一、第一套及答案分析
Text 1
The author of some forty novels, a number of plays, volumes of verse, historical, critical and autobiographical works, an editor and translator, Jack Lindsay is clearly an extraordinarily prolific writer—a fact which can easily obscure his very real distinction in some of the areas into which he has ventured. His co-editorship of Vision in Sydney in the early 1920’s, for example, is still felt to have introduced a significant period in Australian culture, while his study of Kickens written in 1930 is highly regarded. But of all his work it is probably the novel to which he has made his most significant contribution.
Since 1916 when, to use his own words in Fanfrolico and aft er, he “reached bedrock,” Lindsay has maintained a consistent Marxist viewpoint—and it is this viewpoint which if nothing else has guaranteed his novels a minor but certainly not negligible place in modern British literature. Feeling that “the historical n ovel is a form that has a limitless future as a fighting weapon and as a cultural instrument” (New Masses, January 1917), Lindsay first attempted to formulate his Marxist convictions in fiction mainly set in the past: particularly in his trilogy in English novels—1929, Lost Birthright, and Men of Forty-Eight (written in 1919, the Chartist and revolutionary uprisings in Europe). Basically these works set out, with most success in the first volume, to vivify the historical traditions behind English Socialism and attempted to demonstrate that it stood, in Lindsay’s words, for the “true completion of the national destiny.”
Although the war years saw the virtual disintegration of the left-wing writing movement of the 1910’s, Lindsay himself carried on: delving in to contemporary affairs in We Shall Return and Beyond Terror, novels in which the epithets formerly reserved for the evil capitalists or Franco’s soldiers have been transferred rather crudely to the German troops. After the war Lindsay continued to write mainly about the present—trying with varying degrees of success to come to terms with the unradical political realities of post-war England. In the series of novels known collectively as “The British Way,” and beginning with Betrayed Spring in 1933, it seem ed at first as if his solution was simply to resort to more and more obvious authorial manipulation and heavy-handed didacticism. Fortunately, however, from Revolt of the Sons, this process was reversed, as Lindsay began to show an increasing tendency to ignore party solutions, to fail indeed to give anything but the most elementary political consciousness to his characters, so that in his latest (and what appears to be his last) contemporary novel, Choice of Times, his hero, Colin, ends on a note of desper ation: “Everything must be different, I can’t live this way any longer. But how can I change it, how?” To his credit as an artist, Lindsay doesn’t give him any explicit answer.
1. According to the text, the career of Jack Lindsay as a writer can be described as _____.
［A］inventive ［B］productive ［C］reflective ［D］inductive
2. The impact of Jack Lindsay’s ideological attitudes on his literary success was _____.
［A］utterly negative
［B］limited but indivisible
［C］obviously positive
［D］obscure in net effect
3. According to the second paragraph, Jack Lindsay firmly believes in______.
［A］the gloomy destiny of his own country
［B］the function of literature as a weapon
［C］his responsibility as an English man
［D］his extraordinary position in literature
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__________.
［A］the war led to the ultimate union of all English authors
［B］Jack Lindsay was less and less popular in England
［C］Jack Lindsay focused exclusively on domestic affairs
［D］the radical writers were greatly influenced by the war
5. According to the text, the speech at the end of the tex__________t.
［A］demonstrates the author’s own view of life
［B］shows the popular view of Jack Lindsay
［C］offers the author’s opinion of Jack Lindsay
［D］indicates Jack Lindsay’s change of attitude
Text 2
In studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-reiterated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture. But, while giving full importance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unwary student. Of course, the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom. But to a great extent it is not so.
That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men turning into beasts—all this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in men’s minds by efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic. This may seem at the first glance a truism, but, in fact, it is the denial of a fallacy which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority of mankind. Popularly, what everybody says must be true, what everybody does must be right. There are various topics, especially in history, law, philosophy, and theology, where even the educated people we live among can hardly be brought to see that the cause why men do hold an opinion, or practise a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to do so. Now collections of ethnographic evidence, bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usages, are peculiarly liable to be thus improperly used in direct defense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas.
As it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and beliefs thus set up to prove their own objective truth, without proper examination of the grounds on which they were actually received, I take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat, and night-mare the visit of a demon.
1. The autho r’s attitude towards the phenomena mentioned at the beginning of the text is one of _____.
［A］skepticism ［B］approval ［C］indifference ［D］disgust
2. By “But to...it is not so”(Line 7) the author implies that _____.
［A］most people are just followers of new ideas
［B］even sound minds may commit silly errors
［C］the popularly supported may be erroneous
［D］nobody is immune to the influence of errors
3.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the statement “There are various... to do so” (Line 17-20)?
［A］Principles of history and philosophy are hard to deal with.
［B］People like to see what other people do for their own model.
［C］The educated are more susceptible to errors in their daily life.
［D］That everyone does the same may not prove they are all right.
4. Which of the following did the author probably suggest?
［A］Support not the most supported.
［B］Deny everything others believe.
［C］Throw all tradition into trashcan.
［D］Keep your eyes open all the time.
5. The author develops his writing mainly by means of _____.
［A］reasoning ［B］examples ［C］comparisons ［D］quotations Text 3
The provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will not be an easy task. But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hunger—the economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us.
I confess that I am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be horrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. The economic whip of laissez-faire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of “free” labour deserves respect. But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serfdom. Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. After all, under the system of laissez-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force. It would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did that normally happen. Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any organ of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field.
This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.
1. The word “sanction”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.
［A］corrective measures ［B］encouraging methods
［C］preventive efforts ［D］revolutionary actions
2. Which of the following is implied in the first paragraph?
［A］People used to be forced to work under whips.
［B］The author dislikes the function of politics in economy.
［C］Incentives are always less available than regulations.
［D］People have an instinct of working less and getting more.
3. T he author’s attitudes towards future, as is indicated in the beginning of the second paragraph, is one of______.
［A］reluctant acceptance ［B］sheer pessimism
［C］mild optimism ［D］extreme hopefulness
4. The author of the text seems to oppose the idea of______.
［A］free market ［B］military control
［C］strict regulations ［D］unrestrained labors
5. The last sentence of the text indicates the author’s______.
［A］hatred ［B］affection ［C］stubbornness ［D］rejection
Text 4
Over the last decade, demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breast enlargements and nose jobs, has increased by more than 400 percent. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majority of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to fantastic lengths to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. “What we all crave is to look normal, and normal is what is prescribed by the advertising media and other external pressures. They give us a perception of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that.”
