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Mari Act 131瓦努阿图海商法

Mari Act 131瓦努阿图海商法
Mari Act 131瓦努阿图海商法

MARITIME [CAP. 131

Commencement: 13 April 1981

LAWS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VANUATU

CHAPTER 131

MARITIME

Act 8 of 1981

Act 36 of 1982

Act 15 of 1987

Act 8 of 1989

Act 3 of 1990

Act 13 of 1996

Act 31 of 1998

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

SECTION

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL

1. Interpretation

CHAPTER 2

ADMINISTRATION

2. Commissioner of Maritime Affairs

3. Deputy Commissioner of Maritime Affairs

3A. Special Agents

4. Maritime Administrator

5. Records relating to vessels

6. Authority to administer oaths and take acknowledgments

7. Authority to issue radio station licences

8. Authority to issue licences, certificates

9. Suspension and revocation proceedings

10. Fees

CHAPTER 3

CAP. 131] MARITIME

12. Separability

13. General penalty for violation

14. Jurisdiction

15. Appeal from Commissioner's decision

CHAPTER 4

DOCUMENTATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF VESSELS

16. General provisions

17. Vessels eligible to be documented or redocumented

18. Registry fee, tonnage taxes

19. Annual tonnage tax

20. Conditions precedent to issuance of permanent Certificate of Registry

21. Oaths

22. Measurement

23. Certificate of measurement

24. Measurement of vessels

25. Treatment of shelterdeck and certain other spaces

26. Tonnage statements in Certificate of Registry

27. Forms of documents

28. Numbering Certificates of Registry and licences

29. Provisional Certificate of Registry to vessels abroad

30. Conditions precedent to issuance of provisional certificate

31. Conditions precedent to issuance of bareboat charter Certificate of Registry

32. Denial of document

33. Waiver of certain requirements of chapter 4

34. Sale of document forbidden

35. Sale or transfer abroad

36. Transfer to foreign registry

37. Application for surrender of documents

38. Surrender of Certificate of Registry

39. Surrender of documents of vessel subject to preferred mortgages

40. New document

41. Builder's certificate

42. Names, numbers and marks on vessel

43. Numbering of vessels

44. Change in name of vessel

45. Inspection of document

46. Display of ship's papers to consul

47. Forgery of Documents and False Declarations

48. Rules and regulations

49. Standards of seaworthiness

MARITIME [CAP. 131

CHAPTER 5

PREFERRED SHIP MORTGAGES AND MARITIME LIENS

50. Contents of record

51. Documentary endorsement of preferred mortgage

52. Termination of mortgagee's interests

53. Conditions precedent to recording

54. Recording of bills of sale

55. Recording of mortgages

56. Preferred mortgage

57. Lien of preferred mortgage

58. Interest on preferred mortgage

58A. Advances and Repayments

58B. Units of Account

59. Disclosure of liens and priority

60. Exhibiting certified copies

61. Record of notice of claim of lien

62. Discharge of mortgage

63. Foreclosure and default jurisdiction and procedure

64. Preferred status

65. Foreclosures

66. Necessaries

67. Waiver of lien in necessaries

67A. Abolition of Endorsement

CHAPTER 6

CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA

68. Interpretation

69. Risks

70. Responsibilities and liabilities

71. Rights and immunities

71A. Defences

72. Surrender of rights and immunities and increase of responsibilities and liabilities

73. Special conditions

74. Contract permitted as to damages to goods while not on ship

75. Effect of chapter

76. Discrimination forbidden as to competing shippers

77. Bulk cargoweights ascertained by third parties

78. Scope of chapter

CHAPTER 7

LIMITATION OF SHIPOWNERS LIABILITY

CAP. 131] MARITIME

80. Claims

81. Limitation fund

82. Bail and release

83. Applicability

84. Fire damage

CHAPTER 8

RADIO

85. Regulations

CHAPTER 9

RULES OF NAVIGATION

86. Regulations for preventing collisions

87. Small rowing boats

88. Penalty for violation of rules by pilot, engineer, mate or master

89. Penalty for violation by vessel

90. Assistance in case of collision

91. Penalty for failure to render assistance

CHAPTER 10

WRECKS AND SALVAGE

92. Vessels stranded on foreign coasts

93. Right to salvage not affected by ownership of vessel

94. Salvage remuneration

95. Time limit for salvage suits

96. Recovery for salvage services rendered by Government vessels

97. Marine casualties

98. Marine casualty investigations

CHAPTER 11

MERCHANT SEAMEN

99. Application

100. Interpretation

101. Full complement required

102. Of Officers licences

103. Penalty

104. Termination of employment of master

105. Duties of the master

106. Special powers of masters

107. Certain seamen's rights provided for master

MARITIME [CAP. 131 110. Exemptions with respect to shipping articles

111. Penalty for alteration of shipping articles

112. Penalty for shipping without shipping articles

113. Duration and extension of shipping articles

114. Termination of shipping articles

115. Certificate of service

116. Exemptions with respect to certificates of service

117. Minimum age at sea

118. Payment of wages

119. Wages for unjustifiable discharge

120. Stowaway entitled to wages, if there is an agreement

121. Grounds for discharge

122. Advances and allotment of wages

123. Wages and clothing exempt from attachment

124. Vacation allowance and holidays

125. Agreements as to loss of lien or right to wages

126. Wages not dependent on freight earned

127. Wages, maintenance and cure for sick and injured seaman

127A. Benefits of Compensation for Loss of Life

128. Wrongful death

129. Death on board

130. Issuance of death certificate

131. Burial expenses

132. Working hours overtime

133. Repatriation

134. Loss of right of repatriation

135. Offences against the internal order of the vessel

136. Prohibition of corporal punishment

137. Drunkenness, neglect of duty

138. Desertion

139. Incitement of seamen to revolt or mutiny

140. Revolt or mutiny of seamen

141. Entry of the offences in logbook

142. Abandonment of seamen

143. Freedom of association

144. Protection of freedom of association

145. Bargaining and execution of labour contract

146. Provisions authorized in labour contracts

147. Provisions prohibited in labour contracts

148. Protection of labour contract

149. Strikes, picketing and like interference

150. Conciliation and mediation of labour disputes, differences or grievances

151. Time limit

152. Minister to make rules and regulations

CAP. 131] MARITIME

MARITIME

To provide for the establishment of a shipping register for vessels of Vanuatu engaged in foreign trade and for matters connected therewith.

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL

INTERPRETATION

1. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires--

"Administrator" means the Maritime Administrator appointed under section 4;

31 of 98"Authority" means the Vanuatu Maritime Authority established by the Maritime

Authority Act No. 29 of 1998

31 of 98"Commissioner" means the Commissioner of Maritime Affairs appointed under section

12 of the Maritime Authority Act No. 29 of 1998;

"Deputy Commissioners" mean the Deputy Commissioners appointed under section 3;

"documented" means registered, enrolled or licensed;

"dollars" mean United States dollars;

8 of 89"foreign trade" means trade between Vanuatu and a foreign country or between one

foreign country and another and includes transportation of goods between the ports of

Vanuatu and ports of foreign countries and between the ports of one foreign country and another";

13 of 96"Minister" means the Minister responsible for the Register of Ships and Seafarers

31 of 98within the meaning of the Maritime Authority Act No. 29 of 1998;

"ship's document" means the Certificate of Registry whether permanent or provisional;

and

8 of 89"Special Agent" means a Special Agent appointed under section 3A.

