第三章英译汉常用方法和技巧
（教学安排：6课时）
无论翻译的标准如何，翻译的目的都是要求译者最大程度地传递原文信息/再现原文风格，以求最大程度地“忠实”于原文。翻译标准只是给译者提供了翻译的大方向，在具体的翻译运作过程中，还会遇到种种问题，所以在翻译实践中，还要灵活运用相应的翻译方法和技巧，从原文和译文的整体出发，全面分析，透过现象，抓住本质。经过不断的翻译实践，翻译技巧一定会运用得越来越娴熟，翻译水平也会越来越高。合理有效地运用翻译技巧可以使译文生辉，有效地提高翻译质量。
常用的翻译方法和技巧：
直译和意译
词义的选择
省略法和增补法
词类转译法
重复法
正反、反正表达法
分译法和合译法
第一节直译和意译
英汉两种语言的结构有相同的一面，也有不同的一面，因此翻译时有时使用直译，有时用意译，有时直译并举。无论使用哪种方法，其原则是在忠实原文内容和风格的前提下，摆脱原文结构的束缚，使译文符合汉语的规范
1．直译(metaphrase/literal translation)
在不影响译入语的自然流畅并保持原文信息的前提下，在译文中既保持原文的内容信息
．．．．，又保
持原文的形式结构
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．质．。
．．．．，尤其要保持原文的修辞、文体和文化特
to kill two birds with one stone
to shed crocodile tears
如果不破坏原文结构，译文也能通顺自然且忠实原意，这是最理想的直译，但逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义的情况微乎其微。
直译法的使用不仅极大丰富了汉语的词汇，而且及大地拓展了汉语的表达方式和表达范围。汉语中的外来语大都采用直译法或音译法。例如：
lady-killer talk show mad cow disease
bird flu chain reaction cat walk
humor second-hand car tittup
hippy yuppie shock
例1
原文：There are two types of electric current: alternating current in which the current flows first one way then the other in a forward and backward motion, and direct current which flows the same way all the time.
译文：
原文：Losing one’s independence for Americans is a shameful thing.
译文：
例3
原文：Italian gourmets are protesting against the invasion of foreign foods on the dinner table.
译文：
例4
原文：In short, when employees leave their performance reviews, they should be focusing on what they can do better in the year ahead, not worrying about what went into their files about the past.
译文：
例5
原文：But when I look at the Third World and think “What can I do to solve this?”, my reaction isn’t to say “Let’s bring population down immediately”.
译文：
例6
原句：Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.
译文：
例7
原文：People are always talking about “the problem of youth.” If there is one, then it is older people who create it, not the young people themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him, and maybe that is where the rub is.
译文：
人们经常谈论青春的问题。如果有人在讨论这个问题，那么一定是长者在谈论，绝对不是青年人。让我们开始认真对待问题的根本，并承认青年人也是人---与他们的长者完全一样的人。唯一不同的是，青年人的前面是辉煌光明的未来，而长者灿烂辉煌的未来已经在其身后，这也许就是代沟所在之处。
直译不等于死译、硬译，直译也需要灵活变通，不能只求形式对等而破坏原文内容。原文结构与译入语结构一致时，尽量保持原结构。但如果结构不一致，不能硬用直译法。
例8
原文：Drinking wine in moderation improves the IQ and may boost mental agility in old people.
译法一：适度饮酒可以提高智商，也许还可以促进老年人中的思维敏捷。
译法二：适度饮酒可以益智，也许还可以使老年人思维敏捷。
2．意译（paraphrase/ free translation）
在不宜采用直译的前提下所使用的另一种最基本的翻译方法。意译是指按照译入语的表达方式将原文所传达的语义和信息重新再现，使其准确完整地转换到译入语中来。
采用该方法时，可以不拘泥于原文的语法结构，重点着眼于
．．．．．．．．．．．
．．．．．原文的语．义信息与译入语表达规范
意译的结果往往是从译文的表面看与原文大相径庭，但却表现出了原文的“筋骨”和“内质”。但要防止想入非非的“乱译”和“望文生译”。
如把“stand on one’s head”译成“站在某人的脑袋上”；把“He is the last person I will see.”译成“他是我最后要见的人”；Y ou have my sympathy. 你有我的同情。
由于中外文化差异，很多时候都需要透过原文的字面意思，打破原文的语言形式，使用相宜的汉语表达手法进行处理，否则就无法有效传递出原文信息，很多由于文化差异造成的习惯表达尤其如此，例如：
dear John letter dead shot/ dead eye a cold fish
blue-eyed boy natural history a shot-gun wedding
clean author a couch potato
例9
原文：Too clearly, it is a topic we shall do no justice to in this place.
直译：很显然，这是一个我们在这个地方不能够充分说明的论题。
意译：
例10
原文：After dinner the two ladies retired to another room and left their husbands to talk shop.
译文：
例11
原文：Last spring, Mother Nature made April Fools of all of us who live in New England.
译文：
例12
原文：He gave up the sword for the plough.
直译：他放下了刀剑，拿起来犁耙。
意译：
例13
原文：Do you see any green in my eye?
译文：
例14
原文：A great elation overcame them.
直译：一种巨大的欢乐情绪控制了他们。
意译：
例15
原文：My sister goes back to the fat farm again.
译文：
例16
原文：His son lives under the gov ernment’s expense.
译文：
例17
原文：I’m going to do a job no one else can do for me.