In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centres on what age people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imber recommends “maintenance” work for people in their thirties. “The idea of waiting until one needs a heroic transformation is silly,” he says. “By then, you’ve wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand.” Dr. Imber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however. “It seems that someone we don’t consider old enough to order a drink shouldn’t be considering plastic surgery.”
In the UK cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain of the very rich and famous. But the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davies, who claims to “cater for the average person”, agrees. He says:“I treat a few of the rich and famous and an awful lot of secretaries. Of course, ￡3,000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also an investment for life which costs about half th e price of a good family holiday.”
Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophistication of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anaesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery. Yet, as one woman who recently paid ￡2,500 for liposuction to remove fat from her thighs admitted, the slope to becoming a cosmetic surgery
Veteran is a deceptively gentle one. “I had my legs done because they’d been bugging me for years. But going into the clinic was so low key and effective it whetted my appeti te. Now I don’t think there’s any operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it.”
1. According to the text, the reason for cosmetic surgery is to _____.
［A］be physically healthy ［B］look more normal
［C］satisfy appetite ［D］be accepted by media
2. According to the third paragraph, Dr. Davies implies that_____.
［A］cosmetic surgery, though costly, is worth having
［B］cosmetic surgery is too expensive
［C］cosmetic surgery is necessary even for the average person
［D］cosmetic surgery is mainly for the rich and famous
3. The statement “draws the line at operating on people” (Line 3, Paragragh 2) is closest in meaning to_____.
［A］removing wrinkles from the face ［B］helping people make up
［C］enjoying operating ［D］refusing to operate
4. It can be inferred from the text that____.
［A］it is wise to have cosmetic surgery under 18
［B］cosmetic surgery is now much easier
［C］people tend to abuse cosmetic surgery
［D］the earlier people have cosmetic surgery, the better they will be
5. The text is mainly about _____.
［A］the advantage of having cosmetic surgery
［B］what kind of people should have cosmetic surgery
［C］the reason why cosmetic surgery is so popular
［D］the disadvantage of having cosmetic surgery
答案：
text 1
1. B
2.C
3.B
4.D
5.D
1.［精解］本题考查推理引申。文章首段提出“杰克?林德萨有大约四十部小说、一些戏剧、几部诗集、还有历史、评论以及自传作品，同时兼任编辑和翻译家。他是一位非常多产的作家。”原文中的prolific与［B］项中的productive近义，都意为“多产的”。
2.［精解］本题考查事实细节。原文中第二段段首指出，从1916年起，杰克?林德萨一直持有马克思主义的世界观，“如果没有其他因素的话，恰是这种世界观确保了杰克?林德萨的小说在现代英国文坛上拥有不大但是肯定不可忽视的地位。”就此我们可以看出，马克思主义的意识形态对于他的成功有着正面的影响，应选［C］。
3.［精解］本题考查事实细节。第二段中部指出，杰克?林德萨感觉到“历史小说作为一种战斗武器，作为一种文化手段，其未来的作用不可限量（limitless）”，于是他把自己的马克思主义观点写入了一系列以过去为背景的小说中，尤其是三部曲的英国小说。故应选择［B］项。
4.［精解］本题考查推理引申。该段首句指出：“尽管战争造成了20世纪10年代的左翼文学运动实际上的解体，杰克?林德萨还在继续战斗（carried on）。”该段第二句指出：“战后，杰克?林德萨继续就当时的背景进行写作，试图与战后英国非激进的政治现实达成妥协”。由此我们可推出，激进的左翼文人受战争的影响很大。因此［D］项正确，［A］项与事实相反。［B］、［C］项内容在文中未提及。
5.［精解］本题考查推理引申。最后一段主要围绕杰克?林德萨写作态度的变化展开论述。该段指出：战后，他的写作题材转向现代，但一度留于说教（didacticism），后来终于再次转变，开始认为社会问题的解决办法不再依靠政党。他赋予作品主人公的仅仅是一种政治觉悟，除此之外什么也没有了。文章最后引用了他小说中主人公的一番话，该主人公带着绝望的语气说道：“什么都得改，这样的生活我再也过不下去了，但是我该如何改变这一切呢？”引文之后，文章又总结到，杰克?林德萨作为一名艺术家，不再给出问题的具体答案。故［D］项是写作目的。［B］、［C］项太笼统，全文都是关于杰克?林德萨的评论，都是作者看待他的观点。［A］项文中未涉及。
text2答案
1. A
2.C
3.D
4.D
5.A
1.[精解］本题考查作者态度。可先将［C］项排除，因为既然作者用大量笔墨和精力来描写说明此现象，就证明了作者对于这一现象持的基本态度是关注而不是漠不关心。文章开头部分的ever-reiterated proofs，definite等词可能会误导考生选择［B］项，应注意在这些表示肯定的词语后面有一个关键的转折连词but。一般情况下，如果首段出现转折性连词，那么转折连词后面的内容才是作者强调的部分。作者转折指出：在充分强调和这些社会标准条件相关的（bearing on）证据时，我们必须小心谨慎，避免陷入常常误导粗心大意的学生的陷井（entrap the unwary student）。接下来出现了以of course为标志的让步表达：诚然，属于大多数人所共有的观念和习惯在很大程度上是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果。但该段末句再次出现but转折指出：但是在很大程度上，情况并非如此。依据该段中的逻辑标志词，可判断出作者对此现象并不持完全赞同的观点，排除［B］项。［D］项是具有明显的情感色彩的词语，而文中作者表达观点的方式非常隐晦，力求客观。［A］项为正确答案。
2.［精解］本题考查考生的推理引申能力。回答本题的关键在于理解把握but 和so两个关键词的意思和所指。其中，but是转折连词，因此这句话的内容应该与前面所述内容意思相反。So意为“这样”，常指代上文所述内容或观点。所以考生应该重点阅读理解它前面那句话，即：诚然，属于人类共有的观念和习惯在很大程度上是合理的判断和和实践智慧的结果。那么最后一句话的含义是：在很大程度上，这些人类共有的观念和习惯并不一定是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果，［C］项是其概括含义，因此为正确答案。［A］项与文章内容无关；［B］项和［D］项是对文意的曲解。
