MARITIME [CAP. 131
Commencement: 13 April 1981
LAWS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VANUATU
CHAPTER 131
MARITIME
Act 8 of 1981
Act 36 of 1982
Act 15 of 1987
Act 8 of 1989
Act 3 of 1990
Act 13 of 1996
Act 31 of 1998
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
SECTION
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
1. Interpretation
CHAPTER 2
ADMINISTRATION
2. Commissioner of Maritime Affairs
3. Deputy Commissioner of Maritime Affairs
3A. Special Agents
4. Maritime Administrator
5. Records relating to vessels
6. Authority to administer oaths and take acknowledgments
7. Authority to issue radio station licences
8. Authority to issue licences, certificates
9. Suspension and revocation proceedings
10. Fees
CHAPTER 3
CAP. 131] MARITIME
12. Separability
13. General penalty for violation
14. Jurisdiction
15. Appeal from Commissioner's decision
CHAPTER 4
DOCUMENTATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF VESSELS
16. General provisions
17. Vessels eligible to be documented or redocumented
18. Registry fee, tonnage taxes
19. Annual tonnage tax
20. Conditions precedent to issuance of permanent Certificate of Registry
21. Oaths
22. Measurement
23. Certificate of measurement
24. Measurement of vessels
25. Treatment of shelterdeck and certain other spaces
26. Tonnage statements in Certificate of Registry
27. Forms of documents
28. Numbering Certificates of Registry and licences
29. Provisional Certificate of Registry to vessels abroad
30. Conditions precedent to issuance of provisional certificate
31. Conditions precedent to issuance of bareboat charter Certificate of Registry
32. Denial of document
33. Waiver of certain requirements of chapter 4
34. Sale of document forbidden
35. Sale or transfer abroad
36. Transfer to foreign registry
37. Application for surrender of documents
38. Surrender of Certificate of Registry
39. Surrender of documents of vessel subject to preferred mortgages
40. New document
41. Builder's certificate
42. Names, numbers and marks on vessel
43. Numbering of vessels
44. Change in name of vessel
45. Inspection of document
46. Display of ship's papers to consul
47. Forgery of Documents and False Declarations
48. Rules and regulations
49. Standards of seaworthiness
MARITIME [CAP. 131
CHAPTER 5
PREFERRED SHIP MORTGAGES AND MARITIME LIENS
50. Contents of record
51. Documentary endorsement of preferred mortgage
52. Termination of mortgagee's interests
53. Conditions precedent to recording
54. Recording of bills of sale
55. Recording of mortgages
56. Preferred mortgage
57. Lien of preferred mortgage
58. Interest on preferred mortgage
58A. Advances and Repayments
58B. Units of Account
59. Disclosure of liens and priority
60. Exhibiting certified copies
61. Record of notice of claim of lien
62. Discharge of mortgage
63. Foreclosure and default jurisdiction and procedure
64. Preferred status
65. Foreclosures
66. Necessaries
67. Waiver of lien in necessaries
67A. Abolition of Endorsement
CHAPTER 6
CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA
68. Interpretation
69. Risks
70. Responsibilities and liabilities
71. Rights and immunities
71A. Defences
72. Surrender of rights and immunities and increase of responsibilities and liabilities
73. Special conditions
74. Contract permitted as to damages to goods while not on ship
75. Effect of chapter
76. Discrimination forbidden as to competing shippers
77. Bulk cargoweights ascertained by third parties
78. Scope of chapter
CHAPTER 7
LIMITATION OF SHIPOWNERS LIABILITY
CAP. 131] MARITIME
80. Claims
81. Limitation fund
82. Bail and release
83. Applicability
84. Fire damage
CHAPTER 8
RADIO
85. Regulations
CHAPTER 9
RULES OF NAVIGATION
86. Regulations for preventing collisions
87. Small rowing boats
88. Penalty for violation of rules by pilot, engineer, mate or master
89. Penalty for violation by vessel
90. Assistance in case of collision
91. Penalty for failure to render assistance
CHAPTER 10
WRECKS AND SALVAGE
92. Vessels stranded on foreign coasts
93. Right to salvage not affected by ownership of vessel
94. Salvage remuneration
95. Time limit for salvage suits
96. Recovery for salvage services rendered by Government vessels
97. Marine casualties
98. Marine casualty investigations
CHAPTER 11
MERCHANT SEAMEN
99. Application
100. Interpretation
101. Full complement required
102. Of Officers licences
103. Penalty
104. Termination of employment of master
105. Duties of the master
106. Special powers of masters
107. Certain seamen's rights provided for master
MARITIME [CAP. 131 110. Exemptions with respect to shipping articles
111. Penalty for alteration of shipping articles
112. Penalty for shipping without shipping articles
113. Duration and extension of shipping articles
114. Termination of shipping articles
115. Certificate of service
116. Exemptions with respect to certificates of service
117. Minimum age at sea
118. Payment of wages
119. Wages for unjustifiable discharge
120. Stowaway entitled to wages, if there is an agreement
121. Grounds for discharge
122. Advances and allotment of wages
123. Wages and clothing exempt from attachment
124. Vacation allowance and holidays
125. Agreements as to loss of lien or right to wages
126. Wages not dependent on freight earned
127. Wages, maintenance and cure for sick and injured seaman
127A. Benefits of Compensation for Loss of Life
128. Wrongful death
129. Death on board
130. Issuance of death certificate
131. Burial expenses
132. Working hours overtime
133. Repatriation
134. Loss of right of repatriation
135. Offences against the internal order of the vessel
136. Prohibition of corporal punishment
137. Drunkenness, neglect of duty
138. Desertion
139. Incitement of seamen to revolt or mutiny
140. Revolt or mutiny of seamen
141. Entry of the offences in logbook
142. Abandonment of seamen
143. Freedom of association
144. Protection of freedom of association
145. Bargaining and execution of labour contract
146. Provisions authorized in labour contracts
147. Provisions prohibited in labour contracts
148. Protection of labour contract
149. Strikes, picketing and like interference
150. Conciliation and mediation of labour disputes, differences or grievances
151. Time limit
152. Minister to make rules and regulations
CAP. 131] MARITIME
MARITIME
To provide for the establishment of a shipping register for vessels of Vanuatu engaged in foreign trade and for matters connected therewith.
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
INTERPRETATION
1. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires--
"Administrator" means the Maritime Administrator appointed under section 4;
31 of 98"Authority" means the Vanuatu Maritime Authority established by the Maritime
Authority Act No. 29 of 1998
31 of 98"Commissioner" means the Commissioner of Maritime Affairs appointed under section
12 of the Maritime Authority Act No. 29 of 1998;
"Deputy Commissioners" mean the Deputy Commissioners appointed under section 3;
"documented" means registered, enrolled or licensed;
"dollars" mean United States dollars;
8 of 89"foreign trade" means trade between Vanuatu and a foreign country or between one
foreign country and another and includes transportation of goods between the ports of
Vanuatu and ports of foreign countries and between the ports of one foreign country and another";
13 of 96"Minister" means the Minister responsible for the Register of Ships and Seafarers
31 of 98within the meaning of the Maritime Authority Act No. 29 of 1998;
"ship's document" means the Certificate of Registry whether permanent or provisional;
and
8 of 89"Special Agent" means a Special Agent appointed under section 3A.
CHAPTER 2
ADMINISTRATION
2. Repealed 20 January 1999.
MARITIME [CAP. 131
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF MARITIME AFFAIRS
3. (1) The Commissioner may from time to time appoint Deputy Commissioners of
Maritime Affairs.
(2) The Commissioner may delegate to the Deputy Commissioners any of his powers
and duties under the Act to be exercised in foreign ports.
SPECIAL AGENTS
3A. (1) The Commissioner may from time to time appoint such persons as he may
8 of 89think fit, as special agents.
(2) The Commissioner may delegate to the special agents appointed under subsection
(1) any of his powers and duties under the Act to be exercised in foreign ports.
(3) A Deputy Commissioner may from time to time with prior written approval of the
Commissioner appoint any person as his special agent.
(4) A Deputy Commissioner may with the prior written approval of the Commissioner
delegate to the special agents appointed under subsection (3) any of his powers
and duties under the Act, to be exercised in foreign ports.
MARITIME ADMINISTRATOR
4. The Authority may appoint on such terms and conditions as it deems fit, any person or
31 of 98 persons, or body corporate to perform the functions of Maritime Administrator.
RECORDS RELATING TO VESSELS
5. There shall be maintained in the office of the Commissioner at Port Vila, Vanuatu and at
the office of every Deputy Commissioner a central office where there shall be recorded or filed, in properly indexed public registers, all documents of the following nature
(a) bills of sale and other instruments of conveyance of vessels;
(b) mortgages or hypothecations of vessels;
(c) assignments of mortgages;
(d) certificates of permanent and provisional registry and licences;
(e) licences and certificates of officers and members of ship's crew;
(f) all other documents relating to vessels which are entitled to be recorded.
AUTHORITY TO TAKE DECLARATIONS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
6. (1) Any declaration or acknowledgment required to be made under this Act shall
8 of 89 be made before -
CAP. 131] MARITIME
(b) a consul or consular agent of Vanuatu; or
(c) a Diplomatic officer of Vanuatu; or
(d) a Barrister or Solicitor; or
(e) a notary public, a justice of the peace, a Commissioner of oaths or any
other officer, authorized in that behalf by the laws of the place where the
declaration is made; or
31 of 98(f) any other fit and proper authorized by the Authority, Commissioner or
Deputy Commissioner for such purposes.
(2) Any document purporting to have affixed, impressed or subscribed thereon or
thereto the seal or signature of any person authorised under this Act, to take a
declaration shall be admissible in evidence without proof of the seal or signature
being the seal or signature of that person or of the official or other status of that
person.
7. Repealed 26 June 1989
8 of 89
AUTHORITY TO ISSUE LICENCES, CERTIFICATES
8. (1) The Commissioner and every Deputy Commissioner are authorised to issue all
such licences, certificates or other documents for officers and ship's personnel on
vessels registered under this Act, as are necessary or proper for carrying out the
purposes of the maritime law or of any international convention to which Vanuatu
is or may become a party.
