当前位置:文档之家› 初中英语知识点全总结

初中英语知识点全总结

初中英语知识点全总结
初中英语知识点全总结

初中英语最全知识点

一、语法篇

This is the key to the door .这是开门的钥匙。

??

?

??电话号码电话号码

at .sth .sb call call sb. = phone sb. = ring sb. up please give me a call .请打电话给我

● family 指家庭时是单数,谓语动词用“is”,family 指家人时是复数,谓语动词用“are”。

● of 表示无生命物体的所有格,s 表示有生命物体的所有格。有生命物体的所有格也可以用of ,但有生命物体后要加“s”。

● 以副词there 或here 开头的句子常要倒装,以示强调。

● What’s your name, please? = Could you tell me your name, please? = May I have your name, please?

● Nice to meet you. = Glad to meet you. = Pleased to meet you. ● 写启示的方法:

1.启示的主题;

2.描述细节;

3.留下联系方式。

● 表示惊讶、忧伤、微怒、失望等,可以用dear 作感叹词。

名词如果有数量词修饰它,使用谓语动词适应看他的数量词,如: ??

?

keys of sets two are here keys of set a is here

● get to somewhere (get home 除外)到达…… ●

?

?

?)无生命物体的“有”( is there )

有生命物体的“有”( have 有 ● 肯定:Let+宾语(人称代词的宾格或名词)+ V 原型+……

否定:Don’t let +宾语+V 原型+……/Let + 宾语 + not + V 原型+…… ● have 表示“有”时才可以用来提问或写成否定“haven’t”。 ●

??

?????? you will 问: )

听话的人include 不(us Let ?

we shall 问: )说话的人和听话的人(include s Let' ●

● myself (我自己) yourself (你自己) himself (他自己) herself (她自己) itself (它自己) ourselves

(我们自己) yourselves(你们自己) themselves(他们自己)

●How much + be + 商品?(答:It’s/They’re……)= What is the price of……?(答:It ’s……)●cent 美分 One dollar =100 cents

●other(两者中的另一个) another(三者中的另一个)

●越接近物品本身性质的形容词越靠近物品,如:big blue hat

●帮助某人做某事

help sb. (to) do sth.

help sb. with sth.

with the help (n.) of sb. e.g. He studies math well, with the help of teacher.

●一般将来时的一般形式:主语+will+动词原形+……

●Can I help you? = What can I do for you? = (Is there) anything I can do for you?

●“hundred,thousand”与基数词一起表示具体数字时不加“s”。

hundreds of 上百 thousands of 上千

●buy sth. for sb. = buy sb.(间接宾语) sth.(直接宾语)为某人买某物

●any body 在肯定句中表示任何人,在否定句和疑问句中不是。

●for表示动词的对象或接受者,表示用途,表示目的,表示等价交换或标注价格,表示时间持续多久,

表示距离,表示理由或原因。

There are many trees on each side of the road

There are many trees on both sides of the road

●the price is low(high) 价格低(高)

●含有think的宾语从句中如果从句中有否定,要否定前移,如:She doesn’t think they are boring.(她

认为他们不无聊)

●问:How are you?

答:I’m fine. (我很好。)/Just so so.(一般般。)

●表示时间、价格、距离的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如:Two dollars is enough(足够)。

●怎么判断双音节单词中第一个音节是开音节还是闭音节:双音节单词中的两个元音是两个音节的中心,

元音是由元音字母或元音字母组合发出的音,因此,首先找到单词中的两个元音字母或元音字母组合,两个中心就清楚了。两个中心之间的辅音字母(不是字母组合)则分别划归两个音节,第一个音节即为闭音节,如果两个中心之间的辅音字母为双写字母(包括“r”),分别划归前后,第一个音节按闭音节读音。如:

paper /’peip?/ (pa为开音节) member /’memb?/ (mem为闭音节) happy /’h?pi/ (hap为闭音节) sorry /’s?ri/ (sor为闭音节) certainly /’s?:tnil/

●I am sorry. I can’t go with you. (对不起。我不能和你一起去。)

●Thanks. / Thank you. / Thank you very much. / Thank a lot. / Many thanks.