CHAPTER 2

ADMINISTRATION

2. Repealed 20 January 1999.

MARITIME [CAP. 131

DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF MARITIME AFFAIRS

3. (1) The Commissioner may from time to time appoint Deputy Commissioners of

Maritime Affairs.

(2) The Commissioner may delegate to the Deputy Commissioners any of his powers

and duties under the Act to be exercised in foreign ports.

SPECIAL AGENTS

3A. (1) The Commissioner may from time to time appoint such persons as he may

8 of 89think fit, as special agents.

(2) The Commissioner may delegate to the special agents appointed under subsection

(1) any of his powers and duties under the Act to be exercised in foreign ports.

(3) A Deputy Commissioner may from time to time with prior written approval of the

Commissioner appoint any person as his special agent.

(4) A Deputy Commissioner may with the prior written approval of the Commissioner

delegate to the special agents appointed under subsection (3) any of his powers

and duties under the Act, to be exercised in foreign ports.

MARITIME ADMINISTRATOR

4. The Authority may appoint on such terms and conditions as it deems fit, any person or

31 of 98 persons, or body corporate to perform the functions of Maritime Administrator.

RECORDS RELATING TO VESSELS

5. There shall be maintained in the office of the Commissioner at Port Vila, Vanuatu and at

the office of every Deputy Commissioner a central office where there shall be recorded or filed, in properly indexed public registers, all documents of the following nature

(a) bills of sale and other instruments of conveyance of vessels;

(b) mortgages or hypothecations of vessels;

(c) assignments of mortgages;

(d) certificates of permanent and provisional registry and licences;

(e) licences and certificates of officers and members of ship's crew;

(f) all other documents relating to vessels which are entitled to be recorded.

AUTHORITY TO TAKE DECLARATIONS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

6. (1) Any declaration or acknowledgment required to be made under this Act shall

8 of 89 be made before -

CAP. 131] MARITIME

(b) a consul or consular agent of Vanuatu; or

(c) a Diplomatic officer of Vanuatu; or

(d) a Barrister or Solicitor; or

(e) a notary public, a justice of the peace, a Commissioner of oaths or any

other officer, authorized in that behalf by the laws of the place where the

declaration is made; or

31 of 98(f) any other fit and proper authorized by the Authority, Commissioner or

Deputy Commissioner for such purposes.

(2) Any document purporting to have affixed, impressed or subscribed thereon or

thereto the seal or signature of any person authorised under this Act, to take a

declaration shall be admissible in evidence without proof of the seal or signature

being the seal or signature of that person or of the official or other status of that

person.

7. Repealed 26 June 1989

8 of 89

AUTHORITY TO ISSUE LICENCES, CERTIFICATES

8. (1) The Commissioner and every Deputy Commissioner are authorised to issue all

such licences, certificates or other documents for officers and ship's personnel on

vessels registered under this Act, as are necessary or proper for carrying out the

purposes of the maritime law or of any international convention to which Vanuatu

is or may become a party.

(2) In carrying out the licensing, certification and upgrading of ship's officers and

31 of 98personnel, the Authority upon the recommendation of the Commissioner shall

from time to time, establish such standards, rules and regulations as it deems

necessary and appropriate for maintaining a high standard for the merchant marine

of Vanuatu.

15 of 87(3) Failure of an owner of a vessel registered under this Act to file any required

report relating to officers employed on the vessel shall result in an automatic fine

of 1500 dollars for each offence and until paid, each such fine shall constitute a

maritime lien on the vessel.

15 of 87(4) Failure of an owner of a vessel registered under this Act, to ensure that each

officer employed on the vessel holds a valid licence of competence to fill the

position held by him duly issued under the provisions of this Act shall subject the

owner thereof to a fine of 750 dollars for each officer so employed who does not

LAWS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VANUATU

MARITIME [CAP. 131

notice, from the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner, the fine with respect thereto shall be remitted. Until paid or remitted, each fine shall constitute a maritime lien on the vessel.

SUSPENSION AND REVOCATION PROCEEDINGS

9.

(1) The Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner shall have power to 8 of 89

suspend or to revoke any licence, certificate, permit or document issued the provisions of this Act.

31 of 98

(2)

The Authority, on the recommendation of the Commissioner may from time to time make such rules and regulations as are deemed by it necessary and appropriate to the conduct of suspension and revocation proceedings.

FEES AND PENALTIES

10. (1)

The Authority may, on the recommendation of the Commissioner, prescribe all fees and penalties except in cases where the fee and penalty are already provided for in this Act.

(2)

Where any tonnage tax or any fee payable under this Act or under any regulation made thereunder is not paid on or before the due date such tax or fee shall be deemed to be in default and the person who is liable to pay such tax or fee shall in addition to that tax or fee pay as penalty a further sum in such amount and in such manner as may be prescribed under subsection (1) of this section.

(3)

The net tonnage of unique design and special purpose vessels shall be stipulated prior to the registration for purposes of this section.

(4)

With respect to any vessel which has been admitted to Vanuatu registry and thereafter undergoes structural alteration or re-measurement resulting in a change in net tonnage, there shall be paid prior to re-entry into service a corresponding adjustment of the registration fees computed on any increase in tonnage.

CHAPTER 3

CONSTRUCTION

ADOPTION OF GENERAL MARITIME LAW

11.

Insofar as it does not conflict with any other provision of this Act or any statutory law of Vanuatu, the nonstatutory general maritime law of the United States of America is hereby declared to be and is hereby adopted as the general maritime law in respect of all vessels registered under this Act.

SEPARABILITY

12.

If any provision of this Act, or the application of any such provision to any circumstances or persons, natural or corporate, shall be held invalid, the validity of the remainder of this 15 of 87

8 of 89

31 of 98

LAWS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VANUATU

31 of 98

CAP. 131] MARITIME

GENERAL PENALTY FOR VIOLATION

13. Except as expressly provided in this Act, any person who is convicted by a court of

8 of 89competent jurisdiction of a violation of any of the provisions of this Act or of rules and

regulations thereunder shall, upon conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding 25,000 dollars or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, or to both.

JURISDICTION

14. All causes of action arising out of, or under, this Act are hereby declared and shall be

cognizable before the Supreme Court of Vanuatu but, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the provisions of this section shall not be deemed to deprive other courts elsewhere, of jurisdiction to enforce such causes of action.

APPEALS

15. (1) Appeal from any decision of a Deputy Commissioner or Special Agent,

8 of 89pursuant to any provision of this Act or any rule and regulation made thereunder,

may be made to the Commissioner.

8 of 89(2) Any person aggrieved by the decision of the Commissioner, upon any appeal

made to him under subsection (1), or by any decision of the Commissioner

pursuant to any other provisions of this Act or rules and regulations made

thereunder, may appeal from that decision to the Maritime Appeals Tribunal

established under the Maritime Authority Act No. 29 of 1998.