直译：我打算做一件任何人都不能替我去做的大事。
意译：
3．直意并举
翻译过程中单一使用直译或意译都是不可取的。完全的直译有时会使译文生硬晦涩或辞不达意；完全的意译又往往会改变原作的风格特点，造成误读。科学的翻译态度应该是宜直译时就直译，须意译时就意译，或直译与意译兼顾，不能生搬硬套某一方法。
例18
原文：The parson officially pronounced that they became one.
译文：
例19
原文：Ten to one he has forgotten it.
译文：
例20
原文：The first time we met I know this was the only one I wanted to marry. It was love from the word go. 直译：初次见面我就知道自己想娶的人是她了，这是从“走”这个字开始的爱。
直意并举：
例21
原文：I never thrust my nose into other men’s porridge. It is no bread and butter of mine. Let every man for himself, and God for us all.
原译：我从来不会把自己的鼻子伸到别人的粥里。那不是我的面包和黄油。让每个人都为自己，上帝为我们大家吧。
改译：
翻译练习
1.A writer achieves brevity in language by expressing his thoughts and feelings with such propriety and
precision that it would not be possible to add or detract a single paragraph, line or word.
2.Y ou only know the hows but not the whys.
3.We must get to the bottom of the matter.
4.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social
problems evaporate.
5.Both democracy and freedom are relative, not absolute, and they come into being and develop in
specific historical conditions.
6.The reform and open-up policy has increased people’s purchasing power and market prosperity and
financial thriving.
7.Our teenagers, if we fail to give them enough moral education, will become a social burden.
第二节词义的选择
（一）词义的选择
择和确定原句中关键词的词义。从如下两个方面入手：
1．根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义
例1
like
1）Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.
2）He likes mathematics more than physics.
3）In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.
4）Like knows like.
2．根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义
英语同一个词同一词类，在不同的场合往往也有不同含义，必须根据上下文的联系以及词的搭配关系或句型来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下具有的含义。例如：
例2
Produce
1）The artist produced a beautiful painting.
2）Last year she also produced a baby boy.
3）That factory produces shoes.
4）That Italian director has produced a lovely movie.
5）Let’s produce the line AB to C.
例3
last
1）He is the last man to come.
2）He is the last man to do it.
3）He is the last person for such a job.
4）He should be the last to blame.
5）He is the last man to consult.
6）This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
例4
原文：I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury I got a chaise for town; but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that I should not get rid of it in a hurry. I got to the Treasury at about noon. But first of all got shaved and dressed. I soon got into the secret of getting a memorial before the board, but I could not get an answer then; however, I got intelligence from a messenger that I should get one next morning. As soon as I got back to my inn, I got my supper, and, then got to bed. When I got up next morning, I got my breakfast, and, having got dressed, I got out in time to get an answer to my memorial. As soon as I got it, I got into a chaise, and got back to Canterbury by three, and got home for tea. I have got nothing for you, and so adieu.
赏析：这是一段奇文，是英国维多利亚女王时代的一位作家威瑟斯（Dr. Withers）所作的一篇短文。各种形式的get共出现了27次。虽然除get外没有使用任何其他动词，风格也比较口语化，但文章的意思却表达得十分清楚。英语词汇的多义性由此可见一斑。
译文：
（二）词义的引申
本含义出发，进一步引申，选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达。
1．将词义做抽象化引申
在现代英语中常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译时，一般可以将其词义做抽象化的引申。
1）将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词。
例5
原文：There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.
译文：
例6
原文：Every life has its roses and thorns.
译文：
2）注意词汇的字面意思与引申意义
例7
原文：The music business marries art and commerce.
原译：音乐与艺术和商业成了亲。
改译：
2．将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词
例8
原文：Hitler’s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930.
译文：
3．将词义做具体化的引申
1）英语中有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，英译汉时一般可做具体化引申。例9
原文：Vietnam was his entrée to the new Administration.
译文：
2）英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时必须做具体化的引申，否则就不够清楚。
例10
原文：The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.
译文：
（三）词义的褒贬
1．英语中有些词本身带有褒贬意义，汉译时要表达出来
例11
1）He was a man of high renown.
2）The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.
3）“He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled.
4）His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.
5）Henry keeps boasting that he had talked to the President.
6）We were shocked by his coarse manners.
2．英语中有些词是中立的，本身不表示褒贬，但在一定上下文中可能有褒贬意味，汉译时就应用具有褒贬意味的相应词来表达
例12
原文：Once, early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Freeway to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions.
译文：
例13
原文：He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation
was not deserved.
译文：
第三节省略与增补
主要有语法性的省略与增补、语义性的省略和增补、修辞性的省略与增补和语篇性省略和增补。前者主要是由于英汉两种语言在语法功能方面存在着许多差异所致，如：英语中有虚拟语气、时态、语态、非谓语动词、独立主格、倒装等，汉语没有这些现象。后者主要着眼于语义性的等值转换。
使用增减法时，应遵循以下原则：增减要适度，决不能根据自己的主观意愿胡乱增减，破坏原文意思，要力争做到增词不增义，减词不减义，无论是增补还是省略都要保证原文信息的饱满传递。一般来说，增词是为了表达明晰，减词是力求简洁。
[I] 语法性的省略与增补
1.省略
删除原文中某些词在译文中没有必要表达出来的词语，但删除部分的意义仍隐含在译文中。删掉那些不必要的、繁琐的、违背译入语表达习惯的词语，是为了使译文更加符合译文读者的欣赏品位。
与英语相比，汉语里代词（尤其是人称代词）和连接词（尤其是并列连接词“和”）用得不多，能被省略的代词和连接词一般都不在句子里出现。因此，在汉译英时，应该避免在句子中过多地使用代词和连接词，否则译文就会显得生硬不自然。
英译汉常见的省略情况包括：省略代词、连词、冠词、介词、动词、非人称代词“
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．it．．”．。
（1）省略代词
例1
原文：He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.
