International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
Vol. 5, No. 1, 2015, pp.360-373
ISSN: 2146-4553
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d14504406.html,
Urban Energy Consumption in a City of Indonesia: General Overview
Iwan Sukarno
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan.
Email: iwan_sukarno81@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d14504406.html,
Hiroshi Matsumoto
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan.
Email: matsu@ace.tut.ac.jp
Lusi Susanti
Industrial Engineering Department,
Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia.
Email: susantilusi@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d14504406.html,
Ryushi Kimura
Department of Environmental Civil Engineering and Architecture,
Kochi National College of Technology, Japan.
Email: kimura@ce.kochi-ct.ac.jp
ABSTRACT: This paper aims to investigate the energy consumption pattern in four sectors of Padang, Indonesia: residential, commercial, industrial and transportation sectors, under different urban population scenarios using a cohort model and statistical data. The analysis shows that the energy consumed in the residential sector has the major share in the total energy consumption in Padang. Details on energy consumption and the main driving forces in the four sectors have been presented. Decreasing urban energy consumption could be achieved by increasing efficiency of home appliances, promoting electricity saving behavior, increasing of public awareness for saving energy, and applying energy efficiency labeling for home appliances.
Keywords: Urban energy consumption; Cohort model; Residential; Transportation; Commercial and Industrial sectors
JEL Classifications: Q40; N75
1. Introduction
Since the last decades, the world has been facing global warming and energy crisis issues. With the challenge of environmental issue, the importance of reducing energy consumption and fuel emissions has been widely recognized. Data under the International Energy Outlook (IEO) 2011 shows that the world energy consumption of fossil fuels will increase from 383 billionGJ in 1990, to 812 billion GJ by 2035 (EIA, 2011). The most significant increase of energy consumption and fuel emission are taking place in cities (EIA, 2011; IGES, 2004; Fong et al., 2008). With rapidly expanding populations and material affluences, a comprehensive overview of the overall energy use in cities is believed to be playing an important role in combating these issues (Fong et al., 2008).
360
Urban Energy Consumption in a City of Indonesia: General Overview
In relation to energy consumption in the end user sectors, IEO 2011 predicts steady energy consumption growth from 2010 to 2035 (EIA, 2011). Moreover, the United Nations (UN) estimates that 60% of the world’s population now lives in an urban area and that percentage is expected to continue to rise (UN, 2008).The IEO prediction states that the world residential energy use will increase by 1.1% per year, from 54 billion GJ in 2008 to 72 billion GJ in 2035 (EIA, 2011).
Indonesia as one of the fastestgrowing and developing countries in Asia with a population of more than 241 million in 2010,is no doubt struggling with energy sustainability for the citizens and at the same time combating the environmental issues such as climate change and reducing CO2 emissions. With an average growth 2.6% per year, the Indonesian population can be predicted to reach over 300 million by the year 2025. On the other hand, Indonesian economic development is increasing in all sectors such as industrial and commercial sectors as well as household and transportation sectors. The large population and recent economic growth has resulted in an improvement in the overall living standard in Indonesia. The increase of level in economic situation has led to an increase of demand on energy consumption.
One way of looking at the urban energy consumption, is considering the energy consumption trends of the end user. To limit the scope of discussion, Padang, the capital city of West Sumatera province, was selected for the case study. Padang is a typical medium sized city that faces rapid economic growth after a high magnitude earthquake devastating the city in 2009. After the recovery periodelapsed, the local government began to maintain establishment in all sectors of social economic, accelerated development of housing, health and educational facilities. To support the recovery and development process, a comprehensive study of urban energy consumption should be completed for this city.
This paper aims to investigate the urban energy consumption trends in four sectors: residential, commercial, industrial and transportation sectors, under different urban population scenarios and key indicators of urban energy consumption. This study can be integrated with long-term urban planning toward a sustainable development.
2.Methodology
2.1 Demography of Padang
Padang, capital of West Sumatera province, covers an area of about 694.96 km2 and has a population of about 846,731 (Padang in figure, 2011). Padang consists of 11 districts, Bungus, East Padang, Koto Tangah, Kuranji, Lubuk Begalung, Lubuk Kilangan, Nanggalo, North Padang, Pauh, South Padang, and West Padang (Table 1 and Figure 1). As the center of the provincial government, Padang became the region with the highest population density in West Sumatra province. In addition, office activities, business and education are also concentrated on this area.
Table 1. Details of the case study city
Aspects Information
Land area 694.96(km2)
Number of sub districts 11
Population (2011) 846,731 (Person)
Population density 1218.4( Person/km2)
GDP ( 2011) 12,792.18 million Rupiah
GDP per capita ( 2011) 32.50 billion Rupiah
361
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2015, pp.360-373
362
Figure 1. Case study (Padang, Indonesia)
2.2 Cohort Model
System dynamic modelling is one approach that can help urban planners to meet the
challenges of decision-making and policy formulation for the system development (Kumar and Sonar, 2008). The value of a model arises by improving our understanding of obscure behavior characteristics more effectively than could be done by observing the real system (Hannon abd Ruth, 2001). With system dynamics, the real world system is easy to understand by mimicking real conditions using computer programs.When a model is simulated with a computer, each element of the model is specified by the initial conditions and the computer works out the systems responses according to the specified relation among the elements. Computer Modelling becomes “dynamic” not only when feedback processes among system components are captured through time, but also when model development is based on the dynamic exchange of data and information among a group of model developers and users (Hannon and Ruth, 2001).
Under the book entitled “Dynamic Modelling”, Hannon et al. presented the principle of
dynamic modelling using STELLA SOFTWARE.
a) Define the problem and the goals of the model b) Designate the state variable
c) Select the control variable, the flow controls into and out of state variable d) Select the parameters for the control variables
e) Examine the resulting model for possible violations of physical, economic, law, etc f) Choose time horizons intended to examine dynamic behaviors of the model g) Run the model
h) Vary the parameter to their reasonable extremes and see if the results in the graph still make
sense
i) Compare the result with the experimental data
j) Revise the parameter or model to reflect a greater complexity and to meet exceptions to the
experimental results.
As mentioned above, one fundamental key to understanding the energy issues in the urban
sector is the population. The population increases in urban areas will have a particularly significant impact on energy consumption in an urban structure which is related to the sustainable issues
regarding energy security and climate change.
Urban Energy Consumption in a City of Indonesia: General Overview
Generally, population is estimated by birth, death, and migration (immigration and emigration). This identity can be written by:
Population = current population + birth –death + (immigration – emigration) (1)
The cohort model is divided into a female and male population and each population is classified by age: 0-14 years, 15-44 years, 45-64 years and over 65 years. This classification is used to provide complete information about the estimated population according to age levels.
2.3 Residential Sector
Residential energy consumption is strongly related to the urban population. As mentioned above, 60% of the world’s population live in an urban area and that percentage is expected to continue rising. An increase of housing market will promote an increase of energy consumption.
In this respect, the number of population, the number of households, family size, and other related information are calculated from the population census of Padang from year 2000 to 2011. Population is projected by a cohort model as mentioned in the previous section. Characteristics of household appliances obtained through analysis of questionnaires distributed to samples reside in 11 sub-districts of Padang. 210 households were selected randomly and participated in this survey.
The size of the samples foreach district was chosen according to the size of district population. The survey information was mainly about household characteristics and structures, household appliances, energy consumption related daily life activities such asfor lighting, cooking and cooling. Calculation of energy consumption in the residential sector focused on the three types of energy sources: electricity, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene. Energy consumption patterns of daily life were also observed.
