DESY05-040ISSN0418-9833 March2005
Measurement of Charm and Beauty Photoproduction at
HERA using D?μCorrelations
H1Collaboration
Abstract
A measurement of charm and beauty photoproduction at the electron proton collider HERA
is presented based on the simultaneous detection of a D?±meson and a muon.The cor-
relation between the D?meson and the muon serves to separate the charm and beauty
contributions and the analysis provides comparable sensitivity to both.The total and dif-
ferential experimental cross sections are compared to LO and NLO QCD calculations.The
measured charm cross section is in good agreement with QCD predictions including higher
order effects while the beauty cross section is higher.
To be submitted to Phys.Lett.B
A.Aktas10,V.Andreev26,T.Anthonis4,S.Aplin10,A.Asmone34,A.Astvatsatourov4,
A.Babaev25,S.Backovic31,J.B¨a hr39,A.Baghdasaryan38,P.Baranov26,E.Barrelet30,
W.Bartel10,S.Baudrand28,S.Baumgartner40,J.Becker41,M.Beckingham10,O.Behnke13, O.Behrendt7,A.Belousov26,Ch.Berger1,N.Berger40,https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2409086.html,ot28,M.-O.Boenig7,
V.Boudry29,J.Bracinik27,G.Brandt13,V.Brisson28,D.P.Brown10,D.Bruncko16,
F.W.B¨u sser11,A.Bunyatyan12,38,
G.Buschhorn27,L.Bystritskaya25,A.J.Campbell10,
S.Caron1,F.Cassol-Brunner22,K.Cerny33,V.Cerny16,47,V.Chekelian27,J.G.Contreras23, J.A.Coughlan5,B.E.Cox21,G.Cozzika9,J.Cvach32,J.B.Dainton18,W.D.Dau15,
K.Daum37,43,B.Delcourt28,R.Demirchyan38,A.De Roeck10,45,K.Desch11,E.A.De Wolf4, C.Diaconu22,V.Dodonov12,A.Dubak31,46,G.Eckerlin10,V.Efremenko25,S.Egli36,
R.Eichler36,F.Eisele13,M.Ellerbrock13,E.Elsen10,W.Erdmann40,S.Essenov25,
A.Falkewicz6,P.J.W.Faulkner3,L.Favart4,A.Fedotov25,R.Felst10,J.Ferencei10,L.Finke11, M.Fleischer10,P.Fleischmann10,Y.H.Fleming10,G.Flucke10,A.Fomenko26,I.Foresti41, J.Form′a nek33,G.Franke10,G.Frising1,T.Frisson29,E.Gabathuler18,E.Garutti10,
J.Gayler10,R.Gerhards10,?,C.Gerlich13,S.Ghazaryan38,S.Ginzburgskaya25,A.Glazov10, I.Glushkov39,L.Goerlich6,M.Goettlich10,N.Gogitidze26,S.Gorbounov39,C.Goyon22, C.Grab40,T.Greenshaw18,M.Gregori19,G.Grindhammer27,C.Gwilliam21,D.Haidt10,
L.Hajduk6,J.Haller13,M.Hansson20,G.Heinzelmann11,R.C.W.Henderson17,
H.Henschel39,O.Henshaw3,G.Herrera24,M.Hildebrandt36,K.H.Hiller39,D.Hoffmann22, R.Horisberger36,A.Hovhannisyan38,M.Ibbotson21,M.Ismail21,M.Jacquet28,
L.Janauschek27,X.Janssen10,V.Jemanov11,L.J¨o nsson20,D.P.Johnson4,H.Jung20,10,
M.Kapichine8,M.Karlsson20,J.Katzy10,N.Keller41,I.R.Kenyon3,C.Kiesling27,
M.Klein39,C.Kleinwort10,T.Klimkovich10,T.Kluge10,G.Knies10,A.Knutsson20,
V.Korbel10,P.Kostka39,R.Koutouev12,K.Krastev35,J.Kretzschmar39,A.Kropivnitskaya25, K.Kr¨u ger14,J.K¨u ckens10,https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2409086.html,ndon19,https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2409086.html,nge39,https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2409086.html,ˇs toviˇc ka39,33,https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2409086.html,ycock18,
A.Lebedev26,
B.Lei?ner1,V.Lendermann14,S.Levonian10,L.Lindfeld41,K.Lipka39,
B.List40,E.Lobodzinska39,6,N.Loktionova26,R.Lopez-Fernandez10,V.Lubimov25,
A.-I.Lucaci-Timoce10,H.Lueders11,D.L¨u ke7,10,T.Lux11,L.Lytkin12,A.Makankine8,
N.Malden21,E.Malinovski26,S.Mangano40,P.Marage4,R.Marshall21,M.Martisikova10, H.-U.Martyn1,S.J.Max?eld18,D.Meer40,A.Mehta18,K.Meier14,A.B.Meyer11,
H.Meyer37,J.Meyer10,S.Mikocki6,https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2409086.html,cewicz-Mika6,https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2409086.html,stead18,A.Mohamed18,
F.Moreau29,A.Morozov8,J.V.Morris5,M.U.Mozer13,K.M¨u ller41,P.Mur′?n16,44,
K.Nankov35,B.Naroska11,J.Naumann7,Th.Naumann39,P.R.Newman3,C.Niebuhr10,
A.Nikiforov27,D.Nikitin8,G.Nowak6,M.Nozicka33,R.Oganezov38,
B.Olivier3,
J.E.Olsson10,S.Osman20,D.Ozerov25,V.Palichik8,T.Papadopoulou10,C.Pascaud28,
G.D.Patel18,M.Peez29,E.Perez9,D.Perez-Astudillo23,A.Perieanu10,A.Petrukhin25,
D.Pitzl10,R.Plaˇc akyt˙e27,B.Portheault28,B.Povh12,P.Prideaux18,N.Raicevic31,
P.Reimer32,A.Rimmer18,C.Risler10,E.Rizvi3,P.Robmann41,B.Roland4,R.Roosen4,
A.Rostovtsev25,Z.Rurikova27,S.Rusakov26,F.Salvaire11,D.P.C.Sankey5,E.Sauvan22,
S.Sch¨a tzel13,F.-P.Schilling10,S.Schmidt10,S.Schmitt41,C.Schmitz41,L.Schoeffel9,
A.Sch¨o ning40,V.Schr¨o der10,H.-C.Schultz-Coulon14,C.Schwanenberger10,K.Sedl′a k32, F.Sefkow10,I.Sheviakov26,L.N.Shtarkov26,Y.Sirois29,T.Sloan17,P.Smirnov26,
Y.Soloviev26,D.South10,V.Spaskov8,A.Specka29,B.Stella34,J.Stiewe14,I.Strauch10, U.Straumann41,V.Tchoulakov8,G.Thompson19,P.D.Thompson3,F.Tomasz14,
D.Traynor19,P.Tru¨o l41,I.Tsakov35,G.Tsipolitis10,42,I.Tsurin10,J.Turnau6,
E.Tzamariudaki27,M.Urban41,https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2409086.html,ik26,D.Utkin25,S.Valk′a r33,A.Valk′a rov′a33,
1
C.Vall′e e22,P.Van Mechelen4,N.Van Remortel4,A.Vargas Trevino7,Y.Vazdik26,
C.Veelken18,A.Vest1,S.Vinokurova10,V.V olchinski38,B.Vujicic27,K.Wacker7,
J.Wagner10,G.Weber11,R.Weber40,D.Wegener7,C.Werner13,N.Werner41,M.Wessels10, B.Wessling10,C.Wigmore3,G.-G.Winter10,Ch.Wissing7,R.Wolf13,E.W¨u nsch10,
S.Xella41,W.Yan10,V.Yeganov38,J.ˇZ′aˇc ek33,J.Z′a leˇs′a k32,Z.Zhang28,A.Zhelezov25,
A.Zhokin25,J.Zimmermann27,H.Zohrabyan38,and F.Zomer28
1I.Physikalisches Institut der RWTH,Aachen,Germany a
2III.Physikalisches Institut der RWTH,Aachen,Germany a
3School of Physics and Astronomy,University of Birmingham,Birmingham,UK b
4Inter-University Institute for High Energies ULB-VUB,Brussels;Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen;Belgium c
5Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,Chilton,Didcot,UK b
6Institute for Nuclear Physics,Cracow,Poland d
7Institut f¨u r Physik,Universit¨a t Dortmund,Dortmund,Germany a
8Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,Dubna,Russia
9CEA,DSM/DAPNIA,CE-Saclay,Gif-sur-Yvette,France
10DESY,Hamburg,Germany
11Institut f¨u r Experimentalphysik,Universit¨a t Hamburg,Hamburg,Germany a
12Max-Planck-Institut f¨u r Kernphysik,Heidelberg,Germany
13Physikalisches Institut,Universit¨a t Heidelberg,Heidelberg,Germany a
14Kirchhoff-Institut f¨u r Physik,Universit¨a t Heidelberg,Heidelberg,Germany a
15Institut f¨u r experimentelle und Angewandte Physik,Universit¨a t Kiel,Kiel,Germany
16Institute of Experimental Physics,Slovak Academy of Sciences,Koˇs ice,Slovak Republic f 17Department of Physics,University of Lancaster,Lancaster,UK b
18Department of Physics,University of Liverpool,Liverpool,UK b
19Queen Mary and West?eld College,London,UK b
20Physics Department,University of Lund,Lund,Sweden g
21Physics Department,University of Manchester,Manchester,UK b
22CPPM,CNRS/IN2P3-Univ Mediterranee,Marseille-France
23Departamento de Fisica Aplicada,CINVESTAV,M′e rida,Yucat′a n,M′e xico k
24Departamento de Fisica,CINVESTAV,M′e xico k
25Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics,Moscow,Russia l
26Lebedev Physical Institute,Moscow,Russia e
27Max-Planck-Institut f¨u r Physik,M¨u nchen,Germany
28LAL,Universit′e de Paris-Sud,IN2P3-CNRS,Orsay,France
29LLR,Ecole Polytechnique,IN2P3-CNRS,Palaiseau,France
30LPNHE,Universit′e s Paris VI and VII,IN2P3-CNRS,Paris,France
31Faculty of Science,University of Montenegro,Podgorica,Serbia and Montenegro
32Institute of Physics,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Praha,Czech Republic e,i 33Faculty of Mathematics and Physics,Charles University,Praha,Czech Republic e,i
34Dipartimento di Fisica Universit`a di Roma Tre and INFN Roma3,Roma,Italy
35Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy,So?a,Bulgaria
36Paul Scherrer Institut,Villingen,Switzerland
37Fachbereich C,Universit¨a t Wuppertal,Wuppertal,Germany
38Yerevan Physics Institute,Yerevan,Armenia
2
39DESY,Zeuthen,Germany
40Institut f¨u r Teilchenphysik,ETH,Z¨u rich,Switzerland j
41Physik-Institut der Universit¨a t Z¨u rich,Z¨u rich,Switzerland j
42Also at Physics Department,National Technical University,Zografou Campus,GR-15773 Athens,Greece
43Also at Rechenzentrum,Universit¨a t Wuppertal,Wuppertal,Germany