译文：
例2
原文：Eleven-year-old Vladimir Putin infuriated his gym teacher, skipped his maths homework, nearly flunked drawing, and in short, was “one of us”, a popular Russian tabloid declared. The paper announced it had unearthed Putin’s grade book in the attic of a small wooden house where he spend his childhood. The evidence hardly bore signs of future greatness.
译文：
（2）省略连词
例3
原文：He looked gloomy and troubled.
例4
原文：A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased.
译文：
例5
原文：No man can be brave who considers pain as the greatest evil of life; or temperate, who regards pleasure as the highest good.
译文：
（3）省略冠词
例6
原文：The moon was slowly rising above the sea.
译文：
例7
原文：A teacher should have patience in his work.
译文：
只有在强调“一个”、“这个”或“这些”时才将冠词译出。有时译出冠词是出于措辞的需要。
例8
原文：Colombians see themselves as the world’s happiest people, as shown in an internet survey of more than 400,000 people around the globe.
译文：
例9
原文：The palm-sized gadget developed by 911 Computer Co. samples the timbre in human speech for signs of faltering then delivers its verdict.
译文：
（4）省略介词
表示时间或地点的英语介词往往不译。
例10
原文：Many water power stations have been built in the country.
译文：
例11
原文：Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of 1.0008.
译文：
（5）省略动词
例12
原文：When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.
译文：
例13
原文：Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
译文：
例14
原文：This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds.
译文：
例15
原文：It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the blast furnace came into use.
译文：
2．增补
如原文的真正意义隐含在原文的词义中，翻译时需要将隐含意义挖掘出来，加以展开，用增词法，将其内容补充完整。
有如下六种情况：增添原文所省略的词语；必要的连接词；用增词法表达出原文的复数概念；
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
把抽
．．象概念表达清楚；逻辑性增词；概括性增词
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．等
（1）增添原文所省略的词语
例16
原文：Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.
译文：
例17
原文：The Italians are wise before the deed, the Germans in the deed, the French after the deed.
原译：意大利人事前聪明，德国人事中，法国人事后。
改译：
（2）增添必要的连接词
例18
原文：Heated, water will change into vapor.
译文：
例19
原文：Had we needed to get in touch with them, we could have sent a telegram.
译文：
（3）表达出原文的复数概念
例20
原文：The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
译文：
（4）用增词法把抽象概念表达清楚
例21
原文：This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers.
译文：
（5）逻辑性增词
例22
原文：According to scientist, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
译文：
（6）概括性增词
例23
原文：The Americans and Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of message.
译文：
[II] 语义性省略和增补
有时英文句子是完整的，但按照字面翻译过来，则汉语句子的意思就显得不完整，或意思含混不清，或句子繁琐。
1．省略
例24
原文：The sun was sinking fast and the peasants had all left the church area.
译文：
例25
原文：说起
．．出了名的。
．．季羡林先生的认真，那是
译文：
2．增补
例26
原文：Instead of kilometers, we have light-years in universe.
译文：
例27
原文：He did all this without looking at the mayor. But the mayor didn’t take his eyes off him.
译文：
例28
原文：女孩子为了扮靓，小手也一次次伸向她富足抑或拮据的老爸老妈面前。
译文：
[III] 修辞性省略和增补
为了使意思更加明确，重复性增词
例29
原文：He became an oil baron—all by himself.
译文：
例30
原文：A void using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.
译文：
原文：Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.
原译：他们的主人不断切肉、倒茶、上菜、切面包、谈话、笑，还不断祝酒。
改译：
为了使句子更加生动，用一个同义“四字词”加强语气
例32
原文：But there had been too much publicity about my case.
译文：
[IV] 语篇性省略和增补
例33
原文：They were welcomed at the church by its religious leaders who dropped water on their head and blessed them.
译文：
例34
原文：This is something any man would be glad to do for him. It is an emergency. But I am dirty. My clothes are dirty.
译文：
翻译练习
1.Let’s speak loudly so that the whole world can hear us. V iolence against women is not cultural, it is
criminal. (Hilary Clinton)
2.Actually, words and gestures have no meaning in themselves; the meanings are in the people.
Successful communication occurs when both communicators attach the same meaning to the same gesture or word. (Stone from Another Mountain David Etheridge)
3.After he had put on his shoes and tied the shoe laces, he lay down on the bed and pulled the covers up
to his chin. He let his arms rest under the covers at his sides. He closed his eyes and pretended it was night and pretended he was going to fall asleep. Then he brought his arms up and crossed them over his chest to see how this position would suit him. He kept his eyes closed, trying it out.
4.On a gold-colored sofa there are two embroidered cushions. One bears the message: “Eat, sleep and
remarry,” the other the kitsch observation: “Before you meet your real prince you have to kiss a lot of frogs.” (Inside the Palace Richard Kay and Geoffrey Levy)
第四节词类转译法
1．名词和动词间的转换
（1）英语中有大量由动词派生的名词和具有动词意义的名词往往可以转译成汉语的动词。
例1
原文：Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong things.
译文：
例2
原文：A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
（2）英语中很多由名词派生的动词以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，可以将其转译成汉语的名词。
例3
原文：To them, he personified the absolute power.
译文：
例4
原文：In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted （侧面影象, 轮廓）against the sky.
译文：
2．形容词转译成动词
英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可以转译成汉语动词
例5
原文：Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.
译文：
例6
原文：And moderate alcohol consumption is, we now know, also good for health.