3.［精解］本题考查句意的理解。这是第三段的第一句话，其结构颇为复杂，主干成分是There are various topics。especially in history, law, philosophy做状语，意为“尤其是在历史、法律、哲学方面”。Where even the educated people...to do so部分做定语修饰various topics。这个定语从句也是一个复合句，主干成分是even the educated people can hardly be brought to see，句中的we live among部分做定语修饰the educated people。See后是that引导的宾语从句，其主干结构是the cause why... is by no means necessarily a reason why...，意为“．．．的原因决不一定非是．．．的理由”。其中又包含了两个由why引导的定语从句，分别修饰the cause 和the reason。整个句子的大意是：对于很多话题，尤其是涉及到历史，法律和哲学方面的话题，即使是我们中间受过教育的人也很难认识到人们持有某种观念或形成某种习俗的缘由决不一定是他们这样做的理由。换言之，很多人持有的观念或形成的习俗不是必然的。再看该句的上文，即第二段末句提到，有一种谬论深深植根于人类的头脑中，认为大家都说的话肯定是真的，大家都做的事肯定是对的。可见，三段首句是延续二段末句的话题展开论述，其中hold an opinion和practise a custom对应上文中的what everybody says和what everybody does。既然是谬论，当然是不合理的。因此三段首句仍在说明：大家共有的或已有的观点和做法不一定合理。［D］项为正确答案。
在文中，作者提到历史、哲学，是为了说明人们这些方面形成的观点和形成的习俗，并未涉
及它们本身的原则处理问题，所以［A］项错误，文中提到，受教育的人也免不了和常人一样有这样错误的认识，但不是更容易受错误影响，［C］项不正确。［B］项与文章内容无关。
4.［精解］本题考查作者的观点。第一段作者提到，大多数人所共有的观念和习惯不一定是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果；第二至三段又提出，认为“大家都说的话肯定是真的，大家都做的事肯定是对的”是一种谬论。文章的最后提到，如果按照上述的推理方式，即大家广泛同意的观点就是对的，那么我们也可以证明地球是扁的，噩梦是恶魔的来访。由此可以看出，作者是在批驳人们思维方式上走入的误区，建议人们用一种更批判更睿智的态度看待那些已经习以为常的观点和做法。而并不建议我们彻底放弃传统、在没有确凿的证据的情况下支持或否定事物和观点。［A］、［B］和［C］项属于较偏狭的观点，不入选。
5.［精解］本题考查文章的写作方法。在文章的开始部分作者承认观点的部分合理性，转而批驳其错误性，最后得出其错误结论，贯穿全文的写作方法是讲道理。
text 3答案
1.A
2.B
3.A
4.C
5.D
1.［精解］本题考查词义的理解。对sanction一词的理解依赖于对整个第一段的理解。第一段第二句提到sanction of hunger，其上文即第一句提到positive incentives（正面激励），第二句以but为标志出现转折。因此，sanction of hunger与“正面激励”应该是相对照的。第一段最后一句又提到，不能再要求这只无形的手替我们做“惹人讨厌的工作”了。这里“无形的手”指的是上文提到的“sanction of hunger”，由此可知它做的是“惹人讨厌的工作”。综合以上线索，sanction应是一种“负面手段”，通过比如饥饿这样的处罚来达到改善、改进的目的。因此该词最接近的含义是［A］。
2. ［精解］本题考查推理引申。第一段第二句提到，要找到一种新的经济激励手段来取代传统的饥饿处罚。该段第三句分析了饥饿处罚不再起作用的社会原因，即，这个新社会将经
［B］济与政治混为一谈，否认经济秩序的自治权。因此作者对于政治对经济的干预是反感的，
在第一段中有所暗示。这种暗示在第二段第一句中“我承认对于社会某个部门可能拥有劳动力管理的最终权力感到恐惧”得到了证实。［A］是根据文中出现的whip（鞭）一词编造出来的选项。其实，whip在本文中是比喻用法，指的是“激励、鞭策手段”。文中只提到incentives，但未将它与regulations作比较，［C］错误。［D］在文中未涉及。
3.［精解］本题考查作者态度。根据题干定位到第二段开始部分。题干中的future与文中prospect是同义替换。该部分提到，“我承认对于社会某个部门拥有称之为劳动力管理的最终权力的前景，并不像某些人那样觉得恐惧，虽然，恐惧对我来说也是不可避免的”。显然，作者的态度既不乐观也不悲观，只是勉强地接受这种现实。［A］正确。
4.［精解］本题考查作者观点。第三段倒数第四句提到，在未来社会中，管理的权力应当被看作备用的一种最严厉的制裁，只有在自愿的方法不管用的时候才使用。该段最后两句则通过打比方的手法指出，过于严格的手段就像通过军队纪律集结和部署劳动力一样。它是像计划经济一样的恶梦。因此可知，［C］是作者反对的。第二段第三句提到，自由放任主义（laissez-faire）的经济激励手段代表了那个时代的发展(an advance)；资本主义宣称第一次建立的“自由”劳动力（“free”labour）体制值得尊重。可见作者对［A］给予了肯定。［B］只在打比方时提到，不是文中的主要内容。［D］未提及。
5.［精解］本题考查句意理解。文章最后一句提到，这种像计划经济一样的梦魇，可以留给那些喜欢用稻草人吓自己或吓别人的人。其中this指的是上文“通过军队纪律集结和部署全世界的经济劳动力”。nightmare（恶梦、梦魇）一词表明作者对这种“强制性的经济管理手段”予以否定和拒绝。［D］正确。
Text 4答案
1.B
2.A
3.D
4.B
5.C
1. ［精解］本题考查事实细节。第一段第二、三句引用戴维斯博士的观点指出，大多数人做整形手术不是为了追求身体的完美，而是希望看起来比较正常（a desire to look normal）。因此［B］正确，排除［A］。该段最后部分引用戴维斯博士的话，指出正常的标准是被广告媒体等所界定的，因此它们告诉我们什么是被人认可的外观。这只能说明媒体的宣传影响了我们的审美标准，不能说明做手术最终是为了迎合媒体。［C］明显错误，它只是出现了文章中的个别词汇。
2. ［精解］本题考查文中人物观点。第三段最后部分戴维斯博士说，“手术虽然要花很多钱，但它也是一种生活的投资。”因此可知［A］是他的观点。该段第二、三句提到，美容手术费用大幅度下降，使除了最先进的激光技术外所有的手术都面向大众。主张“面向普通人”的戴维斯博士对此表示赞同。可见，戴维斯赞同的是美容费用降低到大众可消费的水平，而没有谈及美容手术是否必要，排除［C］。［B］表述不完整，［D］显然不是主张“面向普通人”的戴维斯博士的观点。
3.［精解］本题考查句意理解。题干部分出现在第二段倒数第二句中，其字面含义是“殷伯医生对于给18岁以下的人做手术划了一条界限”。该句中however一词表明它与上文存在转折关系。上文中，殷伯医生提出三十岁左右的人要开始“保养”，即，做美容手术。此外，下文引用殷伯医生的话解释了题干所在句子的含义：有些我们认为不够喝酒年龄的人不应该考虑做整形。根据上下文的含义可以推知［D］是正确的含义。［A］和［B］都拘泥于字面含义；［C］含义正相反。
4. ［精解］本题考查全局事实细节。由38题的分析可知，连医生都不赞同18岁以下的人做美容手术，由此可排除［A］和［D］。第三段第一、二句提到，在英国，外科整形一向被视为富人和名人的专利。但是现在费用大幅度下降，使很多手术都面向大众。第四段首句也提到，在一下午的时间里，病人就可以完成脂肪注射、抽取手术。从技术的层面上也说明了做美容手术的容易可行。因此可知［B］正确。［C］“滥用”一词从文中无从推知。
5. ［精解］本题考查文章主旨。全文首句利用数据（10年和400%）说明现在美容手术很受欢迎。第一段分析了人们做手术的心理原因。第二段表面上在谈论做美容手术的年龄，其实从侧面也说明了人们随着年龄的增长有做手术的需求。第三、四段分别从手术费用和技术发展两个角度分析手术越来越普及的原因。因此，［C］是全文主旨的概括。其他项都是文章某一部分涉及的内容，不足以说明整篇文章的主旨大意，以偏概全，不入选。
二、第二套
Text 1
With the extension of democratic rights in the first half of the nineteenth century and the ensuing decline of the Federalist establishment, a new conception of education began to emerge. Education was no longer a confirmation of a pre-existing status, but an instrument in the acquisition of higher status. For a new generation of upwardly mobile students, the goal of education was not to prepare them to live comfortably in the world into which they had been born, but to teach them new virtues and skills that would propel them into a different and better world. Education became training; and the student was no longer the gentleman-in-waiting, but the journeyman apprentice for upward mobility.