2.4 Transportation Sector
Energy consumption of the transportation sector was calculated based on the number of transportation vehicles, such as public transport (citybus and microbus) and private vehicles (motorcycles and cars). The travel distance for each type of vehicle, and fuel consumption per kilometer distance were also considered in the calculation.
Energy consumption was calculated based on vehicle mileages multiplied by fuel consumption of each vehicle, as shown in Equation (2).
=( × × )+( × × ) (2)
W here:
E T= Total energy consumption inthe transportation sector
TD Pb= Total travel distance for public transportation
TD Pr= Total travel distance for private transportation
N Pb= Number of public transportation vehicles
N Pr= Number of private vehicles
FC Pr= Fuel consumption per kilometer for private transportation
FC Pb= Fuel consumption per kilometer for public transportation
2.5 Industrial and Commercial Sectors
Energy consumption in industrial and commercial sectors is estimated from historical data considering population and economic growth. Industrial and commercial sectors are the sectors that contribute significantly to the GDP of Padang. From 2005 to 2010, the commercial sector contributed 22.5 % while the industrial sector accounted for only 20 % of the total GDP. The estimation of energy consumption in the industrial and commercial sectors is mainly focused on the electricity consumption because this type of energy source gave more than 65% of the energy share compared with the other energy sources.
3.Results and Analysis
3.1 Cohort Model of the Padang Population
A cohort model was used to estimate energy consumption based on population projection. It provides an overview of the development of the Padangpopulation by age group adopted from a scenario projection of West Sumatera for 2025.
The Population projection for the study area can be seen in Figure. 2 Population is projected to continue rising, despite several attempts taken to curb the population growth. In accordance with the
363
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2015, pp.360-373
364
MDG scenario, the fertility rate is targeted at 2.11 in 2025. Figure 3 shows a comparison between the businesses as usual (BAU) and population scenario dealing with fertility rate.
Figure 2. Estimated population by the cohort method
Figure 3. Estimated population by the cohort method under population scenarios
Under TFR scenarios, when fertility rate is setto 2.11 in 2025, the total population is expected to successfully suppress to 7% per year. Since Padang demography is dominated by younger ages (Figure 4.), to realize the target of TFR 2.11, aseriouseffortmust bemade by the government to educate this productive age group. The followings are several programs designed by the government to decrease the fertility rate:
a. Decrease birth rate through a birth control program Since 1970, this program has been announced by the government, as one of the efforts to reduce the high rate of population growth in Indonesia. The aims are to promote awareness to a new family for the birth plan, realigned to their economic level and readiness. Since the program started, the birth rates (TFR) significantly decreased from 5.6 in 1970 to 2.8 in 2000.
b. Delaying the age of marriage It is well documented that early pregnancy usually increases both maternal and infant mortality. In developing countries such as Indonesia, early childbirth occurs within the context of early marriage. Delaying the age of marriage for women to their mid twenties not only results in a significant drop inthe fertility rate, but also will most likely prevent a surprisingly large portion of maternal and infant mortalities.
c. Increase the education level
Urban Energy Consumption in a City of Indonesia: General Overview
365
One of the most effective ways to lower population growth and reduce poverty is to provide adequate education for both girls and boys. Countries in which more children are enrolled in school—even at the primary level—tend to have strikingly lower fertility rates.
Figure 4. Population structure of Padang
3.2 Residential Sector According to the projection result, it can be seen that household numbers of Padang gradually increased following the population trend. In other words, this condition will provide a significant influence on residential energy consumption. Also, direct and indirect lifestyle aspects are factors that influence the residential energy consumption pattern (Fong, 2008; Bill and Danni, 2009; Pereira and Assis, 2013). Electricity, LPG and kerosene are the main sources of residential energy consumption. Padang Statistical data (2011) report that from 2000 to 2011, electricity was the biggest share of energy sources. Electricity consumption spread to the residential sector (92%), followed by commercial sectors (5.32%), public sectors (1.92%), the government (1.28%), and only 0.04% in the industrial sector (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Household electricity consumption
Figure 6 shows the share of electricity for different end users in Padang. Cooking is the most energy consuming activity with a share of 53%, followed by a 17% share for cooling devices, 10% for
entertainment devices, 5% for lighting and 16% for other devices.
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2015, pp.360-373
366
In respect to the household energy consumption, Wijaya and Tezuka carried out a survey of household electricity consumption based on home appliances in the Bandung and Yogyakarta cities of Indonesia (Wijaya and Tezuka, 2011). The questionnaire survey method was used in this study, which involved 100 respondents in each city. Among the main findings of this study was, that a majority of electricity consumption came from cooking and cooling device. Figure 7 shows a comparison of electricity consumption by household activities between Padang and other cities in Indonesia.
Figure 6. Electricity consumption
Figure 7. Comparison of electricity consumption
Another activity that contributes to electricity consumption is entertainment. Fig. 7 shows that the leisure activities in Yogyakarta and Bandung cites contributed to 21% and 25% of energy consumption. Characteristics of households such as family lifestyle and family pattern respectively affect the high percentageof electricity consumption. LPG and kerosene, the main fuel are used by most Indonesian families. According to the Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2011, the average share of energy consumption of kerosene in the household sector from the years 2000 to 2010 was about 57%, of electricity about 30%, of LPG about 13%, and only 0.1% of natural gas. Based on the survey results, 37.6% of households consumed LPG as the main fuel for cooking, however 36.7% of households still used kerosene and 23.8% of householdsused both of LPG and kerosene, with only 1.9% of households still using wood as the primary fuel for cooking. The majority of households used 12 kg tube LPG, and the average household spent one tube per month. Padang statistical data also showed that from 2003 to 2009 there was an increase in households that using LPG, going from 36,922 households in 2003 to 47,230 households in 2009 (Padang in figure 2011). As a whole, according to data from
Energy
Urban Energy Consumption in a City of Indonesia: General Overview
367 Statistics of Indonesia, LPG consumption increased from 696,000 tons in 2000 to 3,577,000 tons in 2010.
3.3 Transportation Sector As mentioned above, energy consumption in the transportation sector focused on two parts, private transportation and public transportation. The number of vehicles per year, travel distances of public transportation, fuel consumption per kilometer of travel distances and other supporting data were derived from Padang statistical data and the Transportation Department of Padang. Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the increases in the number of public and private vehicles in Padang.However, the main obstacle of evaluating transportation energy consumption is the lack of available data for each public transportation type. Therefore, the authors placed more emphasis on two kinds of public transportation commonly used in Padang, the city bus and microbus in public transportation, and the motorcycle and a car with 4-7 seats in private transportation. The ratio of motorcycles to people is 1:4, which means that every 4th person has one motorcycle. Otherwise, for public transportation, the ratio is 1:330, which means that there is one public vehicle for every 330 persons (Indonesia Bank, 2013).
Figure 8. Number of public vehicles from 1994 to 2010
Figure 9. Number of private vehicles from 2001 to 2010
As illustrated in Figure 10, withan increase in population and demand for public
transportation growing up 2% p.a., energy consumption is predicted to riseto 20,000 TJ in 2050. Micro buses contributed more than 90% to total energy consumption compared to other forms of public transportation.
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2015, pp.360-373
Figure 10. Energy consumption projection of public transportation
Historical Projection
In terms of private vehicles, because of the availability of data, the calculation of energy consumption builds from average fuel consumption per day for motorcycles and cars (ESDM, 2012). Figure. 11 shows the increase in energy consumption of private vehicles. It can be seen that if every 2.75 people have one motorcycle and every 50 persons have a car, energy consumption is predicted to growth 2% per year.
