用。 第二节天气和气温 1、天气是什么？ 天气是指短时间内近地面的大气温度、湿度、气压等要素的综合状况。 描述天气和气候最主要区别在于：天气是指短时间内的大气状况；气候是指长时间的大气平均状况。 * 天气：晴空万里气候：冬雨夏干 2、天气是由许多要素组成，其中主要的是气温、气压、风、湿度、降水等。 3、气温------即空气的温度 A气温是构成天气的基本要素；B测量气温的工具：温度计； C\常用的气温度量单位：0C D气温总在不断变化着，在气象观测中，把温度计放在百叶箱里观察。 原因：（1）百叶箱里气温比箱外低；（2）百叶箱内的温度波动小，所以更能反映真实的气温。 E\一天中最高气温通常出现在：午后2时左右；一天中最低气温通常出现在：日出前后。 F\人体最感舒适的气温是：220C 第三节大气的压强 1、大气压强的存在
灵台县上良中学 “四环八步”高效课堂教学模式 “四环八步”高效课堂教学模式是我校在全县“双学双推”课改运动及“精细化管理质量提升”活动背景下，在“同上一节课”的基础上求得突破，又通过“自主高效课堂教学评赛”的论证，在坚持“低重心运行”的教学策略下，我校的课堂教学改革内涵得到了充实和完善。实践表明，全面实施“四环八步”高效课堂教学模式，这是我校狠抓教学常规落实、大面积提高教学质量的有力法宝。具体要求如下： （一）基本理念 一、真正的教育是心灵的成长和灵魂的感召，绝不是简单的技术操作，教师素质永远是课堂成败的关键，教师的博学睿智、自信从容、机智幽默、激情洋溢永远是课堂高效的催化剂。 二、真正好的教学方法绝不是教条的模式，决不是依样画瓢，生搬硬套，而要从讲究实效入手，从教学的基本环节入手，既符合教育规律又适应学校的教情、学情以及学科特点，以培养学生自主、合作、探究的学习习惯和创新实践能力为主旨，注重自学，关注乐学，有效导学，解决学会，实现会学。 三、高效课堂既是过程又是目标，高效课堂要坚持“一少二多三当堂四为主”的原则：即教师尽量少讲，学生尽量多参与，多动手，当堂训练，当堂纠错，当堂巩固，以学生为主体，以教师为主导，以训练为主线，以能力为主攻；贯穿四个环节（自主学习、合作探究、成果交流、巩固提升）八个步骤（理解目标，自主学习，合作交流，展示提升，规范指导，问题训练，评价归纳，回归拓展。）做到“三讲三不讲”，即讲学生提出的问题，讲学生不理解的问题，讲易混易错的问题；学生自学之前不讲，学生能学会的不讲，讲了学生也不会的不讲。真正实现课堂由“教”中心向“生”中心，从“讲”中心向“学”中心的转变。科学评价是课堂高效的生命线。 四、课堂高效的特征是提高学生自主学习的能力，构建自主、合作、探究的课堂模式，鼓励学生勤学、善思、好问，积极动手、动口、动脑，让学生敢说、会说、能说、愿说，通过读一读、说一说、思一
passage One (Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice) In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned．There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging．Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other．What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all．We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged．The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing．We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute．The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing．No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us． The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and herder to get a hearing．They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement．If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution．Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake．In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme．The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us．Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law． Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other’s problems．And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information．'Talk, talk, talk,’the advocates of violence say,‘all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser．’It’s rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge．After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser．‘Possible, my lord,’the barrister replied,‘none the wiser, but surely far better informed．’Knowledge