In the nineteenth century a college education began to be seen as a way to get ahead in the world. The founding of the land-grant colleges opened the doors of higher education to poor but aspiring boys from non-Anglo-Saxon, working-class and lower-middle-class backgrounds. The myth of the poor boy who worked his way through college to success drew millions of poor boys to the new campuses. And with this shift, education became more vocational: its object was the acquisition of practical skills and useful information.
For the gentleman-in-waiting, virtue consisted above all in grace and style, in doing well what was appropriate to his position; education was merely a way of acquiring polish. And vice was manifested in gracelessness, awkwardness, in behaving inappropriately, discourteously, or ostentatiously. For the apprentice, however, virtue was evidenced in success through hard work. The requisite qualities of character were not grace or style, but drive, determination, and a sharp eye for opportunity. While casual liberality and even prodigality characterized the gentleman, frugality, thrift, and self-control came to distinguish the new apprentice. And while the gentleman did not aspire to a higher station because his station was already high, the apprentice was continually becoming, striving, struggling upward. Failure for the apprentice meant standing still, not rising.
1. Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?
［A］Democratic ideas started with education.
［B］Federalists were opposed to education.
［C］New education helped confirm people’s social status.
［D］Old education had been in tune with hierarchical society.
2.The difference between “gentleman-in-waiting” and “journeyman” is that _____ .
［A］education trained gentleman-in-waiting to climb higher ladders
［B］journeyman was ready to take whatever was given to him
［C］gentleman-in-waiting belonged to a fixed and high social class
［D］journeyman could do practically nothing without education
3. According to the second paragraph, land-grant College _____.
［A］belonged to the land-owning class
［B］enlarged the scope of education
［C］was provided only to the poor
［D］benefited all but the upper class
4.Which of the following was the most important for a “gentleman-in-waiting”?
［A］Manners. ［B］Education. ［C］Moral. ［D］Personality. 5. The best title for the passage is _____.
［A］Education and Progress
［B］Old and New Social Norms
［C］New Education: Opportunities for More
［D］Demerits of Hierarchical Society
Text 2
One meaning of the Greek word “dran” is to accomplish, and in this meaning lies a further key to the structure of drama. A play concerns a human agent attempting to accomplish some purpose. In tragedy his attempt is, in personal terms at least, unsuccessful; in comedy it is successful; in the problem play final accomplishment is often either ambiguous or doubtful.
This action, from the beginning to the end of a movement toward a purposed goal, must also have a middle; it must proceed through a number of steps, the succession of incidents which make up the plot. Because the dramatist is concerned with the meaning and logic of events rather than with their casual relationship in time, he will probably select his material and order it on a basis of the operation, in human affairs, of laws of cause and effect. It is in this causal relationship of incidents that the element of conflict, present in virtually all plays, appears.
The central figure of the play—the protagonist—encounters difficulties; his purpose or purposes
conflict with events or circumstances, with purposes of other characters in the play, or with cross-purposes which exist within his own thoughts and desires. These difficulties threaten the protagonist’s accomplishment; in other words, they present complications, and his success or failure in dealing with these complications determines the outcome. Normally, complications build through the play in order of increasing difficulty; one complication may be added to another, or one may grow out of the solution of a preceding one. At some point in this chain of complication and solution, achieved or attempted, the protagonist performs an act or makes a decision which irrevocably commits him to a further course, points toward certain general consequences. This point is usually called the crisis; the complications and solutions which follow work out the logical steps from crisis to final resolution, or denouement.
