虚拟语气考点与练习
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。下面结合高考试题，对其常见考点进行归纳，希望能帮助同学们突破这一语法难点。
一、考查虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的使用
含有虚拟条件句的复合句中谓语动词构成的基本形式：
would soon be a huge mountain of rubbish.如果全国每个人每天买一罐软饮料，然后把空罐扔掉，垃圾很快就会堆积如山了。（与现在事实相反）
If the hurricane had happened during the day time, there would have been many more deaths.倘若飓风发生在白天，那么死亡的人数还会多得多。（与过去事实相反）
If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.如果明天下雪，他们就不出去了。（与将来事实相反）
【考例】①This printer is of good quality. If it _______ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.（2009天津卷）
A. would
B. should
C. could
D. might
【解析】B。表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，条件句中谓语动词用过去时、were to +v.或should +v来表示.。只有B项符合规则。
② _______ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race.（2007全国卷II）
A. If
B. Since
C. Though
D. When
【解析】A。根据句意“要是约翰的腿不受伤的话，他就赢得比赛了。”可知，这是一个表示与过去事实相反的含有虚拟语气的复合句，应使用if引导条件状语从句。
以下几种特例应引起同学们注意：
1. 省略if的虚拟条件句应使用部分倒装语序
若条件句中含有were, had或should，可将if省略，然后将were, had或should移至主语之前。例如：
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come. 如果明天有会议召开，我会来的。
Had we made a great effort, we might have succeeded. 如果我们（过去）做了很大的努力的话，我们可能就获得成功了。
【考例】_______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.（2006湖北卷）
A. Would you be
B. Should you be
C. Could you be
D. Might you be
【解析】B。此题考查虚拟语气的条件状语从句省略if后的倒装语序。根据句意，条件
句是对将来的一种虚拟，句中谓语动词应使用should / were to+动词原形，省略if后应把were 或should提前。
2. 混合条件句的虚拟语气
有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它们表示的时间加以调整。例如：
If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today. 如果昨天晚上下了雨的话，今天就会非常凉爽了。
【考例】It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. (2002上海卷)
A. wouldn’t have fal len
B. had not fallen
C. should fall
D. were to fall
【解析】B。这是一个混合虚拟条件句。if条件状语从句含有明显的过去时间状语at the age of seven，是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去完成时；主句中有现在时的时间状语today，表示与现在事实相反，用“would+动词原形”。
3. 含蓄条件句的常见表达方式
1) 用连词otherwise, or, but 等暗示前面的条件。例如：
I thought you would remain there for a while after the conference. Otherwise I wouldn’t have bought you a single ticket. 我原以为你会后要在那儿逗留一段时间。要不然我就不会给你买单程票了。
Mary could be prettier, but she doesn’t care much about her clothes. 玛丽本可以更漂亮些，但是她不太在乎衣着。
【考例】He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ______ a goal.（2001上海春季卷）
A. had scored
B. scored
C. would score
D. would have scored
【解析】D。此题考查含蓄条件句的虚拟语气。根据句意“在踢球前他犹豫了一会儿，否则的话他就会破门得分了”可知，这是对过去的一种行为的遗憾，前面的句子是暗含的条件，otherwise所在的句子是主句，与过去事实相反应使用“would+完成时”。
2) 用but for, without等介词短语表达条件。例如：
Without electricity, human life would be quite different today. 如果没有电，人类现在的生活就会是另一个样子了。
The ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain. 要不是因为船长的努力，我们就会连船带人都沉没了。
【考例】But for their help, we ________ the program in time. (2009安徽卷)
A. can not finish
B. will not finish
C. had not finished
D. could not have finished
【解析】D。根据But for their help可以推断这是一个与过去事实相反的含蓄虚拟条件句，主句动词应使用“would / could / might / should…+完成时”形式，故D项为正确选项。
二、考查虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用
1.下列主语从句中谓语动词通常用“(should)+动词原形”
1) It is necessary (important, natural, strange, surprising…) that… 例如：
It is necessary that he be sent to hospital at once. 他有必要被立刻送往医院。
It is strange that she should marry such a poor man. 她竟然嫁给这样一个穷光蛋，真是太
奇怪了。
【考例】It is necessary that a college student _______ at least a foreign language. (1993上海卷)
A. masters
B. should master
C. mastered
D. will master
【解析】B。It is necessary that…结构中主语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词使用“（should）+动词原形”。
2) It is suggested (desired, decided, ordered, requested, proposed…) that… 例如：
It has been decided that the meeting be put off till next Saturday. 会议被决定推迟到下星期六举行。
It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in English. 你应该花更多的时间用于英语学习。