Figure 11. Energy consumption projection of private transportation
Historical Projection
The motorcycle is the biggest contributor of fuel consumption compared to passenger cars. Figure 12 provides an overview of vehicle ownership in Padang. The simplicity of having motorcycles, absence of vehicle restriction policy, and public transportation management is not a good reasonfor society to use motorcyclesrather than public transportation. This result is closely related to the increasing air pollution. According to the Environment Impact Control (BAPEDALDA, 2012) report 70% of air pollution was caused by motor vehicles, 20% by industrial activities, and the remaining 10% from garbage and cigarettes.
368
Urban Energy Consumption in a City of Indonesia: General Overview
369 Figure 12. Households vehicle
Generally, the high number of vehicles in Indonesia is mainly caused by: a. The ease of obtaining motorcycles
Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest density of motorcycles in the world.
According to the Indonesian motorcycle association, production of motorcycles reached 15 million per year and 86% of the products are used in the domestic market. On the other hand, on the consumer side, many conveniences were provided by distributors of motorcycles as light credit, a small down payment. This condition encourages people to purchase a motorcycle. b. High flexibility
Motorcycle is a transportation vehicle which has a high flexibility compared to cars.
Generally, Indonesia has many roads that can only be passed by motorcycle. Moreover, in the cities context of the high mobility and traffic jams are a problem, and motorcycles are practical and efficient vehicles.
c. The impact of inadequate public transport
According to Indonesian transportation department, the ratio of private vehicles to public
vehicles is 98% : 2%. In Padang case, the number of public transportations with 25 seats was decreased 4% per years since 2007. Moreover, people prefer using private vehicles rather than public transportation. On the other hand, the growth rate of roads was only 0.5% per year. This condition provides several problemssuch as traffic jam, air pollution, and also the increasing of fuel consumption 3.4 Commercial and Industrial Sector
Energy consumption by the commercial sector is dominated by electricity usage. Figure. 13
shows the share of commercial energy consumption by each energy source type. Statistical data showed that electricity was consumed more than 69%, fuel consumption was approximately 22%, natural gas was approximately 1%, biomass approximately 5%, coal approximately 0%, and LPG was consumed at approximately 3%.
Figure 13. Share of commercial and industrial energy consumption
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2015, pp.360-373
370
In this study, the authors put more emphasis on the calculation of electricity consumption.
Historical data from 2000 to 2011 shows increases of an electricity users in the commercial and industrial sectors. Figures 14 and 15 show that in the commercial sector the electricity user was growth of 14% p.a, while in the industrial sector only about 5% p.a.
Figure 14. Electricity commercial user
As mentioned above, the Indonesian economy grew by an average of 6.5% p.a. This growth
was supported by business sectors and industries. From 12.08 billion Rupiah of GDP, the business sector contributed an average of 21% per year, and is expected to continued rising.
Figure 15. Electricity industrial user
Indonesia Energy Outlook (IEO, 2011) provides an overview of the growth of Indonesia's
energy future . Related to energy consumption inthe commercial and industrial sectors, the commercial sector and the industrial sector will grow by 4.9% and 6.2%, respectively. Based on the Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT, 2011), from 2014 to 2030 energy demand was projected at average increase of 5.3 p.a and increased almost three times compared to 2009 (Figure. 16).
Urban Energy Consumption in a City of Indonesia: General Overview
Figure 16. Projection of final energy demand
3.5 Policy implications of urban energy consumption
As it has been known that urban energy consumption is unique for each country to measure and determine by country features such as climate, socio-economic condition, population, and physical characteristic. One part that the government should focus on is that increase of population, income, and lifestyle will lead to an increase of energy consumption (Sukarno et al., 2013; Feng et al, 2012; Crompton and Wu, 2005).
The survey of household energy consumption shows that utilization of energy such as LPG, biogas and renewable energy is still low compared to fossil-based energy. Since 2007, the Indonesian government has implemented a transition from kerosene to LPG. As it is already known, the government initially encouraged the use of LPG 12 kg tubes, and after the implementation of the conversion from kerosene to LPG, the government distributed 3 kg tubes available to the lower class. However, the study found that 38% households use kerosene. A high percentage of households who used kerosene were influenced by a lack of understanding the benefits of using LPG rather than kerosene. Furthermore, the lack of disseminating the safe use of the LPG was also one of the factors contributing to concern about using LPG rather than kerosene.
Related household appliances, ownership and utilization of electrical equipment are believed to have a significant effect on the increase of electricity consumption (Sukarno et al., 2013; Feng et al, 2012; Crompton and Wu, 2005). This condition will be a matter of concern with the increase of population, economic growth and human lifestyle.Since 2004, theMinistry of Environment was started for eco-label vision in Indonesia. For this vision, three missions are executed: (a) materialize synergy of environmentally negative impact control in product life cycle, (b) to encourage supply and demand quality and environmentally friendly products, (c) preparing criteria and an eco-label certification system which is competent and credible based on one stakeholder. This program should be integrated with strong regulation, standards, and policies that are required to support the eco-label vision in indonensia.
The Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT, 2011) predicts that by 2030 Indonesia will become an energy importing country. Some of the main energy sources are not able to satisfy domestic needs. Coal and petroleum reserves are predicted to only be able to meet domestic demand until 2050. Moreover, LPG demand is predicted to increase to 10 million tons by 2030 and 70% is still met from imports. Dependency on high energy based on fossil fuel will lead increase of CO2emission. Under the BPPT prediction, by 2030 total CO2emissions will reach1.2 billion tons, where coal accounts for CO2 emissions by 844 million tons, or 67 percent of total energy. This condition should receive serious attention from the Indonesia government. This will require essential policies and real programs to encourage the use of modern clean energy. Increased use of geothermal energy, solar energy, hydro energy, combustion energy and other renewable options should be placedas the priority programs for sustainable energy consumption.
371
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2015, pp.360-373
4. Conclusion
In this study, urban energy consumption was calculated based on a cohort model of Padang Indonesia. Although it was a basic model with various primary data related to energy consumption calculations, it provided an overview of urban energy consumption in the residential, commercial, industrial and transportation sectors.
One of the parameters that can be used as the basis for calculating energy consumption is the population growth. As one of the biggest users of energy, population growth has a significant influence on the increase of energy consumption. The cohort models provide an overview of the growth of the urban population every year. From the simulation results, several conclusions can be summarized:
(a)Based on TFR scenarios, from 2015 to 2050 the Padang population can be reduced to 7% per
years;
(b)Energy consumption has a positive correlation with population size;
Based on the energy consumption calculation, the main driving forces of urban energy consumption have been identified. In terms of the residential sector, cooking activities and cooling device are the main factorsfor electrical energy consumption. Although, from year 2007, the Indonesian government carried the conversion program from kerosene to LPG; however, the consumption of kerosene was still high over the last five years. In the transportation sector, the number of motorcycles is extremely high and became the largest contributor to air pollution in the city. In the commercial and industrial sectors, electricity is one of the highest energy consumptions compared to other energy sources.
Decreasing urban energy consumption could be achieved by increasing efficiency of household appliances, promoting electricity saving behaviors, increasing public awareness for energy saving, and applying energy efficient labeling for home appliances. Hence, these elements should be prioritized in the future urban energy study and integrated with the long-term urban planning toward sustainable development.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge Industrial Engineering of Andalas University students who helped the authors to distribute and collect questionnaires, and also all the individuals who participated as a respondent in this research. The authors would also like to convey their gratitude to the Indonesian Scholarship (DIKTI) program for providing scholarships during the study.
References
Bapedalda.(2012). http://www.padang.go.id.
Bill, M., Danni, M. (2009). How are we using Energy in homes today? Results from the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS). 2012 AEIC Annual Load Research Conference. July 11, 2012.