●You are welcome. / That’s OK. / That’s all right.

●It’s my pleasure. / With pleasure. (这是我的荣幸。)

●make friend with sb. (和……交朋友)

●Thanks for + n. / v.ing = Thanks sb. for + n. / v.ing

●below 在……下方(非正下方)

反义词:above 在……上面(非正上方,没有接触面)

under 在……下面(正下方)

反义词:on(有接触面),over(没有接触面)在……上面(正上方)

●keep + sth. + adj. 使某物保持某状态。

keep + adj. 保持某状态。

●表示请求、建议、希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句用“some”。

●问:Let……

答:OK. / All right. / That’s a good idea. / That sounds good. / Sorry.

●sport用来修饰名词要变为sports。

●play + the + 乐器 Erhu除外

●be动词后叫表语,修饰名词叫定语,修饰动词叫状语,前后两词对等叫同位语。

●人民币和日元变复数不变,其他要。

●be good with sb. = get on well with sb. 与某人相处的很好

●问:How often does Rick run on weekend?

答:Rick usually runs on weekend.

●always(总是) usually(通常) often(经常) sometime(有时) seldom(很少) never(从

不)

●频度副词放在be动词或助动词之后,实意动词或行为动词之前。

●感叹句:

What + (a/an) + adj. + n. + (主) + (谓)!

如:What beautiful flowers they are!

How + adj. /adv. + (主) + (谓)!

如:How beautiful the flowers are!

●Can you think what his job is? 含有宾语从句的复合句,宾语从句的从句必须是陈述句。

●Start to do sth. 开始做某事

●be famous for…… 因……出名

●for + 时间段……做某事持续多久

●问:How long do you have volleyball?

答:I have volleyball for two hours.

●ask sb. some questions. 问某人一些问题

ask sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事

●no =not any

●because不和so同时使用,although(尽管)不和but同时使用。

neither:两者中的任何一个都不。

●用“may”提问的句子回答用can/can ‘ t或must / mustn’ t;用“can”提问的句子回答用

can/ca n’t;用“must”提问的句子回答用need/needn’t.

如:1. May I park my car here?

Yes, you can / must. / No, you can’t / mustn’t.

2. Can I watch TV?

Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.

3. Must I clean the classroom this morning?

Yes, you need. / No, you n eedn’t.

●be afraid of doing sth. / be afraid of sth. 害怕做某事/某物

●be fond of = like

●make a continuation to sth. 对……有贡献

●do well in = be good at 擅长……

●比较级 + and + 比较级越来越……

●give back = return 归还

●法国人单数:Frenchman/Frenchwoman

英国人单数:Englishman/Englishwoman

Chinese和Japanese单复数同形

● in the world 在世界上

all over the world / around the world / the whole word 全世界 ● in the school 在学校里 in school 在学校学习 ● outside 在……外面

outside the gate to the park 在公园门外 ● turning 转角

● go down + …… 沿着 …… 路走

go straight down + …… 沿着 …… 路直走 ● enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事

enjoy oneself = have a good time = have fun ● take a walk = go for a walk = have a walk ● the beginning of ……的开始

at the beginning of 强调在……开始的那一刻 in the beginning 起初,一开始 from the beginning 开始时

from beginning to end 从开始到结束 ● visit + 地点、参观某地

a visit to + 地点、参观某地

● have fun doing sth. 做……很开心

● 地点 + is a great place to do sth. ……是一个做……的地方 ● be busy with sth. 忙于某事 ● the way to ……去……的路

on the way to + 地点 在去……的路上

on one’s way to + 地点 某人在去……的路上 on my way to home 在我回家的路上 ●

把某物递给某人sth. sb. pass sb.

to sth. pass ???

??

?++++小地方

at 大地方

in arrive ● ??

?