2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的使用
1) 在某些动词后的宾语从句中，使用“（should）+动词原形”。常见的动词有：一个坚持(insist)；两个命令(order, command)；三项要求(demand, require, request)；四条建议(advise, suggest, propose, recommend)。
【考例】The doctor recommended that you swim after eating a large meal. （2009浙江卷）
A. wouldn’t
B. couldn’t
C. needn’t
D. shouldn’t
【解析】D。recommend意思是“建议”，后接宾语从句时应使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形”。
②Jane’s pale face suggested that she ______ ill, and her parents suggested that she _____ a medical examination.（1994上海卷）
A. be; should have
B. was; have
C. should be; had
D. was, has
【解析】B。suggest意为“建议”时，其后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should) +动词原形”，但当其意为“暗示、表明”时，其后不用虚拟语气。本题第一个suggest 意为“表明”，第二个suggest意为“建议”。另外，insist作“坚持（应该）”解时，宾语从句用虚拟语气，作“力言、坚持（认为）”解时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。例如：Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 迈克坚持说自己从来没偷任何东西。（非虚拟语气）
We insisted that she (should) go with us. 我们坚持她应该跟我们走。(虚拟语气)
2) wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词有三种形式：对现在的虚拟，用过去时；对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时；对将来的虚拟，用“would / should+动词原形”。
【考例】How I wish every family _____ a large house with a beautiful garden! （2002上海春季卷）
A. has
B. had
C. will have
D. had had
【解析】B。此题表达的是现在的一种愿望，wish后的宾语从句应使用一般过去时。
3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
某些表示“建议”、“计划”、“命令”的名词（如advice, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等）后的同位语从句和表语从句中的谓语动词常用“（should）+动词原形”。例如：
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我们都同意
他到北京旅游观光的建议。
My advice is that he (should) do exercises first. 我的建议是他应该先做练习。
【考例】We should consider the students’ request _______ the school library provide more books on popular science.（2009重庆卷）
A. that
B. when
C. which
D. where
【解析】A。request是表示“请求，建议”类的名词，其后的同位语从句中使用虚拟语气，本题中从句的谓语动词使用了动词原形，同位语从句中不缺少任何成分，故选用that 引导。
三、考查虚拟语气在其它句型中的使用
1. 虚拟语气用于It is (high) time (that)…句型中，that从句中的谓语动词用过去式（be 用were）或should+动词原形，should不能省略，意为“（现在）该到了……的时候了”。例如：
It’s high time that he went (should go) to bed. 到了他该上床睡觉的时候了。
2. 虚拟语气用于would rather后的从句中，用过去式表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成式表示过去的情况。例如：
I would rather you went next Sunday. 我愿你下个星期天去。
I would rather you hadn’t done that. 我真希望你没做那件事。
3. 虚拟语气用于as if (as though), even if (even though)等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，对现在的虚拟，用过去时；对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时。例如：
The two new-comers talked as if they had known each other for ages.那两个新来的人聊天的样子仿佛他们已经相识多年了。
【考例】Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it ________yesterday.（2006全国卷I）
A. was happening
B. happens
C. has happened
D. happened
【解析】D。本题考查虚拟语气的句子中动词的使用。as if引导的句子既可以使用虚拟语气，也可以使用非虚拟语气，本题语境表明其后跟的是虚拟语气，谓语动词应使用过去时。
4. 虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹句中，其谓语动词的形式与wish后的宾语从句的动词形式一样。
【考例】Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ______ your advice. (2003上海春季卷)
A. followed
B. would follow
C. had followed
D. should follow
【解析】C。根据句意，这是对过去没做某事的后悔和遗憾，与过去事实相反，从句应使用过去完成时。
5. 虚拟语气用于Would you mind + if从句，从句中谓语动词通常用过去时。例如：
Would you mind if I opened the window? 如果我打开窗子，你不反对吧？
试比较：Do you mind if I open the window?
6. 虚拟语气用于for fear that（以免，为防止……起见），in case（万一，如果发生）引起的从句中，谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”。例如：
She put her coat over the child for fear that he should catch cold. 她把大衣盖在孩子身上怕他着凉。
Here’s some money in case you shoul d need it. 这儿有点钱以防你急需。
四、考查“情态动词+完成时”表达的虚拟语气
“should, ought to, needn’t等+完成时”表示虚拟意义，含有“责备、遗憾、后悔”的意
味。
1.“should(ought to)+完成时”表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做，其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。
【考例】①—My cat’s really fat.