CHAPTER 4

DOCUMENTATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF VESSELS

GENERAL PROVISIONS

16. No self-propelled or sailing vessel engaged in foreign trade shall fly the flag of Vanuatu

or be accorded the rights and privileges of a vessel of Vanuatu unless such vessel shall be registered in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter. The home port of every

vessel so registered shall be Port Vila, and the name of the home port shall be shown on

the Certificate of Registry.

VESSELS ELIGIBLE TO BE DOCUMENTED OR REDOCUMENTED

17. (1) Vessels of the following classes are eligible to be documented or redocumented

under this Act

9 of 89(a) any seagoing vessels engaged in Foreign Trade owned by a citizen or

national of Vanuatu;

(b) any yacht or other vessel used exclusively for pleasure, of 50 net tons or

over, owned by a citizen or national of Vanuatu;

MARITIME [CAP. 131 Provided such vessels shall not be eligible for documentation if on, 1 January in

the year in which documentation is sought, such vessels are over 20 years of age,

computed from completion of first construction;

9 of 89(2) Repealed 26 June 1989

9 of 89(3) Anything in this section to the contrary notwithstanding, the 20 year age limit

requirement referred to in subsection (l), may be waived by the Commissioner or

Deputy Commissioner and a vessel of more than 20 years of age may be registered

in exceptional cases where it has been demnonstrated to the satisfaction of the

Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner that

(a) the vessel meets all other requirements for registration, and

(b) the vessel receives the top classification of one of the ship classification

societies authorised by this Act or any regulation made thereunder.

(4) Anything in this section to the contrary notwithstanding, the ownership

requirement referred to in subsection (l)(a) may in exceptional cases be waived by

the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner where -

(a) the vessel meets all other requirements for registration; and

(b) it has been satisfactorily demonstrated that there is an absolute and genuine

need for such waiver.

(5) In this section, the words "citizen" or "national" shall include corporations,

partnerships and associations of individuals.

REGISTRY FEE, AND TONNAGE TAXES

18. (1) The following registration fee shall be payable upon registration -

15 of 87

for vessels of 5,000 tons or less .............................. 1.05 dollars per net ton

for vessels of 5,001 tons and up to 25,000 tons ......... 0.87 dollars per net ton

for vessels of 25,001 tons and over ........................... 0.70 dollar per net ton

for registration of vessels on bareboat charter, of

any tonnage .............................................................. 0.35 dollars per net ton

13 of 96(2) Anything in this section to the contrary notwithstanding, the Commissioner may 31 of 98if he feels it is justified, after consultation with the Authority, reduce or waive the

registration fee payable on the registration of any vessel under this Act.

13 of 96 (3) There shall be an annual tonnage tax per net ton: Provided, however, that as to

any vessel of less than 500 net tons registered under this Act, the registration fee

and annual tonnage tax shall be equal to that required for a vessel of 500 net tons.

CAP. 131] MARITIME

15 of 87(4) All unpaid tonnage taxes and all other charges (not to exceed 10,000 dollars) due

to the office of the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner shall constitute a

maritime lien on the vessel second only to liens for wages and salvage.

8 of 89(5) Tonnage taxes may be reviewed annually, provided that where an increase is made

it shall not take effect until the first day in January in the year next following such

increase.

ANNUAL TONNAGE TAX

19. (1) Except as herein otherwise provided, the annual tonnage tax on vessels

15 of 89provided for in section 18 shall be due on the first day in January in each year and

may be paid in 2 equal instalments, the first of which is payable on the first day

in January and the second on the first day in July.

(2) Upon failure to pay the tonnage tax as provided in subsection (1), the

Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner may invalidate the Certificate of

Registry of the vessel with respect to which such tax is payable.

(3) No Certificate of Registry, either permanent or provisional, shall be issued for a

vessel not previously registered under the provisions of this Act, unless a sum

equal to the tonnage tax for 1 year is paid in respect of the vessel. In the case of a

vessel initially registered, the amount payable on the first day of January of the

year immediately following the date of its initial registration shall be computed at

the rate of 0.25 dollars per net ton for the year remaining between the first

anniversary of the date of its initial registration and the close of the calendar year.

(4) No bareboat charter certificate of registry shall be issued for a vessel registered

under section 17(1)(c) of this Act unless a sum equal to 2 years annual tonnage tax

as provided in section 18 is paid upon registration.

(5) The Commissioner and each Deputy Commissioner are authorised to collect the

tonnage tax and to issue receipts therefor.

8 of 89(6) Unless otherwise provided, all fees payable under this Act or any regulation made

thereunder shall be paid in advance on or before 1 January of the year in respect of

which such fees are due. If payment is not made before 31 March of such year the

Certificate of Registry of the vessel in question may be suspended until all

outstanding fees and penalties for late payment thereof are paid.

15 of 87(7) All unpaid tonnage taxes, fees and other charges including penalties owing

8 of 89 under this Act or regulations made thereunder shall constitute a maritime lien on

the vessel in respect of which such amounts are due, and such lien shall have

priority over all others save those for wages and salvage.

15 of 87(8) No Certificate of Registry shall be returned to the Master of a vessel

8 of 89by an officer of Vanuatu with whom it may have been deposited under proof is

MARITIME [CAP. 131 8 of 89(9) (a) Any vessel which is withdrawn from service and laid up for one year or

more shall, subject to any condition prescribed under paragraph (b), be

exempted from payment of annual tonnage tax under section 18 in respect

of each succeeding year during the period of such withdrawal.

Upon the re-entry of service by such vessel the tonnage tax due and

payable by such vessel shall be computed pro-rata from the date of such

re-entry for the remainder of that calendar year.

31 of 98(b) The Authority may prescribe the conditions subject to which any vessel

may be exempted under paragraph (a).

CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO ISSUANCE OF PERMANENT CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY

20. Upon receipt of a written application of an owner of a vessel eligible for

8 of 89documentation under the provisions of this Act requesting the issuance of a Certificate of

Registry for the vessel, accompanied by the declaration required by section 21, the Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner, upon payment of the prescribed fees, may issue a permanent Certificate of Registry for the vessel provided that the owner furnishes proof satisfactory to the issuing officer -

(a) as to his ownership of the vessel;

(b) that any foreign marine document for the vessel has been surrendered with the

consent of the government that had issued it, or that it has been legally cancelled;

(c) that the vessel is in a seaworthy condition;

8 of 89(d) that the owner has paid the registration fees due in respect of the vessel;

(e) that the markings of name, official number, net tonnage or tonnages, home port

and draft required by section 42 have actually been made;

(f) that a certificate of measurement as required by section 23 has been issued.

DECLARATION

21. (1) In order to document a vessel, the owner, managing owner, part owner, or his

8 of 89 agent, authorised by power of attorney, where such vessel is owned by

individuals, or, in the case of a corporate owned vessel, a director, secretary or

assistant secretary of the corporation or other officer or agent authorised in writing

shall make a declaration declaring the name of the vessel; its net tonnage or

tonnages; the place where built; the name and residence of any other owner and

his citizenship; each owners proportion; the name of the affiant and his

citizenship.

CAP. 131] MARITIME

8 of 89(3) The names of the persons owning shares in an incorporated company owning such

vessel need not be stated. The declaration of any other person interested and

concerned in the vessel shall not be required. An agent or attorney who purchases

any vessel shall make a declaration with respect to the ownership of the vessel and

shall declare that he is the agent or attorney for the owner and in such capacity has

made such purchase in good faith.