??school reach school to get school at arrive 到达学校

● 主语 + hope(that) + 从句

主语 + hope + to do sth. ● live on ……靠……为生

{{{???

??

????++??

?++主语为人

主语为物(强调金钱)

时间、金钱主语为人时间、金钱做某事要花某人多少时间、金钱主语为物花费pay yuan. 3 me costs book This cost sth.

doing sth./(in)on spend spend sth. do .to sb. It takes take

● ●

??

???触面指从上空穿过、没有接指从内部穿过

面指在表面穿过、有接触

over through across ● Why not do sth. ? 表建议:为什么不做……呢?

Why don’t you do sth. ? 表疑问:你为什么不要……? ●

??

?++代词

名词短语名词句子

//because because ??

?illness. the of because school

to go t didn' I ill. was I because school

to go t didn' I ,,如 ●

.n of kinds all of kinds many of kind a adj. of kind +???

?

???

+

如:People like this kind of animals, because they’re kind of cute. ● in the south of 在……南部

● asleep 睡着的 adj. fall asleep 入睡 be asleep 正睡着 ● be friendly to sb. 对某人友好

● don’t forget to do sth. 不要忘记做某事 ●

tell sb. to do sth. 叫某人去做某事

tell sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不去做某事 ● ??

?停下正在做的是

事停下正在做的,去做某 sth. doing stop sth.

do to stop ● 介词 + doing sth.

● would like to do sth. 想要做某事

● Which place do you live in = Where do you live ? ● Isn’t he cute ? 否定疑问句

● Sam wants to play basketball, doesn’t he ? 翻译疑问句 ● Why not do sth. ? = Why don’t you do sth. ? ● practice doing sth. 练习做某事 ● use sth. to do sth.

● 比较级中的代词用that , 如:The map of Beijing is better than that of Tianjin. ● said to oneself 自言自语

● be careful not to do sth. 小心别做某事 ●

do one’s best 尽某人的全力

● ?

????看不出原材料的看得出原材料的

制作的由 from make be of made be

● be satisfied with…… 对……满意

● be full of 满是…… ●

??

?在外部的前面

在内部的前面

of front in of front in the ● 条件状语从句:主语为将来时,从句为一般现在时。如:We’ll have a sports meeting if it doesn’t

rain tomorrow.

● It’s (形式主语) + adj. + (for sb.) + to do sth.(主语) 做某事怎么样。

如:It’s important for him to play the piano . 弹钢琴对他很重要。 It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth. (adj.应为sb.的本身性质) 如:It’s kind of you to help me. 你帮助了我,你真好。 ● go across the bridge 过桥 ● in + 时间段(将来时)多久后 ●

??

???(放在时间后)(放在时间前)之后,多久之后在later

after

● What does she do ? = What’s she? = What’s her job? ●

?

?

?(CN) job UN)work

( ●

???

??

?

?一些时间几次间某时,某个不确定的时

频度副词;有时 time some times some sometime sometimes 如:I hope I can visit Hong Kong sometime. ●

从某人那里得到某物

间接宾语)直接宾语,给某人某物(.sb from .sth get .sb .sth sb. to .sth give .sth .sb give ?????? ●

??

?穿上

穿的状态on put wear

● talk to / with sb. 与某人交谈 ●

??

?脱离危险

处于危险中

danger of out be danger in be ● be out 外出 ●

??

?叫某人做某事问某人某事sth.

do to .sb ask .sth .sb ask ● waitress 女服务员

??

? sth.work with

sb.work with

工作与某物有关与某人工作 ● be late for…… 做……迟到了

花需要被浇水。

如:需要被需要做某事

需要某物

(实义动词) . watering need flowers The doing need sth. do to need sth. need need ??

?

????

● learn by oneself = teach oneself 自学 ●

??

? sth. do to sb.teach .sth sb.teach 教某人去做某事教某人某事

???

??

?

?阅读强调看的过程、动作强调看的结果长时间的看看 read look see watch

● show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. ● lately 最近 ●

??