44Also at University of P.J.ˇSaf′a rik,Koˇs ice,Slovak Republic
45Also at CERN,Geneva,Switzerland
46Also at Max-Planck-Institut f¨u r Physik,M¨u nchen,Germany
47Also at Comenius University,Bratislava,Slovak Republic
?Deceased
a Supported by the Bundesministerium f¨u r Bildung und Forschung,FRG,under contract numbers05H11GUA/1,05H11PAA/1,05H11PAB/9,05H11PEA/6,05H11VHA/7and 05H11VHB/5
b Supported by the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council,and formerly by the UK Science and Engineering Research Council
c Supporte
d by FNRS-FWO-Vlaanderen,IISN-IIKW and IWT and by Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme,Belgian Scienc
e Policy
d Partially Supported by th
e Polish State Committee for Scienti?c Research,
SPUB/DESY/P003/DZ118/2003/2005
e Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
f Supported by VEGA SR grant no.2/4067/24
g Supported by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council
i Supported by the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic under the projects
INGO-LA116/2000and LN00A006,by GAUK grant no173/2000
j Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation
k Supported by CONACYT,M′e xico,grant400073-F
l Partially Supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research,grant no.00-15-96584
3
1Introduction
At the electron proton collider HERA,heavy quarks are predominantly produced via photon-
gluon fusion,γg→cˉc or bˉb,where the photon is emitted from the incoming lepton and the gluon from the proton.The production cross sections are largest for photoproduction,i.e.for
photons with virtuality Q2?0.The light quarks u,d and s are produced much more copiously than c and b,and beauty production is suppressed by a factor of approximately200compared
to charm.Charm and beauty measurements performed at HERA so far relied on the tagging of
only one heavy quark in each event.While the charm measurements[1–11]were mostly based
on the reconstruction of D mesons,the beauty measurements[12–17]used semi-leptonic decays
or lifetime signatures or both.Here an analysis is presented,where in a large fraction of events
both heavy quarks are tagged using a D?±meson and a muon as signatures.The correlations
between the direction of the muon with respect to the D?±and their electric charges are used
to separate charm and beauty contributions.Total cross sections are measured separately for
the processes ep→ecˉc X→eD?μX′and ep→ebˉbX→eD?μX′in the visible kinematic region,while differential cross sections are derived for combined samples of cˉc and bˉb events. The measurements,which are based on an integrated luminosity of L=89pb?1,are compared to leading order(LO)and next-to-leading order(NLO)perturbative QCD(pQCD)calculations.
This measurement extends to signi?cantly lower centre-of-mass energies of the bˉb system than previous measurements of beauty cross sections at HERA.The simultaneous detection of the D?meson and the muon makes possible new tests of higher order QCD effects.For instance, in the photon-gluon rest frame the angle between the heavy quarks is180?at leading order,but at next-to-leading order it can differ signi?cantly from this value due to hard gluon radiation. Furthermore,the D?μpair is expected to be sensitive to a possible transverse momentum k t of the gluons entering the quark pair production process.
2Separation of Charm and Beauty
The separation of charm and beauty contributions exploits the charge and azimuthal angle1 correlations of the D?meson and the muon.The azimuthal angle difference?Φbetween the D?and the muon and their respective electric charges Q(D?)and Q(μ)are used to de?ne four ‘correlation regions’I–IV.For Q(D?)=Q(μ)regions I and II cover?Φ<90?and?Φ>90?, respectively.Regions III and IV are de?ned correspondingly for Q(D?)=Q(μ).
The four regions are populated differently by charm and beauty events as is illustrated in ?gure1.Neglecting any transverse momenta of the photon and the gluon,the fusion process γg→cˉc or bˉb leads to a back-to-back con?guration of the two heavy quarks.Approximating the directions of the D?±meson and the muon with those of the quark and antiquark and selecting opposite charges,cˉc pairs populate correlation region IV.In contrast,beauty events populate regions II,III and IV,depending on whether the muon originates from the same b quark as the D?or from the oppositeˉb.If the muon originates from the same b quark as the D?meson,
the events lie in region III.For muons coming from the ˉb opposite to the D ?meson,the direct decay populates region II,while the cascade process ˉb →ˉc →μpopulates region IV .Region IV hence receives contributions from both c ˉc and b ˉb events and region I stays empty.
The azimuthal angle correlations are smeared by fragmentation and semileptonic decay pro-cesses and by higher order QCD effects such as gluon radiation and any initial transverse mo-mentum of the gluon.Processes such as heavy quark decays via τleptons conserve the charge correlation,which is not the case for B 0-ˉB 0mixing and e.g.the decays b →cW ?;W ?→ˉc s .According to the PYTHIA Monte Carlo simulation [18],which takes into account these smear-ing effects,the relative population of the four regions is as given by the numbers in ?gure 1.These numbers apply in the analysed kinematic region de?ned in section 4.1and do not include detector effects.Since the population of the four correlation regions is very different for b ˉb and c ˉc ,it can be used for the separation of these two components.
?Φ<90?
Q (D ?)=Q (μ)I
0.1
20.4
Q (D ?)=Q (μ)
93.8
25.9
Figure 1:De?nition of the correlation regions in terms of ?Φand the relative charges of the D ?meson and the muon.The sketches illustrate these correlations in c ˉc and b ˉb quark decays
to D ?μ.The numbers represent the relative distribution over the four correlation regions of charm and beauty events that satisfy the cuts given in section 4.1,as obtained from the PYTHIA simulation without detector effects.
5
3QCD Calculations and Monte Carlo Simulations
The Monte Carlo simulations PYTHIA[18]and CASCADE[19]are used for the description of the signal and background distributions in the separation of charm and beauty,for the de-termination of ef?ciencies and acceptances and for systematic studies.Their predictions are also compared with the measured cross sections.In PYTHIA and CASCADE leading order matrix elements which take into account the mass of the heavy quark are implemented and parton showers in the initial and?nal state are included to approximate higher orders(LO-ME+PS).The parton evolution in PYTHIA uses the DGLAP equations[20].In addition to the direct process,a resolved photon component is generated in PYTHIA where the photon?uc-tuates into a hadronic state acting as a source of partons,one of which participates in the hard interaction.This component is dominated by heavy?avour excitation processes[21],where the heavy quark is a constituent of the resolved photon.In the PYTHIA calculation of heavy ?avour excitation,in which quark masses are neglected,the contribution of excitation to the total charm cross section in the analysed kinematic region is found to be41%,while it is23% for beauty.In comparison to this component the contribution of the resolved component due to light quarks or gluons in the photon can be neglected in the present analysis,as can the heavy ?avour component of the proton.
CASCADE contains an implementation of the CCFM[22]evolution equation for the ini-tial state parton shower.Theγg→cˉc or bˉb is implemented using off-shell matrix elements convoluted with k t unintegrated proton parton distributions.PYTHIA and CASCADE use the JETSET program as implemented in PYTHIA for the hadronisation(via the Peterson fragmen-tation function[23])and for the decay of beauty and charm quarks.In order to correct for detector effects,the generated events are passed through a detailed simulation of the detector response based on the GEANT program[24]and the same reconstruction software as used for the data.