8 of 89(4) Notwithstanding section 6, whenever the document of any vessel is lost or

destroyed the master or other person in command may make the following

declaration before any consular or diplomatic officer or any officer appointed by

31 of 98 the Authority , or by the Commissioner or a Deputy Commissioner at or nearest

to the port where the vessel is first located after such loss or destruction.58

8 of 89"I, (insert the name of the person swearing) being master or in command of the

(insert type of vessel) or vessel called the (insert the name of vessel) Official No.

(insert number) owned by (insert name of owner) of (insert domicile of the owner)

do declare that the said vessel has been, as I verily believe, registered according to

the laws of Vanuatu by the name of (insert again name of vessel), and that a

permanent (or provisional) Certificate of Registry bearing no. (insert number of

lost Certificate) was issued for such vessel pursuant to the laws of Vanuatu at

(insert place of issuance of lost Certificate) on (insert date of issuance of lost

Certificate) which Certificate has been lost (or destroyed); and that the same, if

found, and within my power, will be delivered up to the Commissioner or Deputy

Commissioner."

8 of 89(5) When an declaration is made as provided in subsection (4), the officer or person

taking such declaration shall grant to the vessel a temporary provisional document

of registry and insert therein that it is issued in lieu of the one lost or destroyed.

Such officer or person shall forthwith send to the Commissioner or to any Deputy

Commissioner a written notice, accompanied by a copy of the declaration,

advising that such declaration has been made and such temporary provisional

document issued. Upon receipt of such notice the Commissioner or such Deputy

Commissioner upon being satisfied that the vessel is entitled to a Certificate of

Registry, may grant a new Certificate of Registry, identical to that which was lost

or destroyed. As soon as practicable after the issuance of such Certificate of

Registry, the temporary provisional document hereinbefore referred to shall be

surrendered to the Commissioner or to a Deputy Commissioner for cancellation.

MEASUREMENT

22. A vessel shall not be permanently registered until measured by a person appointed by the

Commissioner or by the Deputy Commissioner. A vessel registered under this Act shall not be required to be measured anew unless her burden has been changed.

MARITIME [CAP. 131 CERTIFICATE OF MEASUREMENT

23. The person or agent appointed under section 22 to measure a vessel shall certify,

specifying the building of the vessel, number of decks and masts, length, breadth, depth, tonnage or tonnages, and such other particulars usually descriptive of the identity of a vessel, and that the markings required by section 42 have actually been made.

MEASUREMENT OF VESSELS

24. The Minister on the recommendation of the Commissioner shall by Order prescribe the

method of measurement for all vessels registered under this Act.

TREATMENT OF SHELTER-DECK AND CERTAIN OTHER SPACES

25. The "Recommendations on the Treatment of ShelterDeck and other 'Open' Spaces",

adopted on 18 October 1963, by the Assembly of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organisation, are hereby adopted and the Minister on the recommendation of the Commissioner may issue Orders for the purpose of effectuating those Recommendations.

TONNAGE STATEMENTS IN CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY

26. (1) Each ship's Certificate of Registry shall state the gross and net tonnage or

tonnages determined in accordance with such rules and regulations as the

Commissioner may prescribe.

(2) Upon application by the owner or master of a vessel registered under this Act

engaged in foreign trade, the Commissioner or his duly authorised agent may

attach to the document an appendix for use in foreign ports, stating separately, the

measurement of such space or spaces as are there permitted to be deducted from

gross tonnage or tonnages.

FORMS OF DOCUMENTS

27. The Minister on the recommendation of the Commissioner shall prescribe and furnish

forms of bareboat charter, provisional and permanent Certificates of Registry and other ship documents; and may prescribe forms of endorsements that may be made on ship documents from time to time, without issuance of a new document or surrender of the old document, to show liens and encumbrances.

NUMBERING CERTIFICATES OF REGISTRY AND LICENCES

28. The Commissioner or his duly authorised agent shall progressively number the licences

and Certificates of Registry, respectively, granted by him, beginning anew at the commencement of each year, and shall make a record thereof in a book kept for that purpose. Bareboat charter Certificates of Registry shall be assigned a separate series of numbers as the Commissioner or his duly authorised agent stipulates. He shall also retain permanently copies of all such documents issued by or surrendered to him.

CAP. 131] MARITIME

PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY TO VESSELS ABROAD

29. (1) Upon compliance with the provisions set forth in section 30, a provisional

Certificate of Registry may be issued by the Commissioner or any Deputy

Commissioner, by a Vanuatu consular or diplomatic officer or consular agent

upon direction by the Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner, or by any

other person designated by the Minister, to vessels abroad which are to be

documented under the flag of Vanuatu.

(2) Copies of provisional Certificates of Registry issued by persons other than the

Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner shall be furnished as soon as practicable

by the issuing officer to the Commissioner and all Deputy Commissioners.

(3) Unless sooner invalidated, a provisional Certificate of Registry shall entitle the

vessel to the privileges of a vessel of Vanuatu in the foreign trade until the

expiration of 1 year from its date.

(4) The Commissioner or his duly authorised agent shall prescribe the conditions in

accordance with which provisional Certificates of Registry shall be issued and

renewed and the manner in which they shall be surrendered in exchange for

permanent Certificates of Registry.

CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO ISSUANCE OF PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE

30. (1) Upon receipt by the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner of a written

application of an owner of a vessel eligible for documentation under the

provisions of this Act requesting the issuance of a Certificate of Registry for

8 of 89the vessel, accompanied by the declaration or declarations required by section 21,

and upon payment of the prescribed fees to the officer receiving such application,

the Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner or any issuing official listed in

section 29(1) may issue a provisional Certificate of Registry for the vessel,

provided the owner shall furnish proof satisfactory to the officer receiving such

application--

(a) as to his ownership of the vessel;

(b) that if there is an outstanding foreign marine document for the vessel, the

government that had issued it has consented to its surrender and that either

the marine document has been surrendered for cancellation or that the

owner has issued orders to the master of the vessel to surrender the foreign

marine document for cancellation immediately upon receipt of the

provisional Certificate of Registry on board the vessel; or that the

outstanding document has been legally cancelled;

MARITIME [CAP. 131

8 of 89(d) that the owner has paid the registration fees due in respect of the vessel

being the initial registration fee;

(e) that the markings of name, official number, net tonnage or tonnages, home

port and draft required by section 42 have either actually been made or that

the owner has issued orders to the master of the vessel to have such

markings made immediately upon receipt of the Vanuatu provisional

Certificate of Registry on board the vessel.

(2) Unless the owner within 30 days after issuance of the provisional Certificate of

Registry shall furnish satisfactory proof to the officer to whom the application for

documentation has been presented, showing that the vessel's outstanding foreign

marine document has actually been surrendered for cancellation and that the

markings required by section 42 have actually been made, or if before such 30 day

period it is established that any of the obligations hereunder will not or cannot be

complied with, such officer may declare the provisional Certificate of Registry to

be null and void.