???迫不及待地想要做某事等待做某事看到某人正做某事 sth. do to cawt wait sth. do wait to sth. doing .sb see ● thanks for + n. / 动名词

● 表语一般放在be 动词后,定语一般放在名词前。 ● be with sb. 与某人在一起 ●

??

?=可以指人,也可以指物

指人 one every body

every one every ● 描述头发:漂亮 + 长短 + 形状 + 颜色

描述人的长相:have / has + …… hair / eyes / ears / mouth / nose …… is / am / are + tall / short / thin / heavy / good-looking / of medium height …… ● strong 的反义词:weak 虚弱的 ● love to do sth. 喜爱做某事

● wear 用进行时态时表示短时间内的状态。

如:Miss Li is wearing a new dress today. 李老师今天穿着一件新裙子。 ● popular 流行;受欢迎的 pop 流行

?????

??

??漂亮;英俊的相貌不好看的;相貌丑相貌平平

性或物)外在美或内在美(指女

)外在美(指男性或女性

handsome

looking -ugly looking -ordinary beautiful looking -good

● kind of = a little bit + adj. / adv. = a little bit of + n. ●

??

???别和别人开这种玩笑和某人开玩笑

给某人讲笑话 others with jokes of kind such m ake t Don' sb. with joke a m ake joke .sb tell ● 多个形容词修饰名词时,顺序为:限定词(the ;a……) 数词 描绘词 (大小、长短、形状、新

旧、颜色) 出处 材料性质、类别 名词

??

???.car sports Japanese expensive an . school medical German famous a . table round small a 如: ●

?

?

?记得做过某事记得去做某事 sth. doing remember sth. do o remember t

?

?

?. did students The - classroom

the cleaned Who -? ●

??

?

????????all at like t don't doesn'little

a like much lot / very a like )一点都不喜欢:(有一点喜欢:特别喜欢: ● outgoing 外向的

● What fine weather it is ! = How fine the weather is ! ●

??

?

??+++sth. do to sb. sth. do to sth. like would

??????

??

??????

? I but to like d I / to.like d I Yes - sth. do to like you Would -. thanks No / . please Yes - sth. like you Would -,’’,?,,? ● round the world 全世界 ● junk food 垃圾食物

.

late being for reasons your me give /sth. doing for reason the give sth.for reason the give sth. do reason to

a make 如:做某事的理由

给出某事为做某事编一个理由??

?

?????

● be on a visit (n.) to …… = visit (v.) …… ● stay + adj. 保持……

● 熟能生巧

如:没有perfect makes Practice practise)(n.)( practice sth. /doing pron. / n. .)v ( practice practice .)v (practise ??

?

??+=

??

?

??mountain the of foot at the mountain the up way half mountain the of top on the 在山脚下在半山腰在山顶上 ● be angry with sb.

● ????

?

?

??

?

??+++??

?++???+++++钱物金钱人金钱时间人做某事花某人多少时间时间 sb.cost .sb sth.for pay sth. doing (in)sth.on / spend sth. do to sb. It takes

● most of …… ……中的大多数 ●

??

?+)

.(sth doing ).(sth do .sth /.sb watch 看见正在做看见经常做或做过

??

?

??sth. do to sb.for sth.

for sth. do to time is It ● He doesn’t want to do anything. = He wants to do nothing. ● Help oneself to sth. 受……欢迎 ● play a joke on sb. 和某人开玩笑 ● dress sb. 为某人穿衣打扮 ● 动词原型及其过去式 ●

to + v.(不定式)

可加可不加

的不定式省略 sth. do (to) sb. help sth. do sb. have sth. do sb.let sth. do sb. make to ???

??

another + n.(单) | |

名词

知识点总结

顾名思义,名词指的是表示事物名称的词,分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词包括人名、地名、时间名、报刊名、单位团地名等专有的名称,第一个字母大写,例如Lily, China, Sunday, The Times, Class One等。普通名词分为可数和不可数名词。可数名词表示一个的时候用单数形式,即原形,如a box. 表示一个以上用复数形式,如two boxes. 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,表示数量时要借助于a piece of, a glass of, a cup of等短语,如two pieces of paper.

