当前位置:文档之家› 翻译定义

翻译定义

翻译定义
翻译定义

1. 前苏联语言学派翻译理论家费道罗夫说:“翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容和形式不可分割的统一中业已表达出来的东西,准确而完全地表达出来。”

2. 前苏联文艺学派翻译理论家索伯列夫说:“翻译的目的就是把一种语言中的内容和形式移植到另一种语言中去。”

3. 前苏联翻译理论家巴尔胡达罗夫说:“翻译就是把一种语言的言语产物,在保持内容也就是意义不变的情况下,改变成另一种语言产物的过程。”

4. 尤金?奈达说:“所谓翻译,是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。”Tran slation consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning , and secondly in style.

《中国翻译辞典》(林煌天主编,1997)在引用了数位前苏联学者和尤金?奈达对翻译下的定义后,尝试着给翻译下了一个比较完备的定义:翻译是两个语言社会(language community)之间的交际过程和交际工具。(这个比较完备的定义甚至不如《现代汉语词典》和《新华辞典》的定义更句概括力。

George Steiner在其《通天塔之后》After Babel——Aspects of Translation说:“按适当的理解,翻译是一个特定语言之内任何一次成功的言语行为所包含的交际过程。”…translation, properly understood, is a special case of the arc of communication which every successful speech-act closes within a given language.” (After Babel P. 49)

尼兰贾娜(Tejaswini Niranjana):翻译自始至终是个政治行为。(2002.3.20)

格特(Ernst August Gutt):翻译是一个推理过程。翻译研究的对象是人的大脑机制。(1994.4.6)图里(Toury Gideon)为代表的“描写翻译学派”所关注的则是“目的语文化对翻译的影响”因为该学派认为“语言学和美学在翻译过程中并不起什么作用,选择翻译什么作品主要是由于意识形态的原因。”(相关因素)

上世纪70年代的德国功能派翻译理论认为:“翻译是一项为实现特定目的的复杂活动。”(Nord前言)之所以说这种活动复杂,是因为莱斯(Katharina Reiss)在实践中发现有时因特殊需要(目的),要求译文与原文具有不同的功能。所谓特殊要求,就是发起者(initiator)或委托人(commissioner)的要求。我们还知道,文化学派翻译理论认为:“翻译是各种社会力量用来…操纵?特定社会、建设所需文化的主要文学手段。”(2002.2.36)

“描写学派”的图里(Gideon Toury)认为“语言学和美学在翻译过程中并不起什么作用,选择翻译什么作品主要是由于意识形态的原因。”他这一结论的根据是:对1930年到1945年这15年间从英语、俄语、德语、法语和意第绪语翻译成希伯来语的文学作品的定量分析(2002.2.35)。

而同一学派的尼兰贾娜(Tejaswini Niranjana)认为“翻译自始至终是政治行为”,其依据则是:在殖民主义时期,殖民者总是通过翻译来使民族、种族和语言之间的不平等永久化。殖民地取得独立后(也就是所谓的后殖民时期)前殖民地国家及其语境仍处处有着没有殖民主义的殖民主义。(2002.3.20)

伦敦学派的创始人弗斯(J. R. Firth, 1890-1960)

威尔斯(Wolfram Wilss)的话说:“翻译活动是在翻译能力与翻译行为之间力的相互作用下形成的。”引用Harris和Sherwood的话说:“翻译行为是内在能力的体现。”引用Toury的话说:“翻译行为必备翻译能力”。

Newmark也曾说过:原文文本的文化性越强,翻译时可供选择的方法就越多,就越有赖于译者的创造性阐释。1998.1.50)

Sperber、Wilson和Ernst August Gutt等人提出的关联理论(relevance theory),该理论认为语言交际以最佳关联为取向,以最小的认知努力获得最大的语境效果。说具体一点就是:关联理论认为翻译是一种语际阐释活动,在这个活动中,译者作为交际的一方,要使交际获得成功,就必须对交际的另一方(读者)的认知语境做出准确的判断,从而采取适当翻译方法(直接翻译或间接翻译),使读者能够用最小的认知努力获得最大的语境效果。

—篇在Venuti亲自指导下写成并发表在“中国翻译研究网”上的题为《当代中西异化论的差异性》德文中说:“韦努蒂认为文学翻译家在翻译时总是在做选择,这种选择关系到译者在翻译中采取暴力的程度和方向。”

I also want to indicate that the freelance literary translator always exercises a choice concerning the degree and direction of the violence at work in any translation. 1995.19

19世纪德国学者施莱尔马赫(Schleiermacher)提出的两种翻译方法Either the translator leaves the author in peace as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace as much as possible, and moves the author towards him.