—Y ou _______ have given her so much food.（2007浙江卷）
A. wouldn’t
B. couldn’t
C. shouldn’t
D. mustn’t
【解析】C。根据上文语境“我的猫太胖了”可知下文要说“你本不应该给她这么多食物的”。英语中表示“本不应该做某事而做了”用“shouldn’t +完成时”。
②I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I _______ have driven her there.（2007陕西卷）
A. could
B. must
C. night
D. should
【解析】D。句意为：我原来告诉了你的朋友怎样到那家宾馆去，但是或许我应该驾车送她去那儿的。表示对过去本来应该做某事而未做的一种后悔或遗憾，用“should +完成时”。
2.“could+完成时”表示本来能够做成某事的但结果没能做成，含有遗憾的意味。
【考例】He paid for a seat, when he _______ have entered free.（2005山东卷）
A. could
B. would
C. must
D. need
【解析】A。根据句意“虽然他本来可以免费入内的，但是他还是买了票”可以判断应使用“could+完成时”。
3.“needn’t+完成时”表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事。
【考例】The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I ______ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.（2006江西卷）
A. should have taken
B. could have taken
C. needn’t have taken
D. mustn’t have taken
【解析】C。根据语境可知昨天天气转晴了，“我本来不用麻烦带着伞的”。表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”，用“needn’t+完成时”。
巩固练习：
1. “I still haven’t thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.” “It’s time you ________.”
A. Do
B. did
C. had
D. would
2. “I’ve told everyone about it.” “Oh, I’d rather you ________.”
A. Don’t
B. hadn’t
C. couldn’t
D. wouldn’t
3. It has been raining for a day, but even though it hadn’t rained, we ________ there by tomorrow.
A. can’t get
B. won’t get
C. hadn’t got
D. wouldn’t get
4. Y esterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ________ something she would regret later.
A. had said
B. said
C. might say
D. might have said
5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _____ badly wounded and that he _____ at once.
A. should be; be operated on
B. were; must be operated on
C. was; should be operated
D. was; be operated on
6. I forget where I read the article, or I ________ it to you now.
A. will show
B. would show
C. am going to show
D. am showing
7. —Why didn’t you go to yesterday’s meeting?
—I would have but I ________ too busy working on the important experiment.
A. had been
B. was
C. were
D. am
8.—Don’t you think it necessary that he ________ to Miami but to New Y ork?
—I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to.
A. will not be sent; that
B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what
D. should not send; what
9. The workers will go on strike if the demands they ________ put forward are turned down.
A. could
B. would
C. 不填
D. had
10. —Mary looks hot and dry. —So ______ you if you had a high fever.
A. do
B. are
C. will
D. would
11. Mr Li required the computer equipment referred ________ used in every classroom.
A. should be
B. have to be
C. to be
D. to being
12. —Y ang Liwei has won great honor for our country.
—Who is Y ang Liwei?
—What a question! It is surprising ________ the first spaceman in China.
A. you didn’t know our national hero
B. to you not to know him
C. you should know nothing about
D. you knew nothing about him
13. —What courses are you going to do next term?
—I don’t know. But it’s about time ________ on something.
A. I’d decide
B. I decided
C. I decide
D. I’m deciding
14. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material ________ to its burning temperature.
A. is heated
B. will be heated
C. would be heater
D. be heated
15. Robert wishes that he ________ business instead of history when he was in university.
A. studies
B. studied
C. has studied
D. had studied
16. My demand is that the information referred to in my report ________ to Mr. Brown without delay.
A. to be e-mailed
B. e-mailed
C. be e-mailed
D. being e-mailed
17. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ________ to the meeting.
A. would come
B. came
C. would have come
D. had come
18. Without electricity human life ________ quite different today.
A. is
B. will be
C. would have been
D. would be
19. If he had not gone out in the storm, he ________ alive now.
A will be B. would be C. would have been D. is
20. If only I ________ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.
A. know
B. would know
C. should know
D. knew
21. But for the party, he ________ of hunger fifteen years ago.
A. would have died
B. would die
C. must have died
D. must die
22. I would have come earlier, but I ________ that you were waiting for me.
A. didn’t know
B. hadn’t know
C. would have known
D. haven’t known
23. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ________ two weeks to prepare for the exam.