The measured cross sections are also compared with NLO pQCD calculations in the massive scheme[25]using the program FMNR[26].These calculations are expected to give reliable results in the kinematic region considered here,where the transverse momentum of the heavy quark is of the same order of magnitude as its mass.The calculations are available for both the direct and resolved photon processes.However,in contrast to the PYTHIA program,heavy ?avour excitation is not explicitly included in the resolved part of the FMNR program.The contributions of the resolved light quark and gluon components are found to be small in FMNR (<3%for charm and<6%for beauty in the analysed kinematic region)and are neglected.
The original FMNR program is extended to include the effects of the hadronisation of c and b quarks and their semileptonic decays in order to make comparisons with the measured cross sections in the experimentally accessible kinematical region.The heavy quark is‘hadronised’by rescaling the three momentum of the quark using the Peterson fragmentation function.For the decay into muons the momentum spectrum is implemented as obtained from JETSET.In the case of beauty quarks,the direct decays of b-?avoured hadrons into muons are taken into account as are the decays via a charm quark,b→c→μ.When the D?meson and the muon originate from the same quark,the angular and momentum correlations are implemented as in JETSET.The measured fragmentation fractions[27,28]for c and b quarks given in table1are used for the calculation of the cross sections.The important parameters of the pQCD programs used in this analysis are summarised in table2.
6
Fragmentation Fractions[%]
c→μ9.8±0.5
b→D?17.3±1.6
b→D?μ2.75±0.19
Table1:Fragmentation fractions[27,28]used in the QCD calculations of the cross sections. The b→c→μfraction also contains the b→cˉc s decay and theτcontributions.
Version
Proton PDF
GRV-G LO[31]–GRV-G HO[31]GRV-G LO[31]
m2q+p2T q4m2q+p2T q m2q+p2T qˉq Factor.scaleμ2f
m b[GeV]
1.5 1.5 1.5
0.0080.0080.0033(0.42for b→D?)0.0069
Peterson?c
MS scheme using the default values ofΛQCD for the parton density functions.μr andμf denote the renormalisation and factorisation scales,p2T qˉq the average of the squares of the transverse momenta of the two heavy quarks,m q the heavy quark masses,?s the centre-of-mass energy squared,Q2T the transverse momentum squared of the heavy quark system,p T q the transverse momentum of a heavy quark and?q the Peterson fragmentation parameters[29]. For the B0-ˉB0mixing values of x d≡?m B0d/ΓB0d=0.73and x s=18[28]are used.
4Data Analysis
The data were collected with the H1detector[32,33]at HERA during the years1997to2000 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of L=89pb?1.The largest part of the luminosity (80%)was collected at a centre-of-mass energy of√
s≈300GeV(proton energy820GeV).
4.1Event Selection
A detailed account of this analysis can be found in[34].Events with at least one reconstructed D?and at least one muon are selected;multiple D?or muon combinations are treated as separate events.The D?is reconstructed via the decay channel3D?+→D0π+s→K?π+π+s(branching ratio(2.59±0.06)%[28]),whereπs refers to the low momentumπin the decay.The decay
particles of the D?meson are reconstructed in the central tracking detector(20?≤θ≤160?) without particle identi?cation.Muons are identi?ed by reconstructing track segments in the instrumented iron return yoke of the solenoidal magnet.These are linked to tracks in the central tracking detector.In order to ensure good detector acceptance,cuts on the transverse momentum p T with respect to the proton direction and the pseudorapidityη=?ln tan(θ/2)are applied for the D?meson and the muon in the laboratory frame(see table3).
Photoproduction events are selected by demanding the absence of any signals for the scat-tered electron,restricting the accepted range of negative four-momentum transfer squared Q2to be below1GeV2.A cut on the inelasticity0.05 Selection of D?→D0πs→Kππs p T(K),p T(π)>0.4GeV p T(πs)>0.12GeV |m Kπ?m D0|<0.080GeV ?M=m Kππs?m Kπ<0.1685GeV 0.05 4The functional form used is c1(?M?mπ)c2(1?c3(?M)2)where c i are?t parameters. 8 muons from the decay of light mesons.The fake muon background contributes about37% in charm and5%in beauty initiated events according to the respective PYTHIA Monte Carlo simulations,which give an adequate description of the data. In?gure2b–e,the?M distributions of the selected D?μevents are shown separately for the four correlation regions de?ned in section2.Clear peaks due to D?mesons are observed in regions II-IV,whereas region I shows little or no signal,consistent with the expectation. The charm and beauty contributions in the data are determined by performing a simulta-neous likelihood?t of the?M distributions in the four correlation regions.In the following, this?t will be referred to as a‘two-dimensional?t’,in order to distinguish the results from the separate one-dimensional?ts of?M in each correlation region. In this two-dimensional?t,in addition to the D?μcontribution from bˉb and cˉc,the fake muon background and the combinatorial background under the?M peaks have to be considered.The position and width of the?M peak corresponding to the D?signal as well as the parameters describing the shape of the combinatorial background are?xed to the values obtained from the one-dimensional?M?t to the total sample(?gure2a).The normalisation of the combinatorial background is?tted using right and wrong charge combinations in each region separately.The relative distributions of signal events from charm and beauty between the correlation regions as well as the fractions of fake muon background in each region predicted by the PYTHIA Monte Carlo simulations are used as input for the?t.In total there are six free?t parameters,the total numbers of D?