译本一译者要么尽量不打扰作者,而让读者向作者靠拢;要么尽量不打扰读者,而让作者向读者靠拢。

译本二尽可能让作者安居不动,而引导读者去接近作者;或尽可能让读者安居不动,而引导作者去接近读者。

翻译策略的分类和介绍

翻译策略的分类和介绍 引言 一般的翻译教材在讨论翻译问题时,都离不开讨论翻译方法与技巧。我国在八十年代初出版的统编翻译教程(即张培基等编著的教程),主要是讲述常用的翻译方法与技巧,其中包括:词义的选择、引伸和褒贬;词类转译法;增词法;重复法;省略法;正反、反正表达法,分句、合句法;被动语态的译法;名词从句的译法;定语从句的译法;状语从句的译法;长句的译法,和习语、拟声词、外来词语等特别语词的译法等。 九十年代出版的翻译教程也基本上沿用这些方法与技巧,或在此基础上有些改进,例如,柯平编著的《英汉与汉英翻译教程》,除了提出与张培基教程大同小异的方法外,还提出了变通和补偿手段:加注、增益、视点转换、具体化、概略化、释义、归化和回译。 ( ) 性” 关于直译之争持续了几个世纪,赞同者坚定不移,反对者(也即意译的赞同者)坚持已见,互不让步。其实,英文和中文“直译”的定义都不是十分确定,既可指逐词译 ( ),也包括逐句译()。直译作为一种翻译策略常见用于以下领域的翻译:()用于翻译科技资料;()用于外语教学,让学生了解两种语言结构的差异;()也用于文学翻译,是文学翻译中直译的高手,在他看来,“只有直译才是真正的翻译”(见)。 然而,在现代文学译者中,赞同直译的人为数不多,其中的主要原因之一如所说,“因为没有哪两种语言是完全相同的,无论是符号所指的意义或语言符号的排列方式都会有差异。可以说,语际之间没有绝对的一致。因而,也就没有绝对准确的翻译”(:)。

八十年代初,张培基等学者在当时的统编教材《英汉翻译教程》中这样下定义:“所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。但直译不是死译或硬译。……应当指出,在能够确切地表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译法显然有其可取之处。直译法一方面有助于保存原著的格调,亦即鲁迅所说的保持‘异国情调’和‘洋气’,另一方面又有助于不断从外国引进一些新鲜、生动的词语、句法结构和表达方法,使我们的祖国语言变得日益丰富、完善、精密”(张培基等:)。 九十年代出版的翻译教程,对直译又有了不同的阐释:“直译指翻译时要尽量保持原作的语言形式、包括用词、句子结构、比喻手段等等,同时要求语言流畅易懂”(范仲英:)。一般说来,采用直译所产生的译文看起来肯定有翻译的痕迹,读起来也不是那么通顺。如 () ’ 原文玩了个文字游戏,很风趣,凡是了解艾尔弗雷德·希契科克曾导演的读者,看到这句话时,大概都会忍俊不禁。但是这样的文字游戏却造成翻译上的极大困难,如直译成“艾尔弗雷德·希契科克使一位淑女失踪”,其意思就会与原文相悖。王先生采用意译的方法,表达了原文的一层意义,说明了一个事实,可惜其双头语的形式消失了,原文的风趣味道也完全丧失了。对此,王先生深有感触地说,“每种语言都有自己的特性,都有自己独有的声音、文学、修辞手法和社会习惯,这是无法移植的。古书说,‘橘逾淮而北为枳’。橘子好吃,枳可是酸苦的。翻译正是如此。一篇好文章,翻译过来往往读不得。你可以把大意译出,可是原文那些音乐和形象性,原作者那些言外之意和弦外之音,你会丢了一大半”(王宗炎:)。