(2) In carrying out the licensing, certification and upgrading of ship's officers and
31 of 98personnel, the Authority upon the recommendation of the Commissioner shall
from time to time, establish such standards, rules and regulations as it deems
necessary and appropriate for maintaining a high standard for the merchant marine
of Vanuatu.
15 of 87(3) Failure of an owner of a vessel registered under this Act to file any required
report relating to officers employed on the vessel shall result in an automatic fine
of 1500 dollars for each offence and until paid, each such fine shall constitute a
maritime lien on the vessel.
15 of 87(4) Failure of an owner of a vessel registered under this Act, to ensure that each
officer employed on the vessel holds a valid licence of competence to fill the
position held by him duly issued under the provisions of this Act shall subject the
owner thereof to a fine of 750 dollars for each officer so employed who does not
LAWS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VANUATU
MARITIME [CAP. 131
notice, from the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner, the fine with respect thereto shall be remitted. Until paid or remitted, each fine shall constitute a maritime lien on the vessel.
SUSPENSION AND REVOCATION PROCEEDINGS
9.
(1) The Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner shall have power to 8 of 89
suspend or to revoke any licence, certificate, permit or document issued the provisions of this Act.
31 of 98
(2)
The Authority, on the recommendation of the Commissioner may from time to time make such rules and regulations as are deemed by it necessary and appropriate to the conduct of suspension and revocation proceedings.
FEES AND PENALTIES
10. (1)
The Authority may, on the recommendation of the Commissioner, prescribe all fees and penalties except in cases where the fee and penalty are already provided for in this Act.
(2)
Where any tonnage tax or any fee payable under this Act or under any regulation made thereunder is not paid on or before the due date such tax or fee shall be deemed to be in default and the person who is liable to pay such tax or fee shall in addition to that tax or fee pay as penalty a further sum in such amount and in such manner as may be prescribed under subsection (1) of this section.
(3)
The net tonnage of unique design and special purpose vessels shall be stipulated prior to the registration for purposes of this section.
(4)
With respect to any vessel which has been admitted to Vanuatu registry and thereafter undergoes structural alteration or re-measurement resulting in a change in net tonnage, there shall be paid prior to re-entry into service a corresponding adjustment of the registration fees computed on any increase in tonnage.
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION
ADOPTION OF GENERAL MARITIME LAW
11.
Insofar as it does not conflict with any other provision of this Act or any statutory law of Vanuatu, the nonstatutory general maritime law of the United States of America is hereby declared to be and is hereby adopted as the general maritime law in respect of all vessels registered under this Act.
SEPARABILITY
12.
If any provision of this Act, or the application of any such provision to any circumstances or persons, natural or corporate, shall be held invalid, the validity of the remainder of this 15 of 87
8 of 89
31 of 98
LAWS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VANUATU
31 of 98
CAP. 131] MARITIME
GENERAL PENALTY FOR VIOLATION
13. Except as expressly provided in this Act, any person who is convicted by a court of
8 of 89competent jurisdiction of a violation of any of the provisions of this Act or of rules and
regulations thereunder shall, upon conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding 25,000 dollars or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, or to both.
JURISDICTION
14. All causes of action arising out of, or under, this Act are hereby declared and shall be
cognizable before the Supreme Court of Vanuatu but, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the provisions of this section shall not be deemed to deprive other courts elsewhere, of jurisdiction to enforce such causes of action.
APPEALS
15. (1) Appeal from any decision of a Deputy Commissioner or Special Agent,
8 of 89pursuant to any provision of this Act or any rule and regulation made thereunder,
may be made to the Commissioner.
8 of 89(2) Any person aggrieved by the decision of the Commissioner, upon any appeal
made to him under subsection (1), or by any decision of the Commissioner
pursuant to any other provisions of this Act or rules and regulations made
thereunder, may appeal from that decision to the Maritime Appeals Tribunal
established under the Maritime Authority Act No. 29 of 1998.
CHAPTER 4
DOCUMENTATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF VESSELS
GENERAL PROVISIONS
16. No self-propelled or sailing vessel engaged in foreign trade shall fly the flag of Vanuatu
or be accorded the rights and privileges of a vessel of Vanuatu unless such vessel shall be registered in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter. The home port of every
vessel so registered shall be Port Vila, and the name of the home port shall be shown on
the Certificate of Registry.
VESSELS ELIGIBLE TO BE DOCUMENTED OR REDOCUMENTED
17. (1) Vessels of the following classes are eligible to be documented or redocumented
under this Act
9 of 89(a) any seagoing vessels engaged in Foreign Trade owned by a citizen or
national of Vanuatu;
(b) any yacht or other vessel used exclusively for pleasure, of 50 net tons or
over, owned by a citizen or national of Vanuatu;
MARITIME [CAP. 131 Provided such vessels shall not be eligible for documentation if on, 1 January in
the year in which documentation is sought, such vessels are over 20 years of age,
computed from completion of first construction;
9 of 89(2) Repealed 26 June 1989
9 of 89(3) Anything in this section to the contrary notwithstanding, the 20 year age limit
requirement referred to in subsection (l), may be waived by the Commissioner or
Deputy Commissioner and a vessel of more than 20 years of age may be registered
in exceptional cases where it has been demnonstrated to the satisfaction of the
Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner that
(a) the vessel meets all other requirements for registration, and
(b) the vessel receives the top classification of one of the ship classification
societies authorised by this Act or any regulation made thereunder.
(4) Anything in this section to the contrary notwithstanding, the ownership
requirement referred to in subsection (l)(a) may in exceptional cases be waived by
the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner where -
(a) the vessel meets all other requirements for registration; and
(b) it has been satisfactorily demonstrated that there is an absolute and genuine
need for such waiver.
(5) In this section, the words "citizen" or "national" shall include corporations,
partnerships and associations of individuals.
REGISTRY FEE, AND TONNAGE TAXES
18. (1) The following registration fee shall be payable upon registration -
15 of 87
for vessels of 5,000 tons or less .............................. 1.05 dollars per net ton
for vessels of 5,001 tons and up to 25,000 tons ......... 0.87 dollars per net ton
for vessels of 25,001 tons and over ........................... 0.70 dollar per net ton
for registration of vessels on bareboat charter, of
any tonnage .............................................................. 0.35 dollars per net ton
13 of 96(2) Anything in this section to the contrary notwithstanding, the Commissioner may 31 of 98if he feels it is justified, after consultation with the Authority, reduce or waive the
registration fee payable on the registration of any vessel under this Act.
13 of 96 (3) There shall be an annual tonnage tax per net ton: Provided, however, that as to
any vessel of less than 500 net tons registered under this Act, the registration fee
and annual tonnage tax shall be equal to that required for a vessel of 500 net tons.
CAP. 131] MARITIME
15 of 87(4) All unpaid tonnage taxes and all other charges (not to exceed 10,000 dollars) due
to the office of the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner shall constitute a
maritime lien on the vessel second only to liens for wages and salvage.
8 of 89(5) Tonnage taxes may be reviewed annually, provided that where an increase is made
it shall not take effect until the first day in January in the year next following such
increase.
ANNUAL TONNAGE TAX
19. (1) Except as herein otherwise provided, the annual tonnage tax on vessels
15 of 89provided for in section 18 shall be due on the first day in January in each year and
may be paid in 2 equal instalments, the first of which is payable on the first day
in January and the second on the first day in July.
(2) Upon failure to pay the tonnage tax as provided in subsection (1), the
Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner may invalidate the Certificate of
Registry of the vessel with respect to which such tax is payable.
(3) No Certificate of Registry, either permanent or provisional, shall be issued for a
vessel not previously registered under the provisions of this Act, unless a sum
equal to the tonnage tax for 1 year is paid in respect of the vessel. In the case of a
vessel initially registered, the amount payable on the first day of January of the
year immediately following the date of its initial registration shall be computed at
the rate of 0.25 dollars per net ton for the year remaining between the first
anniversary of the date of its initial registration and the close of the calendar year.
(4) No bareboat charter certificate of registry shall be issued for a vessel registered
under section 17(1)(c) of this Act unless a sum equal to 2 years annual tonnage tax
as provided in section 18 is paid upon registration.
(5) The Commissioner and each Deputy Commissioner are authorised to collect the
tonnage tax and to issue receipts therefor.
8 of 89(6) Unless otherwise provided, all fees payable under this Act or any regulation made
thereunder shall be paid in advance on or before 1 January of the year in respect of
which such fees are due. If payment is not made before 31 March of such year the
Certificate of Registry of the vessel in question may be suspended until all
outstanding fees and penalties for late payment thereof are paid.
15 of 87(7) All unpaid tonnage taxes, fees and other charges including penalties owing
8 of 89 under this Act or regulations made thereunder shall constitute a maritime lien on
the vessel in respect of which such amounts are due, and such lien shall have
priority over all others save those for wages and salvage.
15 of 87(8) No Certificate of Registry shall be returned to the Master of a vessel
8 of 89by an officer of Vanuatu with whom it may have been deposited under proof is
MARITIME [CAP. 131 8 of 89(9) (a) Any vessel which is withdrawn from service and laid up for one year or
more shall, subject to any condition prescribed under paragraph (b), be
exempted from payment of annual tonnage tax under section 18 in respect
of each succeeding year during the period of such withdrawal.
Upon the re-entry of service by such vessel the tonnage tax due and
payable by such vessel shall be computed pro-rata from the date of such
re-entry for the remainder of that calendar year.
31 of 98(b) The Authority may prescribe the conditions subject to which any vessel
may be exempted under paragraph (a).
CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO ISSUANCE OF PERMANENT CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY
20. Upon receipt of a written application of an owner of a vessel eligible for
8 of 89documentation under the provisions of this Act requesting the issuance of a Certificate of
Registry for the vessel, accompanied by the declaration required by section 21, the Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner, upon payment of the prescribed fees, may issue a permanent Certificate of Registry for the vessel provided that the owner furnishes proof satisfactory to the issuing officer -
(a) as to his ownership of the vessel;
(b) that any foreign marine document for the vessel has been surrendered with the
consent of the government that had issued it, or that it has been legally cancelled;
(c) that the vessel is in a seaworthy condition;
8 of 89(d) that the owner has paid the registration fees due in respect of the vessel;
(e) that the markings of name, official number, net tonnage or tonnages, home port
and draft required by section 42 have actually been made;
(f) that a certificate of measurement as required by section 23 has been issued.