译文：
3．形容词和副词的转换
（1）英语名词转译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语的副词。
例7
原文：On this question people of different age groups think differently.
译文：
（2）英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。
例8
原文：He asked me for a full account of myself and family.
译文：
（3）由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同，有一些英语形容词可译为汉语的副词。
例9
原文：Another war will be the absolute end of our country.
译文：
4．形容词和名词的转译
（1）英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类人，汉译时常常译成名词
例10
原文：Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.
译文：
例11
译文：
例12
原文：Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.
译文：
（2）形容词派生的名词可以转译成形容词；有些名词加上不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词
例13
原文：The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.
译文：
例14
原文：Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.
译文：
5．介词转译成动词
例15
原文：I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor, and out over the sea.
译文：
6．副词和名词的转换
（1）副词转译成名词
例16
原文：He is physically weak but mentally sound.
译文：
（2）名词转译成副词
例17
原文：The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.
译文：
第五节重复法
重复法实际上是一种增词法，只不过增加的词是上文刚刚出现过的词。翻译和写作一样，本应力求简练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词，但有时为了明确、强调或生动，却往往需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。
一、为了明确
例1
原文：I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.
译文：
例2
原文：John is your friend as much as he is mine.
译文：
原文：We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather,of each other—of everything but our host and hostess.
译文：
二、为了强调
例4
原文：He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding.
译文：
例5
原文：Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.
译文：
例6
原文：Out of sight, out of mind.
译文：
例7
原文：Every change of season, every change of weather, every hour of the day produces some change in the magical hues and shape of these mountains; and they are regarded by all housewives, far and near, as perfect barometers.
译文：
三、为了生动
英文原文中即使没有词的重复，有时为了生动也使用重复。可以用四字词组、词的重叠、四字对偶词组等。
例8
原文：Target priorities were established there.
译文：
例9
原文：I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.
译文：
例10
原文：He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.
译文：
例11
great contributions gratitude ingratitude
prosperity eternal glory to vivid
hesitate arrogance careless
in chaos street gossip rumors
第六节正反、反正表达法
英语里有些从正面表达的词或句子，译文中可从反面来表达；英语里从反面表达的，译文可以从正面来表达。
例1
原文：He went into the insecure building.
正面表达：
反面表达：
1．英语从正面表达，译文从反面表达
例2
原文：Such a chance was denied me.
译文：
例3
原文：We may safely say so.
译文：
例4
原文：It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.
译文：
例5
原文：We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.
译文：
例6
原文：My guess is as good as yours.
译文：
例7
原文：All international disputes must be settled through negotiations and the avoidance of any armed conflicts.
译文：
2．英语从反面表达，译文从正面表达
例8
原文：The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.
译文：
例9
原文：Don’t lose time in posting the letter.
译文：
例10
原文：Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.
译文：
例11
原文：The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.
译文：
3. 双否定译肯定
原文：There can be no sunshine without shadow.
译文：
但是，如果翻译时保留英语原来的“否定之否定”的形式并不影响中文的流畅时，则应保留的目的还可突出原文中婉转的语气。
例13
原文：He is not unequal to the duty.
译文：
4. 正反移位
例14
原文：I don’t think he will come.
译文：
5. 译为部分否定
例15
原文：Not all minerals come from mines.
译文：
例16
原文：All the scientists are not geniuses.
译文：
例17
原文：Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.
译文：
翻译练习
1.The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing.
2.No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of people of the old generation
back to 36 years ago.
3.The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue to occur,
largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon.
4.They never meet without quarreling.
5.She was a little fuller of figure than five years before when she married, but she had lost nothing of
her vivacity.
6.He still hadn’t changed his expression.
第七节分译和合译
一、分译
介词短语做定语时，往往是定语从句的一种简略形式。介词短语做状语时，有时是状语从句的简略形式。有些介词短语还是并列句的简略形式。因此英译汉时可以拆句分译。
原句：Man’s warm blood // makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea // without some kind warmth. 译文：
例2
原文：Interrupted frequently by laughter, whoops and shouts of “We love you”from the quests, // Lee (Ang Lee) told the audience that including media from around greater China // that his success was built on the back of other Chinese filmmakers.
译文：
二、合译
1．把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。
例3
原文：He was very clear. His mind was open.
译文：
例4
原文：The young man was very miserable. // He had no money about him. // All his savings had been stolen.
译文：
2．把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句
例5
原文：When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.
译文：
3．把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句
例6
原文：In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends.
译文：
例7
原文：The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.
译文：
三、分合并举
例8
原文：Chow Y un-fat was speaking at a news conference to launch a set of stamps and first-day covers issued by the South American Nation of Guyana and featuring him. // The set includes six colorful stamps depicting show in his various movie roles.
译文：
例9
原文：Heart pounding, Martin crawled out in the ledge, making sure his window stayed open. // He stood up gingerly, and cold wind whipped at his shirt. His fingers clutched the bricks as he started inching toward Thorne’s office. Lights blinked below.
翻译练习
一、翻译下列句子
1.It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of
foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity (怀疑)；it was the season of the Light; it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.
2.Histories make man wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;
logic and rhetoric able to contend.
3.Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.
4.For generations, coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy source to transport man from
place to place.
5.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural
resources.
6.It helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the
Greco-Romans (希腊罗马人) were fully developed and exploited only by the Western Europeans. 二、翻译必有“失”，而失于此而得于彼：试将下列这段文字译成英语，注意黑体字部分：
It is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of industry must be kept turning. “Built-in obsolescence” provide the means: goods are made to be discarded. Cars get thinner and thinner. Y ou no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.