新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记

Finding fossil man 发现化?石?人 Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. 读到flint 打?火?石anthropomorphic ?人格 化拟1anthropo ?人类 的让步?一?一trace back date back read of read about a trace of ?一些

简述翻译的定义及其历史演变

1.简述翻译的定义及其历史演变 学者候林平将历史上人们对“翻译”定义为三个阶段,每个阶段有不同的定义: (1)第一阶段是传统语文研究阶段,这时候对翻译的定义是比喻式的,鸠摩罗什认为翻译“有似嚼饭与人,非徒失味,有令呕秽也”,傅雷认为翻译“如临画”“如伯乐相马” (2)第二阶段是现代语言学研究阶段。英国的翻译理论家卡特福德将翻译视为不同语言文本材料的替代。美国语言学家奈达,则如下定义:所谓翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文信息。 (3)第三阶段是当代多学科研究阶段: 在《翻译语言学》理论中,卡特福德开宗明义,翻译是一项对语言进行操作的工作:即用一种语言的文体代替另一种语言的文本过程。 关于翻译的定义中国较为熟悉的有以下几种: 1)翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中业已表达出来了的东西准确而完整的表达出来。 2)翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物过程。 3)所谓翻译,是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。 西方的翻译在历史上前后曾出现六次高潮或可分为六个阶段: 第一阶段是公元三世纪中叶罗马对希腊古典作品的翻译,这是欧洲也是整个西方历史上第一次大规模的翻译活动,它开创了翻译的局面。 第二个翻译高潮涌现于罗马帝国后期至中世纪初期,以形形色色的《圣经》译本的出现为标志。 第三阶段发生于中世纪中期,西方翻译家云集,西班牙的托莱多,把大批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语,其中有大量用阿拉伯文翻译的希腊典籍。 第四阶段发生于文艺复兴时期,翻译活动达到前所未有的高峰,翻译活动深入到思想、政治、哲学、宗教等各个领域。 第五阶段发生于文艺复兴后,17世纪下半叶至20世纪上半叶,翻译家不仅翻译古典著作,而且对近代和当代作品也有很大兴趣,如莎士比亚等,东方文学译品也相继问世。 第六个大发展阶段在二战结束至今。二战后西方经济稳定为翻译事业提供物质基础,由于时代的演变翻译特点发生巨大变化,这一时期的翻译从范围规模作用直至形式都与过去任何时代大不相同,取得很大进展。机器翻译的出现是对几千年来传统手工翻译的挑战,也是人类翻译史上具有深远意义的革命。 翻译事业在我国也有着悠久的历史: 第一次翻译的高潮出现在东汉至北宋时期,这一时期的翻译活动以佛经为主,佛经的翻译开启了我国历史上第一次大规模的文字翻译活动。 第二次高潮出现在明朝后期至鸦片战争期间,翻译的内容主要涉及西欧各国的基督经籍、科技、哲学、文学等著作。 第三次高潮出现在五四运动至新中国成立时期,期间翻译活动促进了马克思主义理论在中国的广泛传播。 第四次高潮是新中国成立至今,新中国的成立,使得我国的翻译事业得到了大解放,翻译活动也进而进入一个最兴盛,最繁荣的发展新时期。

新概念英语第四册课文详解(L1-25)

Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 第一课发现化石人 by ROBIN PLACE from Finding fossil man 1-1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. 【译文】我们能读到五千年前近东发生之事,那里的人最先学会了书写。 【单词和短语】 read:此处为不及物动词,意为“读到,获悉”(to find out information from books,newspapers etc.),后接of或about,例如: He reads about the war. 他读到关于战争的消息。 Did you read of their accident in the newspapers? 你在报上看到他们遭遇意外事故的消息了么? 5,000 years:五千年。另学习millennium,意为“一千年”,复数为millennia。5,000 years即为5 millennia。 the Near East:近东,指地中部沿岸地区,包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部,有时还包括巴尔干半岛。 1-2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. 【译文】但时至今日世上某些地方的人还不会书写。 【单词和短语】 even now:此处意为“甚至到现在”,例如: Even now he won’t believe me. 他甚至到现在还不相信我。 even now另有两解,一为“就在此刻”,例如:

英语翻译的基本常识解析

翻译的基本知识 一、翻译的定义 奈达: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. —— Eugene A. Nida 二、翻译的标准 奈达: The receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such an extent that they can understand how the original receptor must have understood the original text. ——Eugene A. Nida Eugene A. Nida (November 11, 1914 – August 25, 2011) was the developer of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory. 四、翻译的方法 1 . 直译(Literal translation) 例子: C.O.D. (cash on delivery) 货到付现 blue chip 蓝筹股 一箭双雕hit two hawks with one arrow

意译(Free translation) 例子:WPA 水渍blue chip 绩优股一箭双雕kill two birds with one stone 一、广告的定义Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. —— American Marketing Association 二、广告的分类 1.理性广告(Rational ads)情感广告(Emotional ads) 三、广告的组成部分 1.Headline Subhead Text (body) Logo slogan I’m lovin’ it! (麦当劳)我就喜欢! Good to the last drop. (Maxwell coffee) 滴滴香浓,意犹未尽。 Just do it. (耐克运动鞋)只管去做。 We lead, others copy. (Ricoh 复印机)我们领先,别人模仿。Minolta, finest to put you finest. (美能达相机) 第一流的美能达,第一流的你。 I’m More satisfied. (摩尔香烟)摩尔香烟,令我更爱。Have a Break. Have a Kit-Kat. (奇巧巧克力)

新概念第四册课文[新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson43、44、45】]

新概念第四册课文[新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记 【Lesson43、44、45】] 【导语】新概念英语作为一套世界闻名的英语教程,以其全新的教学理念,有趣的课文内容和全面的技能训练,深受广大英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。为了方便同学们的学习,大为大家了最全面的新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记,希望为大家的新概念英语学习提供帮 助! First listen and then answer the following question. What does the "uniquely rational way" for us to municate with other intelligent beings in space depend on? We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a pla only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start. Of all the plas in our solar system, we ware now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life can survive. Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer plas have temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. But other suns, start as the astronomers call them, are bound to have plas like our own, and

2._翻译定义与标准

翻译练习: 1. Saddam Hussein pinn ed newly minted “Mother of All Battles” medals to their chests and showered them with gifts of land and autos. 2. He held that a man of learning, if he does not wish to degrade himself, must never cease to participate in public affairs. 3. So long, chicken. Hello! Tofu. Tofu and a host of other products made from the mighty soybean are pushing aside meat, milk and even ice cream on grocery store shelves these days as scientists rave about the health benefits of soy. 4. The governments at all levels are so competent, economical and efficient that nobody fails to speak well of them. 5. Tell him that he shall be punished if he does not take himself away. 6. Only objects struck by the light are visible. 7. I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 8. It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the more work they are able to do. 9. We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement. 10. The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer. 11. Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “come between” oneself and a beloved. 12. Why should I quarrel with my bread and butter? 13. Mr. Wilson talks a lot but Mrs. Wilson wears the trousers in their house. 13. Add 15-30 minutes per night until you feel alert and rested each day. If you are a “night owl,” sleep a bit later; if you are a “lark”, go to bed earlier. 1

新概念英语第四册课文翻译及学习笔记:Lesson46.doc

新概念英语第四册课文翻译及学习笔记:Lesson46 【课文】 Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society. Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos. Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality. The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand. He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party. But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine. It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment. If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tires, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time. They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late. The over- punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual. The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance. Some friends of my family had this irritating habit. The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests. Then they arrived just when we wanted them. If you are citing a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minted too late. Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration

翻译研究中的概念混淆(翻译策略、方法与技巧))