Crompton, P., Wu, P. (2005). Energy consumption in China: Past trends and future directions. Energy Economics, 27(1), 195-208.
EIA, Energy International Outlook (2011). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Energy Information Administration.
ESDM.(2012).
http://www.esdm.go.id/berita/migas/40-migas/5368-pengendalian-konsumsi-bbm-untuk-ketahan an-energi-nasional.html.
Feng, Y.Y., Chen,S.Q., Zhang, L.X. (2012). System dynamic modelling for urban energy consumption and CO2 emissions: Case study of Beijing, China. Journal of Ecological Modelling 44-54. Fong, W.K. (2008). A study on the prediction and control of urban energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Doctoral thesis of Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan.
Fong, W.K., Matsumoto, H, Ho, S.C., Lun,Y.F. (2008). Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emission Considerations in the Urban Planning Process in Malaysia. Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, VI, 101-130.
Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia. (2011). Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources.
372
Urban Energy Consumption in a City of Indonesia: General Overview
Hannon, B.,Ruth, M. (2001). Dynamic Modeling. Springer-Verlag, New York.
IGES. (2004). Urban Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emission in Asian Mega-Cities: Policies for a sustainable Future. Institute of Global Environmental Strategies.
Indonesia Bank. Monetary Policy. (2013). http://www.bi.go.id/NR/rdonlyres/25236949- 066E-497F-AC99-A9A980527022/27869/TKM_0114.pdf.
Indonesia Energy Outlook (IEO). (2011). Pusat Teknologi Pengembangan Sumberdaya Energi. Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi.
Kumar, S., Sonar (2008). Urban Sprawl A System Dynamic Approach, 44th ISOCARP Congress 2008.
Padang in figure (2011). Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Padang.
Pereira, I.M., Assis, E.S. (2013). Urban energy consumption mapping for energy management. Energy Policy, 59, 257-259.
Sukarno, I., Matsumoto., H, Kimura., R, Susanti., L. (2013). Residential energy consumption in a local city of Indonesia. Proceeding of 23rd Pacific Conference of the Regional Science Association International (RSAI) and the 4th Indonesian Regional Science Association (IRSA) Institute (PRSCO 2013), Bandung, Indonesia, 2-4 July 2013.
UN. (2008). World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision population database. New York: United Nations Population Division. https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d14504406.html,/unup/.
Wijaya, M.E., Tezuka, T. (2012). Electricity saving potential in Indonesia Households: A Techo-Socio-economic Analysis. In: 4th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE 2011), Bangkok, Thailand, 27-29 February 2012.
373
尊重的素材（为人处世） 思路 人与人之间只有互相尊重才能友好相处 要让别人尊重自己，首先自己得尊重自己 尊重能减少人与人之间的摩擦 尊重需要理解和宽容 尊重也应坚持原则 尊重能促进社会成员之间的沟通 尊重别人的劳动成果 尊重能巩固友谊 尊重会使合作更愉快 和谐的社会需要彼此间的尊重 名言 施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺术，也是仁爱的情操。—刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。———徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人，他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。———席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。———纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的，但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。———莎士比亚 尊重别人，才能让人尊敬。———笛卡尔 谁自尊，谁就会得到尊重。———巴尔扎克 人应尊敬他自己，并应自视能配得上最高尚的东西。———黑格尔 对人不尊敬，首先就是对自己的不尊敬。———惠特曼