This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere: i.e. to a bigger wage pocket. The demand for skilled personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and “fringe benefits” are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the “brain drain”, the process by
which highly skilled people offer their services to the higher bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer.
[标签:标题] 篇一：2015汉译英句子翻译(包括参考译文) 2015年汉译英综合练习 1. 她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。 This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. 2. 西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光奇丽。 The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. 3. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 4. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 5. 袭人道：“一百年还记得呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6. 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made. 7. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me? 8. 只有在我过于劳累，在我长时间无间断地工作，在我感到内心空虚，需要补充精神营养 的时候，我才感到寂寞。 I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 9. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world. 10. 我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。 We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production. 11. 你说的倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 You talk as if it were very simple. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12. 中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。 China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 13. 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。 Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. 14. 阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！ Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!”
43. I‘m wondering why he hasn’t turned _____ at the meeting. A. down B. up C. out D. over 44. Contrary _____popular belief，moderate exercise actually decreases your appetite. A. on B. at C. against D. to 45. _____ the storm，we have to postpone the flight. A. Owing to B. Thanks to C. Because D. As 46. By using both ears one can tell the direction _____ a sound comes. A. in which B. from which C. over which D. with which 47. When she worked with the government，she _____ the difficult task of monitoring elections. A. overworked B. overtook C. underwent D. undertook 48. Apparently，it wasn‘t an accident. Someone must have done it on _____. A. intention B. determination C. purpose D. reason 49. _____ conclusion，walking is a cheap，safe and enjoyable form of exercise. A. In B. On C. By D. As
一、翻译下列句子，注意选词： 1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。 2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。 3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。 4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。 5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。 6.湖区水位提高可能要危及竹子的生长。这意味着以竹子为食物的大熊猫也将 受到威胁。 参考译文： 1.Why do people support us? Because our economy has been developing. 2.The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming. 3.Reforms and the open policy have also emancipated the minds of the people. 4.We need to be enhancing international competitiveness. 5.China’s modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. 6.Higher water levels in the lake area may endanger the growing of bamboos, which means giant pandas that feed on these plants will suffer, too. 二、物称与人称（翻译下列句子，注意运用物称表达法） 我想到希望，忽然害怕起来了。 他气得话也说不出来。 我一时想不起他的名字。 我疏忽了这个问题。 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 走过草地几步，我们就到了一个华丽的大酒店。 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。 一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 参考译文： The access of hope made me suddenly afraid. Anger choked his words. His name escaped me for the moment. This point slipped my attention. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.
TEXT 41 The bane ofItaly 祸起意大利（陈继龙编译） Jun29th 2006 FromThe Economist print edition ALEXANDER STILLE'S new book on Silvio Berlusconi, the flamboyant[1]former Italian prime minister, is neither a b________①nor a work of investigative journalism.Its real value is that it represents the first attempt, in English at least, to recount in a readable fashion the story, not of Mr Berlusconi himself, but of Berlusconi-ism. （1）That gives it a wide appeal, for, as its author argues persuasively, Berlusconi-ism is the extrapolation[2]to grotesque[3] extremes of a phenomenon that has gradually, and all too imperceptibly, become widespread. 亚历山大·斯蒂莱的新作写的是个性张扬的意大利前任总理西尔维奥·贝鲁斯科尼，但它并非是一本传记，也不是新闻调查作品。其真正的价值在于，它首次尝试以一种可读性较强的风格，记述了“贝鲁斯科尼主义”而不是贝鲁斯科尼的生平。这也是本书独具魅力之所在，因为诚如作者很有说服力地论证的那样，“贝鲁斯科尼主义”是对某种现象怪诞至极时的推论，这种现象日趋普遍而所有人却都浑然不觉。 Mr Stille is at his best when he describes how a man with a corporation with billions of dollars of d_______②succeeded in less than eight months, between 1993 and 1994, in turning himself into his country's leader. （2）Along the way, he identifies various keysto Mr Berlusconi's success. 斯蒂莱先生最出彩的描写是，一个拥有一家债台高筑的公司的人，如何在1993年至1994年间的短短8个月内，成功地使自己成为国家领导人。他在书中一一揭示了贝鲁斯科尼的成功要诀。 TEXT 40 Selling the sage of Qufu 推销孔圣人（陈继龙编译） Jul6th 2006 | TOKYO FromThe Economist print edition