翻译研究中的概念混淆 ——以“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”为例 熊兵华中师范大学 《中国翻译》2014(3)82-88 摘要:本文对学界在“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”这三个基本概念上所存在的普遍的混淆进行了剖析,提出应对这三个概念进行明确区分。在此基础上论文对这三个概念的定义、特性、相互关系及其各自的分类体系进行了系统阐述。 关键词:翻译策略;翻译方法;翻译技巧;混淆;定义;分类 1.话题缘起 在翻译研究中,有一个问题一直以来都未引起学界足够的重视,并因此在一定程度上妨碍了翻译研究的进一步发展,这个问题即为翻译研究中的概念混淆,其中又尤以“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”这三个概念的混淆为甚。一方面,学界对翻译“策略”、“方法”和“技巧”的讨论虽多如牛毛,但把它们作为一个方法论系统的关键要素进行综合研究,深入考察其各自的内涵、相互关系及分类体系的系统性研究还相当少见。另一方面,学界在对这三个术语的认识和使用上普遍存在着定义不明、分类不当、概念混淆不清的问题。例如,在一些翻译教材中中,“归化”与“异化”一方面被作为“翻译方法”加以讨论(如龚芬,2011:79—81),另一方面又被视为“翻译策略”进行阐述(同上:93—106)。一些翻译论文把本应属于翻译技巧层面的增补型翻译(类似于增译)、浓缩型翻译(类似于减译)划归为“翻译策略”的类别(如李克兴,2004:66—67)。在一些翻译方向的硕士研究生论文中,把翻译“策略”、“方法”、“技巧”混为一谈的更是比比皆是。甚至翻译专业的老师对此问题也存在一些模糊的、甚至是错误的看法(如把归化等同于意译,把异化等同于直译)。 国外学界对此也存在一些模糊或混淆(或未予严格区分。比如Shuttleworth & Cowie (2004:44,59)一方面把domestication/foreignization称作是“strategy”,另一方面却又把free/literal translation也视为“strategy”(同上:63,96 )。Vinay & Darbelnet (1958/2000:84—93) 把翻译方法(method)分为两类:直接翻译(direct translation)和间接翻译(oblique translation),前者包括三种处理方式(procedures),即借译,拟译,直译,后者包括四种处理方式,即词类转换,视点转换,等值翻译,顺应翻译。可在论述中却经常把其划分出来的“方法”(methods)和“处理方式”(procedures)混为一谈。另外,他们把“借译、拟译、直译、等值翻译、顺应翻译”和“词类转换、视角转换”划归为一类(同属procedures)也欠妥当,因为前者应属“翻译方法”的范畴,而后者则应属“翻译技巧”的范畴。实际上,这里Vinay &Darbelnet的分类涉及到三个层面:翻译策略、翻译方法和翻译技巧。其划分出来的两大“翻译方法”(直接翻译和间接翻译)其实应为“翻译策略”(所以Munday说,“The two general translation strategies identified by Vinay &Darbelnet are direct translation and oblique translation”,见Munday,2008:56),而在其划分出来的七类“处理方式”中,前三类和最后两类属于“翻译方法”,第四、第五类则属于“翻译技巧”。总之,Vinay &Darbelnet在其分类中把翻译“策略、方法、技巧”混淆在一起,这也导致后来很长时间学界在这几个概念上的混淆(Molina &Albir,2002:506 0 关于国外译学界在译学术语,特别是在“翻译策略、翻译方法、翻译技巧”三个术语上所存在的概念混淆、使用混乱的问题,Chesterman(2005)和Molina & Albir(2002)曾专门撰文予以讨论。如Chesterman指出,学界用于描述文本操作过程的术语除翻译“策略”外,其他还有“技巧、方法、转换、转化、变易”等等(2005:17)。他认为这种众多术语相互混用

新概念英语第四册长难句讲解(1)

新概念英语第四册长难句讲解(1) 【句型1】Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.(Lesson 3) 【译文】现代登山运动员力图沿着一条能从中得到锻炼乐趣的路 线登山。他们认为路线愈艰难则愈为人们重视。 【讲解】the more…, the more…这种句型叫比例句。《流利英语》中另有三句可一并学习。 【例1】The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. (Lesson 7) 【译文】离固体障碍物越远,回声返回所用时间就越长。 【讲解】obstruction后省略了is。 【例2】We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. (Lesson 37) 【译文】我们都熟悉这样的事实:人总是要衰老的;人们多年来一 直认为,生命随着时间流逝而衰退或人越老越可能死掉这个过程不言 而喻,恰似一壶热水会冷却、一双鞋会被穿破一样。 【讲解】becoming more likely to die the older we get是变 形的比例句,等于the older we get, the more likely we will die。 【例3】The stronger the will, the more futile the task. (Lesson 46) 【译文】这种意志越强烈,这种尝试越徒劳。