每当人们不尊重我们时，我们总被深深激怒。然而在内心深处，没有一个人十分尊重自己。———马克·吐温 忍辱偷生的人，绝不会受人尊重。———高乃依 敬人者，人恒敬之。———《孟子》 人必自敬，然后人敬之；人必自侮，然后人侮之。———扬雄 不知自爱反是自害。———郑善夫 仁者必敬人。———《荀子》 君子贵人而贱己，先人而后己。———《礼记》 尊严是人类灵魂中不可糟蹋的东西。———古斯曼 对一个人的尊重要达到他所希望的程度，那是困难的。———沃夫格纳 经典素材 1元和200元 （尊重劳动成果） 香港大富豪李嘉诚在下车时不慎将一元钱掉入车下，随即屈身去拾，旁边一服务生看到了，上前帮他拾起了一元钱。李嘉诚收起一元钱后，给了服务生200元酬金。 这里面其实包含了钱以外的价值观念。李嘉诚虽然巨富，但生活俭朴，从不挥霍浪费。他深知亿万资产，都是一元一元挣来的。钱币在他眼中已抽象为一种劳动，而劳动已成为他最重要的生存方式，他的所有财富，都是靠每天20小时以上的劳动堆积起来的。200元酬金，实际上是对劳动的尊重和报答，是不能用金钱衡量的。 富兰克林借书解怨 （尊重别人赢得朋友）
Unit 7 Protect the Earth (Story time) (江苏省优质课评比教案) Step1: Pre-reading 1.Lead-in T: Good morning, boys and girls. Ss: Good morning, Miss Zheng. T: I’m very happy to be your teacher today. I hope we can enjoy this lesson. OK? Ss: OK. T: Thank you. As you kno w I’m from… Ss: Yancheng. T: Yes. It is a very beautiful city. There are some rare wild animals in Yancheng. Can you guess what are they? Ss: They are… (展示丹顶鹤和麋鹿的图片问学生) T: Look, They are red-crowned cranes and milu deers. They live happily in Yancheng. Today I bring you a short story about an animal. Look, what’s this? S: It’s a bird. T: Yes. Let’s watch the cartoon. After watching it, please tell me: What can you see in the cartoon? T: What can you see in the cartoon? S: I can see a river? T: Is the river clean? S: No, it’s dirty. …… T: What can you feel about the cartoon? S: … T: Yes. There are so many bad things. Who did these bad things? Ss: People. T: What do you want to say to these people? Ss: … T: Yes. We should protect the Earth, right? Ss: Yes. T: So t oday we’re going to learn Unit 7 Protect the Earth. (揭题，带领学生读课题)
谈如何尊重人尊重他人，我们赢得友谊；尊重他人，我们收获真诚；尊重他人，我们自己也 获得尊重；相互尊重，我们的社会才会更加和谐. ——题记 尊重是对他人的肯定，是对对方的友好与宽容。它是友谊的润滑剂，它是和谐的调节器， 它是我们须臾不可脱离的清新空气。“主席敬酒，岂敢岂敢？”“尊老敬贤，应该应该！”共和 国领袖对自己老师虚怀若谷，这是尊重；面对许光平女士，共和国总理大方的叫了一 声“婶婶”，这种和蔼可亲也是尊重。 尊重不仅会让人心情愉悦呼吸平顺，还可以改变陌生或尖锐的关系，廉颇和蔺相如便是 如此。将相和故事千古流芳:廉颇对蔺相如不满，处处使难，但蔺相如心怀大局，对廉颇相 当的尊重，最后也赢得了廉颇的真诚心，两人结为好友，共辅赵王，令强秦拿赵国一点办法 也没有。蔺相如与廉颇的互相尊重，令得将相和的故事千百年令无数后人膜拜。 现在，给大家举几个例子。在美国，一个颇有名望的富商在散步 时，遇到一个瘦弱的摆地摊卖旧书的年轻人，他缩着身子在寒风中啃着发霉的面包。富 商怜悯地将8美元塞到年轻人手中，头也不回地走了。没走多远，富商忽又返回，从地摊上 捡了两本旧书，并说：“对不起，我忘了取书。其实，您和我一样也是商人！”两年后，富商 应邀参加一个慈善募捐会时，一位年轻书商紧握着他的手，感激地说：“我一直以为我这一生 只有摆摊乞讨的命运，直到你亲口对我说，我和你一样都是商人，这才使我树立了自尊和自 信，从而创造了今天的业绩??”不难想像，没有那一 句尊重鼓励的话，这位富商当初即使给年轻人再多钱，年轻人也断不会出现人生的巨变， 这就是尊重的力量啊 可见尊重的量是多吗大。大家是不是觉得一个故事不精彩，不够明确尊重的力量，那再 来看下一个故事吧！ 一家国际知名的大企业，在中国进行招聘，招聘的职位是该公司在中国的首席代表。经 过了异常激烈的竞争后，有五名年轻人，从几千名应聘者中脱颖而出。最后的胜出者，将是 这五个人中的一位。最后的考试是一场面试，考官们都 作文话题素材之为人处世篇：尊重 思路 人与人之间只有互相尊重才能友好相处 要让别人尊重自己，首先自己得尊重自己 尊重能减少人与人之间的摩擦 尊重需要理解和宽容 尊重也应坚持原则 尊重能促进社会成员之间的沟通 尊重别人的劳动成果 尊重能巩固友谊 尊重会使合作更愉快 和谐的社会需要彼此间的尊重 名言 施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺 术，也是仁爱的情操。———刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。———徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人，他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。———席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。———纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的，但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。———莎士比亚
尊重他人的写作素材 导读：——学生最需要礼貌 著名数学家陈景润回厦门大学参加 60 周年校庆，向欢迎的人们说的第一句话是：“我非常高兴回到母校，我常常怀念老师。”被人誉为“懂得人的价值”的著名经济学家、厦门大学老校长王亚南，曾经给予陈景润无微不至的关心和帮助。陈景润重返母校，首先拜访这位老校长。校庆的第三天，陈景润又出现在向“哥德巴赫猜想”进军的启蒙老师李文清教授家中，陈景润非常尊重和感激他。他还把最新发表的数学论文敬送李教授审阅，并在论文扉页上工工整整写了以下的字：“非常感谢老师的长期指导和培养——您的学生陈景润。”陈景润还拜访了方德植教授，方教授望着成就斐然而有礼貌的学生，心里暖暖的。 ——最需要尊重的人是老师 周恩来少年时在沈阳东关模范学校读书期间 , 受到进步教师高盘之的较大影响。他常用的笔名“翔宇”就是高先生为他取的。周恩来参加革命后不忘师恩 , 曾在延安答外国记者问时说：“少年时代我在沈阳读书 , 得山东高盘之先生教诲与鼓励 , 对我是个很大的 促进。” 停奏抗议的反思 ——没有礼仪就没有尊重 孔祥东是著名的钢琴演奏家。 1998 年 6 月 6 日晚，他在汕头
举办个人钢琴独奏音乐会。演出之前，节目主持人再三强调，场内观众不要随意走动，关掉 BP 机、手提电话。然而，演出的过程中，这种令人遗憾的场面却屡屡发生：场内观众随意走动， BP 机、手提电话响声不绝，致使孔祥东情绪大受干扰。这种情况，在演奏舒曼作品时更甚。孔祥东只好停止演奏，静等剧场安静。然而，观众还误以为孔祥东是在渴望掌声，便报以雷鸣般的掌声。这件事，令孔祥东啼笑皆非。演出结束后，孔祥东说：有个 BP 机至少响了 8 次，观众在第一排来回走动，所以他只得以停奏抗议。 “礼遇”的动力 ——尊重可以让人奋发 日本的东芝公司是一家著名的大型企业，创业已经有 90 多年的历史，拥有员工 8 万多人。不过，东芝公司也曾一度陷入困境，土光敏夫就是在这个时候出任董事长的。他决心振兴企业，而秘密武器之一就是“礼遇”部属。身为偌大一个公司的董事长，他毫无架子，经常不带秘书，一个人步行到工厂车间与工人聊天，听取他们的意见。更妙的是，他常常提着酒瓶去慰劳职工，与他们共饮。对此，员工们开始都感到很吃惊，不知所措。渐渐地，员工们都愿意和他亲近，他赢得了公司上下的好评。他们认为，土光董事长和蔼可亲，有人情味，我们更应该努力，竭力效忠。因此，土光上任不久，公司的效益就大力提高，两年内就把亏损严重、日暮途穷的公司重新支撑起来，使东芝成为日本最优秀的公司之一。可见，礼，不仅是调节领导层之间关