20个重点汉译英句型 1、There be 有迹象表明，不少工厂正面临着十分困难的局面。 There are indications that numerous factories are faced with a very difficult situation 二、形式主语 例：玛丽觉得毕．靠自己的力量执行她的计划是困难的。 Mary thought it difficult to carry out her plan all by herself. 三、Not h i n g b ut··· 例：艾米过去除了咖啡什么都不喝。 Amy used to drink nothing but coffee. 四、发现(看见＼听见)谁做什么 例：亚当斯先生发现他1 3岁的儿子正从他的皮夹子里偷钱时大为震惊。 Mr. Adams was greatly shocked to find his 13-year-old son stealing money from his wallet. 五、动词不定式的否定式 例：他努力控制住自己的感情，假装没有听见那个令人悲痛的消息。 With an effort, he held in his feelings and pretended not to hear the sad news. 1、表手段 例：作者想通过这篇文章向读者传达她对赞扬与批评的看法。 Through the article the author wants to convey to the readers her views on praise and criticism. 七、比较结构 例：他比任何对手的得分都高得多，证明他不愧为一个胜利者。 He scored far more points / much higher than any of his rivals and proved himself a worthy winner 例：我们常常发现，运用一个规律比懂的它要难的多。 We often find it much more difficult to apply a rule than to know it 八、Ca n，t h e I p···d o i n g a b o ut 例：她读这部小说时，不禁想起了她在农村度过的那五年。 When she read the novel, she couldn’t help thinking of the five years she had spent in the countryside. 九、连续性动词。 例：我正忙着做一种新的捕鼠装置时，马克走来拖着我出去看花展了。 I was busy making a new device for catching rats when Mark came and dragged me out to a flowers show. 十、b efo r e句型 例：我想先和你讨论一下这篇文章的英译稿，然后再把它寄给霍布斯先生。
B5M1(句子翻译) 1.It_doesn’t_matter_whether you will attend the party or not. 你来不来参加派对并不重要。 2.Many students are hot on playing computer games, while Wang Chen likes playing Weiqi. 许多学生热衷于电脑游戏，而王琛却喜欢下围棋。 .They have a lot in common and get along well with each other. 3.他们有很多相同之处，相处得很融洽。 .They are twin sisters, yet they have_little_in_common in their hobbies. 4.她们是孪生姐妹，但是她们的业余爱好几乎没有相同之处。 .In_common_with other companies, they advertise widely as well. 5.和其他公司一样，他们也广泛地做广告。 .One false step will make a great difference. 6.失之毫厘，谬以千里。 .The twins look so similar that you can hardly tell_the_difference_between them. 7.这对双胞胎看起来太像了，你简直无法把他们区分开来。 .It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me. 8.这对你来说也许很容易理解，但对我却并非如此。 .It_is_obvious_that the two Englishes have much in common. 9.很显然，这两种英语有很多共同之处。 .Obviously (obvious), American spelling is simpler than British spelling. 10很显然，美式拼写要比英式拼写简单。 .Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news gets around quickly. 11.好事不出门，坏事传千里。 .It’s time I got down to some serious work. 12.我该认真干点正事了。 .I tried ringing you several times yesterday but I couldn’t get through. 13.昨天我试着给你打过几次电话，但是没有打通。 .A man in confusion (confuse) cannot focus on the required work. 14.思绪混乱的人不可能集中精力做他被要求做的工作。 ③The confused look on his face suggested that he was confused about the confusing questions asked by his parents.(confuse) 15.他脸上迷惑的表情表明他对父母问的那些令人迷惑的问题感到困惑。 They confused me by asking so many confusing questions. I was totally confused, standing there in confusion, not knowing what to do.
第三章英译汉常用方法和技巧 （教学安排：6课时） 无论翻译的标准如何，翻译的目的都是要求译者最大程度地传递原文信息/再现原文风格，以求最大程度地“忠实”于原文。翻译标准只是给译者提供了翻译的大方向，在具体的翻译运作过程中，还会遇到种种问题，所以在翻译实践中，还要灵活运用相应的翻译方法和技巧，从原文和译文的整体出发，全面分析，透过现象，抓住本质。经过不断的翻译实践，翻译技巧一定会运用得越来越娴熟，翻译水平也会越来越高。合理有效地运用翻译技巧可以使译文生辉，有效地提高翻译质量。 常用的翻译方法和技巧： 直译和意译 词义的选择 省略法和增补法 词类转译法 重复法 正反、反正表达法 分译法和合译法 直译和意译 英汉两种语言的结构有相同的一面，也有不同的一面，因此翻译时有时使用直译，有时用意译，有时直译并举。无论使用哪种方法，其原则是在忠实原文内容和风格的前提下，摆脱原文结构的束缚，使译文符合汉语的规范 直译(metaphrase/literal translation) 在不影响译入语的自然流畅并保持原文信息的前提下，在译文中既保持原文的内容信息，又保持原文的形式结构，尤其要保持原文的修辞、文体和文化特质。 to kill two birds with one stone to shed crocodile tears 如果不破坏原文结构，译文也能通顺自然且忠实原意，这是最理想的直译，但逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义的情况微乎其微。 直译法的使用不仅极大丰富了汉语的词汇，而且及大地拓展了汉语的表达方式和表达范围。汉语中的外来语大都采用直译法或音译法。例如： lady-killer talk show mad cow disease bird flu chain reaction cat walk humor second-hand car tittup hippy yuppie shock 例1 原文：There are two types of electric current: alternating current in which the current flows first one way then the other in a forward and backward motion, and direct current which flows the same way all the time. 译文： 例2 原文：Losing one’s independence for Americans is a shameful thing.