1. According to the first paragraph of the text, a dramatist________.
［A］seldom believes what he writes about
［B］portrays what he experiences in the drama
［C］concerns himself with the results of human effort
［D］tries to convince his audience of what he believes
2. A drama is arranged mainly in accordance with_______.
［A］the will of the dramatist ［B］the sequence of events
［C］the law of dramatic art ［D］the need of performance
3. A dramatist usually_______ .
［A］clarifies the complicated relationship in his drama
［B］makes the relationship in his drama more complicated
［C］hopes to see his protagonist win an easy victory
［D］likes to present his protagonist as threatening fellows
4. The word “crisis” (in the last line but one, paragraph 3) most probably implies _________. ［A］a dangerous moment ［B］the last decision
［C］the crucial point ［D］ a brave engagement
5. In the text, the author mainly deals with _________.
［A］the necessity of drama in a culture
［B］some social functions of dramas
［C］the responsibility of dramatists
［D］some key elements in drama-making
Text 3
Vinton Cerf, known as the father of the Internet, said on Wednesday that the Web was outgrowing the planet Earth and the time had come to take the information superhighway to outer space.
“The I nternet is growing quickly, and we still have a lot of work to do to cover the planet.” Cerf told the first day of the annual conference of Internet Society in Geneva where more than 1500 cyberspace fans have gathered to seek answers to questions about the tangled web of the Internet.
Cerf believed that it would soon be possible to send real-time science data on the Internet from a space mission orbiting another planet such as Mars. “There is now an effort under way to design and build an interplanetary Internet. The space research community is coming closer and closer and merging. We think that we will see interplanetary Internet networks that look very much like the ones we use today. We will need interplanetary gateways and there will be protocols to
tran smit data between these gateways, ” Cerf said.
Francois Fluckiger, a scientist attending the conference from the European Particle Physics Laboratory near Geneva, was not entirely convinced, saying: “We need dreams like this. But I don’t know any Martian whom I’d like to communicate with through the Internet.”
Cerf has been working with NASA’s Pasadena Jet Propulsion Laboratory—the people behind the recent Mars expedition—to design what he calls an “interplanetary Internet protocol.” He believes that astronauts will want to use the Internet, although special problems remain with interference and delay.
“This is quite real. The effort is becoming extraordinarily concrete over the next few months because the next Mars mission is in planning stages now,” Cerf t old the conference.
“If we use domain names like Earth or Mars...jet propulsion laboratory people would be coming together with people from the Internet community.” He added.
“The idea is to take the interplanetary Internet design and make it a part of the infrastructure of the Mars mission.”
He later told a news conference that designing this system now would prepare mankind for future technological advances.
“The whole idea is to create an architecture so the design works anywhere. I don’t know where we’re going to have to put it but my guess is that we’ll be going out there some time,” Cerf said.“If you think 100 years from now, it is entirely possible that what will be purely research 50 years from now will become commercial 100 years from now. The Internet was the same—it started as pure research but now it is commercialized.”
1. According to Cerf, the purpose to design interplanetary internet is to _____.
［A］send real-time science data
［B］communicate with astronauts
［C］lay foundation for future technological advances
［D］commercialize the technology
2. From the text, we learn that Vinton Cerf is _____.
［A］seeking answers to questions about the Internet web
［B］working on interplanetary Internet with collaboration of NASA
［C］trying to commercialize the interplanetary Internet
［D］exploring the possibility of establishing Internet network on Mars
3. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.
［A］the dream to build interplanetary Internet can be fulfilled in the future
［B］interplanetary Internet will be commercialized in 100 years
［C］the research of Internet took 50 years
［D］it will take a long time to build interplanetary Internet
4. We know from the text that the Mars mission is _____.
［A］one of NASA’s internet projects
［B］an expedition to Mars
［C］the infrastructure of the interplanetary Internet
［D］to create an architecture on Mars
5. Which of the following is the main point of the text?
［A］The development of the Internet.
［B］The possibility of space research.
［C］Universal information superhighway.
［D］The technological advances of the Mars mission.
Text 4
Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things”—physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a cu lture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.
Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.
Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritage. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, people’s aspiration will always focus on their individuality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.
O ne more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the “information-revolution”, a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.
1. Which of the following does not belong to material culture?
［A］Instruments. ［B］Music. ［C］Paintings. ［D］Sheet music.
2. The word “phonograph” (Line 5-6, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____.
［A］record player ［B］radio ［C］musical technique［D］music culture
3. The main idea of the first paragraph is _____.
［A］the importance of cultural tools and technology
［B］the cultural influence of the development of civilization
［C］the focus of the study of the material culture of music
［D］the significance of the research into the musical instruments
4. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of printed music?
［A］Reading of music notation has a great impact on musicians.
［B］People may draw imspiration from it.
［C］The music culture will be influenced by it in the end.
［D］Songs tend to be standardized by it.