DECLARATION
21. (1) In order to document a vessel, the owner, managing owner, part owner, or his
8 of 89 agent, authorised by power of attorney, where such vessel is owned by
individuals, or, in the case of a corporate owned vessel, a director, secretary or
assistant secretary of the corporation or other officer or agent authorised in writing
shall make a declaration declaring the name of the vessel; its net tonnage or
tonnages; the place where built; the name and residence of any other owner and
his citizenship; each owners proportion; the name of the affiant and his
citizenship.
CAP. 131] MARITIME
8 of 89(3) The names of the persons owning shares in an incorporated company owning such
vessel need not be stated. The declaration of any other person interested and
concerned in the vessel shall not be required. An agent or attorney who purchases
any vessel shall make a declaration with respect to the ownership of the vessel and
shall declare that he is the agent or attorney for the owner and in such capacity has
made such purchase in good faith.
8 of 89(4) Notwithstanding section 6, whenever the document of any vessel is lost or
destroyed the master or other person in command may make the following
declaration before any consular or diplomatic officer or any officer appointed by
31 of 98 the Authority , or by the Commissioner or a Deputy Commissioner at or nearest
to the port where the vessel is first located after such loss or destruction.58
8 of 89"I, (insert the name of the person swearing) being master or in command of the
(insert type of vessel) or vessel called the (insert the name of vessel) Official No.
(insert number) owned by (insert name of owner) of (insert domicile of the owner)
do declare that the said vessel has been, as I verily believe, registered according to
the laws of Vanuatu by the name of (insert again name of vessel), and that a
permanent (or provisional) Certificate of Registry bearing no. (insert number of
lost Certificate) was issued for such vessel pursuant to the laws of Vanuatu at
(insert place of issuance of lost Certificate) on (insert date of issuance of lost
Certificate) which Certificate has been lost (or destroyed); and that the same, if
found, and within my power, will be delivered up to the Commissioner or Deputy
Commissioner."
8 of 89(5) When an declaration is made as provided in subsection (4), the officer or person
taking such declaration shall grant to the vessel a temporary provisional document
of registry and insert therein that it is issued in lieu of the one lost or destroyed.
Such officer or person shall forthwith send to the Commissioner or to any Deputy
Commissioner a written notice, accompanied by a copy of the declaration,
advising that such declaration has been made and such temporary provisional
document issued. Upon receipt of such notice the Commissioner or such Deputy
Commissioner upon being satisfied that the vessel is entitled to a Certificate of
Registry, may grant a new Certificate of Registry, identical to that which was lost
or destroyed. As soon as practicable after the issuance of such Certificate of
Registry, the temporary provisional document hereinbefore referred to shall be
surrendered to the Commissioner or to a Deputy Commissioner for cancellation.
MEASUREMENT
22. A vessel shall not be permanently registered until measured by a person appointed by the
Commissioner or by the Deputy Commissioner. A vessel registered under this Act shall not be required to be measured anew unless her burden has been changed.
MARITIME [CAP. 131 CERTIFICATE OF MEASUREMENT
23. The person or agent appointed under section 22 to measure a vessel shall certify,
specifying the building of the vessel, number of decks and masts, length, breadth, depth, tonnage or tonnages, and such other particulars usually descriptive of the identity of a vessel, and that the markings required by section 42 have actually been made.
MEASUREMENT OF VESSELS
24. The Minister on the recommendation of the Commissioner shall by Order prescribe the
method of measurement for all vessels registered under this Act.
TREATMENT OF SHELTER-DECK AND CERTAIN OTHER SPACES
25. The "Recommendations on the Treatment of ShelterDeck and other 'Open' Spaces",
adopted on 18 October 1963, by the Assembly of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organisation, are hereby adopted and the Minister on the recommendation of the Commissioner may issue Orders for the purpose of effectuating those Recommendations.
TONNAGE STATEMENTS IN CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY
26. (1) Each ship's Certificate of Registry shall state the gross and net tonnage or
tonnages determined in accordance with such rules and regulations as the
Commissioner may prescribe.
(2) Upon application by the owner or master of a vessel registered under this Act
engaged in foreign trade, the Commissioner or his duly authorised agent may
attach to the document an appendix for use in foreign ports, stating separately, the
measurement of such space or spaces as are there permitted to be deducted from
gross tonnage or tonnages.
FORMS OF DOCUMENTS
27. The Minister on the recommendation of the Commissioner shall prescribe and furnish
forms of bareboat charter, provisional and permanent Certificates of Registry and other ship documents; and may prescribe forms of endorsements that may be made on ship documents from time to time, without issuance of a new document or surrender of the old document, to show liens and encumbrances.
NUMBERING CERTIFICATES OF REGISTRY AND LICENCES
28. The Commissioner or his duly authorised agent shall progressively number the licences
and Certificates of Registry, respectively, granted by him, beginning anew at the commencement of each year, and shall make a record thereof in a book kept for that purpose. Bareboat charter Certificates of Registry shall be assigned a separate series of numbers as the Commissioner or his duly authorised agent stipulates. He shall also retain permanently copies of all such documents issued by or surrendered to him.
CAP. 131] MARITIME
PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY TO VESSELS ABROAD
29. (1) Upon compliance with the provisions set forth in section 30, a provisional
Certificate of Registry may be issued by the Commissioner or any Deputy
Commissioner, by a Vanuatu consular or diplomatic officer or consular agent
upon direction by the Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner, or by any
other person designated by the Minister, to vessels abroad which are to be
documented under the flag of Vanuatu.
(2) Copies of provisional Certificates of Registry issued by persons other than the
Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner shall be furnished as soon as practicable
by the issuing officer to the Commissioner and all Deputy Commissioners.
(3) Unless sooner invalidated, a provisional Certificate of Registry shall entitle the
vessel to the privileges of a vessel of Vanuatu in the foreign trade until the
expiration of 1 year from its date.
(4) The Commissioner or his duly authorised agent shall prescribe the conditions in
accordance with which provisional Certificates of Registry shall be issued and
renewed and the manner in which they shall be surrendered in exchange for
permanent Certificates of Registry.
CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO ISSUANCE OF PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE
30. (1) Upon receipt by the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner of a written
application of an owner of a vessel eligible for documentation under the
provisions of this Act requesting the issuance of a Certificate of Registry for
8 of 89the vessel, accompanied by the declaration or declarations required by section 21,
and upon payment of the prescribed fees to the officer receiving such application,
the Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner or any issuing official listed in
section 29(1) may issue a provisional Certificate of Registry for the vessel,
provided the owner shall furnish proof satisfactory to the officer receiving such
application--
(a) as to his ownership of the vessel;
(b) that if there is an outstanding foreign marine document for the vessel, the
government that had issued it has consented to its surrender and that either
the marine document has been surrendered for cancellation or that the
owner has issued orders to the master of the vessel to surrender the foreign
marine document for cancellation immediately upon receipt of the
provisional Certificate of Registry on board the vessel; or that the
outstanding document has been legally cancelled;
MARITIME [CAP. 131
8 of 89(d) that the owner has paid the registration fees due in respect of the vessel
being the initial registration fee;
(e) that the markings of name, official number, net tonnage or tonnages, home
port and draft required by section 42 have either actually been made or that
the owner has issued orders to the master of the vessel to have such
markings made immediately upon receipt of the Vanuatu provisional
Certificate of Registry on board the vessel.
(2) Unless the owner within 30 days after issuance of the provisional Certificate of
Registry shall furnish satisfactory proof to the officer to whom the application for
documentation has been presented, showing that the vessel's outstanding foreign
marine document has actually been surrendered for cancellation and that the
markings required by section 42 have actually been made, or if before such 30 day
period it is established that any of the obligations hereunder will not or cannot be
complied with, such officer may declare the provisional Certificate of Registry to
be null and void.
(3) As soon as reasonably practicable after admeasurement of the vessel and the
surrender for cancellation of any outstanding foreign marine document for the
vessel and the making of the markings required by section 42 a permanent
Certificate of Registry shall be issued in place of any provisional Certificate
theretofore issued, and such provisional Certificate shall be surrendered as
promptly as circumstances permit to the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner.
When the permanent Certificate of Registry is issued after the issuance of a
provisional Certificate, the charges originally paid shall be adjusted in accordance
with the tonnage established by the certificate of measurement.
(4) For good cause shown the Commissioner or any Deputy Commissioner may, from
time to time, renew a provisional Certificate of Registry for a period not exceeding
1 year.
CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO ISSUANCE OF BAREBOAT CHARTER CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY
31. (1) Anything in this Act to the contrary notwithstanding, a bareboat charterer of
8 of 89 a vessel registered in a foreign registry may, where permitted by that foreign
registry, obtain a bareboat charter certificate of registry for a period not exceeding
five years, on payment of a prescribed fee and upon presentation to the
Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner of the following -
(a) a written application;
CAP. 131] MARITIME
(b) a copy of the charterparty in a form satisfactory to the Commissioner or
Deputy Commissioner and certified as true and correct by any person
permitted to take oaths under section 21;
(c) proof of ownership, and consent of the registered owner of the vessel;
(d) consents of holders of all mortgages, hypothecations or similar charges
against the vessel in the foreign registry;
8 of 89(e) repealed 26 June 1989;
(f) written consent of the country of registry, or presentation of satisfactory
evidence that such consent is not required;
(g) a certificate of ownership and encumbrance, transcript of registry, or other
such document from the foreign registry showing all recorded liens and en-
cumbrances.
(2) During any period in which a vessel carries a bareboat charter Certificate of
Registry, at no time shall a document indicating a transfer of ownership be
recorded against the vessel in the record books maintained at the office of the
Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner. Any mortgage, hypothecation or similar
charge, or document related thereto, which is at any time recorded in the foreign
registry shall be recorded in the office of the Commissioner or Deputy
Commissioner as provided for in subsection (3).
8 of 89(2A) Any mortgage, hypothecation or similar charge related to any vessel in respect of
which a bareboat charter certificate of registry is issued, may be created only by
the owner of that vessel in accordance with the laws of the Nation where the
vessel is registered.