尊重_议论文素材 "礼遇"的动力 --尊重可以让人奋发 日本的东芝公司是一家著名的大型企业，创业已经有90 多年的历史，拥有员工8 万多人。不过，东芝公司也曾一度陷入困境，土光敏夫就是在这个时候出任董事长的。他决心振兴企业，而秘密武器之一就是"礼遇"部属。身为偌大一个公司的董事长，他毫无架子，经常不带秘书，一个人步行到工厂车间与工人聊天，听取他们的意见。更妙的是，他常常提着酒瓶去慰劳职工，与他们共饮。对此，员工们开始都感到很吃惊，不知所措。渐渐地，员工们都愿意和他亲近，他赢得了公司上下的好评。他们认为，土光董事长和蔼可亲，有人情味，我们更应该努力，竭力效忠。因此，土光上任不久，公司的效益就大力提高，两年内就把亏损严重、日暮途穷的公司重新支撑起来，使东芝成为日本最优秀的公司之一。可见，礼，不仅是调节领导层之间关系的纽带，也是调节上下级之间关系，甚至和一线工人之间关系的纽带。世界知识产权日 --尊重知识 在2000 年10 月召开的世界知识产权组织第35 届成员国大会上，我国提议将 4 月26 日定为"世界知识产权日"。这个提案经世界知识产权组织成员国大会得到了确定。2001 年4 月26 日成为第一个"世界知识产权日"。这是我国尊重知识的具体表现。 屠格涅夫与乞丐 --尊重比金钱更重要 俄罗斯文豪屠格涅夫一日在镇上散步，路边有一个乞丐伸手向他讨钱。他很想有所施与，从口袋掏钱时才知道没有带钱袋。见乞丐的手伸得高高地等着，屠格涅夫面有愧色，只好握着乞丐的手说："对不起，我忘了带钱出来。"乞丐笑了，含泪说："不，我宁愿接受您的握手。" 孙中山尊重护士 --尊重不分社会地位 有一天，孙中山先生病了，住院治疗。当时，孙中山已是大总统、大元帅了。但是，他对医务人员很尊重，对他们讲话很谦逊。平时，无论是早晨或是晚间，每当接到护士送来的药品，他总是微笑着说声"谢谢您"，敬诚之意溢于言辞。 1925 年孙中山患肝癌，弥留之际，当一位护理人员为他搬掉炕桌时，孙中山先生安详地望着她，慈祥地说："谢谢您，您的工作太辛苦了，过后您应该好好休息休息，这阵子您太辛苦了! "听了这话，在场的人都泣不成声。 毛泽东敬酒 --敬老尊贤是一种美德 1959 年6 月25 日，毛泽东回到离别30 多年的故乡韶山后，请韶山老人毛禹珠来吃饭，并特地向他敬酒。毛禹珠老人说："主席敬酒，岂敢岂敢! "毛泽东接着说："敬老尊贤，应该应该。" 周恩来不穿拖鞋接待外宾 --衣着整齐体现对人的尊重 周恩来晚年病得很重，由于工作的需要，他还要经常接待外宾。后来，他病得连脚都肿起来了，原先的皮鞋、布鞋都不能穿，他只能穿着拖鞋走路，可是，有些重要的外事活动，他还是坚持参加。他身边的工作人员出于对总理的爱护和关心，对他说："您就穿着拖鞋接待外
关于尊重的论点和论据素材 关于尊重的论点 1.尊重需要理解和宽容。 2.尊重也应该坚持原则。 3.尊重知识是社会进步的表现。 4.尊重别人就要尊重别人的劳动。 5.尊重人才是社会发展的需要。 6.人与人之间需要相互尊重。 7.只有尊重别人才会受到别人的尊重。 8.尊重能促进人与人之间的沟通。 9.我们应该养成尊重他人的习惯。 10.对人尊重，常会产生意想不到的善果。 关于尊重的名言 1.仁者必敬人。《荀子》 2.忍辱偷生的人决不会受人尊重。高乃依 3.尊重别人的人不应该谈自己。高尔基 4.尊重别人，才能让人尊敬。笛卡尔 5.谁自尊，谁就会得到尊重。巴尔扎克 6.君子贵人而贱己，先人而后己。《礼记》 7.卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。徐特立 8.对人不尊敬，首先就是对自己的不尊敬。惠特曼
9.为人粗鲁意味着忘记了自己的尊严。车尔尼雪夫斯基 10.对人不尊敬的人，首先就是对自己不尊重。陀思妥耶夫斯基 11.对于应尊重的事物，我们应当或是缄默不语，或是大加称颂。尼采 12.尊重老师是我们中华民族的传统美德，我们每一个人都不应该忘记。xx 13.尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造。《xx 大报告》 14.对别人的意见要表示尊重。千万别说：你错了。卡耐基 15.尊重人才，培养人才，是通用电器长久不败的法宝。杰克韦尔奇 16.君子之于人也，当于有过中求无过，不当于无过中求有过。程颐 17.施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺术，也是仁爱的情操。刘墉 18.要尊重每一个人，不论他是何等的卑微与可笑。要记住活在每个人身上的是和你我相同的性灵。叔本华 19.要喜欢我们所不尊重的人是很难的;但要喜欢
关于学会尊重的高中作文1000字以上 尊重是一杯清茶，只有真正懂它的人才能忽略它的寡淡，品出它深处的热烈。下面橙子为大家搜集整理有关学会尊重的高中作文，希望可以帮助到大家! 高中作文学会尊重曾经听说这样一个故事： 一位商人看到一个衣衫破烂的铅笔推销员，顿生一股怜悯之情。他不假思索地将10元钱塞到卖铅笔人的手中，然后头也不回地走开了。走了没几步，他忽然觉得这样做不妥，于是连忙返回来，并抱歉地解释说自己忘了取笔，希望不要介意。最后，他郑重其事地说：“您和我一样，都是商人。” 一年之后，在一个商贾云集、热烈隆重的社交场合，一位西装革履、风度翩翩的推销商迎上这位商人，不无感激地自我介绍道：“您可能早已忘记我了，而我也不知道您的名字，但我永远不会忘记您。您就是那位重新给了我自尊和自信的人。我一直觉得自己是个推销铅笔的乞丐，直到您亲口对我说，我和您一样都是商人为止。” 没想到商人这么—句简简单单的话，竟使一个不无自卑的人顿然树立起自尊，使—个处境窘迫的人重新找回了自信。正是有了这种自尊与自信，才使他看到了自己的价值和优势，终于通过努力获得了成功。不难想象，倘若当初没有那么—句尊重鼓励的话，纵然给他几千元也无济于事，断不会出现从自认乞丐到自信自强的巨变，这就是尊1 / 7
重，这就是尊重的力量! 尊重，是—种修养，一种品格，一种对别人不卑不亢的平等相待，一种对他人人格与价值的的充分肯定。任何人都不可能尽善尽美，完美无缺，我们没有理由以高山仰止的目光审视别人，也没有资格用不屑一顾的神情去嘲笑他人。假如别人在某些方面不如自己，我们不能用傲慢和不敬去伤害别人的自尊;假如自己在有些地方不如他人，我们不必以自卑或嫉妒去代替理应有的尊重。一个真正懂得尊重别人的人，必然会以平等的心态、平常的心情、平静的心境，去面对所有事业上的强者与弱者、所有生活中的幸运者与不幸者。 尊重是一缕春风，一泓清泉，一颗给人温暖的舒心丸，一剂催人奋进的强心剂。它常常与真诚、谦逊、宽容、赞赏、善良、友爱相得益彰，与虚伪、狂妄、苛刻、嘲讽、凶恶、势利水火不容。给成功的人以尊重，表明了自己对别人成功的敬佩、赞美与追求;表明了自己对别人失败后的同情、安慰与鼓励。只有要尊重在，就有人间的真情在，就有未来的希望在，就有成功后的继续奋进，就有失败后的东山再起。 尊重不是盲目的崇拜，更不是肉麻的吹捧;不是没有原则的廉价逢迎，更不是没有自卑的低三下四。懂得了尊重别人的重要，并不等于学会了如何尊重别人，从这个意义上说，尊重他人也是一门学问，学会了尊重他人，就学会了尊重自己，也就学会和掌握了人生的一大要义。 2 / 7
U8 Grammar & Fun time 教学目标: 掌握一般将来时的句式结构，能用一般将来时谈论自己的节日安排。 教学重难点： 1、句型be going to …的用法。 2、介词in 、at在节日名称前的用法区别。 教学过程： Step 1 Revision 1、Say the words and phrases.映示课文插图，说出相应单词及 词组。 2、T:What is Su Hai going to do ? Guess!根据香港和大陆人的 节日习俗有所不同，来猜测苏洋的节日安排。 3、T: Chinese New Year is a popular holiday in China. What are you going to do this Chinese New Year ? I’m going to …(板书) 4、Practice in each group of four .指名学生提问：What is he/she