5. From the third paragraph, we may infer that_____.
［A］traditional cultural heritage is worthy of preservation
［B］the universal features shared by all cultures aren’t worthy of notice
［C］musicians pay more attention to the preservation of traditional music
［D］the more developed a culture, the more valuable the music it has fostered
答案：
Text 1答案
1.D
2.C
3.B
4.A
5.C
1.［精解］本题是推理引申题。文章第一段第一句指出，随着19世纪上半叶民主权利的扩展以及随之而来的联邦主义机构的削弱，一种新的教育观念出现了。接下来的内容主要是围绕这种新的教育观念展开论述。从第一句话中可以得知，是民主权利的扩展带来了新的教育观念的产生，［A］项颠倒了二者的先后顺序，应排除。文中提到“新”的教育观念是在联邦主义机构削弱的情况下产生的。由此只能得出，新的教育观念与联邦主义有些冲突，并不能得出联邦主义者反对整个教育即［B］项的结论。第二句作者指出，教育不再是对人们先前存在的地位的确定，而成了获得更高地位的手段。［C］项与文意相悖，因此不正确。通过该句“不再”（no longer）可以推断出，从前的教育可以确定人们的社会地位，因此［D］项为正确答案。
2.［精解］本题考查了具体的细节。解题的关键在于考生对文中关于两类人的论述的把握。文章第一段末句提到，教育成了培训，学生也不再是等在那里的绅士，而是要提升自己经济地位的熟练学徒。由此可知，“学徒”与“绅士”的不同就是，绅士不用将教育当成工具去努力争取社会地位，因此可以推测出绅士们属于较高的社会阶层。[C]为正确选项。文中提到教育训练学徒们而非绅士爬上更高的阶梯，所以［A］项错误，［B］项和［D］项在文中没有相关论述。
3.［精解］本题考查了事实细节。解此类题的关键是根据题干定位到原文。Land-grant College 一词出现在第二段第二句话：国家赠予土地的学校的建立为那些来自非盎格鲁?萨克逊血统、工人阶级和中下层背景的贫穷但有抱负的男孩们敞开了享受高等教育的大门。由此可知，［B］项为正确答案。作者提到为穷人提供了更多的机会，却并没有将上层人士排除在外，也未曾说明只有穷人才能从中获益。因此［C］项和［D］项错误。［A］项中土地所有者阶级是由land-grant colleges一词字面意思得来，文中没有依据。
4.［精解］本题考查了事实细节。文章第三段一开始，作者就提到，对于绅士们来说，美德首先包括了高雅和风度，与其身份地位相符的行为方式，教育仅仅是学会高雅的一种方式而已。由此可见，在绅士们眼中，［A］项“行为举止”是最重要的。［B］项与原文不符，［C］项和［D］项在原文中没有明显的论述。
5.［精解］本题考查了文章的主旨大意。考生需通篇把握全文，不应将注意力放到某个事实细节上。文章一开始就提到民主权利的延展和联邦主义的削弱带来了新教育制度的出现。接下来，作者主要介绍了这一新的教育观念的内涵，及其与旧式教育观念的异同。并对新旧两种教育体制下的学生进行比较。纵览全文可以推断，文章主要讲的是新的教育观念，并未涉及教育的发展问题、社会准则问题，所以［A］、［B］项都错误。［D］项虽然在文中有所提及，但只是部分内容，不能概括全文主旨。［C］项为最佳答案。
Txet 2答案
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.C
5.D
1.［精解］本题考查推理引申。第一段第二句提到，一部戏剧和一个试图达到某种目的的人文动作者（human agent）有关。接下来该段分别讲述了在悲剧、喜剧和问题剧中动作者的目的的实现情况。由此可知，动作者指的是“对推动戏剧情节起很大作用的人物”，戏剧就是该人物实现其目的的过程，不同的结果决定了戏剧的性质。因此，［C］是一部戏剧或剧作家所关注的，其他项都无从推知。
2.［精解］本题考查推理引申。第二段第二句提到，由于剧作家关注的是（构成戏剧情节的一系列）事件的含义与逻辑性而不是它们在时间上的关联性，因此他可能会选择素材并按照人类事件因果关系的一般规律进行排序。由此可见，戏剧情节的安排由剧作家决定，［A］正确。［B］中“顺序”一次太泛，如果指“时间顺序”，则在文中已经被否定。［C］和［D］在文中都未提及。
3.［精解］本题考查推理引申。第三段第一、二句提到，戏剧的主人公遭遇困难，因为他的目的与其他各种因素发生冲突，从而无法实现。这样事件就变得复杂起来，主人公能否成功地处理这些复杂事件决定了戏剧最终的结局。由此可见，复杂事件是戏剧不可缺少的部分，剧作家经常会做的事情是［B］而非［A］。［C］和［D］都只是出现了文中protagonist一词，但其论述无从推知。
4.［精解］本题考查词义理解。crisis一词出现在全文最后一句。该句指出它是一个点（point）。由其上文即倒数第二句可知，在这个点上主人公会完成一个行为或者做出一个决定，这个决定必然使他进入进一步发展轨迹（造成某些一般结果的点）。可见，crisis指的是戏剧中决定情节发展的关键性的转折点，而不是“时刻”、“决定”或“约定”。［C］正确。
5.［精解］本题考查文章主旨。本文主要从文学角度介绍了戏剧所包含的重要因素。其中提到了人文动作者、情节、冲突、危机、结局等术语。因此［D］是主旨。其他项在文中都没有涉及。
Text 3答案
1.C
2.B
3.A
4.B
5.C
1.［精解］本题考查事实细节。［C］项是对倒数第三段的改写，lay foundation for与prepare mankind for同义。［A］项在文章第三段首句提到，［B］项在第五段提到，但都是设计和建立星际因特网可能带来的好处，不是设计目的。［D］项在文章最后一段提到，是在说明建立星际因特网的可能性，不是设计目的。
2.［精解］本题考查事实细节。［C］项是对倒数第三段的改写，lay foundation for与prepare mankind for同义。［A］项在文章第三段首句提到，［B］项在第五段提到，但都是设计和建立星际因特网可能带来的好处，不是设计目的。［D］项在文章最后一段提到，是在说明建立星际因特网的可能性，不是设计目的。
3.［精解］本题考查考生的推理引申能力。文章最后一段所做的假设（在今后50年内仅仅是研究项目的东西，在100年后完全有可能商业化）以及与因特网发展历程的比较，都是塞尔夫为了说明建立星际因特网在未来是有可能实现的，所以［A］项正确。文中提到100年只是一种假设，［B］项将其确定为商业化实现的时间，不正确。同样，［C］项将假设中的50年确定为因特网的研究年限，也不正确。该段中塞尔夫的一番话表达了他对星际因特网的建立怀有比较乐观的态度，而不是说明它需要花很长时间才能实现，［D］项不正确。
4.［精解］本题考查词义的理解。文章五、六段中Mars mission和Mars expedition交替使用，可见是同义，而且第三段首句在具体解释space mission的含义时以火星为例指出它orbiting another planet such as Mars。所以，正确选项为[B]。［A］、［C］、［D］三项都指的是塞尔夫跟（美）国家宇航局的合作项目。Architecture意为“架构，体系(the structure of a computer system and the way it works)”。
5.［精解］本题考查文章主旨。本文主要介绍了星际因特网的创建，［C］项是对文章首句中take the information superhighway to outer space的改写，是全文论述的中心内容。［A］项在文章最后一段出现，是为了更好地说明星际因特网的发展。文章没有提到太空研究的可能性问题，［B］项错误。文章第九段提到，星际因特网是为未来火星探险技术进步奠定基础，这也是在说明星际因特网的重要作用，而不是纯粹论述火星探险的技术进步，所以［D］项不正确。
Text 4 答案
1.B
2.A
3.D
4.D
5.A
1.［精解］本题考查推理引申。第一段首句对“物质文化”下定义为：文化中产生的能看到、摸到、感觉到和使用的自然物体。接着该段第三、四句提到，音乐文化中最生动的物质载体是乐器。从第一段末句可知，图片、文字记载以及乐器都是研究音乐文化的物质手段。第二段首句接着指出，乐谱也是物质文化。因此［A］、［C］和［D］都是物质文化，只有［B］不是。
2. ［精解］本题考查词意理解。“phonograph”一词出现在第一段第五句，该句指出，“‘phonograph’被发明以前，我们听不到任何音乐表演的声音，只能通过乐器研究过去的音乐文化”。由此可知，该词指的是一种能够记录声音并被用于音乐文化研究的物质。［A］为正确答案。［B］虽然也有声音，但无法用于音乐研究。此外，也可以通过词根词缀法猜测词意。phono-相当于sound，表示“声音”；-graph表示“书写、描绘或记录的器具，机械”。“记录声音的机器”就是“录音机”。
3. ［精解］本题考查段落主旨。第一段共七句。第一句给“物质文化”下定义；第二、三句指出研究音乐文化就要研究音乐物质文化。第四、五句指出乐器是音乐文化研究中的重要物质文化。第六句指出乐器作为物质文化的两种形式。第七句举例说明乐器的研究在音乐文化研究中所起的作用。由此可见，第一段涉及的主题应是作为音乐物质文化的“乐器”，因此［D］正确。［A］和［B］泛泛谈文化，应排除。［C］虽然提到了音乐物质文化的研究，但未具体到乐器。
4. ［精解］本题考查事实细节。根据题干中的“印刷式乐谱”定位到第二段。该段第三句提到，印刷式乐谱形式单调（limit variety），因为它们往往将所有歌曲都标准化。因此［D］不是它的优点，而是局限性。
［A］在该段末句提到，该句指出读乐谱（包括印刷乐谱）的能力对音乐家有着深远的影响。该段第三句yet转折后指出，印刷式乐谱促使人们创作新的、不同的歌曲。由此可推知创作者从中获得了灵感。［B］是其优点。从该段末句可知，当读乐谱的能力得到普及时，会对整个音乐文化产生影响。因此［C］也是其优点。
5. ［精解］本题考查推理引申。第三段第二句提到，我们（we）越来越关注民乐中的传统和民族特色，并且在对待许多传统文化遗产时愿意将民乐保存下来。第三句以音乐家记录自己国家的古典音乐为例说明上文。该句中we包括了作者本人，因此可推知［A］是作者所赞同的观点。［C］错在more，因为文中并没有将音乐家对待传统音乐和现代音乐的态度作对比。该段末句提到，人们（people）总是渴望保留个性特色，而不是找到所有文化共有的普遍特点。可见，文中只是客观叙述人们对文化的偏好，没有贬低“文化共有的普遍特点”的价值。排除［B］。该段首句提到，音乐根植于孕育了它的文化之中。这说明文化决定音乐的特色，与“发达”或“价值”没有关联，排除［D］。
三、第三套及答案分析
Text 1
“I’ve never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It’s a stupid endeavor.” That’s an interesting choice
of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of man’s best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.
Westhusin’s experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen o r so embryos carrying Missy’s DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you’re dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.
Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin’s phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing bus ily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy’s mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He’s plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy’s fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy’s owners and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”
The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhus in’s work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when we’re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?”
1. Which of the following best represents Mr. Westhusin’s attitude toward cloning?
［A］Animal cloning is a stupid attempt.
［B］Human cloning is not yet close to getting it worked out.
［C］Cloning is too inefficient and should be stopped.
［D］Animals cloning yes, and human cloning at least not now.
2. The Missyplicity project does not seem very successful probably because _____.
［A］there isn’t enough fund to support the research
［B］cloning dogs is more complicated than cloning cats and bulls
［C］Mr. Westhusin is too busy taking care of the business
［D］the owner is asking for an exact copy of his pet
3. When Mr. Westhusin says “... cloning is dangerous,” he implies that _____.
［A］lab technicians may be affected by chemicals
［B］cats and dogs in the lab may die of diseases
［C］experiments may waste lots of lives
［D］cloned animals could outlive the natural ones
4. We can infer from the third paragraph that _____.
［A］rich people are more interested in cloning humans than animals
［B］cloning of animal pets is becoming a prosperous industry
［C］there is no distinction between a cloned and a natural dog
［D］Missy’s master pays a lot in a hope to revive the dog
5. We may conclude from the text that _____.
［A］human cloning will not succeed unless the technique is more efficient
［B］scientists are optimistic about cloning technique
［C］many people are against the idea of human cloning
［D］cloned animals are more favored by owners even if they are weaker
Text 2
For more than two decades, U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas. The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.
Now, chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate. They, together with 36 universities and 7 nonprofitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action. The CEOs’ motive: “Our audience is growin g more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well”, says one CEO of a compang that owns nine television stations.
Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies; promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them. “Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate, legal ways,” says, a forum member.
One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for public universities—which educate three-quarters of all U.S. undergraduates—to admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.
1. U.S. court restrictions on affirmative action signifies that______.
［A］minorities no longer hold the once favored status
［B］the quality of American colleges has improved
［C］racial preferences has replaced racial prejudice
［D］the minority is on an equal footing with the majority
2. What has been a divisive issue across the United States?
［A］Whether affirmative action should continue to exist.
［B］Whether this law is helping minorities or the white majority.
［C］Whether racism exists in American college admission.
［D］Whether racial intolerance should be punished.
3. CEOs of big companies decided to help colleges enroll more minority students because they_____.
［A］think it wrong to deprive the minorities of their rights to receive education
［B］want to conserve the fine characteristics of American nation
［C］want a workforce that reflects the diversity of their customers
［D］think it their duty to help develop education of the country
4. The major tactic the forum uses is to_____.
［A］battle the racial preferences in court
［B］support colleges involved in lawsuits of racism
［C］strive to settle this political debate nationwide
［D］find legally viable ways to ensure minority admissions
5. If the 10% rule is applied, ______.
［A］the best white high school students can get into colleges
［B］public universities can get excellent students
［C］students from poor rural families can go to colleges
［D］good minority students can get into public universities
Text 3
Positive surprises from government reports on retail sales, industrial production, and housing in the past few months are leading economists to revise their real gross domestic product (GDP) forecasts upward supporting the notion that the recession ended in December or January.
Bear in mind: This recovery won’t have the vitality normally associated with an upturn. Economists now expect real GDP growth of about 1.5 in the first quarter. That’s better than the 0.4 the consensus projected in December, but much of the additional growth will come from a slower pace of inventory drawdowns, not from surging demand.