(3) Copies of mortgages, hypothecations or charges referred to in subsection (l)(d)
shall upon payment of the prescribed fee be recorded in the same order as
recorded in the foreign registry in a bareboat charter mortgage book
8 of 89maintained at the office of the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner. Two
certified copies of the recorded document shall be furnished to the bareboat
charterer 1 of which is to be placed upon and retained on board the vessel. All
such foreign mortgages, hypothecations and charges shall have preferred status as
under section 64.
8 of 89(3A) The Commissioner or the Deputy Commissioner may waive the requirement of
MARITIME [CAP. 131 charterer of the vessel and of the holders of all the mortgages, hypothecation or
similar charges against such vessel.
8 of 89(3B) Where a waiver is provided in accordance with subsection (3A) of this section and
any document presented under paragraph (g) of subsection (1) shows any lien or
encumbrance on the vessel, the following endorsement shall be made on the
provisional and permanent bareboat certificates of registry:-
"This bareboat charter certificate of registry has been issued in accordance with
section 30A of the Vanuatu Maritime Act, No.8 of 1981. Pursuant to subsection
(3A) of that section, the requirement of recordation of any mortgage,
hypothecation or similar charge, recorded in the foreign registry in which the
vessel is registered, has been waived. Notwithstanding such waiver such
mortgage, hypothecation or similar charge shall have preferred status under and
subject to section 62 of the said Act. The primary jurisdiction of the registry in
which the vessel is registered is ............................"
8 of 89(4) Where permitted by the foreign registry, a bareboat charter certificate of registry
may be extended for a period of five years upon filing, prior to the expiration of
the current certificate, an application, together with a copy of the charterparty, a
certificate of ownership and encumbrance or transcript of registry, and the written
consents of all mortgagees with the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner and
upon payment of the prescribed fees and taxes.
(5) A bareboat charter Certificate of Registry may be cancelled prior to its date of
expiration upon presentation to the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner of the
following--
(a) written consent of all holders of record of any mortgage, hypothecation or
other charge on the vessel;
(b) written consent of the owner;
(c) written consent of the bareboat charterer; and
(d) surrender of the bareboat charter Certificate of Registry and the radio
licence for cancellation.
If the vessel is sold or transferred during the time it carries a bareboat charter
Certificate of Registry, the Certificate shall become null and void at the time of
the sale or transfer and must be surrendered for cancellation within 30 days or
such further time as may be allowed by the Commissioner or Deputy
CAP. 131] MARITIME
(6) The bareboat charterer of a Vanuatu vessel may register the vessel in a foreign
jurisdiction, where permitted by that jurisdiction, upon obtaining written consent
of the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner, which may be granted upon
presentation of the following--
(a) written consent of the owner;
(b) written consent of all holders of record of any mortgage, hypothecation or
other charges recorded in the offices of the Commissioner and Deputy
Commissioner;
8 of 89(c) deleted 26 June 1989
(d) a copy of the foreign document, certified as true and correct, to be
8 of 89 submitted by the bareboat charterer within 30 days following registry in
the foreign jurisdiction.
DENIAL OF DOCUMENT
32. The Commissioner or his agent or consular or diplomatic officer shall not grant a
document or issue papers to any vessel until all applicable provisions of this Chapter have been complied with.
WAIVER OF CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS OF CHAPTER 4
33. (1) Where an owner of a vessel registered in a foreign registry is prevented from,
8 of 89or incurs inordinate delay in, complying with any of the requirements of sections
20(b), 29(1), 30(1)(b) and 31 because of abnormal conditions existing in the
country of foreign registration the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner may
waive such requirements.
(2) Unless the owner within 30 days after issuance of the provisional Certificate of
Registry shall furnish satisfactory proof to the officer to whom the application for
documentation has been presented, showing that the vessel's outstanding foreign
marine document has actually been surrendered for cancellation and that the
markings required by section 42 have actually been made, or if before such 30 day
period it is established that any of the obligations hereunder will not or cannot be
complied with, such officer may declare the provisional Certificate of Registry to