(3) As soon as reasonably practicable after admeasurement of the vessel and the

surrender for cancellation of any outstanding foreign marine document for the

vessel and the making of the markings required by section 42 a permanent

Certificate of Registry shall be issued in place of any provisional Certificate

theretofore issued, and such provisional Certificate shall be surrendered as

promptly as circumstances permit to the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner.

When the permanent Certificate of Registry is issued after the issuance of a

provisional Certificate, the charges originally paid shall be adjusted in accordance

with the tonnage established by the certificate of measurement.

(4) For good cause shown the Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner may, from

time to time, renew a provisional Certificate of Registry for a period not exceeding

1 year.

CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO ISSUANCE OF BAREBOAT CHARTER CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY

31. (1) Anything in this Act to the contrary notwithstanding, a bareboat charterer of

8 of 89 a vessel registered in a foreign registry may, where permitted by that foreign

registry, obtain a bareboat charter certificate of registry for a period not exceeding

five years, on payment of a prescribed fee and upon presentation to the

Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner of the following -

(a) a written application;

CAP. 131] MARITIME

(b) a copy of the charterparty in a form satisfactory to the Commissioner or

Deputy Commissioner and certified as true and correct by any person

permitted to take oaths under section 21;

(c) proof of ownership, and consent of the registered owner of the vessel;

(d) consents of holders of all mortgages, hypothecations or similar charges

against the vessel in the foreign registry;

8 of 89(e) repealed 26 June 1989;

(f) written consent of the country of registry, or presentation of satisfactory

evidence that such consent is not required;

(g) a certificate of ownership and encumbrance, transcript of registry, or other

such document from the foreign registry showing all recorded liens and en-

cumbrances.

(2) During any period in which a vessel carries a bareboat charter Certificate of

Registry, at no time shall a document indicating a transfer of ownership be

recorded against the vessel in the record books maintained at the office of the

Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner. Any mortgage, hypothecation or similar

charge, or document related thereto, which is at any time recorded in the foreign

registry shall be recorded in the office of the Commissioner or Deputy

Commissioner as provided for in subsection (3).

8 of 89(2A) Any mortgage, hypothecation or similar charge related to any vessel in respect of

which a bareboat charter certificate of registry is issued, may be created only by

the owner of that vessel in accordance with the laws of the Nation where the

vessel is registered.

(3) Copies of mortgages, hypothecations or charges referred to in subsection (l)(d)

shall upon payment of the prescribed fee be recorded in the same order as

recorded in the foreign registry in a bareboat charter mortgage book

8 of 89maintained at the office of the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner. Two

certified copies of the recorded document shall be furnished to the bareboat

charterer 1 of which is to be placed upon and retained on board the vessel. All

such foreign mortgages, hypothecations and charges shall have preferred status as

under section 64.

8 of 89(3A) The Commissioner or the Deputy Commissioner may waive the requirement of

MARITIME [CAP. 131 charterer of the vessel and of the holders of all the mortgages, hypothecation or

similar charges against such vessel.

8 of 89(3B) Where a waiver is provided in accordance with subsection (3A) of this section and

any document presented under paragraph (g) of subsection (1) shows any lien or

encumbrance on the vessel, the following endorsement shall be made on the

provisional and permanent bareboat certificates of registry:-

"This bareboat charter certificate of registry has been issued in accordance with

section 30A of the Vanuatu Maritime Act, No.8 of 1981. Pursuant to subsection

(3A) of that section, the requirement of recordation of any mortgage,

hypothecation or similar charge, recorded in the foreign registry in which the

vessel is registered, has been waived. Notwithstanding such waiver such

mortgage, hypothecation or similar charge shall have preferred status under and

subject to section 62 of the said Act. The primary jurisdiction of the registry in

which the vessel is registered is ............................"

8 of 89(4) Where permitted by the foreign registry, a bareboat charter certificate of registry

may be extended for a period of five years upon filing, prior to the expiration of

the current certificate, an application, together with a copy of the charterparty, a

certificate of ownership and encumbrance or transcript of registry, and the written

consents of all mortgagees with the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner and

upon payment of the prescribed fees and taxes.

(5) A bareboat charter Certificate of Registry may be cancelled prior to its date of

expiration upon presentation to the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner of the

following--

(a) written consent of all holders of record of any mortgage, hypothecation or

other charge on the vessel;

(b) written consent of the owner;

(c) written consent of the bareboat charterer; and

(d) surrender of the bareboat charter Certificate of Registry and the radio

licence for cancellation.

If the vessel is sold or transferred during the time it carries a bareboat charter

Certificate of Registry, the Certificate shall become null and void at the time of

the sale or transfer and must be surrendered for cancellation within 30 days or

such further time as may be allowed by the Commissioner or Deputy

CAP. 131] MARITIME

(6) The bareboat charterer of a Vanuatu vessel may register the vessel in a foreign

jurisdiction, where permitted by that jurisdiction, upon obtaining written consent

of the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner, which may be granted upon

presentation of the following--

(a) written consent of the owner;

(b) written consent of all holders of record of any mortgage, hypothecation or

other charges recorded in the offices of the Commissioner and Deputy

Commissioner;

8 of 89(c) deleted 26 June 1989

(d) a copy of the foreign document, certified as true and correct, to be

8 of 89 submitted by the bareboat charterer within 30 days following registry in

the foreign jurisdiction.

DENIAL OF DOCUMENT

32. The Commissioner or his agent or consular or diplomatic officer shall not grant a

document or issue papers to any vessel until all applicable provisions of this Chapter have been complied with.

WAIVER OF CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS OF CHAPTER 4

33. (1) Where an owner of a vessel registered in a foreign registry is prevented from,

8 of 89or incurs inordinate delay in, complying with any of the requirements of sections

20(b), 29(1), 30(1)(b) and 31 because of abnormal conditions existing in the

country of foreign registration the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner may

waive such requirements.

(2) Unless the owner within 30 days after issuance of the provisional Certificate of

Registry shall furnish satisfactory proof to the officer to whom the application for

documentation has been presented, showing that the vessel's outstanding foreign

marine document has actually been surrendered for cancellation and that the

markings required by section 42 have actually been made, or if before such 30 day

period it is established that any of the obligations hereunder will not or cannot be

complied with, such officer may declare the provisional Certificate of Registry to

be null and void.

(3) As soon as reasonably practicable after admeasurement of the vessel and the

surrender for cancellation of any outstanding foreign marine document for the

vessel and the making of the markings required by section 42 a permanent

Certificate of Registry shall be issued in place of any provisional Certificate

theretofore issued, and such provisional Certificate shall be surrendered as

promptly as circumstances permit to the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner.

When the permanent Certificate of Registry is issued after the issuance of a

provisional Certificate, the charges originally paid shall be adjusted in accordance

with the tonnage established by the certificate of measurement.

