专题十动词被动语态
易错清单
1. 主动结构表被动
(1)open,lock,write,read,sell,wash,cut,burn,drive等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可以用主动语态表被动意义。如:
Mo Yan's novels sell well. 莫言的小说很好卖(销路好)。
(2)表示感觉的连系动词如feel,look,smell,sound,taste等后跟表语时,总是用其主动结构表达被动意义,它们不能用于被动语态。如:
The table feels smooth.
这张桌子摸起来很光滑。
(3)在be worth doing中,doing表被动意义。
The book is well worth reading.
这本书很值得一读。
(4)want/need/require+doing相当于want/need/ require +to be done。如:
The library needs cleaning.
=The library needs to be cleaned. 图书馆需要打扫了。
2. 不用被动语态的情况
(1)当谓语是表示状态或特征的及物动词时,不用被动语态。这样的及物动词有have,become,cost,reach,sell,arrive,fit,hold,own,suit等。如:
We have a good teacher.
我们有一位好老师。
The classroom holds 80 students.
这间教室容纳80个学生。
(2)及物动词的宾语为反身代词、相互代词、非谓语动词、同源宾语时,都没有被动语态。如:
The boy taught himself English. 这男孩自学英语。
We help each other. 我们互相帮助。
(3)当主动句的宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。如:
She likes to swim. 她喜欢游泳。
3. 被动语态与系表结构的区别
动词“be+过去分词”这一结构既可以是被动语态,也可以是系表结构。这两种结构主要的区别是:被动语态强调动作,系表结构强调状态。我们还可以通过以下方法来判断:
(1)从形式上来看,被动语态往往接by施动者,而系表结构往往有固定的搭配,如be separated from,be covered with,be interested in,be surprised at,be satisfied with等。如: We were surprised at the unexpected news.
听到这个意外消息,我们感到惊讶。(系表结构)
注意:句中有“by+人”时,多用被动语态;而“by+物”时,多属系表结构。如:
The house was surrounded by the police.
这房子被警察包围了。(被动语态)
The house was surrounded by trees.
这房子四周都是树。(系表结构,表示静止的状态)
(2)从时态上来看,被动语态的be时态要与动作发生的时间一致;而系表结构的be只有一般时或完成时,表示目前或过去的性质或状态。如:
This window was broken by Kate yesterday.
这窗户是凯特昨天打破的。(被动语态)
This glass is broken. 这块玻璃是破的。(系表结构,指目前的状态)
(3)从句中的状语来看,过去分词前有well,very,quite等副词修饰的是系表结构;若句中有时间、方式或目的状语时,一般为被动语态。如:
The play is well written.
这剧本写得很好。(系表结构)
The play was written with great care. 这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。(被动语态,有方式状语)
(4)被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词,而系表结构中的过去分词可以是gone,fallen,risen等不及物动词。如:
My pen is gone. 我的钢笔不见了。(系表结构)
The sun is risen. 太阳升起来了。(系表结构)
提分策略
1. 判断主语是动作的执行者还是承受者
在解答被动语态题时首先要判断主语和动作的关系,如果主语是动作的执行者,则该句为主动句;如果主语是动作的承受者,则该句为被动句。依据句子意思做出正确选择。
【例1】(浙江宁波·30) I heard that Line 1 of Ningbo Subway last month.
A. was tested
B. is tested
C. tests
D. tested
【解析】考查被动语态的用法。由句意“我听说上个月宁波一号铁路线被检测了”判断,句子的主语是动作的承受着,应用被动语态,last month是一般过去的时间状语,因此谓语动词应用一般过去时。故选A。
【答案】 A
【例2】(湖北孝感·38)Many trees on the streets every year. So the air is very fresh now.
A. plant
B. are planted
C. planted
D. were planted
【解析】考查被动语态的用法。根据“every year”得知用一般现在时态。主语是many trees,故用一般现在时态的被动语态,因此选B。
【答案】 B
【例3】(湖南益阳·30)The sports meeting next month.
A. will hold
B. is going to hold
C. will be held
【解析】考查被动语态的用法。主语the sports meeting不能执行谓语动词hold,是hold 的承受者,需用被动语态。next month说明句子用一般将来时态,其被动结构为:will be held。故选C。
【答案】 C
2. 正确判断时态
被动语态离不开时态。考生要牢记各种时态,掌握被动句的构成,不能混淆。依据句子中的时间状语或上下文暗示,分析判断句子时态。
【例1】(江苏南京·13)We're sure that the environment in our city greatly through our work in the near future.
A. improved
B. was improved
C. has improved
D. will be improved
【解析】考查动词时态和语态的用法。句意:我们相信我们城市的环境在不久的将来通过我们的工作将被大大改善。”由句中的in the near future判断,该句要用一般将来时的被动语态形式,所以选D。
【答案】 D
【例2】(江西·35)The Chinese writer has got lots of fans in France. His new book into French as soon as it came out.
A. was translated
B. translated
C. is translated
D. translates
【解析】考查被动语态根据题干his new book 和translate 的关系,应该选择被动语态,又根据时间状语从句as soon as it came out 是一般过去时态,可知“被翻译”也是一般过去时态。故选A。
【答案】 A
【例3】(浙江宁波·35)—Have you finished your project?
—Not yet. I'll finish it if I ten more minutes.
A. give
B. am given
C. will give
D. will be given
【解析】考查动词的被动语态。句意:如果再给我十分钟我会完成它。主语与动词give 之间是被动关系,在条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。故选B。
【答案】 B.
专项训练
1. ( 深圳·18)—It's reported that some capsules(胶囊)are really bad our health. —Sounds terrible. Hopefully the problem as soon as possible
A. to;is solved
B. for;has solved
C. to;was solved
D. for;will be solved
2. ( 广东模拟·43)Lots of trees and flowers on both sides of the road last year. Oh, beautiful they are!
A. have been planted;what
B. were planted;what
C. were planted;how