be null and void.
(3) As soon as reasonably practicable after admeasurement of the vessel and the
surrender for cancellation of any outstanding foreign marine document for the
vessel and the making of the markings required by section 42 a permanent
Certificate of Registry shall be issued in place of any provisional Certificate
theretofore issued, and such provisional Certificate shall be surrendered as
promptly as circumstances permit to the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner.
When the permanent Certificate of Registry is issued after the issuance of a
provisional Certificate, the charges originally paid shall be adjusted in accordance
with the tonnage established by the certificate of measurement.
海商法模拟试题(一) 一、单项选择题(每小题1分,共15分) 1、下列有关海商法的国际条约,中国政府批准或加入并作出保留的是()。 A、1924年海牙规则 B、1989年国际救助公约 C、1974年雅典公约 D、1910年碰撞公约 2、我国《海商法》规定的承运人赔偿责任限额的计算单位采用的是()。 A、特别提款权 B、人民币 C、金法郎 D、美元 3、以同一船舶为标的的债权的受偿顺序应是()。 A、船舶优先权、船舶抵押权、船舶留置权 B、船舶留置权、船舶抵押权、船舶优先权 C、船舶优先权、船舶留置权、船舶抵押权 D、船舶抵押权、船舶留置权、船舶优先权 4、我国《海商法》规定,在当事人没有约定的情况下,负责对被抵押船舶进行保险,并负担保险费的人是()。 A、抵押人 B、抵押权人 C、保险人 D、提供贷款的银行 5、承运人签发的对于货物表面未作批注的提单是()。 A、指示提单 B、收货待运提单 C、清洁提单 D、不清洁提单 6、在约定的租期内,承租人应当为船舶进行保险并负责支付保险费用的合同是()。 A、班轮运输合同 B、航次租船合同 C、定期租船合同 D、光船租赁合同 7、我国某甲贸易公司将一批出口德国的货物交由乙海运公司承运,乙又将全部货物转交丙公司承运。丙公司是该批货物的()。 A、承运人 B、实际承运人 C、托运人 D、收货人 8、原因不明的船舶碰撞,碰撞各方()。 A、平均负赔偿责任 B、由有过失的船舶负赔偿责任 C、互相不负赔偿责任 D、按过失程度的比例负赔偿责任 9、我国《海商法》规定,客运承运人在每次海上旅客运输中的人身伤亡赔偿责任限额,每 名旅客不超过()。 A、46666计算单位 B、40000元人民币 C、1200计算单位 D、3333计算单位 10、我国《海商法》规定的承运人对于非集装箱装运的货物的责任期间是()。 A、从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止 B、从装货港接收货物时起至卸货港交付货物时止 C、从装货港仓库至卸货港仓库 D、从发货人的工厂仓库至收货人的仓库 11、保险委付适用的场合是保险标的()。 A、部分损失 B、实际全损 C、共同海损 D、推定全损 12、某海事法院根据当事人甲进出口公司的请求,对承运其进口货物的乙海运公司所属的某船舶的航海日志予以复制。这一强制措施属于()。 A、简易程序 B、督促程序 C、海事证据保全 D、海事强制令
宪法重点法条精读(二) 「重点法条」 第九条第一款矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源,都属于国家所有,即全民所有;由法律规定属于集体所有的森林和山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂除外。 第十条城市的土地属于国家所有。 农村和城市郊区的土地,除由法律规定属于国家所有的以外,属于集体所有;宅基地和自留地、自留山,也属于集体所有。 国家为了公共利益的需要,可以依照法律规定对土地实行征用。 任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖或者以其他形式非法转让土地。土地的使用权可以依照法律的规定转让。 一切使用土地的组织和个人必须合理地利用土地。 「意思分解」 以上两个条文关于自然资源所有权、使用权的基本规定,应注意: 1森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂既可以属于公民所有,也可以属于集体所有,但矿藏、水流只能属于国家所有,即全民所有(第9条第1款)。 2关于第10条规定的土地所有权、使用权制度,读者可
参见《土地管理法》第2条的“意思分解”。 「不要混淆」 1再次提醒读者注意第9条第1款中几类自然资源所有权人的差别。 2《水法》第3条第2款规定,农业集体经济组织所有的水塘、水库中的水属于集体所有。 「重点法条」 第二十四条国家通过普及理想教育、道德教育、文化教育、纪律和法制教育,通过在城乡不同范围的群众中制定和执行各种守则、公约,加强社会主义精神文明的建议。 国家提倡爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱社会主义的公德,在人民中进行爱国主义、集体主义和国际主义、共产主义的教育,进行辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的教育,反对资本主义的、封建主义的和其他的腐朽思想。 「相关法条」本法第19~23条。 「意思分解」 我国社会主义精神文明建设分为两个方面: 1教育科学、文化建设 (1)发展社会主义教育事业(第19条)。 (2)发展科学事业(第20条)。 (3)发展卫生和体育事业(第21条)。 (4)发展文学艺术和其他文化事业(第22条)。
海商法在中国的现代起源和发展 海商法是一门古老的法律,它起源于欧洲,形成于中世纪的海上贸易和运输,传播并发展到世界各地。现代海商法不仅是国内立法的渊源,而且也存在于相关的国际公约和国际惯例中,成为具有国际性和相对国际统一性的一部法律。以英国为代表的传统海商法有着悠久的历史和丰富的实践经验,长期形成的海商法教学、科研和司法与仲裁等实务,以及在国际上具有相当影响力的劳合社等机构,从各个领域推动了海商法的发展和完善。CMI和IMO等国际海事组织在推进海商法的国际化和世界统一化的进程中,制定了一系列的国际公约和规则,起到一十分重要的作用。2008年12月11日,第63届联合国大会第67次会议审议通过了联合国贸法会(UNCITRAL)提交的《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》,并于2009年9月23日在荷兰鹿特丹举行签字仪式,将公约定名为《鹿特丹规则》。这是各国海商法界为海商法立法的统一和完善,在海牙规则、海牙—威斯比规则和汉堡规则的基础上进行的又一次有益的尝试。可以说,海商法的立法与实践,以及世界各国对海商法学的研究和发展,随着国际贸易的发展和人类向海洋进军的深度和广度的拓展,越来越引起法学界和实务界的关注,也为海商法这一古老法律的新发展带来了生机与活力。 海商法传入中国并见诸于法律中,最早始于清朝光绪年间。清朝政府1904年(光绪三十年)起草的《钦定大清商律》中,海船法一编便有263个条目。尽管该法律草案因清王朝的覆灭而未能颁行,但其被包含在商事立法中而且规定之具体,却成为中国海商法现代起源的标志。我国历史上第一部海商法是国民党南京政府于1929年12月30日颁布的《中华民国海商法》该法自1931年1月1日施行后又历经三次修改。[1]台湾地区的海商法沿袭了大陆法系的立法体例,以成文法典的形式制定海商法,其体例和基本内容等相对独立于其他商事立法,不仅是台湾地区的现行的重要海事法律,而且也是研究我国海商法现代起源和发展的重要法律之一。 我国是一个有着18 000多公里海岸线,470多万平方公里海域,几千个大小岛屿和60多个对外开放港口的海洋大国。广阔的水域和良好的通航条件为航运业和国际贸易业的发展提供了得天独厚的优势。同时,制定一部完整的中国海商法,也成为健全我国法律体系,保护和促进航运事业、国际贸易事业,以及开发和利用海域和海洋资源,维护海上交通安全和秩序的需要。 新中国成立后,在全面推翻旧的法律体系和废除国民党政府的六法全书后,制定一部新的[2]海商法便成为了海事立法的当务之急。1952年组建了海商法起草委员会,至1963年经
路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索- 百度文库 11 武汉大学海商法考试试题B及答案 一、名词解释(每小题5分,共20分) 5.Collision 船舶碰撞是船舶在海上或者与海相通的可航水域发生接触,致使有关船舶或船上人身、财物遭受损失的事故。 6.Salvage 海难救助指在海上或与海相通的可航水域对遇难的人员、船舶和其他财产进行援助、救助的行为。 7.Subrogation 代位求偿权,是指保险人在其保险责任范围内赔付被保险人保险标的的全部或者部分损失后,在赔偿金额范围内享有的向保险事故的责任方即第三人请求赔偿的权利。 8.Bill of Lading 提单是指用以证明海上运输契约和由承运人接管或装载货物,以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。 二、简答题(每小题 10分,共30分) 3.何谓海商法? 何谓海商法,各国法律规定和各国学者的观点不尽相同,目前国际海商法学界尚无定论。 根据我国《海商法》第1条的规定,可将海商法定义为“调整海上运输关系、船舶关系的法律规范的总称”。 4.共同海损与单独海损有何区别? 其一,损失发生的原因不同。单独海损完全由于意外事故、自然灾害或一方可免责的过失等原因直接造成的损失;而共同海损则是由于船舶和货物遭遇共同危险之后,为了船舶和货物的共同安全,有意地、合理地采取某种措施而造成的损失。其二,承担损失的责任不同。单独海损由各受害方自行承担,如果是因某一方不可免责的过失造成,损失由责任方承担;而共同海损的损失是为了船货共同安全人为地、有意地造成的,所受损失应由受益方按照受益财产的比例进行分摊。 3.简述海难救助的构成要件。 海难救助行为与方式多种多样,判定一项救助行为是否构成法律上的海难救助,关键是看其是否符合以下条件:
海商法复习资料 第一章绪论(简答、论述) 1.海商法的概念: 1)最广义:海法(包括海上公法和海上私法)了解 ①海上公法: a.海洋法中有关航海的部分 b.海事行政法 c.海事经济法 d.海事劳动法 e.海上刑事法 ②海上私法:较广义层面的“海商法” 2)较广义:调整特定的海上运输关系和船舶关系的法律关系的总称。理解 3)狭义理解:理解 ①海商法:围绕海上经营活动形成的,属于私法性质的法 ②海事法:解决因海上事故而产生的纠纷的法律 总结:凡与海洋活动有关的法律都是ML,随着人类海洋活动范围的扩大而扩大, ML的含义也处于逐渐演变的过程。 2.海商法的调整对象:(是私法关系,但也涉及公法)必须掌握 1)海上运输中发生的特定社会关系 ①有关海上运输的合同关系:主要围绕着提单、租船合同、托航合同、旅客运输合同、救助合同、保险合同等所发生的合同当事方之间的民事法律关系。 ②海上侵权关系:主要指因船舶碰撞、船舶污染海洋环境等行为所引起的油污加害方与油污受害方之间的法律关系。 ③海上特殊风险产生的社会关系:如共同海损中有关各方分摊与补偿的关系,海事赔偿责任限制中的船舶所有人、救助人、责任保险人与各限制性债券人之间的关系等。 上述特定关系主要表现为民事权利义务关系,特别是债券债务关系,属民法范畴。这是海商法所调整的主要内容。 2)与船舶有关的特定社会关系(涉及公法)
①船舶的法律地位:主要围绕船舶国籍、船舶航行权、沿海运输权等方面发生的传播所有人与船旗国或沿海国有关当局之间的关系。 ②船舶物权:主要指涉及船舶所有权、船舶抵押权、船舶优先权、船舶留置权等问题时所产生的船舶所有人与各债权人,或者与法院或仲裁机构之间的关系。 ③船舶安全:主要是围绕船舶适航条件、船员配备等所发生的船舶所有人与港口有关当局的关系。 ④船舶管理:主要指国家就航运管理、航运政策以及船舶登记等方面与海上运输组织、船舶所有人和经营人等之间的关系。 3.海商法的性质:私法性质了解 1)海商法(CMC):民法性质 2)海商法(ML)(无定论): ①民商法特别法 ②国际经济法分支 ③国际贸易法的组成部分 a.交叉学科 b.独立法律部门 4.海商法的形式:理解 1)国内立法:(内国法) 由一国立法机关制定的法律规范 2)国际条约:两个或两个以上国家为确定相互权利义务关系而订立的协议 ①普遍性条约:1974 SOLAS(Safety of Life at Sea),1972 海上避碰规则,1989救助公约,海牙规则,汉堡规则,鹿特丹规则等 ②区域性条约:PSC东京备忘录,巴黎备忘录,印度备忘录等 ③双边条约:中英,中美,中日海运协定 3)国际航运惯例:国际航运惯例通常是指在国际航运中,对同一性质的问题所采取的类似行动,经过长期反复实践逐渐形成的,为大多数航运国家所接受的,具有法律拘束力的不成文的行为规则。了解概念4)判例 5)学说 5.我国ML的立法特点:理解 1)优点:快速建立起ML制度
2014年货代考试真题及答案——货代业务一.单项选择题 1. 我国政府对货运代理经营资格的行政管理已经由审批制调整为注册备案制,简化了程序,节约了成本,方便了企业。目前,我国仅对在中国境内由(A)实行注册备案制度。 A. 国内投资主体投资设立的货运代理企业 B.外商投资主体投资设立的货运代理企业 C.国外投资主体投资设立的货运代理企业 D.外商投资主体投资设立的货运代理企业的分支机构 2. 在国际货运代理企业作为仓储保管人从事仓储业务的情况下,国际货运代理企业与作为存货人的货主之间订立的合同是(B )。A.货运代理合同 B.仓储合同 C.运输合同 D.租船合同 3. 我国A公司与国外B公司签订一份CIF出口合同,以信用证方式支付,国外银行开来的信用证中规定”最晚装运期为5月31日,信用证有效期为6月2日”。A公司备货出运,于5月25日取得正本已装船清洁提单,A公司应不迟于(D )向银行提交相关单据。A.5月25日 B.5月31日 C.6月1日
D.6月2日中大网校论坛 4. 我国A进出口公司与新加坡B公司洽谈货物买卖合同,双方约定采用CIF贸易术语,以海运方式运输,起运港为上海,目的港为新加坡,每公吨USD30,折扣2%,以下对该国际货物买卖合同中贸易术语表述正确的是(B )。 A.USD30/MT CIFD2%SHANGHAI B.USD30/MTCIFD2%SINGAPORE C.USD30/MT CIFC2%SHANGHAI D.USD30/MT CIFC2% SINGAPORE 5. 我国对货物出入境检验检疫的执法部门是(D )。 A.海关总署 B.商务部 C.卫生部 D.质检总局 6. 物流信息系统包括GIS, POS,TPS, RFID等系统,其中“RFID”货代业务员实习周记系统指的是(D )。 A.事务处理系统 B.销售时点信息系统 C.地理信息系统 D.射频识别系统 7. 在国际海上货物运输中使用指示提单,且提单中收货人(consignee)记载为“TO ORDER”的情况下,当该提单背书转让时,
海商法法重点法条精读 第一章总则 【重点法条】 第二条 本法所称海上运输,是指海上货物运输和海上旅客运输,包括海江之间、江海之间的直达运输。本法第四章海上货物运输合同的规定,不适用于中华人民共和国港口之间的海上货物运输。 第三条本法所称船舶,是指海船和其他海上移动式装置,但是用于军事的、政府公务的船舶和二十总吨以下的小型船艇除外。 前款所称船舶,包括船舶属具。 【相关法条】本法第164条。 【意思分解】 1这两条规定的是海商法的适用范围,一般包括适用船舶、适用水域和适用事项。 2第3条规定了海商法适用的船舶。 3第2条规定了海商法适用的水域,注意除在内河与海洋之间直达运输时内河为适用水域外,其余情况下,内河不为适用水域。重点注意第2款的内容。 第二章船舶 【重点法条】 第九条船舶所有权的取得、转让和消灭,应当向船舶登记机关登记;未经登记的,不得对抗第三人。 船舶所有权的转让,应当签订书面合同。 第十条船舶由两个以上的法人或者个人共有的,应当向船舶登记机关登记;未经登记的,不
得对抗第三人。 第十三条第一款设定船舶抵押权,由抵押权人和抵押人共同向船舶登记机关办理抵押权登记;未经登记的,不得对抗第三人。 【相关法条】《担保法》第41条。 【意思分解】 重点掌握船舶所有权、共有及抵押权登记的效力:未经物权登记,不得对抗第三人。换言之,未完成以上3个登记的,并不影响相应权利的成立(生效)。故只要合同成立生效,即使未完成物权登记,在出卖人与买受人之间(第9条)、共有人之间(第10条)以及抵押权人与抵押人之间(第13条第1款)的权利义务关系已经生成,但在外部法律关系上,不得对抗不知情的第三人。以上3个条文是关于船舶物权的最基本规定,其立法理念同我国现行物权立法有所不同,应予重视。 【不要混淆】 第13条第1款同《担保法》第41条之规定极不相同。第41条称:不完成物权登记,抵押合同不生效,抵押合同自登记之日起生效。这是极不科学的规定(详见《担保法》部分第41条的“意思分解”),因为它混淆了物权登记同合同登记的关系。而《海商法》第13条第1款的规定,颇符合物权法原理。至于二者之间,应是特别法《海商法》与普通法《担保法》之关系,故船舶抵押权应适用《海商法》规定。 【重点法条】 第十四条建造中的船舶可以设定船舶抵押权。 建造中的船舶办理抵押权登记,还应当向船舶登记机关提交船舶建造合同。 第十五条除合同另有约定外,抵押人应当对被抵押船舶进行保险;未保险的,抵押权人有权对该船舶进行保险,保险费由抵押人负担。
六、案例分析题 1、中国籍A海轮在从釜山到上海的航行途中与日本籍B海轮在公海发生碰撞,事故导致A船受损10万美元,B轮未受损。A轮所属海运公司向上海海事法院申请扣押了停泊在上海港的B轮并对其所有人提起损害赔偿诉讼。 根据上述案情,回答下列问题: (1)上海海事法院对本案管辖权的依据何在? (2)上海海事法院应该依据何种法律适用规则处理本案? (3)设若本案双方过错程度无法判定,双方各自承担的赔偿金额为多少?为什么? (4)上海海事法院应在多长期限内审结本案? 2、北京某贸易公司以FOB价格从德国某公司进口价值150万美元的货物。贸易公司向中国人民保险公司北京分公司为该批货物投保了平安险。上海某海运公司A海轮载运该批货物。提单中约定按照中华人民共和国的法律处理提单纠纷。A海轮在由汉堡港驶往天津港途中因为遭遇极端恶劣气候造成船舶故障和货物湿损,船长遂组织船员自救,并前往就近的新加坡某港口避难和修理。经清点,恶劣气候造成货物湿损3万美元;在自救过程中被迫抛弃5千美元货物;有关避难港的费用4万美元。船舶抵达天津港后船货双方为有关损失和费用的赔偿和分摊发生争执。 根据上述案情,回答下列问题: (1)本案收货人如主张货损的赔偿请求,应该向我国哪个海事法院起诉? (2)法院应该适用何种法律处理本案所涉海上货物运输合同纠纷? (3)本案中所出现的海损包括货损3万美元、抛弃5千美元货物和避难港的费用4万美元,可以列为共同海损的有哪些? (4)承运人是否应承担3万美元湿损货物的赔偿责任?为什么? (5)若收货人直接向保险公司提出请求赔偿A轮湿损以及货物的共同海损分摊,保险公司应否理赔?为什么 海商法模拟试题参考答案 六、案例分析题 1、 (1)上海海事法院为船舶扣押地法院对该案有管辖权。 (2)依据法院地法,即中国《海商法》处理本案。 (3)5万美元。 理由:过失程度的比例无法判定的,船舶碰撞各方平均负赔偿责任。 (4)一年。 2、 (1)应该向目的港的天津海事法院起诉。 (2)依据提单的规定适用中国《海商法》处理本案。 (3)可以列为共同海损的有抛弃货物5千美元和避难港费用4万美元。 (4)承运人不承担3万美元湿损货物的赔偿责任。 理由:恶劣气候造成船舶货物湿损,承运人依法可以免责。 (5)保险公司对于3万美元湿损货物不应该理赔,因为属于平安险除外责任; 保险公司对于货物的共同海损分摊应该理赔,因为属于平安险责任范围内。 六、案例分析(本大题共2个案例,题一分值10分,题二12分,共22分) 1.某一载货的中国海轮在由中国某港口驶往外国港口途中,因遭遇雷电船上起火,导致船货受损。船长带领船员奋力扑灭火灾。该轮因火灾造成船舶损失10万元,货物损失5万元,灭火过程中湿损1万元货
2000 年真题答案 1、是指被保险人为防止或减少根据保险合同可以得到赔偿的损失, 理费用,为确定保险事故的性质、程度而支出的检验、估价的合理费用,以及为执行保险人 的特别通知而支出的费用。 2、是指在发生共同海损以后,由船货双方共同签署的关于共同海损分摊的义务不因为货物 的转运而发生变化的书面协议。 3、指托运人因其提供的货物少于约定的数量,使船舶舱位发生剩余,而对承运人因此受到 的运费损失的赔偿。 4、是指承运人负责将一定数量的货物,在约定时间内,分批经海路由一港运至另一港,而 由托运人或收货人支付运费的合同。 5、是海上货物运输保险的主险之一,主要承保因自然灾害造成的全损和部分意外事故造成 的损失和费用。 四、 1 、 jointIy and severaIIy 连带 2、 termination 解除 3、 customary 习惯的 geographicaIIy 地理上的 4、 the party claiming in general average 提出共同海损请求的一方 五、I 、电子提单是指通过电子方式传送的有关海上货物运输合同的数据。它可能带来的法 律问题主要有: 1)运输合同的条款与条件。在电子提单的实际业务中,考虑到时间和费用的问题,电讯 即被视为运输合同的组成部分, 但这种处理的效力有待法律予以确认。 (2)电子提单的法律 适用。电子提单是否强制适用于传统提单的国际公约或者受国内法的制约, 未得以确 定。 (3)收货人的法律地位。在电子提单情况下,收货人在卸货港提取货物只需证 明其身份, 因其法律地位不明, 因此会涉及到收货人可否依据电子提单向承运人主张权利的 问题。(4)电子提单的书面形式。各国法律一般都要求运输合同具有书面的形式, 所带来的问题就是它自身是否满足了书面形式的要求。 2、在该公约下,能够享受责任限制的为船航所有人、承租人、管理人、经营人、救助人和 责任保险人。 以及,当诉讼是针对船舶本身或船舶所有人及救助人应对之负责的人提起时. 任主体也可以限制责任。 公约规定, 如经证明, 损害是由于责任人的故意或明知可能造成却 而支出的必要的合 1——5:XVWx 6 ——10:xVxW 1—— 5: DDABF 6—— 10: CDCAB 中一般不会涉及传统提单背面的所有条款, 而只提及特定的运输合同条款与条件, 这些条款 这一问题目前还 电子提单