实施八步教学，打造高效课堂 发表时间：2016-01-21T10:15:39.720Z 来源：《少年智力开发报》2014-2015学年第31期供稿作者：史丽霞 [导读] 沧州市渤海新区南大港产业园区中学自2011年起我校实施八步教学法模式以来，我深入领悟新课程改革思想，转变教学理念。沧州市渤海新区南大港产业园区中学史丽霞 在这个信息技术迅猛发展，知识不断更新的现代化社会，素质教育思潮迅速兴起，学习方式方法发生了巨大的变化，此时传统数学教学模式随之出现了严重的缺憾，所以教育的新课程改革也就成为了一种必然趋势。 自2011年起我校实施八步教学法模式以来，我深入领悟新课程改革思想，转变教学理念，以优化课堂教学，激活学生学习思维，促进学生学习方式的转变为教育教学的根本目的，通过长期的实践和探索，逐步形成了以自主学习为主的“八步”式课堂教学模式，有效地改善了课堂中角色的地位，转变了学习方式，提高了课堂效率，促进了师生全面综合的发展。 “八步”课堂教学模式就是在充分尊重学生学习主体原则的前提下，着眼于学习方式的转变，将课堂教学分为了“新知导入”、“自学思考”、“学生议论”“展示成果”“教师点拨”“归纳总结”“和“当堂测评”八个个阶段。 第一阶段：新知导入 数学导入新课的方法多种多样，教师根据不同的教学内容采用不同的导入，能过激发学生的学习兴趣，起到事半功倍的作用。所以这一环节是在每种课堂上都是要注重的。而对于我们的八步教学来说他更成为了一个重要的阶段。 第二阶段：自学思考 在本环节中我校提倡在老师给出自学指导的前提下让孩子们进行自学，掌握教材中基本的知识点，并通过自己想问题、寻方法，作结论，掌握思维方法，发现知识规律。因为学生是学习活动的实践者，是影响学习效果的内因，这样才会对学生进行自主学习的教育，使学生认识到学习是自己的事，不断增强自主意识，逐步培养学生的独立性、主动性和创造性。 第三阶段：学生议论 学生应是课堂的主体，只有当学生的主体地位得到体现时，才能激发学生的创造思维。所以我们要求学生们先同桌之间互相讨论提出各种解决不了的问题，再在小组内进行交流讨论，使得问题得以升华。对于稍有难度的问题采用兵教兵的方法，极大地培养了优秀生的理解分析和讲解能力体现，也使后进生得到了相应的帮助。 第四阶段：展示成果 这是将学生自学中收获的知识进行展示的一个环节，以小组的形式回答，并相应的给小组加分，这样既调动了小组的积极性有培养了学生的集体荣誉感。教师也能在本环节中发现问题，做到心中有数把我讲解的重点及方向。 第五阶段：教师点拨 精讲点拨阶是教师发挥“主导”作用最重要的手段。通过精讲点拨，使学生从中学会思考的方法、学会明辨是非的方法、学会解决问题的思想方法，使学生创新思维得到拓展，视野更开阔，能力得到提升。应该是有点石成金，让学生茅塞顿开的感觉，说出想说可不知道如何说的话，写出想写但不知怎样下笔的文字。在这一环节中，教师把教法、学法融为一体，优化了教学过程和结构，使教学节奏明快，氛围活跃。既节约了时间，又提高了效果。而不是不分轻重一通“点”，那叫乱点鸳鸯谱；不分对错一阵讲，那叫瞎指挥。所谓“精”是少而有用，少而有效。所以，在课堂上，教师应在关键处和疑难处对学生进行精讲点拨指导，引导学生顺利高效地学习，使教学达到最佳效果。 第六阶段：归纳总结 好的课堂小结能够加强知识的联系，体现所学知识的系统性；培养思考问题的习惯，提高归纳总结的能力，是教学过程中不可缺少的一个环节。教师往往忽视这一关键的必要步骤，使一节课变得头重脚轻。在数学课堂教学中，数学知识、思想、方法的学习是一个潜移默化的过程，是在多次领悟、反复应用的基础上逐步形成的。所以在这一阶段我们将其分为了两项内容：（一）归纳知识（二）计算小组的分数，使整节课首尾呼应、完美和谐。 第七阶段：当堂测评 当堂测评是检验学生学习情况的最佳途径，可以发现学生本节课的学习情况，进行及时的巩固和补救。因此当堂检测一定要基础，要紧扣当堂教学内容。 第八阶段：课后作业 本阶段也对课堂教学的知识回顾，并且还是对知识的深入考察，是课堂教学过程中的非常重要的组成部分，是巩固新授知识，形成技能技巧，培养良好的思维品质，发展学生智力的重要途径，是课堂教学过程中不可跨越的一环。 每一种教学模式都需要一定的探索过程，几年来我校在八步教学上已经取得了一定的成果。我在这种教学模式下思想也有了质的变化，从排斥到认可，再到运用，并从中得到了一定的成绩，我相信只要坚持下去一定还会更好，会得到更多意想不到的效果的。
人教版八年级上册科学 知识点汇总(2013版) 第1章水和水的溶液 第1节地球上的水 1、海洋水(咸水)约占地球水总量的96.53%,还有0.94%是陆地咸水。 2、地球上的淡水(包括陆地淡水和大气水)仅占水总量的2.53%,陆地包括冰川水、地下水、湖泊淡水、土壤水、河水等，仅占地球上淡水总量的0.3%。 3、水有固、液、气三种状态，水的三态变化属于物理变化。 陆上内循环:陆地--大气 小循环 4、水的循环海上内循环:海洋--大气 大循环:海陆间水循环：海洋--陆地--大气海陆间大循环的5个环节：①蒸发(蒸腾、升华)②水汽输送, ③降水,④下渗,⑤地表或地下径流。