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海商法模拟试题(一) 一、单项选择题(每小题1分,共15分) 1、下列有关海商法的国际条约,中国政府批准或加入并作出保留的是()。 A、1924年海牙规则 B、1989年国际救助公约 C、1974年雅典公约 D、1910年碰撞公约 2、我国《海商法》规定的承运人赔偿责任限额的计算单位采用的是()。 A、特别提款权 B、人民币 C、金法郎 D、美元 3、以同一船舶为标的的债权的受偿顺序应是()。 A、船舶优先权、船舶抵押权、船舶留置权 B、船舶留置权、船舶抵押权、船舶优先权 C、船舶优先权、船舶留置权、船舶抵押权 D、船舶抵押权、船舶留置权、船舶优先权 4、我国《海商法》规定,在当事人没有约定的情况下,负责对被抵押船舶进行保险,并负担保险费的人是()。 A、抵押人 B、抵押权人 C、保险人 D、提供贷款的银行 5、承运人签发的对于货物表面未作批注的提单是()。 A、指示提单 B、收货待运提单 C、清洁提单 D、不清洁提单 6、在约定的租期内,承租人应当为船舶进行保险并负责支付保险费用的合同是()。 A、班轮运输合同 B、航次租船合同 C、定期租船合同 D、光船租赁合同 7、我国某甲贸易公司将一批出口德国的货物交由乙海运公司承运,乙又将全部货物转交丙公司承运。丙公司是该批货物的()。 A、承运人 B、实际承运人 C、托运人 D、收货人 8、原因不明的船舶碰撞,碰撞各方()。 A、平均负赔偿责任 B、由有过失的船舶负赔偿责任 C、互相不负赔偿责任 D、按过失程度的比例负赔偿责任 9、我国《海商法》规定,客运承运人在每次海上旅客运输中的人身伤亡赔偿责任限额,每 名旅客不超过()。 A、46666计算单位 B、40000元人民币 C、1200计算单位 D、3333计算单位 10、我国《海商法》规定的承运人对于非集装箱装运的货物的责任期间是()。 A、从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止 B、从装货港接收货物时起至卸货港交付货物时止 C、从装货港仓库至卸货港仓库 D、从发货人的工厂仓库至收货人的仓库 11、保险委付适用的场合是保险标的()。 A、部分损失 B、实际全损 C、共同海损 D、推定全损 12、某海事法院根据当事人甲进出口公司的请求,对承运其进口货物的乙海运公司所属的某船舶的航海日志予以复制。这一强制措施属于()。 A、简易程序 B、督促程序 C、海事证据保全 D、海事强制令

宪法重点法条精读(二)

宪法重点法条精读(二) 「重点法条」 第九条第一款矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源,都属于国家所有,即全民所有;由法律规定属于集体所有的森林和山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂除外。 第十条城市的土地属于国家所有。 农村和城市郊区的土地,除由法律规定属于国家所有的以外,属于集体所有;宅基地和自留地、自留山,也属于集体所有。 国家为了公共利益的需要,可以依照法律规定对土地实行征用。 任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖或者以其他形式非法转让土地。土地的使用权可以依照法律的规定转让。 一切使用土地的组织和个人必须合理地利用土地。 「意思分解」 以上两个条文关于自然资源所有权、使用权的基本规定,应注意: 1森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂既可以属于公民所有,也可以属于集体所有,但矿藏、水流只能属于国家所有,即全民所有(第9条第1款)。 2关于第10条规定的土地所有权、使用权制度,读者可

参见《土地管理法》第2条的“意思分解”。 「不要混淆」 1再次提醒读者注意第9条第1款中几类自然资源所有权人的差别。 2《水法》第3条第2款规定,农业集体经济组织所有的水塘、水库中的水属于集体所有。 「重点法条」 第二十四条国家通过普及理想教育、道德教育、文化教育、纪律和法制教育,通过在城乡不同范围的群众中制定和执行各种守则、公约,加强社会主义精神文明的建议。 国家提倡爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱社会主义的公德,在人民中进行爱国主义、集体主义和国际主义、共产主义的教育,进行辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的教育,反对资本主义的、封建主义的和其他的腐朽思想。 「相关法条」本法第19~23条。 「意思分解」 我国社会主义精神文明建设分为两个方面: 1教育科学、文化建设 (1)发展社会主义教育事业(第19条)。 (2)发展科学事业(第20条)。 (3)发展卫生和体育事业(第21条)。 (4)发展文学艺术和其他文化事业(第22条)。

海商法在中国的现代起源和发展

海商法在中国的现代起源和发展 海商法是一门古老的法律,它起源于欧洲,形成于中世纪的海上贸易和运输,传播并发展到世界各地。现代海商法不仅是国内立法的渊源,而且也存在于相关的国际公约和国际惯例中,成为具有国际性和相对国际统一性的一部法律。以英国为代表的传统海商法有着悠久的历史和丰富的实践经验,长期形成的海商法教学、科研和司法与仲裁等实务,以及在国际上具有相当影响力的劳合社等机构,从各个领域推动了海商法的发展和完善。CMI和IMO等国际海事组织在推进海商法的国际化和世界统一化的进程中,制定了一系列的国际公约和规则,起到一十分重要的作用。2008年12月11日,第63届联合国大会第67次会议审议通过了联合国贸法会(UNCITRAL)提交的《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》,并于2009年9月23日在荷兰鹿特丹举行签字仪式,将公约定名为《鹿特丹规则》。这是各国海商法界为海商法立法的统一和完善,在海牙规则、海牙—威斯比规则和汉堡规则的基础上进行的又一次有益的尝试。可以说,海商法的立法与实践,以及世界各国对海商法学的研究和发展,随着国际贸易的发展和人类向海洋进军的深度和广度的拓展,越来越引起法学界和实务界的关注,也为海商法这一古老法律的新发展带来了生机与活力。 海商法传入中国并见诸于法律中,最早始于清朝光绪年间。清朝政府1904年(光绪三十年)起草的《钦定大清商律》中,海船法一编便有263个条目。尽管该法律草案因清王朝的覆灭而未能颁行,但其被包含在商事立法中而且规定之具体,却成为中国海商法现代起源的标志。我国历史上第一部海商法是国民党南京政府于1929年12月30日颁布的《中华民国海商法》该法自1931年1月1日施行后又历经三次修改。[1]台湾地区的海商法沿袭了大陆法系的立法体例,以成文法典的形式制定海商法,其体例和基本内容等相对独立于其他商事立法,不仅是台湾地区的现行的重要海事法律,而且也是研究我国海商法现代起源和发展的重要法律之一。 我国是一个有着18 000多公里海岸线,470多万平方公里海域,几千个大小岛屿和60多个对外开放港口的海洋大国。广阔的水域和良好的通航条件为航运业和国际贸易业的发展提供了得天独厚的优势。同时,制定一部完整的中国海商法,也成为健全我国法律体系,保护和促进航运事业、国际贸易事业,以及开发和利用海域和海洋资源,维护海上交通安全和秩序的需要。 新中国成立后,在全面推翻旧的法律体系和废除国民党政府的六法全书后,制定一部新的[2]海商法便成为了海事立法的当务之急。1952年组建了海商法起草委员会,至1963年经