μevents from bˉb and cˉc quark pairs,N b and N c,and four parameters for the combinatorial background,one in each correlation region. 5Results The result of the two-dimensional?t is shown together with the data in?gures2b–e.The data are described well and the quality of the?t is good(χ2=145.5for154d.o.f.).In?gure3, the numbers of D?signal events from the two-dimensional?t in the four correlation regions are compared to the results of one-dimensional?ts of the?M distributions performed in each correlation region separately.The agreement is very good.The distribution of the contributing processes as obtained from the two-dimensional?t is also shown in?gure3.The following event numbers and errors are obtained for the charm and beauty contributions from the two-dimensional?t: N c=53±12N b=66±17. 5.1Total Cross Section The number of b and c events are used to compute the total cross sections in the kinematic region de?ned in table3.The ef?ciencies and acceptances are derived from the Monte Carlo simulations.Values of 9 Charm Cross section[pb] PYTHIA(direct)242(142) 1.0 FMNR286+159 ?59 Beauty Data206±53±35 3.6 CASCADE56 4.0 Table4:Measured D?μcross sections for charm and beauty production in the kinematic re-gion de?ned in table3.For the data the statistical and the systematic errors are given.The LO-ME+PS predictions(PYTHIA,CASCADE)and NLO calculations(FMNR)are also shown. The uncertainties of the FMNR results are obtained by varying the renormalisation and the factorisation scales simultaneously by factors of0.5and2.The uncertainty due to a variation of the quark masses m c by±0.2GeV and m b by±0.25GeV is added quadratically.The last column shows the ratios of the measurement to the prediction. σc vis(ep→e D?μX)=250±57(stat.)±40(syst.)pb and of σb vis(ep→e D?μX)=206±53(stat.)±35(syst.)pb are obtained for charm and beauty production,respectively.The measured cross sections are similar due to the de?nition of the visible kinematic region,which requires in particular a high momentum muon,suppressing central charm production.The results are compared with the pQCD predictions in table4,where error estimates due to the uncertainty of the quark masses and the scales are given for the NLO calculations.In order to assess the in?uence of mass effects in the extraction of gluon densities used in the calculations,the default CTEQ5M sets have been replaced by the CTEQ5F sets[30].The results are found to be compatible.The uncertainties for PYTHIA and CASCADE are found to be of similar size as those of the NLO calculations.The measured cross section for charm production agrees well with the LO-ME+PS models(PYTHIA and CASCADE)and the NLO prediction(FMNR).The measured beauty cross section exceeds the calculated cross sections.In other recent measurements of the beauty cross section in photoproduction at HERA[12,15],based on the selection of high transverse momentum jets,ratios of measurement and FMNR based calculations between1and3are found.Note that the present analysis extends down to the production threshold for bˉb,while the jet measurements have a threshold which is approximately5GeV higher in the bˉb centre-of-mass system. The systematic uncertainties of the cross section measurement are evaluated by varying the Monte Carlo simulations.The dominant experimental errors come from the uncertainties in the track reconstruction ef?ciency(13%),the trigger ef?ciency(5%)and the width of the?M sig-nal(3%).Smaller contributions are due to uncertainties in the determination of the background 10 due to misidenti?ed muons5(1%;1.5%)and in the fragmentation fractions(1%;1.5%).Model uncertainties are estimated using the CASCADE Monte Carlo generator instead of PYTHIA (3.5%)and either taking into account or omitting the resolved component in PYTHIA(3%;5%). Taking into account the uncertainties due to the contribution of D?re?ections(5%),the muon identi?cation,the luminosity measurement and the D?decay branching ratios,the total system-atic errors for the charm and beauty cross sections are estimated to be16%and17%,respec-tively. 5.2Differential Cross Sections for Charm and Beauty Differential cross sections for D?μproduction in the visible kinematic region are evaluated as functions of variables characterising the D?meson,the muon and the D?μsystem.In this section results are presented for the complete data set,which contains the contributions from charm and beauty(?gures4and5). In order to compute the differential cross sections for the data,the numbers of events in bins of the chosen variable are determined by a?t to the?M distribution in each bin,as described in section4.2.Here,no attempt is made to separate charm and beauty contributions.A correction for‘fake muons’is applied according to the Monte Carlo simulation.Since the fake muon fraction is different for charm and beauty,it is computed using the b fraction of45%given by the measured cross sections(table4). The data are shown with the results of the PYTHIA and CASCADE Monte Carlo models and the LO and NLO FMNR calculations.In the theoretical models,the beauty and charm contributions are combined according to the measured total visible cross sections(table4)and normalised to the sum of these cross sections,in order to facilitate a shape comparison.The error bands for the FMNR prediction are computed as for the total cross section(see caption of table4).The measured differential cross sections are similarly normalised,which has the advantage that the systematic errors largely cancel and are negligible compared to the statistical errors. Figure4shows the differential cross sections as a function of the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity of the D?meson and the muon separately.Overall the QCD models describe the shapes of the measured distributions quite well,although there is a tendency for the mea-sured p T(D?)and p T(μ)distributions to be softer than the calculations.A slight discrepancy is also present in the differential cross section as a function of the pseudorapidity of the muon (?gure4c)which shows a central dip due to the large muon momentum required. Quantities derived from a combined measurement of the D?and muon are shown in?gure5. In?gures5a and c,the differential cross sections as a function of p T(D?