海陆间大循环的意义： ① 使地球上的水、大气、岩石和生物发生密切的联系； ② 使海洋源源不断地向陆地供应淡水,使水资源得到 再生。 环节:蒸发(蒸腾升华)-水汽输送-降水-下渗-沿地表 (地下)径流 原 外因:太阳辐射、地心引力 因 内因:水的三态变化 陆上内循环(陆地--大气) 途径 海上内循环(海洋--大气) 海陆间循环(海洋--大气--陆地) 6、径流=降水量-蒸发量 7、水资源的定义：狭义的水资源是指可供人类直接利用，能不断更新的天然淡水，主要指陆地上的地表水和地下水。 往往东南部的地区，水资源越丰富。 8、我国水资源在时、空分布不均衡。 9、水与生命：一个健康成年人,平均每天需2.5升水。据测量，人体重量的2/3以上是水分,儿童身上4/5是水分。 10、每年的3月22日为“世界水日” 5、 水 循 环
第2节水的组成 1、水的电解 电极产生气体的量检验方法及现象结论 正极 (阳极)气体体积是负极的1/2 气体能使带火星的 木条复燃 正极产生的气 体是氧气 负极 (阴极)气体体积是正极的2倍气体能在空气中燃 烧,产生淡蓝色火焰 负极产生的气 体是氢气 实验结论:水通直流电氢气+氧气(水的电解是化学变化)。说明:水是由氢元素和氧元素组成的（水是由水分子构成的，水分子由氢原子和氧原子构成；1个水分子由 2个氢原子和1个氧原子构成,水的分子式:H2O）。2、水的重要性质 颜色无色 气味无味 状态常温常压下液态 沸点100℃(1标准大气压下) 凝固点0℃(1标准大气压下) 水的异常现象反膨胀现象:4℃以下时热缩冷胀, 4℃以上时热胀冷缩。 (4℃时密度最大),结冰后体积膨胀,冰浮在水面上
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2015) GRADE EIGHT TIME LIMIT：195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN) SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture．You will hear the lecture ONCE ONL Y. While listening, take notes on the important points．Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture．When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE, using no more than three words in each gap．Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are)both grammatically and semantically acceptable．You may refer to your notes while completing the task．Use the blank sheet for note-taking．Now, listen to the mini-lecture． Understanding Academic Lectures Listening to academic lectures is an important task fro university students. Then, how can we comprehend a lecture efficiently? I.Understand all (1) ______________ A.words B.(2) ______________ -stress -intonation -(3) ______________ II. Adding information A.lecturers: sharing information with audience B.listeners: (4) ______________ C.sources of information -knowledge of (5) ______________ -(6) ______________ of the world D. listening involving three steps: -hearing -(7) ______________ -adding III. (8) ______________ A.reasons: -overcome noise -save time B. (9) ______________