另外,名词中还涉及到名词所有格问题。名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是's所有格,常表示有生命的事物,如Ann's book; 另一种是of所有格,常表示无生命的事物,如the door of the room.。

注意:

1 . 可数名词复数的规则变化:一般情况下在词尾加 s.如map-maps以字母s,x ,ch ,sh等结尾的名词加 es,如 bus-buses,watch-watches以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es.例词:country-countries以 f/fe一般变 f/fe为v 加es,例词:

leaf-leaves,thief-thieves以 o结尾的名词加s或es.对于初中阶段,以 o结尾的表示有生命的名词加es,如 tomato-tomatoes;以 o结尾的表示无生命的名词加s ,如zoo-zoos。

2 . 可数名词复数的不规则变化:常见的不规则变化名词有

man-men,woman-women,child-children,ox-oxengoose-geese,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,penn y-pence,mouse-miceChinese-Chinese等。

3 . 以 s结尾的名词复数,变所有格时在s后加“' ”,不以s 结尾的名词复数,在词尾加“'s”.

常见考法

对于名词的考察,通常是以单项选择或词语运用形式考查名词词义及其用法,以及学生在具体语言环境中灵活运用名词的能力。

误区提醒

准确使用名词所有格,尤其是作定语,关键是判断出所有关系。

准确使用专有名词,记住月份,星期,国名,语言,著名景点的名称,尤其注意首字母大写。

辨别并准确使用不可数名词、可数名词及其复数。

表示不可数名词的量,要注意用哪个量词及量词的单复数。

典型例题1:The doctor saved three _____ lives

yesterday. .

A.children's

B. children'

C. child

D. child's

解析:本题考查名词复数及所有格的用法。题中three决定了后面要用复数children,而children和lives 又构成所有关系“三个孩子的生命”,并且children不是以s结尾的名词复数,所以用child的复数所有格children's。答案:A

典型例题2:-Would you like some drinks,boys?

-Yes ,__________, please.

A.some oranges

B.two boxes of oranges

C. somecakes

D.two boxes of orange

解析:根据题意“你们想喝点饮料吗?”,选项应该为饮料,故排除C;而在作为桔汁来讲的

时候,是不可数名词,没有复数,故排除A和B;

答案:D

总结升华:在做涉及到名词的习题时,要从名词的数,名词所用格等方面考虑全面。

数词

知识点总结

数词分为基数词和序数词两种;

(一)基数词在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。

1.基数词的构成

(1)1-20

one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen ,fifteen,

sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty

(2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。

23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,

(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;

586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three

(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion,然后一节一节地表示。

9,785→nine thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five

6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine 750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty, billion

2.基数词的用法

(1)表示数量

Eg. 一 How many books would you like?

一I would like two.

(2)表示号码

eg.My phone number is 6887789.

(3)表示时间

eg.I watch CCTV News at seven o’clock every evening.

(4)表示“…十”的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。

eg. He is in his early thirties.他有三十来岁(31—34岁):

This took place in the 1930s.这事发生在二十世纪三十年代;

(5)表具体数字时,hundred,thousand,million用单数。

eg. There are six hundred students in our grade.

(6)表不确定的数字时,数词用复数。若带名词,再加of ,hundreds of(数百,成百上千的),thousands of(数干,成千上万的),millions of(数百万)

eg 。 Hundreds of old people died of cold last winter.

(二)序数词在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。

1.序数词的构成

(1)一般在基数词后加th, eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth,多位数把个位变序数词。

基数词变为序数词的规则(口诀):

基变序,有规律,词尾加上th;一、二、三特殊记,结尾t、d、d。

八减t,九减e,f要把ve替。ty把y改为i,记得th前有个e。

2.序数词的用法

(1.)the+序数词,表示

“第几”

John lives on the fifteenth floor

(2).a\an+序数词,表达"再一,又一"

eg.We'll have to do it a second time.