A. give
B. should give
C. be given
D. would be given
24. Wang Ling, one of my friends, is very good at English. He speaks English as if he ________ an Englishman.
A. were
B. would be
C. have been
D. had been
25. We ________ our lives had it not been for the policeman.
A. would have lost
B. should lose
C. might lose
D. had lost
26. ________ more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were
B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be
D. If the captain would have been
27. Were it not for the snowy weather, we ________ all right.
A. would be
B. would have been
C. were
D. may be
28.11. ________ your address，I would have written to you.
A. Did I know
B. Were I to know
C. Had I known
D. If I should know
29. If we __________ 200 years old, we __________ everything.
A. were to be; could change
B. had been; changed
C. were; would have changed
D. should be; changed
30. Sally couldn’t have written to him, or he ___ received her letter.
A. had
B. have
C. could have
D. has
巩固练习
1-5 BBADD 6-10 BBBCD 11-15 CCBDD 16-20 CCDBD 21-25 AACAA
26-30 BACAC
虚拟语气专练
1.——Did you submit(递交）your application for a Master’s degree(硕士学位）？
——Not yet. If I_____ to see my father, I would have.”
A. didn’t go
B. haven’t gone
C. wouldn’t have gone
D. hadn’t gone
2.——Why didn’t Tom give you one of his paintings?
——I didn’t want one, but he would have given me one if I ____.
A. Do
B. would
C. will
D. had
3.——Do you think the thief entered through the garage door?
——No, if he had, I don’t believe _____broken the living room window.
A. would he have
B. he had
C. he would have
D. he has
4._______I’d have told you.
A. If I would have known it
B. If I had have known it
C. Had I know it
D. Should I know it
5. I ____come yesterday, but I couldn’t.
A. was to have
B. must
C. ought
D. have to
6.——It is raining, and I have no umbrella.
——Here’s mine, and I insist ____it.
A. you to take
B. that you take
C. that you taking
D. you taking
7. The professor gave orders that the test ____before 5:30.
A. be finished
B. will finish C .will be finished D. shall finish
8. I must go there earlier. John has suggested that I _____an hour before the discussion begins.
A. go
B. shall go
C. will go
D. would go
9. I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I ____there.
A. was
B. were
C. had been
D. went
10. She speaks as if she ____on the spot.
A. was
B. were
C. had been
D. is
11. If I ______ten years younger, I _____ very happy.
A. were, would be
B. am, shall be
C. were, shall be
D. am, would be
12.—— Y ou can ask your brother for help.
—— He is not at home. If he ____, I _____.
A. is, would
B. were, would
C. is, will
D. were, will
13. If you ____the doctors advice, you would have already recovered.
A. follow
B. followed
C. would follow
D. had followed
14. If he had not missed the train, he _____by then.
A. might get
B. might have got
C. got
D. had got
15. What would you have done last night, if you _____to write your homework.
A. hadn’t
B. haven’t had
C. didn’t have
D. hadn’t ha d
16. —— Did you catch the plane?
——No. if I had hurried, I ______.
A. would
B. would have
C. could
D. did
17. Why didn’t you tell him the truth? If I _____you, I would have.
A. were
B. had been
C. am
D. would be
18.——How do you like the party?
——Wonderful. If you had come with us, you ____a good time.
A. had
B. had had
C. would have
D. would have had
19. If I _____out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper.
A. didn’t run
B. shouldn’t run
C. haven’t run
D. hadn’t run
20. If you _____early tomorrow morning, you would be there by noon.
A. have started
B. were started
C. were to start
D. had started
21.——Did you hand in your application for a league member?
——Not yet. If I _____to see my father, I would have.
A. didn’t go
B. haven’t gone
C. wouldn’t have gone
D. hadn’t gone
22.——Why didn’t Tom give you one of his paintings?
——I didn’t want one, but he would have given me one if I _____.
A. do
B. would
C. will
D. had
23.——Do you think the thief entered through the garage door?
——No, if he had, I don’t believe ____broken the living room window.
A. would he have
B. he had
C. he would have
D. he has
24.______I’d have told you.
A. If I would have known it
B. If I had have known it
C. Had I known it
D. should I know it
25. I ____come yesterday, but I couldn’t.
A. was to have
B. must
C. ought
D. have to
Keys: 1-5 DDCCA 6-10 BAACB 11-15 ABDBD
16-20 BBDDC 21-25 DDCCA