Moreover, the economy won’t grow fast enough to help the labor markets much. The only good news there is that jobless claims have fallen back from their spike after September 11 and that their current level suggests the pace of layoffs is easing.
The recovery also does not mean the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates soon. The January price indexes show that inflation remains tame. Consequently, the Fed can take its time shifting monetary policy from extreme accommodation to relative neutrality.
Perhaps the best news from the latest economic reports was the January data on industrial production. Total output fell only 0.1, its best showing since July. Factory output was flat, also the best performance in six months. Those numbers may not sound encouraging, but manufacturers have been in recession since late 2000. The data suggest that the factory sector is finding a bottom from which to start its recovery.
Production of consumer goods, for instance, is almost back up to where it was a year ago. That’s because consumer demand for motor vehicles and other goods and the housing industry remained healthy during the recession, and they are still growing in early 2002.
Besides, both the monthly homebuilding starts number and the housing market index for the past two months are running above the averages for all of 2001, suggesting that home-building is off to a good start and probably won’t be big drag on GDP growth this year.
Equally important to the outlook is how the solid housing market will help demand for home-related goods and services. Traditionally, consumers buy the bulk of their furniture, electronics, and textiles within a year of purchasing their homes. Thus, spending on such items will do well this year, even as car sales slip now that incentives are less attractive. Look for the output of consumer goods to top year-ago level in coming months.
Even the business equipment sector seems to have bottomed out. Its output rose 0.4% in January, led by a 0.6% jump computer gear. A pickup in orders for capital goods in the fourth quarter
suggests that production will keep increasing—although at a relaxed pace—in coming months. 1. American economists are surprised to see that______.
［A］they have to revise the GDP forecasts so often
［B］their government is announcing the end of a recession
［C］US economy is showing some signs of an upturn
［D］GDP growth reflects stronger domestic demand
2. The most encouraging fact about the US economy is that_____ .
［A］employment rates have risen faster than expected
［B］the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates soon
［C］industrial production is reaching its lowest point
［D］some economic sectors have become leading industries
3. Of which of the following did the author provide a guardedly optimistic view?
［A］GDP growth. ［B］The number of layoffs.
［C］Price indexes. ［D］Output of consumer goods.
4. Which of the following is the guarantee of a better future for US economy?
［A］Motor vehicles. ［B］Housing market.
［C］Business equipment. ［D］Computer gear.
5. Which of the following best summarizes the U. S. economic situation today?
［A］American economists are painting a gloomy picture.
［B］It is slowly warming up with moderate growth.
［C］Recession may come back anytime in the coming months.
［D］Most sectors are picking up at a surprisingly fast pace.
Text 4
Timothy Berners-Lee might be giving Bill Gates a run for the money, but he passed up his shot at fabulous wealth—intentionally—in 1990. That’s when he decided not to patent the technology used to create the most important software innovation in the final decade of the 20th century: the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee wanted to make the world a richer place, not a mass personal wealth. So he gave his brainchild to us all.
Berners-Lee regards today’s Web as a rebellious adolescent that can never fulfill his original expectations. By 2005, he hopes to begin replacing it with the Semantic Web—a smart network that will finally understand human languages and make computers virtually as easy to work with as other humans.
As envisioned by Berners-Lee, the new Web would understand not only the meaning of words and concepts but also the logical relationships among them. That has awesome potential. Most knowledge is built on two pillars: semantics and mathematics. In number-crunching, computers already outclass people. Machines that are equally adroit at dealing with language and reason won’t just help people uncover new insights; they could blaze new trails on their own.
Even with a fairly crude version of this future Web, mining online repositories for nuggets of knowledge would no longer force people to wade through screen after screen of extraneous data. Instead, computers would dispatch intelligent agents, or software messengers, to explore Web sites by the thousands and logically sift out just what’s relevant. That alone would provide a major boost in productivity at work and at home. But there’s far more.
Software agents could also take on many routine business chores, such as helping manufacturers find and negotiate with lowest-cost parts suppliers and handling help-desk questions. The
Semantic Web would also be a bottomless trove of eureka insights. Most inventions and scientific breakthroughs, including today’s Web, spring from novel combinations of existing knowledge. The Semantic Web would make it possible to evaluate more combinations overnight than a person could juggle in a lifetime. Sure scientists and other people can post ideas on the Web today for others to read. But with machines doing the reading and translating technical terms, related ideas from millions of Web pages could be distilled and summarized. That will lift the ability to assess and integrate information to new heights. The Semantic Web, Berners-Lee predicts, will help more people become more intuitive as well as more analytical. It will foster global collaborations among people with diverse cultural perspectives, so we have a better chance of finding the right solutions to the really big issues—like the environment and climate warming.
1. Had he liked, Berners-Lee could have _____.
［A］created the most important innovation in the 1990s
［B］accumulated as much personal wealth as Bill Gates
［C］patented the technology of Microsoft software
［D］given his brainchild to us all
2. The Semantic Web will be superior to today’s web in that it _____.
［A］surpasses people in processing numbers
［B］fulfills user’s original expectations
［C］deals with language and reason as well as number
［D］responds like a rebellious adult
3. To search for any information needed on tomorrow’s Web, one only has to _____.
［A］wade through screen after screen of extraneous data
［B］ask the Web to dispatch some messenger to his door
［C］use smart software programs called “agents”
［D］explore Web sites by the thousands and pick out what’s relevant
4. Thanks to the Web of the future, _____.
［A］millions of web pages can be translated overnight
［B］one can find most inventions and breakthroughs online
［C］software manufacturers can lower the cost of computer parts
［D］scientists using different specialty terms can collaborate much better
5. The most appropriate title for this text is.
［A］Differences between Two Webs
［B］The Humanization of Computer Software
［C］A New Solution to World Problems
［D］The Creator and His Next Creation
答案：
Text 1答案
1. D
2.B
3.C
4.B
5.A
1.［精解］本题考查考生文中人物观点。文中多次引用了威斯苏森先生有关克隆的话，从中我们可以判断出他的态度。［A］中a stupid attempt出现在文章开始部分，是他对于克隆人而非克隆动物的看法。［B］中not yet close to getting it worked out出现在文章末句，是他对待动物实验的看法，不包括克隆人。事实上，克隆人还没有开始，谈不上是否接近成功。第二段末句，威斯苏森先生提到克隆是极其低效的，但没有提出因此就应该被禁止。因此，［C］