海商法试卷一 ___________________学号__________________成绩 _________ 一、简答与论述题(50分) 1、某轮在航行营运中发生了下列的债项,拖欠了船员的工资、为取得贷款向银行抵押了该轮、之后该轮遇难又产生了一笔救助费,由于该轮在运输途中管货过失使所载货物受损,货主申请扣押了该轮,经过法院程序该轮最后被拍卖,请问应当如何处理上述各债权的受偿顺序?为卖船而产生的司法费用应当如何受偿?本案船员的权利与银行的权利及受损货主的权利是否相同?(10分) 2、我国海商法第四章是如何结合中国的特点吸收有关国际公约的规定的?(15分) 3,试论无正本提单交付货物的法律责任。(10) 4、试翻译下列容(10分) CIF FO Dalian or Qingdao, China. The buyer shall garantee one safe berth at discharging port, Master of the carrying vessel shell tender NOR in writing or by cable to the buyer's nominated agents, WIBON.The buyer'sguaranted discharging rate is 1500 metric tons per WWD, Sunday and holidays excepted unless used. If used actual time used to count as laytime. 5,请依下列提单的实例回答问题(共5分) Shipper CHINA NATIONAL CHEMICALS IMPORT & EXPORT CO., 中国远洋运输公司 COSCOConsignee ……………………………… TO ORDER ……………………………… Ocean Vessel Port of Loading Port of Discharge Final destination NANPING DALIAN VANCOUVER Marks & Nos. Number and kind of packages Gross weight Measurement N/M H-ACID 2,032 4.44 Freight and charges FREIGHT PREPAYED Date of issue Nov.12,1998 请判断下列问题(打V即可): 1,该提单是不记名提单( ),还是记名提单( ),还是指示提单( )。 2,该提单是已装船提单( ),还是收货待运提单( )。
一、单项选择题 1.世界上第一部航海习惯法是( A )。 A《罗得海法》B《巴西利亚法典》C《海事条例》D《哈特法》 2.欧洲第一部综合性海事法典是1861年法国路易十四颁布的( C )。 A《提单法》B《商船法》C《海事条例》D《哈特法》 3.《中华人民共和国海商法》自( C )起施行。 A 1992年6月5日 B 1992年11月7日 C 1993年7月1日 D 2000年7月1日 二、多项选择题 1.中世纪海商法的三大基石是(BCD )。 A《罗得海法》B《奥列隆惯例集》C《海事裁判例》D《维斯比海法》E《海上货物运输法》 2.海商法的调整对象为(BCD )。 A内河运输中发生的法律关系B海上运输中发生的法律关系C与船舶有关的法律关系D与海运有关的商事关系E与政府公用船舶有关的法律关系 三、名词解释 海商法 四、简答题 1.海商法的调整对象有哪些? 2.海商法的法律渊源有哪些? 五、论述题 试论述海商法的性质 参考答案: 一、A、C、C 二、BCD、BC 三、 海商法有广义概念和狭义概念。广义的海商法是指一国的海运和海事立法的总称。其内容包括:海商法典、调整海商或海事等民商关系的单行法规、航运业管理(包括海商企业管理、船舶管理和船员管理等)以及港口、水域和航道管理方面的行政法规。狭义的海商法通常指一国的海商法典,即调整海上运输关系和船舶关系的规则和制度的总称。根据我国《海商法》的规定,海商法是调整海上运输关系和船舶关系的法律规范的总称。 四、 1、海商法的调整对有海上运输中发生的法律关系和与船舶有关的法律关系。 2、海商法的法律渊源主要包括:国内法规、国际公约、国际惯例、判例。 五、 关于海商法的性质,即法律属性,主要有以下几种观点:
东财海商法期末考试重点 一.承运人和实际承运人制度 概念:1.承运人是指本人或委托他人以本人名义与托运人订立海上货物运输合同。2.实际承运人是指接受承运人委托,从事货物运输或部分运输的人,包括接受转委托从事此项运输的其他人。二者的义务(最低义务的承担):1.适航——在船舶开航前和开航当时,应当:1)谨慎处理,使船舶处于适航状态2)妥善配备船员、装备船舶和配备供应品3)使载货处所适于并能安全收受、载运和保管货物2.管货——应当妥善谨慎地装载、搬移、积载、运输、保管、照料和卸载所运货物3.按规定航线航行——应当按照约定或习惯或地理上的航线将货物运往卸货港【除船舶在海上为救助或者企图救助人命或财产】4.交货——根据托运人的要求签发提单,并在目的地港向提单指定的收货人凭提单交付货物 二者之间的责任承担:1.连带责任制:承运人对全部运输负责,实际承运人对自己履行运输的部分负责;都有责任的,应当在此项责任范围内负连带责任2.分段责任制:在货物运输合同中已经明确约定特定货物运输由特定实际承运人进行,并约定承运人不负责任。应当符合四个条件:1)提单上指定了实际承运人;2)指定了实际承运人履行的具体货物运输部分;3)货物的灭失、毁损或迟延交付发生在该实际承运人掌管货物期间;4)合同规定承运人对此种损失可以免责3.追偿权:其相互之间分别享有追偿权 二.航次租船合同的主要条款 1.提单并入条款:95条对按照航次租船合同运输的货物签发的提单,提单持有人不是承租人的,承运人与该提单持有人之间的权利、义务关系适用提单的约定【除提单中载明适用航次租船合同条款的,适用该航次租船合同的条款】 2.质询条款:97条出租人在约定的受载期限内未能提供船舶的,承租人有权解除合同。但是,出租人将船舶延误情况和船舶预期抵达装货港的日期通知承租人的,承租人应当自收到通知时起四十八小时内,将是否解除合同的决定通知出租人。因出租人过失延误提供船舶致使承租人遭受损失的,出租人应当负赔偿责任。 3.预备航次条款:98条航次租船合同的装货、卸货期限及其计算办法,超过装货、卸货期限后的滞期费和提前完成装货、卸货的速遣费,由双方约定。 三.船舶碰撞法特殊制度(美国海商法中独特的船舶碰撞责任体系) 总:《碰撞公约》废止了认定过失的标准法律推定过失原则,确立了互有过失的船舶碰撞责任的分担原则是过失比例原则。这些己被许多国家所接受。我国《海商法》中有关船舶碰撞的责任也适用此公约的规定。但是,美国没有加入该公约,在过失的认定标准方面适用的是宾西法尼亚规则,在互有过失的船舶碰撞责任方面适用的是平均分担为主、主次过失为辅的原则,在受损货物的赔偿方面适用的是船舶碰撞双方的连带责任。因此说美国的船舶碰撞法有其独特的法律制度。
海商法重点整理 一、海商法的定义 我国《海商法》将海商法定义为“调整海上运输关系、船舶关系”的法律规范的总称。 二、海商法的调整对象 广义的海商法既调整平等主体之间的横向海上运输关系、船舶关系,又调整非平等主体之间的海上运输关系、船舶关系。 狭义的海商法则主要调整平等主体之间的海上运输关系、船舶关系,不调整纵向隶属关系。 三、船舶的定义 广义上的船舶是指通常意义上的船舶,即凡是具有一定构造,能在水上航行的工具,均可称为船舶,其基本特征是可以作为水上航行工具或装置。 狭义的船舶是指法律法规中定义的船舶。 我国海商法对船舶的定义:本法所称船舶,是指海船和其他海上移动式装置,但是用于军事的、政府公务的船舶和20总吨以下的小型船艇除外。前款所称船舶,包括船舶属具。 四、船舶优先权的范围 我国海商法的规定,第二十二条: (一)船长、船员和在船上工作的其他在编人员根据劳动法律、行政法规或者劳动合同所产生的工资、其他劳动报酬、船员遣返费用和社会保险费用的给付请求; (二)在船舶营运中发生的人身伤亡的赔偿请求; (三)船舶吨税、引航费、港务费和其他港口规费的缴付请求; (四)海难救助的救助款项的给付请求; (五)船舶在营运中因侵权行为产生的财产赔偿请求。 至于因行使船舶优先权产生的诉讼费用,保存、拍卖船舶和分配船舶价款产生的费用,以及为海事请求人的共同利益而支付的其他费用,应当从船舶拍卖所得价款中先行拨付。 五、船舶优先权的受偿顺序 本法第二十二条第一款所列各项海事请求,依照顺序受偿。但是,第(四)项海事请求,后于第(一)项至第(三)项发生的,应当先于第(一)项至第(三)项受偿。 本法第二十二条第一款第(一)、(二)、(三)、(五)项中有两个以上海事请求的,不分先后,同时受偿;不足受偿的,按照比例受偿。第(四)项中有两个以上海事请求的,后发生的先受偿。 根据这一规定,第22条所列5项海事请求应当依照法定顺序受偿,而这个顺序正是基于一定的公共政策设定的。对于海难救助款项请求权,应适用倒序原则确定受偿顺序,即如果海难救助款项请求权后于前三项请求权发生,则先受偿,并且如果存在两个海难救助款项请求权的,后发生的同样先受偿。海难救助款项请求权之外的其他四种海事请求,如果同一顺序中同时存在两个以上海事请求的,则其地位平等,同时受偿,船舶价款不足清偿的,则按照比例受偿。 六、船舶优先权的概念 根据我国海商法第二十一条:船舶优先权,是指海事请求人依照本法第二十二条的规定,向船舶所有人、光船承租人、船舶经营人提出海事请求,对产生该海事请求的船舶具有优先受偿的权利。 七、船舶优先权的特点 法定性、非公示性、追及性、优先受偿性、期限性、程序性 八、船员的概念
海商法期末考试重点整理
一、海商法的定义 我国《海商法》将海商法定义为“调整海上运输关系、船舶关系”的法律规范的总称。 二、海商法的调整对象 广义的海商法既调整平等主体之间的横向海上运输关系、船舶关系,又调整非平等主体之间的海上运输关系、船舶关系。 狭义的海商法则主要调整平等主体之间的海上运输关系、船舶关系,不调整纵向隶属关系。 三、船舶的定义 广义上的船舶是指通常意义上的船舶,即凡是具有一定构造,能在水上航行的工具,均可称为船舶,其基本特征是可以作为水上航行工具或装置。 狭义的船舶是指法律法规中定义的船舶。 我国海商法对船舶的定义:本法所称船舶,是指海船和其他海上移动式装置,但是用于军事的、政府公务的船舶和20总吨以下的小型船艇除外。前款所称船舶,包括船舶属具。 四、船舶优先权的范围 我国海商法的规定,第二十二条: (一)船长、船员和在船上工作的其他在编
项中有两个以上海事请求的,后发生的先受偿。 根据这一规定,第22条所列5项海事请求应当依照法定顺序受偿,而这个顺序正是基于一定的公共政策设定的。对于海难救助款项请求权,应适用倒序原则确定受偿顺序,即如果海难救助款项请求权后于前三项请求权发生,则先受偿,并且如果存在两个海难救助款项请求权的,后发生的同样先受偿。海难救助款项请求权之外的其他四种海事请求,如果同一顺序中同时存在两个以上海事请求的,则其地位平等,同时受偿,船舶价款不足清偿的,则按照比例受偿。 六、船舶优先权的概念 根据我国海商法第二十一条:船舶优先权,是指海事请求人依照本法第二十二条的规定,向船舶所有人、光船承租人、船舶经营人提出海事请求,对产生该海事请求的船舶具有优先受偿的权利。 七、船舶优先权的特点 法定性、非公示性、追及性、优先受偿性、期限性、程序性