μ),which is de?ned as p T(D?μ)=| p T(D?)+ p T(μ)|,and?Φare compared with the LO and NLO FMNR predictions. The data show the expected deviations from the LO calculations due to higher order effects:the observed p T(D?μ)distribution is?atter and the?Φpeak around180?is broader than the LO computation.The data are in good agreement with the NLO calculation.In?gures5b and d,the same differential cross sections for p T(D?μ)and?Φare compared with PYTHIA and CAS-CADE which also give a good description of the data.Although different approaches are used in PYTHIA and CASCADE to compute the evolution of the partons from the proton and the hard interaction,the differences between the two simulations are smaller than the experimental errors. Figures5e and f show the invariant mass,M(D?μ),and the rapidity6,?y(D?μ),of the D?meson and the muon together with NLO FMNR,PYTHIA and CASCADE predictions.The invariant mass M(D?μ)re?ects the centre-of-mass energy of the quark pair and?y(D?μ)is related to the ratio of the energies of the partons entering the hard interaction from the proton and the photon.Both differential cross sections are adequately described by all model calculations. 5.3Results for a Charm Dominated‘Quark Antiquark Tag’Sample The cross sections in the previous section refer to the complete data set including events from region III in which both D?and muon originate from the same b quark.Since this leads to a dilution of the correlation of quantities characterising the quark pair and the measured D?μpair, results for a smaller sample are given here,where both the heavy quark and the antiquark are tagged by either a D?or a muon(‘quark antiquark tag’).This is possible in correlation region IV(?Φ>90?and Q(D?)=Q(μ)).This region(see?gure1)is dominated by cˉc pairs:the bˉb contribution is18%according to the two-dimensional?t.Due to migrations from correlation region III,approximately half of the bˉb contribution is due to b→D?μevents in which the D?μpair comes from the same b quark(according to the PYTHIA simulation).A visible cross section ofσ2q=263±48±36pb is measured7after subtracting this fraction,while264+148 ?50pb is expected from the FMNR calculations. In this data sample,the correlation of kinematic quantities reconstructed using the D?me-son and the muon to those of the quark pairs is good for x g and?y(D?μ),while it is weaker for p T(D?μ).Here x g is the fraction of the proton energy carried by the gluon in the hard inter-action,which is approximated by x obs g=(M(D?μ))2/y s.The normalised differential cross section for x obs g(D?μ)is shown in?gure6a.All QCD calculations(FMNR to LO and NLO, PYTHIA and CASCADE)give a reasonable description of the data.Figure6b and c show the p T(D?μ)and?y(D?μ)distributions of the D?μpair,respectively,with the same model cal-culations.The LO FMNR prediction for p T(D?μ)is again too soft,as observed for the total sample(?gure5a),while the NLO FMNR prediction?ts the data well.Although this sample should be sensitive to any transverse momentum of the incoming gluon,the differences between PYTHIA(collinear factorisation)and CASCADE(k t factorisation)are small in the kinematic region studied. Conclusion A measurement of cˉc and bˉb photoproduction cross sections using the H1detector at HERA has been presented.For the majority of events both heavy quarks are tagged using a D?meson and a muon as signatures.The separation of the charm and beauty contributions is possible due to the different correlations between the charges and angles between the D?meson and the muon.The measured total cross section for charm in the visible kinematic region is in agreement with the NLO QCD prediction,while the beauty cross section is higher than predicted.The kinematic region of the latter is characterised by lower bˉb centre-of-mass energies than in most previous analyses,which require high momentum https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2409086.html,parisons of the shapes of the measured differential distributions with QCD calculations including higher order effects show general agreement.Effects beyond the LO approximation are directly observed.In the kinematic region studied,effects due to k t factorisation,as implemented in CASCADE,are found to be small compared to the experimental errors. 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The error bands for FMNR are obtained as described in table4.A beauty fraction of45%as obtained from the measured cross sections is used in the calculations.The FMNR(a,c)and PYTHIA(b,d,e,f)b quark contributions are indicated separately.The experimental systematic uncertainties for the normalised distributions are negligible compared to the statistical errors. 19 广外研究生翻译作业附译文 07级研究生翻译作业（汉译英） 尺素寸心（节选） 余光中 回信，固然可畏，不回信，也绝非什么乐事。书架上经常叠着百多封未回之信，“债龄”或长或短，长的甚至一年以上，那样的压力，也绝非一个普通的罪徒所能负担的。一叠未回的信，就像一群不散的阴魂，在我罪深孽重的心底幢幢作祟。理论上说来，这些信当然是要回的。我可以坦然向天发誓，在我清醒的时刻，我绝未存心不回人信。问题出在技术上。给我一整个夏夜的空闲，我该先回一年半前的那封信呢，还是七个月前的这封信？隔了这么久，恐怕连谢罪自谴的有效期也早过了吧。在朋友的心目中， 你早已沦为不值得计较的妄人。“莫名其妙！” 是你在江湖上一致的评语。 其实，即使终于鼓起全部的道德勇气，坐在桌前，准备偿付信债于万一，也不是轻易能如愿的。七零八落的新简旧信，漫无规则地充塞在书架上，抽屉里，有的回过，有的未回，“只在此山中，云深不知处”，要找到你决心要回的那一封，耗费的时间和精力，往往数倍于回信本身。再想象朋友接信时的表情，不是喜出望外，而是余怒重炽，你那一点决心就整个崩溃了。你的债，永无清偿之日。不回信，绝不等于忘了朋友，正如世上绝无忘了债主的负债人。在你惶恐的深处，恶魇的尽头，隐隐约约，永远潜伏着这位朋友的怒眉和冷眼，不，你永远忘不了他。你真 正忘掉的，而且忘得那么心安理得，是那些已经得到你回信的朋友。 