going to do ? He/She is going to …What are they going to do ? They are going to … Step 2 Grammar time 1、T: Let’s read the sentences. 呈现Grammar time中的句子，以问答形式朗读。 2、生试总结一般将来时的句式特点。 3、教师总结。 ⑴一般将来时表示在将来某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也可表示将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态。 ⑵结构：be going to + 动词原形 What is he going to do at Chinese New Year ? He is going to watch a lion dance . What are you going to do on Chinese New Year’s Eve ? We’re going to have a big dinner . 3、Practice . ⑴我打算明天打扫我的房间。 I ____ going to____ my bedroom tomorrow. ⑵他这个周末准备去拜访他的祖父母。
《义务教育课程标准实验教科书?牛津小学英语》6B 第二单元第一教时 河口镇孔堤口小学吕永中 教学内容：牛津小学英语6B 第二单元第一教时Unit 2 More exercise（part A ） 教学目标： 1、能正确地听，说，读，写单词和词组more ,be good at ,slower, player, true, ball game. 2、能正确地听，说，读，写句型Ben runs faster than Jim. Does Jim swim slower than his friends? Yes，he does./ No，he doesn’t. 3、能正确地运用对话中的日常交际用语和三会句型That’s true. Mike runs as fast as Ben. 4、能正确地理解，掌握对话内容并能朗读初步表演对话。 5、能运用本课所学语言进行“体育锻炼”的对话交际。 教学重点: 1、能正确地听，说，读，写句型Ben runs faster than Jim. Does Jim swim slower than his friends? Yes，he does./ No，he doesn’t. 2、能正确理解、掌握对话内容，并能朗读，尝试表演对话。 教学难点: 1、能正确理解、掌握对话内容，并能朗读，尝试表演对话。 2、be good at 和do well in 后面接动名词。 课前准备： 1、教具准备：一套多媒体课件, 练习作业。 2、板书准备：预先写好课题Unit 2 More exercise，贴好表格、表格内的内容贴纸。 教学主流程： Step1 Warming –up. 1. Greetings. T: 用Hello, boys and girls. Do you like sport？I like running. Do you like running？…… 2. Riddles. T: Would you like to play a game? I describe a person, you guess who he is. Now listen carefully: He is a runner. He runs very fast. He is tall. He is a Chinese man. Who is he? S: He is Liu Xiang. T: Yes, what does he like? S: He likes running. He likes to run. T: Yes, he can run fast, so he is good at running. How about you? S: I like playing basketball. T: Do you play well? S: Yes, I do. T: So you are good at basketball. (板书出示：be good at ) T: I am good at singing. Liu Xiang is good at running. S is good at basketball. So we are good at PE. Who are not good at PE?(some students hands up) T: Oh, you should do more exercise. (揭示课题Unit 2 More exercise) Some students are not good at PE. They should do more exercise. And they’ll do better in PE. (板书出示：do more
2015年高考作文素材：关于文明的作文素材 高考作文素材点拨及运用思路：文明 一、素材链接: 言语类 (一)名人名言 1.礼仪的目的与作用本在使得本来的顽梗变柔顺，使人们的气质变温和，使他尊重别人，和别人合得来。约翰?洛克 2.善气迎人，亲如弟兄;恶气迎人，害于戈兵。管仲 3.天下有大勇者，猝然临之而不惊，不故加之而不怒。苏轼 4.我们应该注意自己不用言语去伤害别的同志，但是，当别人用语言来伤害自己的时候，也应该受得起。刘少奇 5.礼貌使人类共处的金钥匙。松苏内吉 6.讲话气势汹汹，未必就是言之有理。萨迪 7.火气甚大，容易引起愤怒底烦扰，是一种恶习而使心灵向着那不正当的事情，那是一时冲动而没有理性的行动。彼得.阿柏拉德 8.青年人应当不伤人，应当把个人所得的给予各人，应当避免虚伪与欺骗，应当显得恳挚悦人，这样学着去行正直。夸美纽斯 9.礼貌是儿童与青年所应该特别小心地养成习惯的第一件大事。约翰.洛克 10.不论你是一个男子还是一个女人，待人温和宽大才配得上人的名称。一个人的真 11.正的英勇果断，决不等于用拳头制止别人发言。萨迪 12.礼貌使有礼貌的人喜悦，也使那些授人以礼貌相待的人们喜悦。孟德斯鸠 13.坏事情一学就会，早年沾染的恶习，从此以后就会在所有的行为和举动中显现出来，不论是说话或行动上的毛病，三岁至老，六十不改。克雷洛夫 14.礼貌经常可以替代最高贵的感情。梅里美 15.礼貌是最容易做到的事，也是最珍贵的东西。冈察尔 16.脾气暴躁是人类较为卑劣的天性之一，人要是发脾气就等于在人类进步的阶梯上倒退了一步。达尔文 17.蜜蜂从花中啜蜜，离开时营营的道谢。浮夸的蝴蝶却相信花是应该向他道谢的。泰戈尔
写尊重的初中素材作文 学会尊重 曾看过一个《尊重》的故事：一个商人看到一个衣衫褴褛的铅笔推销员，不假思索地 将10元塞进卖铅笔人的手中，当做施舍。走了没几步，他觉得这样做不妥，连忙返回来，抱歉地向卖铅笔人解释自己忘了取笔。最后郑重其事地说：“您和我一样，都是商人。” 没想到的是，在一年后，在一个热烈隆重的社交场合上，一位西装革履的推销商迎上这位 商人，感激地说：“您可能早已忘记我，但我永远也不会忘记您。您就是那位重新给了我 自尊和自信的人。” 尊重，其实并不难，而在于学会怎样去尊重别人。如果这位商人只是施舍10元后便 离开，那个卖铅笔人也许到今天还认为自己是一个乞丐，也就不会有今天的成就。而这位 商人意识到了那样做是把卖铅笔人看做乞丐，是不尊重他的行为。所以他立即返回，抱歉 地取回铅笔，把卖铅笔人看做和自己一样是商人，应当得到平等的待遇，受到尊重。这虽 然只是一句普通的话，但给予了卖铅笔人的，又岂只是10元，更重要的是自尊和自信， 使得他对自己改变了看法，重塑自尊心，使一个一贫如洗的人看到了自己的优势和价值， 凭艰苦奋斗和自强不息的努力获得了事业的成功，这就是尊重的力量。 我们需要尊重 我们十四岁，风华正茂;我们十四岁，热情奔放。十四岁的我们，尊重别人，同样也 需要别人尊重。 十四岁是一个多思的年华。在生活中，我们学会了思考。看到世间万物，芸芸众生， 我们都要想一想，于是就出现了---日记本。 今天不上晚自习，我没有预先告诉妈妈，想给她一个惊喜。 我轻手轻脚的上了楼，门是虚掩着的，我从门缝往里一看，妈妈正在我的抽屉里翻着 什么。天哪!我的日记本! 我冲了进去，大叫一声:"妈妈!" 妈妈惊讶的转向我，手里的日记本滑落到了地上，手足无措地说:"你，你今天怎么就，就回来了。我，我到你房间打扫卫生，看你抽，抽屉没关好，就¨¨¨" 我气愤地看着满脸惊慌的妈妈，用怨恨的目光瞪了她一眼，就跑出去了。 夕阳淡淡的，忧伤的晚霞笼罩着大地江河。我独自来到桥上，望着点点金光闪烁的河面，心里久久不能平静。