如何做好xx 英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。而英译汉的过程则是正确理解英语原文和创造性地用汉语再现英语原文的过程，在英译汉的过程中，有两点值得我们特别地注意： （1）汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容，即句子或文章的意义，而不是句子结构； （2）在翻译过程中，英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。 英译汉的过程包括理解，分析句架表达和校核三个阶段，理解是表达的前提，若不能正确地理解原文就谈不上确切的表达，但理解与表达通常是互相联系，往返反复的过程，在进行汉语表达的时候，又可以进一步加深对原文的理解，因此，在英译汉的过程中，往往需要考生从英语到汉语，再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。 一、理解 理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文，弄清原文的意思。 （1）通读全文。 （2）分析句子结构。中国的英语学习者往往具有非常好的英语语法知识，在做翻译试题时也应充分发挥和利用这一优势。在分句子结构时，我们要注意首先把句子的主语、谓语和宾语找出来，这样句子的骨干结构也就清楚了，在分析句子的骨干结构时还应该注意分析句子中成分是否有省略的地方，主句和从句之间的关系是否明确等等。 （3）理解句子含义。理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外，还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题：A.句子中是否含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词，如果有，应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么；B.句子中的短语和一些常用的词往往具有多种含义和用法，那么，在该句中它们的具体含义是什么；C.按照你的理解，该部分的意义是否与全篇文章的内容一致，有无相互矛盾。总之，在动手翻译之前，首先要读懂原文，不要一上来就急于动
2019英译汉浪漫的句子集锦 1."As You Wish." -The Princess Pride《公主新娘》 如你所愿这是一句魔咒，会勾去人心哦 2."You make me want to be a better man." 一As Good As It Gets《尽善尽美》 你让我想成为一个更好的人女人能让男人，妻子能让丈夫达到的最高境界 3、我喜欢你，很久了，等你，也很久了，现在，我要离开，比很久很久还要久。 Ilike you，for a long time，wait for you，also long，now，I want to leave，longer and longer than long. 4、曾经沧海难为水，除却巫山不是云。取次花丛懒回顾，半缘修道半缘君。
Have sailed the seven seas for water，except Wushan not cloud.Take the second flower bush laziness review，half margin monarch monarch. 5、我不知道遇见你是对是错，只知道遇见你我开心过。 I don't know it's right to meet you.I just know I'm happy to meet you. 6、与卿同一身，此生愿足矣。 The same as the Qing，this life is enough. 7、想牵你的手，一起到一个叫永远的地方，看天长地久的风景，尝海枯石烂的味道。 Want to hold your hand，go to a place called forever，see enduring as the universe scenery，taste the taste of the solid. 8、不是完美情人，就是精神病人。 It is not a perfect lover，or a mental patient.
Unit one Stumbling block in intercultural communication 1 在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。 It’s appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling block in international communication. 7 本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。 The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that ,since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language,he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes ,thoughts and feelings. 8 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。 A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. 11 先入为主和程式化思维的现象
句子英译汉 I t is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether. 当然油箱里装满优质汽油倒是好事，但是驾驶室里要是坐着横冲直撞的司机就完全是另一回事了。 He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩. A continuous increase in the trade volume of China’s exports has led to a continuous demand from some major developed countries of the increase in the value of China’s currency. 中国出口贸易额度持续增加,已导致了一些主要发达国家不断要求中国货币升值. He is a great liar. 他老说谎. In spite of the growth of other kinds of transport, railroads continue to be, as they used to be over years, the backbone of the transportation industry. 尽管其他各种交通工具都发展了，铁路仍然是运输业的骨干，正如它多年来一直是运输业的骨干一样。 The developed countries are full of skilled labor and capital, while developing countries which are lack of skilled workers and capital need to import technology-intensive products from these countries. 发达国家拥有大量的熟练劳动力和资本，而缺乏熟练工人和资本的发
英译汉重点句子 英译汉重点句子 Lesson 8 1. I've always loved exploring old cities, and Prague is one of the most beautiful in terms of architecture. There are fantastic castles and museums that are relatively unknown to most tourists。我一直喜欢寻访古老的城市．布拉格是建筑方面最为漂亮的城堡之一，那里有不同寻常的城堡和博物馆，而且鲜为人知。 2．I spent New Year's Eve there once, and I remember watching the sun set over the sand dunes. When the stars come out, they were incredibly bright. 我在那里度过一次新年夜。记得太阳落在远方的沙丘上, 繁星点点(繁星出现时)是格外的明亮。 3. Chinese is so very different from the languages I've studied, and of course the writing system is completely different. I had to use a lot of gestures and sign language. 汉语跟我学过的其它语言是很不相同的，书写形式则完全不同、我只得借助于动作和态势语。 4. I go with an open mind, I like to try new things. The first thing I always do when I get to a new place is to buy a map. Then I'm ready to start on my new adventure. 我去的时候就思想比较开放。我喜欢尝试新鲜的东西。在新的地方我做的第一件事就是买一张地图，然后就可以开始我新的历险了。 Lesson 22 1. Fellini is known for combining realism and fantasy, often making up the story as he goes along. 费里尼以现实和幻想的完美结合而著名, 常常是一边拍摄一边构思他的故事。 2. Welles made his first and most influential film Citizen Kane, when he was only 25. Considered by some film historians to be the greatest movie ever made, it is famous for unusual sound and camera techniques. 威里斯在二十五岁的时候执导了他的第一部也是最有影响的电影《公民凯思》，这部电影以它那不同寻常的声音和摄像技术而闻名于世，被一些电影史学家们评论为最伟大的电影。 3. When Fellini was a young boy, he ran away to join the circus. Even though he had to return to school, the experience greatly influenced his films, many of which are autobiographical. 费里尼很小的时候就离开家里去参加马戏团。虽然他还是不得不返回了学校，但是，这个经历对他的电影产生了巨大影响。他的很多电影都是自传性的。