引导式教学法在法学教学中的应用 ———以民法总论物的概念教学为例 一、问题的提出 法学的基本概念是将法学现象、法学事实经过比较、综合、分析、归纳、类比等方法抽象出来的理性认识，它是已经剥离了现象的一种更高级的思维形态，在法学教学中，概念教学是法学教学中重要的组成部分。在教学实践中，广大教师形成了法学概念的教学一般过程：概念建立——概念理解——概念应用。纵观教材中的法学概念，常常省略了概念的形成和发展过程，将概念以单一文字即终态形式直接呈现，导致学生接受概念情感不积极，学习概念思维不顺畅，理解不准确，领会不深刻，运用不灵活。 通过对学生的调查和访谈，在“物”的概念学习中，学生主要存在以下困难：困难一：民法意义上的物与生活中的物的差别。 困难二：物的独立性的理解。 困难三：物的概念的发展变化。 问题引导式概念教学就是将抽象的法学概念进行分解，把分解的每部分或每一环节，设置成由浅到深的形象化的问题，借助设置问题的解决过程理解、巩固所学概念。 本文以“物”概念教学为例，尝试采用问题引导式的方法，对概念课教学进行初步探究。 二、问题引导式概念教学方法指导下的教学过程设计 在选定采用问题引导式概念教学方法后，笔者在课前结合学生已有知识体系和认知习惯进行了以下教学设计。 第一步，借助问题的类比，建立新概念的基础。在课程开始之前，教师提出问题“各个学科是如何定义物的？”教师引导学生讨论哲学、化学、物理科学、生物学等不同学科对“物”的不同认识，通过学生对不同学科概念的分析，引导学生得出结论：不同的学科由于研究方法、研究目的、研究对象等原因的不同，导致对物有不同的认识。 通过讨论，激发学生对法律意义上的物的概念的好奇、兴趣，从而为下一步
八年级上册科学书各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢八年级下册科学1 八年级科学训练 可能用到的相对原子质量：H—1 C—12 O－16 Ca—40 I-127 一、选择题：．．．．1、仔细观察下列四幅图片，属于符号的正确选项是 2. 下列实验操作不正确的是 ．．． A B C D 3 A．苹果B．柑桔C．牛奶D．鸡蛋清 4．我国科学家发现，亚硒酸钠能消除加速人体衰老的活性氧。亚硒酸钠中硒元素(Se)为+4价，氧元素为-2价。则亚硒酸钠的化学式为 A．Na2SeO3B．Na2SeO4 C．NaSeO3D．Na2SeO2 5．从xx年6月1日开始，各类市
场中塑料包装袋要实行有偿使用，我市几个菜市场开始推广生物可降解塑料袋，这种塑料袋对人体无害，主要原料是可降解母料和玉米粉，推广生物可降解塑料袋的主要目的是A．减少土壤污染B．降低生产成本C．有利于食物保鲜D．节约粮食 6、小明在上网时发现一首很有意义的诗，其中的几句是：“她营造了云雾缭绕的仙境；她驱散了炎炎夏日的暑气；她奋不顾身扑向烈火；她带给大地勃勃生机……。”结合科学课上学的知识，小明感觉诗中的“她”和某种气体的性质很接近。你觉得这种气体应该是- A．氧气B．氮气 C ．一氧化碳 D ．二氧化碳 7. 如图所示，在开关 S
由断开到闭合的过程中，通电螺线管的磁性强弱和极性将 A.增强，改变； B.减弱，不变； C.增强，不变； D.减弱，改变； 8．中国科学技术大学钱逸泰教授等以CCl4和金属钠为原料，在特定条件下制造出纳米级金刚石粉末。该成果发表在世界最权威的《科学》杂志上，立即被科学家们高度评价为“稻草变黄金”。下列说法中不正确的是．．．A、金刚石属于非金属单质 B、制造金刚石过程中碳元素的化合价没有变化 C、CCl4是一种化合物面可以做到符合燃烧条件,能打火的组合是 A．①③⑤B．①③④C．①②③D．①②④10．环境问题已成为制约社会发展和进步的严重问题，有下列几种说法：①臭氧层的主要作用是吸收紫外线②温室效应将导致全球气候变暖
专八备考，首选做历年真题。做完之后看得分率，哪个题型答对率不高，就专门做这个题型的专项训练，这样备考效率就比较高了。真题建议看看华研外语那本《英语专业8级历年真题集训》，配置齐全，解释得比较好懂。 专项训练，如果离考试所剩时间不多，就专挑分值高、提高快的题型来练：人文、改错、阅读。 人文知识：建议看中文版，更容易看入脑。每天翻一点，有时正着看，有时又反过来看，完全就是怎么记得牢就怎么看。能看多少就多少，能记多少就多少。要有自己的整理的方法，自己动手以后，更能加深印象。比如国家概况部分，就是把几个国家的各个部分进行对比，政治，经济，国家组成，地理等等。文学，按时间的顺序，从中古时期下来，分成几个部分，各个部分代表人物，代表作品。英美国家概括：主要掌握国家标志（国旗、国歌、国徽、政体等等）、地理人文环境特征（位置、气候、个别省份的别称等等）、历史、经济等。英美文学：需要特别注意的有：历年获得诺贝尔文学奖的作家、作品、风格、年代、国籍；主要作家的作品、风格、年代、国籍；著名作品的主要内容、名句、现实意义等。多注意女作家，黑人作家。语言学：这主要是对各种概念的理解和运用。 改错：主要的考点可能涉及：名词单复数问题、所有格问题；冠词运用；及物与不及物动词、动词分词形式、动词词组；形容词、副词滥用、带-ly的形容词、系动词后跟形容词（非副词）、动词+宾语+形容词做宾补（非副词）；独立主格结构；连词滥用；逻辑关系错误；并列结构；主谓一致等。这部分有时间先看看语法书籍，然后就是练习。要养成把非粗心造成的错误用笔记本记下来。每过一段时间就拿出来看看，这样反复，错误将不会再次出现。 专八阅读：钻研专八真题为主，再做一本阅读训练书来练速度。做专八真题的阅读，首先拿一份做好，然后对答案，再一句一句翻译，把不会的单词弄懂，等整篇文章弄懂以后，带着题目在文章里找答案。分析考的是哪一段，哪一句，是在文章开头还是结尾，是在每段的开头还是结尾。文章整体上是什么风格，作者有没有正话反说等等。做得多了，就会找到方法，觉得越来越顺手。然后做专八阅读训练书，主要是练答题速度。专八考试的阅读量很大，阅读题订成册子发下来的，根本没时间犹豫，速度一定要提高。
PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN) In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet. TEXT A Still, the image of any city has a half-life of many years. (So does its name, officially changed in 2001 from Calcutta to Kolkata, which is closer to what the word sounds like in Bengali. Conversing in English, I never heard anyone call the city anything but Calcutta.) To Westerners, the conveyance most identified with Kolkata is not its modern subway—a facility whose spacious stations have art on the walls and cricket matches on television monitors—but the hand-pulled rickshaw. Stories and films celebrate a primitive-looking cart with high wooden wheels, pulled by someone who looks close to needing the succor of Mother Teresa. For years the government has been talking about eliminating hand-pulled rickshaws on what it calls humanitarian grounds—principally on the ground that, as the mayor of Kolkata has often said, it is offensive to see “one man sweating and straining to pull another man.” But these days politicians also lament the impact of 6,000 hand-pulled rickshaws on a modern city’s traffic and, particularly, on its image. “Westerner s try to associate beggars and these rickshaws with the Calcutta landscape, but this is not what Calcutta stands for,” the chief minister of West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, said in a press conference in 2006. “Our city stands for prosperity and devel opment.” The chief minister—the equivalent of a state governor—went on to announce that hand-pulled rickshaws soon would be banned from the streets of Kolkata. Rickshaws are not there to haul around tourists. (Actually, I saw almost no tourists in Kolkata, apart from the young backpackers on Sudder Street, in what used to be a red-light district and is now said to be the single place in the city where the services a rickshaw puller offers may include providing female company to a gentleman for the evening.) It’s the people in the lanes who most regularly use rickshaws—not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor. They are people who tend to travel short distances, through lanes that are sometimes inaccessible to even the most daring taxi driver. An older woman with marketing to do, for instance, can arrive in a rickshaw, have the rickshaw puller wait until she comes back from various stalls to load her purchases, and then be taken home. People in the lanes use rickshaws as a 24-hour ambulance service.