试题(一) 一、单项选择题(每小题1分,共15分) 1、下列有关海商法的国际条约,中国政府批准或加入并作出保留的是()。 A、1924年海牙规则 B、1989年国际救助公约 C、1974年雅典公约 D、1910年碰撞公约 2、我国《海商法》规定的承运人赔偿责任限额的计算单位采用的是()。 A、特别提款权 B、人民币 C、金法郎 D、美元 3、以同一船舶为标的的债权的受偿顺序应是()。 A、船舶优先权、船舶抵押权、船舶留置权 B、船舶留置权、船舶抵押权、船舶优先权 C、船舶优先权、船舶留置权、船舶抵押权 D、船舶抵押权、船舶留置权、船舶优先权 4、我国《海商法》规定,在当事人没有约定的情况下,负责对被抵押船舶进行保险, 并负担保险费的人是()。 A、抵押人 B、抵押权人 C、保险人 D、提供贷款的银行 5、承运人签发的对于货物表面未作批注的提单是()。 A、指示提单 B、收货待运提单 C、清洁提单 D、不清洁提单 6、在约定的租期内,承租人应当为船舶进行保险并负责支付保险费用的合同是 ()。 A、班轮运输合同 B、航次租船合同 C、定期租船合同 D、光船租赁合同 7、我国某甲贸易公司将一批出口德国的货物交由乙海运公司承运,乙又将全部货物转 交丙公司承运。丙公司是该批货物的()。 A、承运人 B、实际承运人 C、托运人 D、收货人 8、原因不明的船舶碰撞,碰撞各方()。 A、平均负赔偿责任 B、由有过失的船舶负赔偿责任 C、互相不负赔偿责任 D、按过失程度的比例负赔偿责任 9、我国《海商法》规定,客运承运人在每次海上旅客运输中的人身伤亡赔偿责任限额, 每名旅客不超过()。 A、46666计算单位 B、40000元人民币 C、1200计算单位 D、3333计算单 位 10、我国《海商法》规定的承运人对于非集装箱装运的货物的责任期间是()。 A、从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止 B、从装货港接收货物时起至卸货港交付货物时止 C、从装货港仓库至卸货港仓库 D、从发货人的工厂仓库至收货人的仓库 11、保险委付适用的场合是保险标的()。 A、部分损失 B、实际全损 C、共同海损 D、推定全损 12、某海事法院根据当事人甲进出口公司的请求,对承运其进口货物的乙海运公司所属
海商法的历史沿革中对中国海商法的发展的思考海商法是调整海上运输关系和船舶关系的法律规范的总称。海商法的发展是和航海贸易的发展相关的,随其兴起而产生和发展的。海运是国际贸易运输的主要途径,其与国际经贸尤其是海上贸易有着密不可分的联系。我国有专属管辖海事案件的法院,称为“海事法院”,这说明海商法是一门专业性很强的学科,不仅要掌握一定的法律基础,还要对其涉及到的相关学科要有一定的了解。下面就我所学到的知识做一个总结和讨论。 海商法具有十分悠久的历史。最早载有船舶碰撞规则货物运输规则及水上航运规则的法律,是公元前18世纪的《汉谟拉比法典》。随着地中海地区航海贸易的发展,罗得岛成为该地区的航贸中心,并形成了一些调整航海贸易中发生的共同海损和海上保险的习惯规则,即“罗得海法”。关于罗得海法存在的直接证据来自于一些历史文献的记载。这大约出现在公元前2-3世纪。罗得海法在地中海地区有极大权威性,不仅在相当长一段时期内调整该地区的海上贸易,而且为以后所有海事立法奠定了基础,被称做海商法的萌芽。 到了中世纪,航海通商贸易活动更趋繁荣,海商习惯也日渐发达,逐渐在以地中海、大西洋和北海沿岸的海港城市为中心的欧洲,形成了海事习惯法,主要包括海事习惯和海事判例。这些海事习惯法大多由私人编纂成集。其中中世纪著名的三大海法对现代海商法具有比较深的影响: (一)《奥列隆海法》(LEX OLERON)《奥列隆海法》是法国大西洋海岸一带商人海事法庭的判例和所适用的习惯法的汇集,其主要内容涉及船舶。船长。船员。海难救助以及船长出卖运送品之权能等。该法在大西洋一带影响广泛,它为欧洲海商法的发展奠定了基础。
(二)康索拉朵海法(LEX CONSOLATO)“康索拉朵”原意为“裁判官”,因此该法又称为《海商裁判例》,它收集了14世纪流行于地中海沿岸的海事判例。习惯和学说,内容丰富,体系完整,被称为当时最完备的海事法,对以后的欧洲航运界影响深远。 (三)维斯比海法(laws of wisby)。维斯比海法是公元15世纪在瑞典哥特兰岛上的维斯比城编纂的,并因此得名。它主要继承了奥列隆海法。阿姆斯特丹法。波罗的海汉萨城镇卑克法的传统,盛行于波罗的海沿岸及北海南岸,德国。瑞典等波罗的海沿岸国家海商法受其影响较大。 上述三大海法被认为中世纪海商法的三大基石,但也存在明显的局限性。如三大海法区域性强,其适用有其特定的区域,且大多为私人编纂的惯例,其效力是极为有限的。但是,正因为这些海法虽然在一定的区域内适用,亦具有一定的国际性,在某一地区的国际间通行。 到了近代,欧洲各国纷纷建立起中央集权的封建国家,且随着商品经济的发展,商航分离,制定全国统一海商法的经济基础业已形成。早期资本主义的活力也刺激了航海贸易的迅速发展,工业革命成果更是加剧了海运市场的独立化进程。于是在这样的大环境下,欧洲各国先后制定了海商法典或是各种单行的海事法规,海商法进入了国内化时期。在这期间,法国路易十四于1681年颁布《海事条例》,它是欧洲第一部综合性海商法典,其内容涉及船员。船舶。运输契约。海事司法。国家对海岸和港湾渔业的管理等等。1807年拿破仑把《海事条例》的私法部分纳入《法国商法典》第二编“海商”部分,使海商法更为系统化。科学化。此后,德日商法典照搬了法国商法典的立法体例,把海商法作为专编或专章列入海商法典中。
对外经济贸易大学远程教育学院 2010-2011学年第二学期 《海商法》期末考试大纲 本课程复习大纲适用于本学期的期末考试,所列题目为期末试卷试题的出题范围。 本次期末考试题型分为三种:判断对错(70%),不定项选择(20%),单项选择或是案例分析选择题(占10%)。 期末复习思考题 (答案供参考) 一、判断对错 1.我国的《海商法》是一部国内法,但确是一部与国际规则接轨的涉外性很强 的法律。(对) 2.中世纪的三大海法为奥列隆法、康索拉度海法和罗地海法。(错) 3.海商法具有国际性,国家签订和加入的有关海商法方面的国际公约是海商法 的重要的渊源。(对) 4.船舶属具是属于我国海商法所规定的船舶的定义范围。(对) 5.我国《海商法》所指的船舶是指海船和其他海上移动式装置,不包括用于非 商业目的的军事用船、政府公务船及20总吨以下的小型船艇。(对) 6.我国在取得船舶国籍的立法上,基本上属于封闭型。(对) 7.公海是不属于任何国家管辖的水域,船舶在公海上实行自由航行制度。但要 遵循有关国际公约和国际惯例。(对) 8.船舶买卖是船舶所有权继受取得的一种常见的方法。(对) 9.设定抵押权的船舶因他人的过失而灭失时,船舶抵押权人有权向过失者提出 请求,而船舶优先权则随船舶的灭失而消灭。(对) 10.我国《海商法》规定,船舶留置权,是特指船舶建造人、修船人在合同另一 方不履行合同时,可以留置所占有的船舶,以保证造船费用或者修船费用得以偿还的权利。(对)
11.我国《海商法》第22条对船舶优先权的海事请求项目进行了明确的规定,其 目的是享有船舶优先权的海事请求人能够得到法律的保护。(错) 12.海上货物运输合同多以书面形式订立,海商法对其规定多为强制性规定。 (错) 13.在海运实践中,凡载有承运人对于货物的内容、数量、质量、技术规格等不 知的“不知条款”的提单,都属于不清洁提单。(错) 14.《海牙规则》规定了承运人承担货物损坏赔偿责任的最高限额,具体为每件 或者每单位的货物为500英镑或其他等值的货物,超过的部分概不负责。 (错) 15.《海牙规则》规定提单是承运人收到货物的初步证据,《维斯比规则》明确规 定提单已被转让给善意的无辜的第三人(innocent third party)手上,就作为对承运人有约束力的最终证据(Conclusive evidence)。(对)16.我国《海商法》第75条至77条规定明确了提单有关货物记载事项的证据效 力。证据效力有两种:一种为初步证据又称表面证据,即允许有关当事人提出相反的证据。另一种为最终证据,即提单上有关货物的记载事项在承运人和包括收货人在内的善意第三人之间构成最终证据,承运人不得提出相反证据。(对) 17.《汉堡规则》规定,对于托运人为了换取清洁提单而向承运人出具的承担赔 偿责任的保函,仅在托运人和承运人之间有效,而对于包括受让提单的收货人在内的第三人一概无效。(对) 18.我国《海商法》第59条规定,如果货物的灭失、损坏或迟延交付是承运人故 意或明知可能造成损失而轻率地作为或者不作为造成的,承运人不得援引限制赔偿责任的规定,承运人对此负有举证责任。(错) 19.英国在1992年通过的《海上货物运输法》规定,提单的合法持有人,无论他 是否具有所有权,均拥有对承运人的诉权。(对) 20.我国《海商法》规定,实际承运人是指接受承运人委托,从事货物运输或者 部分运输的人,包括接受转委托从事此项运输的其他人,也被称为订约承运人。(错) 21.我国《海商法》第99条规定,航次租船合同中的承租人可以将租用的船舶转 租,转租后,原合同约定的权利和义务不受影响。(对) 22.航次租船合同中,解约日条款(canceling date clause)是承租人有权解除
【法规名称】海商法 【颁布部门】 【颁布时间】 2000-01-26 【效力属性】已修正 海商法 第 1 条 本法称船舶者,谓在海上航行,或在与海相通水面或水中航行之船舶。 第 2 条 本法称船长者,谓受船舶所有人雇用主管船舶一切事务之人员;称海员者,谓受船舶所有人雇用由船长指挥服务于船舶上所有人员。 第 3 条 下列船舶除因碰撞外,不适用本法之规定: 一船舶法所称之小船。 二军事建制之舰艇。 三专用于公务之船舶。 四第一条规定以外之其他船舶。 第 4 条 船舶保全程序之强制执行,于船舶发航准备完成时起,以迄航行至次一停泊港时止,不得为之。但为使航行可能所生之债务,或因船舶碰撞所生之损害,不在此限。 国境内航行船舶之保全程序,得以揭示方法为之。 第 5 条 海商事件,依本法之规定者,本法无规定者,适用其他法律之规定。 第 6 条 船舶除本法有特别规定外,适用民法关于动产之规定。 第 7 条
除给养品外,凡于航行上或营业上必需之一切设备及属具,皆视为船舶之一部。 第 8 条 船舶所有权或应有部分之让与,非作成书面并依下列之规定,不生效力: 一在中华民国,应申请让与地或船舶所在地航政主管机关盖印证明。 二在外国,应申请中华民国驻外使领馆、代表处或其他外交部授权机构盖印证明。 第 9 条 船舶所有权之移转,非经登记,不得对抗第三人。 第 10 条 船舶建造中,承揽人破产而破产管理人不为完成建造者,船舶定造人,得将船舶及业经交付或预定之材料,照估价扣除已付定金给偿收取之,并得自行出资在原处完成建造。但使用船厂应给与报偿。 第 11 条 共有船舶之处分及其他与共有人共同利益有关之事项,应以共有人过半数并其应有部分之价值合计过半数之同意为之。 第 12 条 船舶共有人有出卖其应有部分时,其他共有人,得以同一价格尽先承买。 因船舶共有权一部分之出卖,致该船舶丧失中华民国国籍时,应得共有人全体之同意。 第 13 条 船舶共有人,以其应有部分供抵押时,应得其他共有人过半数之同意。 第 14 条 船舶共有人,对于利用船舶所生之债务,就其应有部分,负比例分担之责。 共有人对于发生债务之管理行为,曾经拒绝同意者,关于此项债务,得委弃其应有部分于他共有人而免其责任。 第 15 条 船舶共有人为船长而被辞退或解任时,得退出共有关系,并请求返还其应有部分之资金。