(3)年月日的表达

年用基数词表示,日用序数词表示

(4)分数的表达

分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于1,分母加-s。

(5)序数词也可以用作副词,

When did you first see him?

(6)基数词也能表示顺序,如书刊的页的数目,住所、房间、教室、电话号码等等。

Page Eight, Room 304,Class Seven,

(7).倍数表示法

主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。

(8)在…世纪:

in the twenty-first century

常见考法

对于数词的考查,通常是以单项选择、词语运用或听力形式考查学生在具体语言环境中灵活运用数词的能力。

误区提醒

1.在具体语境中正确使用序数词,并能正确书写序数词。

2.在听力中听辨数字和号码,要速记且准确。

3. hundreds of,thousands of,millions of表示约数时的用法。

典型例题1:In _____,Mr.Li began to learn English.

A.his 1990

B. the 1990s C the 1990 D a 1990

解析:从题意中可判断出要表达时间,如果是1990年,那么直接就是in 1990就可以了, C 和D排除掉,人是不可能有1990岁的,排除A,B表达的是“十八世纪九十年代”。

答案:B

典型例题2: September is _________(九) month of the year.

解析:这是一道填空题,考查序数词的拼写。序数词前加the, 故用the ninth.

连词

知识点总结

连词是一种连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。

一、并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。并列连词连接的双方是对等的。

常有的并列连词有and, both…and(两者都), neither…nor(既不……也不……), not only

…but also(不但…而且), as well as等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致,意义有转折的并列连词有:but(但是), however(然而), while (而),only (只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词,如:or, either…or(或者…或者…), 再有的是连接双方,互为因果,或表示前因后果的连词有:for(因为), so(所以), therefore (因此)等。

例句:She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

二、从属连词,在初中范围内常常考查引导状语从句、宾语从句的从属连词。其中有时间状语从句,常用的连接词有:when, while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until, till连接条件状语的连词有:if, unless, as long as等,而原因状语的连接词有because, since, as, now that (既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有:so that, so…that, such…that, as…as, than, where…它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。用来连接宾语从句,如:that, if, whether。例句如下:

Tom will call me as soon as he gets to Shanghai.

The meeting didn't start until everyone was there.

I want to know if she is going to see a film.

常见考法

对于连词,主要以单项选择或完形填空的形式从意义和功能(重点是意义)角度考查学生灵活运用连词的能力。在题中,要分清上下句之间的逻辑关系是转折还是并列,或是选择,在从属连词中,会给出我们一个语境,让我们判断该用哪个连词。

典型例题1: Betty didn't go to see the film yesterday ___ she was ill.

A. because

B. but

C. until

D. If

解析:本题通过语境考查从属连词的用法。只要明白语境,分清选项中四个连词的用法,就能选出正确答案。“她生病了”是“Betty昨天没有去看电影”的原因,显然,应用表示因果关系的 because 。

答案:A

典型例题2:Nancy looked around, didn't see anybody.

A and

B so

C but

D because

解析:这是2007年南通的中考题,本题考查并列连词的用法。题干的意思是“向四周看,但是她没有看到任何人”。四个选项中but是“但是”的意思。

答案: C

误区提醒

1、neither…nor(既不……也不……), not only…but also(不但…而且), either…or (或者…或者…)连接主语,谓语动词要采用就近原则。例如:Neither you nor he is to blame.(注意:谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。)

2、because和 so,but 和though不能同时用。在汉语中它们是一组关联词,经常在一起出现,但在英语中,只能用其中一个。例如:Because he got up late,so he didn't catch the bus.这句话就错了,我们要么去掉Because,要么去掉so。

副词

知识点总结

学完了形容词,副词学起来会更容易一些。一般认为形容词+ly就变成了副词,如形容词quick

加上-ly变成副词quickly。但是副词并不是那么简单哟!副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念,一般放在行为在动词之前,be动词、助动词之后。副词的种类有:

1.一般副词主要分为以下几种:

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档