百分百续班体系八步教学法 八步教学法是什么？ 我们知道，培训机构主要通过15个关键节点管控学生流向。其中，教学管控、满意管控和留班管控至关重要。教学管控，指老师怎样把课上好，教务监督怎么开展；满意管控，是指怎样提升家长的满意度，促进续班；留班管控，是指怎么催生最终的续费行为。教学管控的11和10系统、满意管控的八步教学法、留班管控的四步流程，均可有效提升教师的人均产能。 培训机构可以通过八步教学法，把家长融入到教学当中，有效提升整个教学和家长的黏度。该方法易于操作，对老师基本上没有能力要求。但它可能会对机构管理者和团队监督体系构成一定的挑战。那么，为什么会有八步教学法？ 以往培训机构多以名师主打，只要招到一个好老师，就会招到大批学生。但是，随着机构日益壮大，要想每个班、每个小孩的成绩都提上去，就越发困难。怎么办？我们应当通过服务，把家长纳入到机构的教学当中，让他们能持续感觉到孩子在机构中是进步的。整个八步教学法关注的是孩子在课堂中的行为，它将孩子从进门考到效果可视化的每一步都展示给家长。 续班的逻辑 想要八步教学法为什么能带来百分百续班，我们就得先搞清楚续班的逻辑。
第一条逻辑：孩子有超出预期的变化，包括真实变化和感觉上的变化。孩子成绩提升了，参加比赛获奖了，家长立刻发现孩子今非昔比，这是真实变化。但我们很难保证每个孩子都提分拿奖，怎么办？可以转而赋予家长感觉上的变化。比如，小孩来我们机构认真听课记笔记，回家之后仔细复习，嘴里常念叨课内课外。爸妈作为旁观者，一切尽收眼底，萌生一种感觉：小孩的的确确有了很大变化，这家机构靠谱。然而，光有变化不够，还要让家长知道：这个变化是由你促成的——这也是我们推动续班的第二条逻辑。怎样做到呢？让他们眼见为实：培训机构一定要把整个教学的行为和结果有根据地展示给家长们。 在即将到来的暑假，如果以上两点我们都做到了，家长就一定会续班吗？线上调研结果显示，67%的校长持否定态度。怪就怪很多机构暑期班上初级课程，秋季班还上初级课程。家长心说：小孩暑假上过初级课了，干嘛秋季还要再上一遍呢！所以，想促进续班，最后一条逻辑不容忽视：要打造有根据的课程体系。在这一点上高思教育给了我们很好的参考。在高思新初一暑假课程体系中，左边是授课内容，右边是不同知识点在期中考试中的占比。左边的表，家长不一定看得懂，但右边的进度条能让他们明确感受到，这些课程集中覆盖了考点。 暑假接近尾声，老师拿出第二张图给家长们看。第二张图是什么呢？是高思初一秋季课程体系。秋季上的也是新初一上册的内容，但它在暑假课基础上增加了难度，侧重考场实战，增设了名校期末试题点拨等课。看完图片，高思的老师只用说一句话，家长就会续费了，说什
第一章水和水的溶液 第1节地球上的水 1、海洋水：海水约占地球水总量的% 2、陆地淡水：地球上最大的淡水主体是冰川水，地球上的淡水仅占总水量的% 3、水有固、液、气三种状态，水的三态变化属于物理变化 4、水与生命：一个健康成年人，平均每天需升水， ①人体重量的2／3以上是水分②儿童身上4／5是水分 5、水的循环： 小循环——①陆上内循环：陆地--－大气 ——②海上内循环：海洋--－大气 大循环---海陆间水循环：海洋-－陆地-－大气 （l）海陆间大循环的5个环节：a蒸发b水汽输送c降水d地表径流e下渗（地下径流）（2）海陆间大循环的意义：a使地球上的水、大气、岩石和生物发生密切的联系； b使海洋源源不断地向陆地供应淡水，使水资源得到再生。 6、每年的3月22日为“世界水日” 7、水资源的分布：可供使用的水资源的丰富程度和一个地区的水循环按活跃程度密切相关。 （1）全球水资源分布——空间分布不均匀 （2）全球水资源分布——人均水资源差异大 （3）我国水资源分布——夏季丰富、冬季欠缺，南多北少、东多西少 第2节水的组成 1 2 第3节水的浮力 1、液体（气体）对浸入其内的物体都会产生向上的浮力，方向：竖直向上 2、阿基米德原理：浮力的大小等于物体排开的液体受到的重力。 公式：F浮=G排液=ρ排g v排 注意：（1）浮力只跟物体排开的液体受到的重力有关， （2）浮力与液体的深度、物体的密度，形状无关； （3）对于完全浸没在液体中的物体，浮力还与液体的密度，物体的体积有关； （4）计算时，单位要统一（ρ排取千克／米3，v排取米3） 3、物体的浮沉条件：浸在液体中的物体的浮沉取决于：物体的重力G和浮力F浮的大小。 ①F浮