汉译英重要句型 1、比较级： It is more difficult for beginners to think in English than to speak it. 对初学者来说，用英语思维比说英语更难。 It was said that some primitive people who ate deer could run as fast as a deer. 据说有些吃鹿肉的原始人能跑得象鹿一样飞快。 The real life is far more complicated than we imagine. 现实生活比我们想象的要复杂的多。 Studies show that men are more likely to suffer from heart attacks than women. 研究表明男人比女人更容易得心脏病。 2、虚拟语气 His daughter would mot have taken apart his watch if he had come home a little earlier yesterday. 要是昨天他早一点回到家，他的女儿就不会把他的手表拆了。 You wouldn’t have got into trouble if you had taken my advice. 如果当你听从我的劝告就不会陷入困境。 Without your help we could not have finished the task yesterday. 没有你的帮忙我们昨天就完不成任务。 3、形式主语 It is not easy to find students who share your views. 要找到与你观点相同的学生并不容易。 It is said that in some single parent families children live a miserable life. 据说有些单亲家庭的孩子生活很悲惨。 It is known that the Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific. 人所众知，大西洋仅有太平洋一半大。 It is not decided who will hold the meeting tomorrow. 谁主持明天的会议还没决定。 形式宾语 Most single parents find it hard to take care of a family alone. 大多数单亲父母发现独自照顾家庭有困难。 Do you think it difficult to remember these new words? 你认为这些生词很难记吗？ 4、宾语从句 Studies show that people who drink a lot are more likely to suffer from heart attacks . 研究表明大量喝酒的人更易得心脏病。 I don’t think she will buy such things as the used clothing and empty bottles. 我认为她不会买象旧衣服和空瓶子这样的东西。 Many Americans complain that the government spends too much money on those programs. 许多美国人抱怨政府在这些面目上花钱太多。 His silence showed that he had no interest in the problem. 他的沉默表明他对这个问题不感兴趣。 I know why she is angry. 我知道他为什么生气。
句子翻译音译汉： 1. their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word. 她砰的关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间那场争执就此结束。 2. the guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点儿意外。 3. johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone . 约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。 4. while she felt like joining the argument,nancy was too shy to open mouth. 南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。 5. what do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？ 6. it is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight. 他很可能会因为实力不好而被拒收入伍。 location of the new airport. 委员会成员在新机场最佳选址这一问题上持有不同意见。 8. heys works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brothers better. 亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。 9. it is obviously that his young assistant who is running the bookstore. 很明显是他的年轻助手在经营这家书店。 10. being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital. 由于缺乏资金，他们正在设法吸引外资。 11. the little girl ran so fast that she was thrown off balance and fell down. 那个小女孩跑得太快，身体一下失去平衡，跌倒了。 12. be sure not to say anything capable of being misunderstood 千万别说可能会被人误解的话。 1. “a woman?s reaction in any crisis,” the major says, “is to scream. and while a man may feel like it ,he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. and that last ounce is what really counts. ” 4 他说：“一遇到危急情况，女人得反应便是尖叫。而男人虽然也 可能尖叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。” 2. the american does not join in the argument but watches the contracting slightly. she motions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. the boy?s eyes widen: he quickly leaves the room. 5 那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。 在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方，脸部
第四课： 1. 近来，政府对人力资本的投资有加大的趋势，但较之2001年全世界高3.1%的标准，则投资比例仍然偏低。(段一倒4) Recent trends in investment in government human capital investment are favorable but the investment proportion is still low by world standards rising to in 2. 然而，有证据表明教育和技术构成的真正回报率非常高。这种不平衡是现行政策曲解的一种症候，而且这种曲解阻碍了中国经济发展。(段二正2—09年) However, evidence indicates that the true rate of return to education and skill formation is high and that the imbalance is symptomatic of a serious distortion of current policy that retards economic development in china. 3. 当经济学家最初衡量经济发展的根源时，从前一直被认为是无法解释的剩余因素，现在被称为人力资本。(段三正1) When economists first began to measure the sources of economic growth, what previously had been considered an unexplained residual became identified as human capital. 4. 有些人认为，“人力资本”这一术语意味着个性的丧失，使人们联想到一个将人与机器等同的不人道社会。事实上，恰恰相反，这一概念承认人的重要性。(段四正1) The term “hp” suggests to some a depersonalization of individuals and is associated in the popular mind with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machines. 5. 技能广还便于劳动者在出现新的机会时跨工种、跨行业、跨地区流动，有助于人们重新分配人力资源和物质资源，使其投入到生产力更高的领域中去，甚至使人们预见到这些机会的存在。(段七正6) Great skill also facilitates worker mobility across occupation, industries and regions in response to new opportunities, it helps people reallocate resources, both human and physical, toward more productive opportunities exist. 6. 教育对中国各地区全因素生产力所造成的影响证明：中国内地教育水平的低下，阻碍了政府最近对内地加大投资政策的实施。(段九倒5) The impact of education on total factor productivity in regions in china shows that the recent policy of promoting investment in noncoastal areas of china was thwarted by low level of education in the noncoastal regions. 7. 当我们思考在中国的适当投资策略以及各地区发展的时候，十分重要的是要知道，优化人力资本和实物资本投资组合将推动最高速度的发展。(段十正1) When we think about an appropriate investment strategy in china, and the development of its regions, it is very important to understand that optimizing over the full portfolio of investment---both human and physical capital 8. 出身地是决定一个人成年后技能水平的最重要的因素之一，这是中国社会同代人和隔代人之间不平等的重要根源。(段十一正5) The place of a person’s birth is one of the most important determinants of that person’s adult skill level. This is a powerful source of inequality in Chinese society across people at a point in time and across generationgs. 9. 残存的户籍政策加剧了这种不平等。这种政策向跨区流动人员的子女征收高达他们家庭总收入百分之十的借读费。(段十一正8) This source of inequality is reinforced by the vestiges of hk policy that charges children of interregional immigrant above normal fees that are as large as 10 of total family income just for the right to attend school. 10. 各地区每个学生的费用支出相差很大，它与各省人均GDP的正比关系是很显然的，而且是可精确估算的。(段十二正1) The regional variation in cross section per pupil expenditure is enormous and the positive relationship with provincial GDP per capita is fairly clear and precisely estimated. 11. 在中高等教育阶段普遍征收学费是合理的，将有限的教育资源分配给那些最有可能从教育获益的人。(段十三正1) A policy of charging fees for access to education, which is widespread in secondary and higher levels, can be justified as a way to ration scarce resources to those who might benefit most from education.