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路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索- 百度文库 11 武汉大学海商法考试试题B及答案 一、名词解释(每小题5分,共20分) 5.Collision 船舶碰撞是船舶在海上或者与海相通的可航水域发生接触,致使有关船舶或船上人身、财物遭受损失的事故。 6.Salvage 海难救助指在海上或与海相通的可航水域对遇难的人员、船舶和其他财产进行援助、救助的行为。 7.Subrogation 代位求偿权,是指保险人在其保险责任范围内赔付被保险人保险标的的全部或者部分损失后,在赔偿金额范围内享有的向保险事故的责任方即第三人请求赔偿的权利。 8.Bill of Lading 提单是指用以证明海上运输契约和由承运人接管或装载货物,以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。 二、简答题(每小题 10分,共30分) 3.何谓海商法? 何谓海商法,各国法律规定和各国学者的观点不尽相同,目前国际海商法学界尚无定论。 根据我国《海商法》第1条的规定,可将海商法定义为“调整海上运输关系、船舶关系的法律规范的总称”。 4.共同海损与单独海损有何区别? 其一,损失发生的原因不同。单独海损完全由于意外事故、自然灾害或一方可免责的过失等原因直接造成的损失;而共同海损则是由于船舶和货物遭遇共同危险之后,为了船舶和货物的共同安全,有意地、合理地采取某种措施而造成的损失。其二,承担损失的责任不同。单独海损由各受害方自行承担,如果是因某一方不可免责的过失造成,损失由责任方承担;而共同海损的损失是为了船货共同安全人为地、有意地造成的,所受损失应由受益方按照受益财产的比例进行分摊。 3.简述海难救助的构成要件。 海难救助行为与方式多种多样,判定一项救助行为是否构成法律上的海难救助,关键是看其是否符合以下条件:

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一、单项选择题 1.世界上第一部航海习惯法是( A )。 A《罗得海法》B《巴西利亚法典》C《海事条例》D《哈特法》 2.欧洲第一部综合性海事法典是1861年法国路易十四颁布的( C )。 A《提单法》B《商船法》C《海事条例》D《哈特法》 3.《中华人民共和国海商法》自( C )起施行。 A 1992年6月5日 B 1992年11月7日 C 1993年7月1日 D 2000年7月1日 二、多项选择题 1.中世纪海商法的三大基石是(BCD )。 A《罗得海法》B《奥列隆惯例集》C《海事裁判例》D《维斯比海法》E《海上货物运输法》 2.海商法的调整对象为(BCD )。 A内河运输中发生的法律关系B海上运输中发生的法律关系C与船舶有关的法律关系D与海运有关的商事关系E与政府公用船舶有关的法律关系 三、名词解释 海商法 四、简答题 1.海商法的调整对象有哪些? 2.海商法的法律渊源有哪些? 五、论述题 试论述海商法的性质 参考答案: 一、A、C、C 二、BCD、BC 三、 海商法有广义概念和狭义概念。广义的海商法是指一国的海运和海事立法的总称。其内容包括:海商法典、调整海商或海事等民商关系的单行法规、航运业管理(包括海商企业管理、船舶管理和船员管理等)以及港口、水域和航道管理方面的行政法规。狭义的海商法通常指一国的海商法典,即调整海上运输关系和船舶关系的规则和制度的总称。根据我国《海商法》的规定,海商法是调整海上运输关系和船舶关系的法律规范的总称。 四、 1、海商法的调整对有海上运输中发生的法律关系和与船舶有关的法律关系。 2、海商法的法律渊源主要包括:国内法规、国际公约、国际惯例、判例。 五、 关于海商法的性质,即法律属性,主要有以下几种观点:

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海商法期末考试重点整理

海商法期末考试重点整理

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项中有两个以上海事请求的,后发生的先受偿。 根据这一规定,第22条所列5项海事请求应当依照法定顺序受偿,而这个顺序正是基于一定的公共政策设定的。对于海难救助款项请求权,应适用倒序原则确定受偿顺序,即如果海难救助款项请求权后于前三项请求权发生,则先受偿,并且如果存在两个海难救助款项请求权的,后发生的同样先受偿。海难救助款项请求权之外的其他四种海事请求,如果同一顺序中同时存在两个以上海事请求的,则其地位平等,同时受偿,船舶价款不足清偿的,则按照比例受偿。 六、船舶优先权的概念 根据我国海商法第二十一条:船舶优先权,是指海事请求人依照本法第二十二条的规定,向船舶所有人、光船承租人、船舶经营人提出海事请求,对产生该海事请求的船舶具有优先受偿的权利。 七、船舶优先权的特点 法定性、非公示性、追及性、优先受偿性、期限性、程序性

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海商法的历史沿革与中国海商法的发展

海商法的历史沿革中对中国海商法的发展的思考海商法是调整海上运输关系和船舶关系的法律规范的总称。海商法的发展是和航海贸易的发展相关的,随其兴起而产生和发展的。海运是国际贸易运输的主要途径,其与国际经贸尤其是海上贸易有着密不可分的联系。我国有专属管辖海事案件的法院,称为“海事法院”,这说明海商法是一门专业性很强的学科,不仅要掌握一定的法律基础,还要对其涉及到的相关学科要有一定的了解。下面就我所学到的知识做一个总结和讨论。 海商法具有十分悠久的历史。最早载有船舶碰撞规则货物运输规则及水上航运规则的法律,是公元前18世纪的《汉谟拉比法典》。随着地中海地区航海贸易的发展,罗得岛成为该地区的航贸中心,并形成了一些调整航海贸易中发生的共同海损和海上保险的习惯规则,即“罗得海法”。关于罗得海法存在的直接证据来自于一些历史文献的记载。这大约出现在公元前2-3世纪。罗得海法在地中海地区有极大权威性,不仅在相当长一段时期内调整该地区的海上贸易,而且为以后所有海事立法奠定了基础,被称做海商法的萌芽。 到了中世纪,航海通商贸易活动更趋繁荣,海商习惯也日渐发达,逐渐在以地中海、大西洋和北海沿岸的海港城市为中心的欧洲,形成了海事习惯法,主要包括海事习惯和海事判例。这些海事习惯法大多由私人编纂成集。其中中世纪著名的三大海法对现代海商法具有比较深的影响: (一)《奥列隆海法》(LEX OLERON)《奥列隆海法》是法国大西洋海岸一带商人海事法庭的判例和所适用的习惯法的汇集,其主要内容涉及船舶。船长。船员。海难救助以及船长出卖运送品之权能等。该法在大西洋一带影响广泛,它为欧洲海商法的发展奠定了基础。

(二)康索拉朵海法(LEX CONSOLATO)“康索拉朵”原意为“裁判官”,因此该法又称为《海商裁判例》,它收集了14世纪流行于地中海沿岸的海事判例。习惯和学说,内容丰富,体系完整,被称为当时最完备的海事法,对以后的欧洲航运界影响深远。 (三)维斯比海法(laws of wisby)。维斯比海法是公元15世纪在瑞典哥特兰岛上的维斯比城编纂的,并因此得名。它主要继承了奥列隆海法。阿姆斯特丹法。波罗的海汉萨城镇卑克法的传统,盛行于波罗的海沿岸及北海南岸,德国。瑞典等波罗的海沿岸国家海商法受其影响较大。 上述三大海法被认为中世纪海商法的三大基石,但也存在明显的局限性。如三大海法区域性强,其适用有其特定的区域,且大多为私人编纂的惯例,其效力是极为有限的。但是,正因为这些海法虽然在一定的区域内适用,亦具有一定的国际性,在某一地区的国际间通行。 到了近代,欧洲各国纷纷建立起中央集权的封建国家,且随着商品经济的发展,商航分离,制定全国统一海商法的经济基础业已形成。早期资本主义的活力也刺激了航海贸易的迅速发展,工业革命成果更是加剧了海运市场的独立化进程。于是在这样的大环境下,欧洲各国先后制定了海商法典或是各种单行的海事法规,海商法进入了国内化时期。在这期间,法国路易十四于1681年颁布《海事条例》,它是欧洲第一部综合性海商法典,其内容涉及船员。船舶。运输契约。海事司法。国家对海岸和港湾渔业的管理等等。1807年拿破仑把《海事条例》的私法部分纳入《法国商法典》第二编“海商”部分,使海商法更为系统化。科学化。此后,德日商法典照搬了法国商法典的立法体例,把海商法作为专编或专章列入海商法典中。