我的译文： An Excerpt from Unanswered Letters vs Unbounded Friendship By Yu Guangzhong Answering letters does make me flinch; however, not answering them allows me no release at all. Dozens of unanswered letters pile up on my bookshelf, like a sum of debt waiting to be paid. Some have been waiting there for over one year, while some have newly arrived. The pressure from paying off that debt is far beyond what a junior debtor can endure. The stack of unanswered letters are, like 1 / 12 第一首： 山中杂诗年代：南北朝作者：xx 山际见来烟，竹中窥落日。 鸟向檐上飞，云从窗里出。 译文： 山峰上缭绕着阵阵的岚气云烟竹林的缝隙里洒落下夕阳的余晖 鸟儿欢快地在屋檐上飞来飞去白白的云儿竟然从窗户里飘了出来。 赏析： 诗歌描写的是诗人住在山中的有趣生活：山峰环绕，竹木茂盛，鸟在人家的房檐上飞，云彩竟然从窗里飘出来。此幽居荡尽了人间的尘滓，随意而传神地表达了诗人惬意闲适的心情。 全诗不过短短四句，一句一景，然句句不离“山中”的主题。烟岚弥漫着山谷，在山峰间飘来荡去，这正是幽静深邃的山中所常见的现象。落日西沉，只能在竹林的间隙中窥见其脉脉的斜晖，由此可见竹林的茂密青葱，山间的幽趣在首两句中已曲曲传出。屋檐上的飞鸟来来往往，白云穿窗而过，都说明诗人所居之处地势高峻，而且在茂林修竹之中，群鸟时时栖息于其檐前屋后，体现了山居的清静超脱，远离尘嚣。 第二首：xxxxxx 独坐幽篁里，弹琴复长啸。 xx人不知，明月来相照。 注释 1.幽篁：幽是深的意思，篁是竹林。 2.啸：嘬口发出长而清脆的声音,类似于打口哨 2 / 12 3.xx：指“幽篁”。 4.相照：与“独坐”相应，意思是说，独坐幽篁，无人相伴，唯有明月似解人意，偏来相照。 译文： 独自坐在幽深的竹林里，一边弹着琴一边又长啸。深深的山林中无人知晓，皎洁的月亮从空中映照。 鉴赏： 这是一首写隐者的闲适生活情趣的诗。诗的用字造语、写景（幽篁、深林、明月），写人（独坐、弹琴、长啸）都极平淡无奇。然而它的妙处也就在于以自然平淡的笔调，描绘出清新诱人的月夜幽林的意境，融情景为一体，蕴含着一种特殊的美的艺术魅力，使其成为千古佳品。以弹琴长啸，反衬月夜竹林的幽静，以明月的光影，反衬深林的昏暗，表面看来平平淡淡，似乎信手拈来，随意写去其实却是匠心独运，妙手回天的大手笔。 这首诗同样表现了一种清静安详的境界。前两句写诗人独自一人坐在幽深茂密的竹林之中，一边弹着琴弦，一边又发出长长的啸声。其实，不论“弹琴”还是“长啸”，都体现出诗人高雅闲淡、 翻译作业点评what I have lived for 词的翻译 1.great wind的理解应结合结合上下文的语境： 风2 飓风17 狂风35 巨风9 强风8 疾风1 暴风2 烈风1 大风7 龙卷风1 强烈的风7 强劲的风3 强大的风1 猛烈的（大）风4 巨大的风1 异乎寻常的风1 微风1 轻风1 和煦的春风1 2.数字的写法套路 中文大小写壹贰叁肆伍陆柒捌玖拾一二三四五六七八九十 阿拉伯数字1. 2. 3. 4. 罗马数字大小写ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅰⅱⅲⅳ 3.词义的选择 3.1.ground 世间世上 人间尘世 现实现实世界 地上地面地球 3.2.this joy （短暂）喜悦 欢喜欢娱欢愉（的魔力）（片刻）欢乐（时光） 愉悦愉快 快乐 乐趣 （万分）狂喜 沉醉沉迷 转瞬即逝的幸福 短暂数小时 3.3.miniature 缩影缩图图像模型模式角度国度蓝图彩画影像画卷（刘洋）画面（张富强等）象征写照憧憬 缩略图小世界复制品小画像微型画/图 缩小模型微型世界/图像画像缩影天堂画卷（贺梦鸽） 微型的心理潜行者的画潜修者的画像微缩/小复制品微小的天堂 句子的翻译 1.主动句与被动句之间的转换 英教3：直译为原文被动句式9人，意译为主动句这39人。 被动句式：被…所控制3/掌控2/统治1/支配2/占据1 主动句式：三种感情支配12/统治1/贯穿/掌握/掌控7/控制5/经营/主宰2/统治/指引/影响4/ 支撑/着（我的一生） 我为三种激情而生 在我的生活中起支配作用的有三种…情感 2.“的”字结构滥用 就像是一个颤抖的人站在世界的边缘上俯视着一个寒冷的深不可测的却又毫无生机的地狱般可怕。 减缓那在用颤抖的意识从世界的边缘看向寒冷的死寂的无底深渊时产生的那种可怕的孤独感。 那可怕的孤独能让一个人的意识触到冰冷的无底的绝望的深渊的边缘。 孤独——那种让人陷入冷酷的深不可测的无生命的深渊。 这种可怕的孤独感像一个意识在颤抖的人在寒冷的深不可测的且无生气的无底洞中寻找世界的边缘。 圣人和诗人所想象的神秘的微小的预示的天堂的景象。 有着厌恶的负担的无助的年迈的老人给予他们的儿子。 毫无帮助的老人是他们的儿子的沉重的负担。 对他们的儿子来说是一个讨厌/令人反感的负担的无助的老人们。 3. “是”字泛滥 最后是因为我所见过的完整的爱，是一个神秘的缩影，那是圣人和诗人们梦想中的天堂里预示的美景。这就是我所追寻的，即使它看起来似乎对人类生活很美好，但是这就是我最后能找到的。 4. 排比句怎么翻译？语序要整齐吗？要调整吗？要凌乱吗？Children…victims…helpless old people… 5. 在一个完整句中，中途随意变换主语，或舍弃不应舍弃、省略不应省略的主语 这就是我明白的哲理，并且认为它似乎对人们的生活很有好处。 6. 标点符号怎么打？ 《三种激情》是选自《伯特兰·罗素自传》的一篇优秀散文。它既是作者心灵的抒发，也是生命体验的总结。作者以深刻的感悟和敏锐的目光，分析了人生中的三种激情，即对爱的渴望，对知识的追求和对人类苦难的同情。对爱的渴望，使人欣喜若狂，既能解除孤独，又能发现美好的未来。对知识的追求，使人理解人心，了解宇宙，掌握科学。爱和知识把人引向天堂般的境界，而对人类的同情之心又使人回到苦难深重的人间。作者认为这就是人生，值得为此再活一次的人生。这篇散文似乎信手拈来，但却耐人寻味。充满激情，充满感慨，充满智慧，情文并茂，逻辑性和感染力极强。 伯特兰·罗素(Bertrand Russell,1872-1970)是英国声誉卓著，影响深远的哲学家、数学家、逻辑学家和散文 2011年经典译文赏析(英汉双语) 第一篇 泰戈尔《生如夏花》 one 一 I heard the echo, from the valleys and the heart 我听见回声，来自山谷和心间 Open to the lonely soul of sickle harvesting 以寂寞的镰刀收割空旷的灵魂 Repeat outrightly, but also repeat the well-being of 不断地重复决绝，又重复幸福 Eventually swaying in the desert oasis 终有绿洲摇曳在沙漠 I believe I am 我相信自己 Born as the bright summer flowers 生来如同璀璨的夏日之花 Do not withered undefeated fiery demon rule 不凋不败，妖治如火 Heart rate and breathing to bear the load of the cumbersome 承受心跳的负荷和呼吸的累赘 Bored 乐此不疲 Two 二 I heard the music, from the moon and carcass 我听见音乐，来自月光和胴体 Auxiliary extreme aestheticism bait to capture misty 辅极端的诱饵捕获飘渺的唯美 Filling the intense life, but also filling the pure 一生充盈着激烈，又充盈着纯然 There are always memories throughout the earth 07级研究生翻译作业（汉译英） 尺素寸心（节选） 余光中 回信，固然可畏，不回信，也绝非什么乐事。书架上经常叠着百多封未回之信，“债龄”或长或短，长的甚至一年以上，那样的压力，也绝非一个普通的罪徒所能负担的。一叠未回的信，就像一群不散的阴魂，在我罪深孽重的心底幢幢作祟。理论上说来，这些信当然是要回的。我可以坦然向天发誓，在我清醒的时刻，我绝未存心不回人信。问题出在技术上。给我一整个夏夜的空闲，我该先回一年半前的那封信呢，还是七个月前的这封信？隔了这么久，恐怕连谢罪自谴的有效期也早过了吧。在朋友的心目中，你早已沦为不值得计较的妄人。“莫名其妙！”是你在江湖上一致的评语。 其实，即使终于鼓起全部的道德勇气，坐在桌前，准备偿付信债于万一，也不是轻易能如愿的。七零八落的新简旧信，漫无规则地充塞在书架上，抽屉里，有的回过，有的未回，“只在此山中，云深不知处”，要找到你决心要回的那一封，耗费的时间和精力，往往数倍于回信本身。再想象朋友接信时的表情，不是喜出望外，而是余怒重炽，你那一点决心就整个崩溃了。你的债，永无清偿之日。不回信，绝不等于忘了朋友，正如世上绝无忘了债主的负债人。在你惶恐的深处，恶魇的尽头，隐隐约约，永远潜伏着这位朋友的怒眉和冷眼，不，你永远忘不了他。你真正忘掉的，而且忘得那么心安理得，是那些已经得到你回信的朋友。 我的译文： An Excerpt from Unanswered Letters vs Unbounded Friendship By Yu Guangzhong Answering letters does make me flinch; however, not answering them allows me no release at all. Dozens of unanswered letters pile up on my bookshelf, like a sum of debt waiting to be paid. Some have been waiting there for over one year, while some have newly arrived. The pressure from paying off that debt is far beyond what a junior debtor can endure. The stack of unanswered letters are, like a group of haunting ghosts, continually pestering my guilt-loaded soul. Generally, the letters will certainly be replied to. I can even swear by heaven that never do I have the intention not to reply when my mind is clear. The problem is how to reply. Even if I spared myself a whole summer night, I would be wavering on which letter to reply to first, the 18-month-old one or the 7-month-old? The reply has been delayed for so long that I’m afraid even heartfelt apology and self-accusation have already become overdue. In friends’ heart, I’ve been marginalized as a cocky man unworthy of care. “Unaccountable”! That is their unanimous comment on me. In fact, even though I pull myself together and settle down at the desk, ready to pay off the debt, my determination will easily be split up by doubts. Old and new letters, answered or yet-to-be, cram the shelf and the drawer in disorder, which reminds me of two verses: “He’s simply in the very mountain. In the depths of clouds, his whereabouts are unknown.” (from Calling on a Hermit in Vain by Jia Dao). Picking out the letter I decide to answer from such a mess will cost as multiplied time and energy as answering the letter does. Moreover, on visualizing the facial expression of friends when they receive the reply — rekindled lingering anger rather than surprised delight — my tiny amount of determination dwindle into naught. Consequently, the date when my debt is paid off extends into eternity. Although I ha ven’t answered the letters, I can never forget my friends, any more than a debtor can forget his creditor. In the depth of my disturbed and apologetic heart looms the indelible angry and icy look of my friends. Never can I forget them. Friends who really fall into oblivion, from which guilt is totally absent, are those who have received my reply. David Pollard的译文： 《红楼梦》精彩译文赏析 伦敦大学教授英译《红楼梦》。