翻译定义

“Translate” means “turn (word, sentence, book, etc.) from one language into another, expressing sense of it in another form of words”. ---The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary , 1975, p903 to turn into one’s own or another language (转换成本族语或另一种语言) --- Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ” Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. (TL). 翻译是“把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来”。(范存忠:“漫谈翻译”《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司,1985,p.80) 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基,《英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社,1986:1) A: T ranslation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language. B: T ranslating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida) Translation is science; (语言学派) 翻译是语言学的分支 Translation is art;(文艺学派) 翻译是文学再创作的过程 Translation is skill; Translation is cross-cultural communication

R.Jacobson 翻译的分类

R.Jacobson翻译的分类 美国语言学家雅各布森从符号学的观点出发,曾明确地指出符号与意义之间的关系,他的那句名言“没有符号就没有意义”已被普遍接受。他对翻译活动有着深刻的认识。并基于他的符号学观。将翻译活动分为语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。 Intralingual Translation 语内翻译 Interlingual Translation 语际翻译 Intersemiotic Translation 符际翻译 所谓语内翻译是指在同一语言中用一些语言符号解释另一些语言符号。语际翻译是指两种语言之间的翻译,即用另一种语言的语符来解释一种语言的语符。符际翻译。是指通过非语言的符号系统解释语言符号,或用语言符号解释非语言符号,比如把语言符号用图画、手势、数学或音乐来表达。 雅可布逊(R.Jacobson)认为翻译有狭义、广义之分。狭义翻译仅指语际翻译;广义翻译除语际翻译外,还包括语内翻译和符际翻译。下面是雅可布逊对广义上的三种翻译的定义: 1)语内翻译或复述是指在同一种语言中用不同的文字符号去解释某些文字符号。(Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.) 2)语际翻译或严格意义上的翻译是指用另一种语言解释某种语言符号。(Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of somc other language.) 3)符际翻译或嬗变是指用非语言系统的符号解释某种语言符号。(Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal systems.) (Jacobson 1959/2000:114) 简言之,语内翻译指在同一语言内部进行的翻译;语际翻译指发生在不同语言之间的翻译活动;符际翻译指不同符号之间进行的翻译。语内翻译虽然不如语际翻译那么引人注意,但在实际生活中,语内翻译每时每刻都在进行。例如把一个人的话传给另一个人,用自己的话复述别人的话,或把我国的古文献译为现代汉语等,都属于这一范畴。符际翻译常见于通讯和保密工作,也可见于日常的交流,例如用文字解释交通指示标志或用身体动作把某种文字的意思表现出来。

新概念英语第四册课文翻译:Lesson9

新概念英语第四册课文翻译:Lesson9【课文】 Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring. While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft. Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle: and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids. So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army. Now Alfred

翻译的定义

翻译的定义 1词典定义: 1)Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. -------- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 翻译,是指在准确通顺的基础上,把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。 2)《辞海》:把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 3)《牛津英语词典》:在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言 4) Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another. -------------- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) 5) 2 国内学者下的定义: 老舍:翻译不是结结巴巴的学舌,而是漂漂亮亮的再创造 傅雷:翻译如临画, 如伯乐相马,'重神似, 不重形似',得其精而忘其粗, 再其内而忘其外 萧乾:翻译好象走钢丝,实在艰难…… 郭沫若:创作是处女, 翻译是媒婆。 ---------黄忠廉.翻译本质论〔M〕.武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2000.14 -15 . 茅盾: 文学的翻译是用另一种语言,把原作的艺术意境传达出来,使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。(1954 年, 茅盾在当年全国文学翻译工作会议上所做的《为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译译质量而奋斗》所作的报告) ------矛盾.为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗[A] .罗新璋.翻译论集[C] , 北京:商务印书馆, 1984. 朱维之: 翻译是一种艺术……这是一种难度较大的艺术工作, 不但要把原著的字句翻译出来, 更主要的是要把它的思想、精神传达出来, 还要把作者的特殊风格表露出来. ------翻译通讯编辑部.翻译研究论文集:1949 -1983[C]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1984. 许渊冲: 翻译的艺术就是通过原文的形式(或表层),理解原文的内容(或深层),再用译文的形式,把原文的内容再现出来。” ----《翻译的艺术》,五洲传播出版社,2006. 彭卓吾:

新概念英语第四册第三单元课文原文(句型翻译)(教学用)

Lesson 3 Matterhorn man 马特霍恩山 区人 Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top! It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements

相关主题
相关文档 最新文档