海商法(含答案)

对外经济贸易大学远程教育学院 2010-2011学年第二学期 《海商法》期末考试大纲 本课程复习大纲适用于本学期的期末考试,所列题目为期末试卷试题的出题范围。 本次期末考试题型分为三种:判断对错(70%),不定项选择(20%),单项选择或是案例分析选择题(占10%)。 期末复习思考题 (答案供参考) 一、判断对错 1.我国的《海商法》是一部国内法,但确是一部与国际规则接轨的涉外性很强 的法律。(对) 2.中世纪的三大海法为奥列隆法、康索拉度海法和罗地海法。(错) 3.海商法具有国际性,国家签订和加入的有关海商法方面的国际公约是海商法 的重要的渊源。(对) 4.船舶属具是属于我国海商法所规定的船舶的定义范围。(对) 5.我国《海商法》所指的船舶是指海船和其他海上移动式装置,不包括用于非 商业目的的军事用船、政府公务船及20总吨以下的小型船艇。(对) 6.我国在取得船舶国籍的立法上,基本上属于封闭型。(对) 7.公海是不属于任何国家管辖的水域,船舶在公海上实行自由航行制度。但要 遵循有关国际公约和国际惯例。(对) 8.船舶买卖是船舶所有权继受取得的一种常见的方法。(对) 9.设定抵押权的船舶因他人的过失而灭失时,船舶抵押权人有权向过失者提出 请求,而船舶优先权则随船舶的灭失而消灭。(对) 10.我国《海商法》规定,船舶留置权,是特指船舶建造人、修船人在合同另一 方不履行合同时,可以留置所占有的船舶,以保证造船费用或者修船费用得以偿还的权利。(对)

11.我国《海商法》第22条对船舶优先权的海事请求项目进行了明确的规定,其 目的是享有船舶优先权的海事请求人能够得到法律的保护。(错) 12.海上货物运输合同多以书面形式订立,海商法对其规定多为强制性规定。 (错) 13.在海运实践中,凡载有承运人对于货物的内容、数量、质量、技术规格等不 知的“不知条款”的提单,都属于不清洁提单。(错) 14.《海牙规则》规定了承运人承担货物损坏赔偿责任的最高限额,具体为每件 或者每单位的货物为500英镑或其他等值的货物,超过的部分概不负责。 (错) 15.《海牙规则》规定提单是承运人收到货物的初步证据,《维斯比规则》明确规 定提单已被转让给善意的无辜的第三人(innocent third party)手上,就作为对承运人有约束力的最终证据(Conclusive evidence)。(对)16.我国《海商法》第75条至77条规定明确了提单有关货物记载事项的证据效 力。证据效力有两种:一种为初步证据又称表面证据,即允许有关当事人提出相反的证据。另一种为最终证据,即提单上有关货物的记载事项在承运人和包括收货人在内的善意第三人之间构成最终证据,承运人不得提出相反证据。(对) 17.《汉堡规则》规定,对于托运人为了换取清洁提单而向承运人出具的承担赔 偿责任的保函,仅在托运人和承运人之间有效,而对于包括受让提单的收货人在内的第三人一概无效。(对) 18.我国《海商法》第59条规定,如果货物的灭失、损坏或迟延交付是承运人故 意或明知可能造成损失而轻率地作为或者不作为造成的,承运人不得援引限制赔偿责任的规定,承运人对此负有举证责任。(错) 19.英国在1992年通过的《海上货物运输法》规定,提单的合法持有人,无论他 是否具有所有权,均拥有对承运人的诉权。(对) 20.我国《海商法》规定,实际承运人是指接受承运人委托,从事货物运输或者 部分运输的人,包括接受转委托从事此项运输的其他人,也被称为订约承运人。(错) 21.我国《海商法》第99条规定,航次租船合同中的承租人可以将租用的船舶转 租,转租后,原合同约定的权利和义务不受影响。(对) 22.航次租船合同中,解约日条款(canceling date clause)是承租人有权解除

中华人民共和国海商法 解释

【法规名称】海商法 【颁布部门】 【颁布时间】 2000-01-26 【效力属性】已修正 海商法 第 1 条 本法称船舶者,谓在海上航行,或在与海相通水面或水中航行之船舶。 第 2 条 本法称船长者,谓受船舶所有人雇用主管船舶一切事务之人员;称海员者,谓受船舶所有人雇用由船长指挥服务于船舶上所有人员。 第 3 条 下列船舶除因碰撞外,不适用本法之规定: 一船舶法所称之小船。 二军事建制之舰艇。 三专用于公务之船舶。 四第一条规定以外之其他船舶。 第 4 条 船舶保全程序之强制执行,于船舶发航准备完成时起,以迄航行至次一停泊港时止,不得为之。但为使航行可能所生之债务,或因船舶碰撞所生之损害,不在此限。 国境内航行船舶之保全程序,得以揭示方法为之。 第 5 条 海商事件,依本法之规定者,本法无规定者,适用其他法律之规定。 第 6 条 船舶除本法有特别规定外,适用民法关于动产之规定。 第 7 条

除给养品外,凡于航行上或营业上必需之一切设备及属具,皆视为船舶之一部。 第 8 条 船舶所有权或应有部分之让与,非作成书面并依下列之规定,不生效力: 一在中华民国,应申请让与地或船舶所在地航政主管机关盖印证明。 二在外国,应申请中华民国驻外使领馆、代表处或其他外交部授权机构盖印证明。 第 9 条 船舶所有权之移转,非经登记,不得对抗第三人。 第 10 条 船舶建造中,承揽人破产而破产管理人不为完成建造者,船舶定造人,得将船舶及业经交付或预定之材料,照估价扣除已付定金给偿收取之,并得自行出资在原处完成建造。但使用船厂应给与报偿。 第 11 条 共有船舶之处分及其他与共有人共同利益有关之事项,应以共有人过半数并其应有部分之价值合计过半数之同意为之。 第 12 条 船舶共有人有出卖其应有部分时,其他共有人,得以同一价格尽先承买。 因船舶共有权一部分之出卖,致该船舶丧失中华民国国籍时,应得共有人全体之同意。 第 13 条 船舶共有人,以其应有部分供抵押时,应得其他共有人过半数之同意。 第 14 条 船舶共有人,对于利用船舶所生之债务,就其应有部分,负比例分担之责。 共有人对于发生债务之管理行为,曾经拒绝同意者,关于此项债务,得委弃其应有部分于他共有人而免其责任。 第 15 条 船舶共有人为船长而被辞退或解任时,得退出共有关系,并请求返还其应有部分之资金。

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