《红楼梦》是中国的旷世巨著，大陆、香港、台湾都曾改编拍成电影，家喻户晓。50年代大陆拍摄的《红楼梦》在香港创下了连映二百多天的纪录，至今仍未有一部电影可以打破该纪录。 五四运动后不少白话文作家都歌颂过《红楼梦》这部伟大的小说。红学专家，风起云涌，人才辈出；红学佳作，淙淙汩汩，源源不绝。 五六十年代多位中外学者就曾经把《红楼梦》英译，介绍到西方国家去，但由于种种问题，都只是节译而已。 直至70年代有一位牛津大学的讲座教授霍克思（David Hawks），竟然不惜辞去职务，专心埋首于全部《红楼梦》的英译。他的译笔功力深邃，英文写得非常流畅。 请先欣赏霍克斯在《红楼梦》英译本自序中的最后一段感人的话： "My one abiding principle has been to translate everything-even puns. For although this is ，in the sense I have already indicated，an 'unfinished' novel，it was written （and written）by a great artist with his very life blood. I have therefore assumed that whatever I find in it is there for a purpose and must be dealt with somehow or other，I cannot pretend always to have done so successfully，but if I can convey to the reader even a fraction of the pleasure this Chinese novel given me ，I shall not have lived in vain." 中国曹雪芹英国霍克思 撰写《红楼梦》这部旷世巨著的曹雪芹，堪称中国文学史的奇才，数十年来无数作家学者都把这部经典名作奉为圭臬，推崇备至。 70年代著名学者胡菊人先生在其专栏里就写过这样一段话： “在技巧上我们可以说自清末至'五.四'直至今天，在中国而言，无人能与曹雪芹并肩。他的技巧，尤其在肌理上，细心研究，令人惊骇，以为是神鬼写下的文墨。” 曹雪芹如果九泉下有知，欣悉二百余年后西洋竟然出了另一位奇才，连大学教授的高职也辞去，在家中孜孜不倦十五载，把他的作品全部译成蟹形文字，介绍到西方国家，必定会含笑引为同调！ 这位西洋奇才就是前英国伦敦大学的教授霍克思（David Hawks.） 这里介绍霍克思译红楼梦，是希望大学翻译系的同学能观摩汉英翻译的极品，同时更为望各位忠实读者能欣赏地道中文与地道英语的讲写之法，从而提高研习中英文的兴趣。 且看曹雪芹怎样写林黛玉细读《西厢记》的： 不识自家原文翻译及赏析 不识自家原文翻译及赏析 原文 曩有愚者，常于户外县履为志。一日出户，及午，忽暴雨。其妻收履。至薄暮，愚者归，不见履，讶曰：“吾家徙乎？”徘徊不进。妻见之，曰：“是汝家，何不入？”愚者曰：“无履，非吾室。”妻曰：“汝何以不识吾？”愚者审视之，乃悟。 译文 从前有个愚蠢的人,经常在门外悬挂鞋子作为标志.一天他到外面去,等到了中午,忽然下起了雨.他的妻子把鞋子收了进来.到了接近傍晚时分,愚蠢的人回到了家,他没有看见鞋子,惊讶地问:“我家搬迁了吗?”来回走动却不进去.他的妻子看见了他,问道:“这是你的家，为什么不进去呢?”愚蠢的人说:“没有鞋子,这就不是我的家.”妻子说:“你难道不认识我了吗?”愚蠢的人仔细观察了他的妻子，这才恍然大悟。 注释 曩：从前 县：通“悬”，悬挂 志：标志 家：自家 履：鞋 薄：临近，靠近，迫近 薄暮：傍晚 及：等到 徙：搬迁，迁移 审：仔细 视：观察 悟：恍然大悟 室：家 暴：猛烈的 是：这是 乃：才 启示 “不识自家”这个故事告诉我们做事情不要相信教条，墨守陈规。要灵活多变，善于变通，而讽刺了那些只迷信教条而不求实际的人。 讽刺人的语句： 1.至薄暮，愚者归，不见履，讶曰：“吾家徙乎？”徘徊不进。 2.愚者曰：“无履，非吾室。” 3.愚者审视之，乃悟。 4.妻曰：“汝何以不识吾？ 20XX—019学年度第一学期生物教研组工作计划 指导思想 以新一轮课程改革为抓手，更新教育理念，积极推进教学改革。努力实现教学创新，改革教学和学习方式，提高课堂教学效益，促进学校的内涵性发展。同时，以新课程理念为指导，在全面实施新课程过程中，加大教研、教改力度，深化教学方法和学习方式的研究。正确处理改革与发展、创新与质量的关系，积极探索符合新课程理念的生物教学自如化教学方法和自主化学习方式。 主要工作 一、教研组建设方面： 、深入学习课改理论，积极实施课改实践。 、以七年级新教材为“切入点”，强化理论学习和教学实践。 、充分发挥教研组的作用，把先进理念学习和教学实践有机的结合起来，做到以学促研，以研促教，真正实现教学质量的全面提升。 、强化教学过程管理，转变学生的学习方式，提高课堂效益，规范教学常规管理，抓好“五关”。 （）备课关。要求教龄五年以下的教师备详案，提倡其他教师备详案。要求教师的教案能体现课改理念。 （）上课关。 （）作业关。首先要控制学生作业的量，本着切实减轻学生负担的精神，要在作业批改上狠下工夫。 （）考试关。以确保给学生一个公正、公平的评价环境。 （）质量关。 、加强教研组凝聚力，培养组内老师的团结合作精神，做好新教师带教工作。 二、常规教学方面： 加强教研组建设。兴教研之风，树教研氛围。特别要把起始年级新教材的教研活动作为工作的重点。 、教研组要加强集体备课共同分析教材研究教法探讨疑难问题由备课组长牵头每周集体备课一次，定时间定内容，对下一阶段教学做到有的放矢，把握重点突破难点 、教研组活动要有计划、有措施、有内容，在实效上下工夫，要认真落实好组内的公开课教学。 、积极开展听评课活动，每位教师听课不少于20节，青年教师不少于节，兴“听课，评课”之风，大力提倡组内，校内听随堂课。 、进一步制作、完善教研组主页，加强与兄弟学校的交流。 我们将继续本着团结一致，勤沟通，勤研究，重探索，重实效的原则，在总结上一学年经验教训的前提下，出色地完成各项任务。 校内公开课活动计划表 日期周次星期节次开课人员拟开课内容 10月127四王志忠生物圈 10月137五赵夕珍动物的行为 12月114五赵夕珍生态系统的调节 12月2818四朱光祥动物的生殖 镇江新区大港中学生物教研组 xx- 20X下学期生物教研组工作计划范文 20X年秋季生物教研组工作计划 化学生物教研组的工作计划 生物教研组工作计划 下学期生物教研组工作计划 年下学期生物教研组工作计划 20X年化学生物教研组计划 20X年化学生物教研组计划 中学生物教研组工作计划 第一学期生物教研组工作计划 20XX—019学年度第二学期高中英语教研组工作计划 XX—XX学年度第二学期高中英语教研组工作计划 一．指导思想： 本学期，我组将进一步确立以人为本的教育教学理论，把课程改革作为教学研究的中心工作，深入学习和研究新课程标准，积极、稳妥地实施和推进中学英语课程改革。以新课程理念指导教研工作，加强课程改革，紧紧地围绕新课程实施过程出现的问题，寻求解决问题的方法和途径。加强课题研究，积极支持和开展校本研究，提高教研质量，提升教师的研究水平和研究能力。加强教学常规建设和师资队伍建设，进一步提升我校英语教师的英语教研、教学水平和教学质量，为我校争创“三星”级高中而发挥我组的力量。 二．主要工作及活动： ．加强理论学习，推进新课程改革。 组织本组教师学习《普通高中英语课程标准》及课标解度，积极实践高中英语牛津教材，组织全组教师进一步学习、熟悉新教材的体系和特点，探索新教材的教学模式，组织好新教材的研究课活动，为全组教师提供交流、学习的平台和机会。 ．加强课堂教学常规，提高课堂教学效率。 强化落实教学常规和“礼嘉中学课堂教学十项要求”。做好集体备课和二备以及反思工作。在认真钻研教材的基础上，抓好上课、课后作业、辅导、评价等环节，从而有效地提高课堂教学效率。加强教学方法、手段和策略的研究，引导教师改进教学方法的同时，引导学生改进学习方法和学习策略。 ．加强课题研究，提升教科研研究水平；加强师资队伍建设，提升教师的教学能力。 组织教师有效开展本组的和全校的课题研究工作做到有计划、有研究、有活动、有总结，并在此基础上撰写教育教学论文，并向报刊杂志和年会投稿。 制订好本组本学期的校公开课、示范课、汇报课计划，并组织好听课、评课等工作。 三．具体安排： 二月份：制订好教研组工作计划、课题组工作计划和本学期公开课名单。 三月份：、组织理论学习。 、高一英语教学研讨活动。 、组织好高三第一次模考、阅卷、评卷和总结等工作。 四月份：、组织好高三英语口语测试。 、高三英语复习研讨会。 五月份：、组织好高三第二次模考、阅卷、评卷和总结等工作。 、协助开展好我校的区级公开课。 六月份：、组织好高考的复习迎考工作。 、收集课题活动材料。 2019学年春季学期小学语文组教研计划 一、指导思想 坚持以《基础教育课程改革纲要》为指导，认真学习贯彻课程改革精神，以贯彻实施基础教育课程改革为核心，以研究课堂教学为重点，以促进教师队伍建设为根本，以提高教学质量为目标，全面实施素质教育。 本学期教研组重点加强对教师评课的指导，使教师的评课规范化，系统化，定期举行主题教学沙龙和“会诊式行动研究”，促进新教师的成长，加快我镇小学语文教师队伍成长速度和小学语文教育质量的全面提高。结合区里的活动安排，开展各项有意义的学生活动，培养提高学生的语文素养，调动启发学生的内在学习动机。 二、工作目标 、以课改为中心，组织教师学习语文课程标准，转变教学观念，深入课堂教学研究，激发学生主动探究意识，培养学生创新精神和实践能力，努力提高学生语文素养。 、进一步加强语文教师队伍建设，让“语文研究小组”，充分发挥学科带头人、骨干教师的示范作用，重视团队合作智慧、力量。开展“师徒结对”活动，以老带新，不断提高教师的业务素质。 、组织教师开展切实有效的说课沙龙、评课沙龙，提高教师说课能力，和评课能力，能够结合主题教研活动，对典型课例进行互动研讨，开展教例赏析活动。 、加强教研组集体备课，每周以段为单位组织一次集体备课，分析教材，赏析重点课文，进行文本细读，交流教学心得。让备课不再是走场，形式主义，而是真真实实为提高课堂效率服务，提高教师的素质服务。 、根据上学期制定的语文常规活动计划，开展形式多样的学习竞赛活动、过关活动，激发学生学习语文的兴趣，在自主活动中提高学生的综合实践能力，促进个性和谐发展。 、加强学习质量调查、检测工作，及时分析，寻找得失，确保完成各项教学指标。 三、主要工作及具体措施 （一）骨干教师示范、把关，当好“领头羊”。 、本学期，语文研究小组成员继续充分发挥学科带头人、骨干教师的示范作用，重视团队合作智慧、力量。教研组将围绕“探索实效性语文课堂教学模式”这个主题，深入开展精读课文教学有效性研讨活动。低段（1-2年级）则继续进行识字教学的有效性的探讨。分层、有序地开展教研活动，使教研活动更成熟、有效，切实提高我校语文老师的专业水平。 、开展“师徒结对”活动，以老带新，不断提高教师的业务素质。 （二）年轻教师取经、学习，争取出成绩。 、为了提高教学质量，促成新教师迅速成长，—年教龄新教师每一学期上堂模仿课和一堂校内研讨课。上模仿课的内容可以通过观看名师的关盘、视频或者教学实录等途径，根据个人教学需要，有选择性地进行局部模仿，从而使新教师形成个人的教学风格。 2019年高二历史第二学期教学工作计划范文1 一、指导思想 高二的历史教学任务是要使学生在历史知识、历史学科能力和思想品德、情感、态度、价值观各方面得到全面培养锻炼和发展，为高三年级的文科历史教学打下良好的基础，为高校输送有学习潜能和发展前途的合格高中毕业生打下良好基础。 高考的文科综合能力测试更加强调考生对文科各学科整体知识的把握、综合分析问题的思维能力、为解决问题而迁移知识运用知识的能力。教师在教学中要体现多学科、多层次、多角度分析解决问题的通识教育理念。教师要认真学习和研究教材转变教学观念，紧跟高考形势的发展，研究考试的变化，力争使高二的教学向高三教学的要求靠拢。 按照《教学大纲》和《考试说明》的要求，认真完成高二阶段的单科复习工作。坚持学科教学为主，落实基础知识要到位，适当兼顾史地政三个学科的综合要求，培养提高学生学科内综合的能力。从学生的实际出发，落实基础，提高学科思维能力和辩证唯物主义、历史唯物主义的理论水平。 二、教学依据和教材使用 全班共40人，其中男生15人，女生人。学生的数学基础较一般，多数学生能掌握所学内容，少部分学生由于反映要慢一些，学习方法死板，没有人进行辅导，加之缺乏学习的主动性，不能掌握学习的内容。能跟上课的学生，课上活泼，发言积极，上课专心听讲，完成作业认真，学习比较积极主动，课后也很自觉，当然与家长的监督分不开。部分学生解答问题的能力较强，不管遇到什么题，只要读了两次，就能找到方法，有的方法还相当的简捷。有的学生只能接受老师教给的方法，稍有一点变动的问题就处理不了。个别学生是老师怎么教也不会。 二、教材分析 本册的教学内容：（）混合运算和应用题；（）整数和整数四则运算；（）量的计量；（）小数的意义和性质；（）小数的加法和减法；（）平行四边形和梯形 本册的重点：混合运算和应用题是本册的一个重点，这一册进一步学习三步式题的混合运算顺序，学习使用小括号，继续学习解答两步应用题的学习，进一步学习解答比较容易的三步应用题，使学生进一步理解和掌握复杂的数量关系，提高学生运用所学知识解决得意的实际问题的能力，并继续培养学生检验应用题的解答的技巧和习惯。第二单元整数和整数的四则运算，是在前三年半所学的有关内容的基础上，进行复习、概括，整理和提高。先把整数的认数范围扩展到千亿位，总结十进制计数法，然后对整数四则运算的意义，运算定律加以概括总结，这样就为学习小数，分数打下较好的基础。第四单元量的计量是在前面已学的基础上把所学的计量单位加于系统整理，一方面使学生所学的知识更加巩固，一方面使学生为学习把单名数或复名数改写成用小数表示的单名数做好准备。 三、教学目标 （一）知识与技能： 、使学生认识自然数和整数，掌握十进制计数法，会根据数级正确地读、写含有三级的多位数。 、使学生理解整数四则运算的意义，掌握加法与减法、乘法与除法之间的关系。 ③提出教学任务：在全面发展体能的基础上，进一步发展灵敏、力量，速度和有氧耐力，武德的培养；引导学生学会合理掌握练习与讨论的时间，了解实现目标时可能遇到的困难。在不断体验进步和成功的过程中，表现出适宜的自信心，形成勇于克服困难积极向上，乐观开朗的优良品质；认识现代社会所必需的合作和竞争意识，在武术学习过程中学会尊重和关心他人，将自身健康与社会需要相，表现出良好的体育道德品质，结合本身项目去了解一些武术名人并能对他们进行简单的评价；加强研究性的学习，去讨论与研究技能的实用性，加强同学之间的讨论交流的环节。 （）教学目标： ①总体目标：建立“健康第一”的理念，培养学生的健康意识和体魄，在必修田径教学的基础上进一步激发学生学习“初级长拳”、“剑”的兴趣，培养学生的终身体育意识，以学生身心健康发展为中心，重视学生主体地位的同时关注学生的个体差异与不同需求，确保每一个学生都受益，以及多样性和选择性的教学理念，结合学校的实际情况，设计本教学工作计划，以满足学生选项学生的需求，加深学生的运动体验和理解，保证学生在高一年田径必修基础上再加上“长拳”来引导男女生学习体育模块的积极性，再结合高二年的“剑”选项课的学习中修满学分。加强学习“长拳”以及“剑”的基本套路，提升学习的的兴趣，提升学生本身的素质，特别是武德的培养。 ②具体目标： 运动参与：养成良好的练武的锻炼习惯。根据科学锻炼的原则，制定并实施个人锻炼计划。学会评价体育锻炼效果的主要方法。 运动技能：认识武术运动项目的价值，并关注国内外重大体赛事。有目的的提高技术战术水平，并进一步加强技、战术的运用能力。学习并掌握社会条件下活动的技能与方法，并掌握运动创伤时和紧急情况下的简易处理方法。 身体健康：能通过多种途径发展肌肉力量和耐力。了解一些疾病等有关知识，并理解身体健康在学习、生活中和重要意义。形成良好的生活方式与健康行为。 心理健康：自觉通过体育活动改变心理状态，并努力获得成功感。在武术练习活动中表现出调节情绪的意愿与行为。在具有实用技能练习中体验到战胜困难带来喜悦。 社会适应：在学习活动中表现出良好的体育道德与合作创新精神。具有通过各种途径获取体育与健康方面知识和方法的能力。 （）教学措施： 采用教师示范与讲解，学生讨论，练习，教师评价，再进行个别指导，后进行学生练习，最后进行展示与学生的综合评价相结合的方式方法，培养学生的良好的学习习惯、学习方法更好地完成教学任务，达到教学目标；实行培优扶中辅差，，采用学习小组的建立，加强学习小组的相互学习、相互讨论、相互研究的功能，提升学习的效率；加强多边学科的整合，特别是加强心理健康的教育，加强运动力学、运动医学等进行学习，以提升学生的运动自我保护意识与能力。 二、教学研究的计划 （）课题研究：加强校本课程“剑”、“平山初级长拳”的开发与教学；做好“趣味奥运会进入校园”课题的开题准备。做为“青春期健康教育进入校园”课题组的成员，协助课题组进行研究，开展活动。 （）校本教研：加强校本课程的开发，加强体育备课组的教研能力，做为备课组长的我与其他老师加强讨论校本的研究与开发，本次校本开发重点放在“剑”、“初级长拳”、“花样篮球”三个项目上，有所侧重。 （）论文撰写：结合课题研究的内容进行撰写。 （）校际、教研组、备课组教研活动：做为晋江市兼职中学体育教研员及校际组成员，积极参加校际组开展的各项活动，加强提升在校际组的教研水平，做好兼职教研员的本职工作，协助教研员开展教研活动；积极参加教研组的各项活动，提升教研水平；做为备课组长的我，我计划是积极组织本组老师一起提高高中的课改力度与水平，集中老师的备课时间与讨论在备课过程中出现的一系列问题，针对选项会出现的问题进行沟通，加强学习过程的评价，协调选项内容的评价标准及认证过程。 高二下学期语文备课组工作计划 高二下学期化学教学计划 高二下学期语文教学工作计划 关于高二下学期班主任工作计划范文 20X学年高二下学期班主任工作计划范文 20X高二下学期班主任工作计划 高二下学期工作计划范文 20X年高二下学期地理教学计划 高二下学期物理教学计划 高二下学期语文教学计划 生积极性，要求作业在课堂上完成，并及时反馈。 4. 做好后进生的辅导工作，实施“课内补课”的方法，组织互帮互学。 5.培养学生的分析、比较和综合能力。 6. 培养学生的抽象、概括能力。 7. 培养学生的迁移类推能力。 8. 培养学生思维的灵活性。 五、课时安排 四年级下学期数学教学安排了课时的教学内容。各部分教学内容教学课时大致安排 一、混合运算和应用题（11课时） 、混合运算课时 、两、三步计算的应用题课时 、整理和复习课时 二、整数和整数四则运算（18课时） 、十进制计数法课时 、加法的意义和运算定律课时 、减法的意义和运算定律课时 、乘法的意义和运算定律课时 、除法的意义课时 、整理和复习课时 三、量的计量（课时） 、常用的计量单位课时 、名数的改写课时 四、小数的意义和性质（17课时） 、小数的意义和读写法课时 、小数的性质和小数的大小比较课时 、小数点位置移动引起小数大小的变化课时 、小数和复名数课时 、求一个小数的近似数 2课时 、整理和复习课时 五、小数的加法和减法（课时） 小管家课时 六、三角形、平行四边形和梯形（10课时） 、角的度量课时 、垂直和平行课时 、三角形课时 、平行四边形和梯形课时 、整理和复习课时 七、总复习（课时） XX年月26日 向纵深发展。 、做好论文的撰写、参评工作。 活动安排： 二月份：课例展示交流。王钧、李汪俊、罗建上研究课；课题成员进行子课题研究交流。 三月份：课例展示交流。（姚爱祥）组织课题学习，程中华、戴辉文、孙小娟上研究课；课题成员进行子课题研究交流。 四月份：课例展示交流。（姚爱祥）组织课题学习，刘华波、曹辉、钱芸上研究课；课题成员进行子课题研究交流。 五月份：课题研究小结 、组织年轻教师开展会诊式课堂教学诊断活动、同课异构活动、同构异教活动，有效，切实提高我校年轻语文老师的专业水平，获得快速成长。 、选拔教龄——年新教师参加区教研室组织的区新生代课堂教学比赛，并做好指导、培训工作。 （三）教研形式稳中有变，踏实而生动。 、继续组织两周一次的专题学习沙龙和互动式评课沙龙，结合教研活动的主题组织好教师学习、交流。听展示课的教师对听课内容进行精心、系统的评点，写成评课稿，在两周一次的互动式教学研讨沙龙中进行交流、探讨。与往年不同的是，在保证互动评课活动开展同时，不影响正常教学，本学期安排次集体评课活动，其他评课通过qq群来交流、研讨。 《与君别》译文赏析 【摘要】中英文翻译中，诗歌的翻译一直是个难点。本文以孟凡君副教授翻译的英国伊丽莎白一世的诗作on monsieur’s departure为研究对象，通过对其翻译中字、词、句的处理，以及中英文意境，诗歌形式、修辞手法等方面进行了探讨，以期对该领域的翻译理论研究和实践有所启示。 【关键词】诗歌翻译；翻译风格；意境；修辞 【原诗】 on monsieur’s departure queen elizabeth [1533-1603] i grieve and dare not show my discontent， i love and yet am force to seem to hate， i do， yet dare not say i ever meant， i seem stark mute but inwardly do prate. i am and not， i freeze and yet am burned， since from myself another self i turned. my care is like my shadow in the sun， follows me flying， flies when pursue it， stands and lies by me， doth what i have done. his too familiar care doth make me rue it. no means i find to rid him from my breast， till by the end of things it be suppressed. 《桃花源记英译文的批评赏析》 原文：晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业；缘溪行，忘路之远近。 译文一： During the reign of Chin，there was a fisherman of Wuling. One day he was walking along a bank. 译文多为短句，简单通畅，“以捕鱼为业”翻译成“fisherman”简练地道。“忘路之远近”并入下一句翻译，打破原文结构，得意忘形。译文二： In the year of Taiyuan of the Jin Dynasty，there lived a man in Wuling jun who earned his living by fishing. One day he rowed his boat along the stream, unaware of how far he had gone when all of a sudden, he found himself in the midst of a wood full of peach blossoms. 译文为一个较长的复合句，更符合目标读者的习惯。“忽逢桃花林”并在一起翻译，打破原文结构。 译文三： During the reign of Tai Yuan of Tsin Dynasty，a certain fisherman of Wuling, who had followed up one of the river branches without taking note whither he was going, came suddenly upon a grove of peach-trees in full bloom, extending some distance on each bank, with not a tree of any other kind in sight. 译文亦为较长的复合句，并将“忽逢桃花林。夹岸数百步，中无杂树” 优秀译文评析[作业]+点评.txt22真诚是美酒，年份越久越醇香浓型；真诚是焰火，在高处绽放才愈是美丽；真诚是鲜花，送之于人手有余香。一颗孤独的心需要爱的滋润；一颗冰冷的心需要友谊的温暖；一颗绝望的心需要力量的托慰；一颗苍白的心需要真诚的帮助；一颗充满戒备关闭的门是多么需要真诚这一把钥匙打开呀！译文评析： The Gettysburg Address （By Abraham Lincoln） 葛底斯堡演说 （05级国贸1班罗卓越江帆远黎嘉文） 作者简介：Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕林肯（1809-1865） 美国第十六任总统，著名的资产阶级革命家和政治家。1861年当选为美国总统。林肯不仅是一位著名的政治家，还是一位杰出的演讲家。小时候他常徒步30英里到法院去看律师们如何辩论，如何做手势，倾听模仿那些政治演说家慷慨激昂的演讲。在他的政治生涯中，演讲是伴随他的重要武器。在他众多的精彩演讲中，《葛底斯堡演说词》是最广为传诵的名篇。 背景介绍：1863年7月初，北部军和南部军在宾夕法尼亚州的葛底斯堡展开了三天大会战，结果北部军打败了南部同盟军，取得了重大胜利。为了永远纪念在这次战斗中光荣牺牲的将士，国家决定在这里建立烈士公墓。11月19日，公墓落成，林肯受邀出席典礼并发表演讲。在他演讲之前，当时的哈佛大学校长爱德华发表了两个小时的讲话。然后林肯登台演讲。面对15000名观众，他发表了这篇仅有10个句子，持续仅2分15秒的著名演讲。 英文原文 Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall广外研究生翻译作业附译文
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