【篇一】高考作文素材 1.关爱得到尊重 懂得关爱别人的人是受世人尊敬的。以前有个加拿大科学家在做实验时，不小心使两块铀移动了，并且相互冲了过去。若这两块铀相接触，其威力不亚于一颗小原子弹的爆炸。就在这危急的时刻，科学家用自己的双手，硬是把这两块铀掰开了。 一次危机渡过了，可这位科学家也因受到太多辐射，而不幸以身殉职。政府为了表彰其伟大的博爱精神，而授予了他"用手分开原子弹的人"的称号。他用他伟大的爱，无私地关爱别人，关爱全人类，他赢得了人们对他永恒的敬佩和赞叹。 【篇二】高考作文素材 2.诺基亚的成功 一个企业置身商界犹如一个人置身社会，其生命的旅途中，形形色色的诱惑是很多的，也是容易走上歧途的，可贵的是世界企业一旦认准了属于自己的一点之后，不仅能抗拒诱惑，而且为了将全部力量集中在这一点上，敢于舍弃其他的一切，最典型的例子是诺基亚。1990年的诺基亚，因产业领域过宽而濒于破产，后来老总决定只认准一点--手机，将其他产业全部舍弃(包括卖掉一个年利润800万美元的制药厂)，5年后它便东山再起了。 【篇三】高考作文素材 3.蚂蚁的启示 蚂蚁给了我们许多启示--团结就是力量，永不气馁等。这里我也来讲一个关于蚂蚁的故事：两只蚂蚁想到墙那边去找食物，一只蚂蚁顺着墙往上爬，刚爬到一半就掉下来了，如此反复了几次。另一只蚂蚁看到这种情况，就绕过墙到了另一边，等到第一只蚂蚁爬过墙时，那只蚂蚁已将食物吃完了。第一只蚂蚁秉着那永不气馁、永不放弃的"美德"让自己失去了食物。 这种事不仅发生在头脑简单的蚁国，在我们发达的人类社会里也屡见不鲜：一些作家一味地总结自己的成功经验，结果让自己以后的作品与以前的作品一个风格，毫无创新，毫无新意。这难道不是一种不放弃的悲哀D愫蒙以说放弃就是新的突破，是超越自我的前提。轻言放弃是弱者，不言放弃是愚者，懂得如何放弃才是智者。
尊重人才，我们要做的还有很多 中共中央、国务院近日印发了《国家中长期人才发展规划纲要（2020－2020年）》，纲要确立了我国2020年跻身世界人才强国行列这一目标，这的确令人欣喜。而面对我国当前的人才现状，如何能够保证这一目标的实现呢？我们不妨先讲一个关于人才的故事：1929年，年仅26岁的冯·诺依曼接到了普林斯顿大学的一封客座教授聘书，并承诺如果他愿意留在美国定居，将增加薪金并一年以后聘为正式教授，这意味着更加优厚的研究条件和待遇。此时的他，不过是汉堡大学的一个兼职讲师，不过这并不是因为他水平不够，恰恰相反，此时的他在学术界已经声名鹊起。但当时德国大学的学术体系更在乎资历和行政官员的评价，毫无疑问，博士毕业仅仅三年的诺依曼很难有很大的发挥空间。 于是诺依曼欣然接受邀请，远赴美国，并与爱因斯坦一同成为普林斯顿大学高级研究院的首批教授。在其后来的学术生涯中，他创造性地提出“二进制”和“程序内存”思想，被称为“计算机之父”。 诺依曼的故事，是美国人才战略的一个经典案例。而与他几乎同时，有一大批欧洲科学家因国籍、种族、血统、出生地、资历等原因，离开欧洲奔赴美国，这其中不乏爱因斯坦、“中子物理学之父”费米、“火箭之父”冯·卡门、“氢弹之父”爱德华·泰勒等顶级科学家，这对于奠定美国世界头号强国地位，无疑有着举足轻重的推动作用。 诺依曼等一大批科学家的经历，非常值得我们思考。不拘一格，尊重人才，是美国得以吸引这些人才的重要原因。而尊重人才，不单单是一句话，而是一个体系，涵盖了人才强国战略的方方面面。正如胡锦涛总书记所言，要切实做好人才服务各项工作，努力为人才发展营造良好环境。 服务人才工作，最重要的莫过于做到人尽其才，能够让其通过自身努力取得成就，这是吸引人才、留住人才的最好方式，即“用事业聚才育才”。而要发挥才能，取得成就，就必须拥有一个充分发挥才干的空间和平台，即“创业有机会、干事有舞台、发展有空间”，如果德国的大学能够不囿于传统的学术资历，给诺依曼一个更大的空间，那么也不会失去这样一个杰出的人才。 除此之外，对于人才还应给予足够的宽容，要鼓励创新、爱护创新，使一切创新想法得到尊重、一切创新举措得到支持、一切创新才能得到发挥、一切创新成果得到肯定，营造鼓励创新、容许失误的工作环境。杨振宁曾经这样评价“氢弹之父”泰勒：“泰勒几乎每天都有十个新想法，其中有九个半是错误的，但他并不在乎，而是以非凡的勇气对那半个正确的想法进行大胆的创新。正是凭着每天半个正确想法的创新积累，泰勒博士获得了巨大的成功。”这无疑也是值得我们思考和借鉴的。 营造良好工作环境之外，还应当在生活上免除人才的后顾之忧，正如温家宝总理所言，要关心和改善人才的生活条件，解决好他们在住房、医疗、就业、子女教育、社保等方面的实际问题。这同样是服务于人才工作。 上世纪初的美国，科技创新实力远远落后于欧洲，然而正是因为其采用了正确的人才战略，得以一举跃升成为世界头号科技强国。如今我国的发展正处在转型关键时期，唯有不拘一格培育人才，发掘人才，才能进一步提高自主创新能力，实现民族伟大复兴。
以尊重为主题的素材 尊重，是—种修养，一种品格，一种对别人不卑不亢的平等相待，一种对他人人格与价值的的充分肯定。任何人都不可能尽善尽美，完美无缺，我们没有理由以高山仰止的目光审视别人，也没有资格用不屑一顾的神情去嘲笑他人。假如别人在某些方面不如自己，我们不能用傲慢和不敬去伤害别人的自尊;假如自己在有些地方不如他人，我们不必以自卑或嫉妒去代替理应有的尊重。一个真正懂得尊重别人的人，必然会以平等的心态、平常的心情、平静的心境，去面对所有事业上的强者与弱者、所有生活中的幸运者与不幸者。 尊重是一缕春风，一泓清泉，一颗给人温暖的舒心丸，一剂催人奋进的强心剂。它常常与真诚、谦逊、宽容、赞赏、善良、友爱相得益彰，与虚伪、狂妄、苛刻、嘲讽、凶恶、势利水火不容。给成功的人以尊重，表明了自己对别人成功的敬佩、赞美与追求;表明了自己对别人失败后的同情、安慰与鼓励。只有要尊重在，就有人间的真情在，就有未来的希望在，就有成功后的继续奋进，就有失败后的东山再起。 尊重不是盲目的崇拜，更不是肉麻的吹捧;不是没有原则的廉价逢迎，更不是没有自卑的低三下四。懂得了尊重别人的重要，并不等于学会了如何尊重别人，从这个意义上说，尊重他人也是一门学问，学会了自重他人，就学会了尊重自己，也就学会和掌握了人生的一大要义。
尊重是一种品格，他虽存于无形之中，但是比无形更加重要。无论是古代的皇帝，宰相或者平民。每个人都需要尊重，尊重是风，吹散人们烦郁的心灵;尊重是细碎的阳光，即使在黑暗中也能感受温暖;尊重是清泉，滋润着人们的心田。尊重是平等的，无论是长辈，晚辈。都应该给予一份平等的尊重。 17世纪的英国诗人约翰堂恩在《钟为谁鸣》的诗中说：“谁也不能像一座孤岛，在大海独踞，每个人都似一块小小的泥土，连接成整个陆地。如果—块泥土被海水冲去，欧洲就会缺其一隅，这如同一座山峡，也如同你的朋友和你自己。”这首诗告诉我们，谁也不可能离群索居，都要与人相处。在与人相处中，要想受到欢迎，就应该尊重别人。
尊重传统文化作文素材 没有月的夜晚，李白是孤独的，因为他没有了《月下独酌》的洒脱;没有月的夜晚，苏轼是愁苦的，因为他没有了抒发对亡妻怀念之情的载体;没有月，中国古代文人都是死寂的，千百年前的文化全化为泡影;没有月，中国是迷惘的，是高高夫妻的楼阁，没了根基。 月是中华文化的魂，而如今的夜晚已没有了“月”，中华文化又将何去何从，中秋之夜，明月半墙，此等美景已没有多少人去关注了，十五的月亮即使再大再圆，也勾不起游子思家的心。“望月怀人，见云思友”已成旧谈，因为现代已无需“思念”。寄去一张照片，打一次电话，上次网见见面， 比望月望云简捷迅速得多。看来“月”确实没了用途，中华文化没有了用武之地，现实社会忘记“月”的人也越来越多了。然而我独爱月，有月的夜晚，我才敢夜行，有“月”的人生，我才感觉有了归宿。 李白的“少年不识月，呼作白玉盘”勾起我对幼时的怀念，对天真幼稚的向往;而“床前明月光，疑是地上霜”则是打发无眠之夜的良药，是人由幼稚走向成熟的一道坎，是人真正走向人生境界的开始。遥想东坡当年，独自一人，观“缺月挂疏桐”，听“漏断人初静”，与“孤鸿”为伴，与“缺月”为伴，是多么美妙的境界啊。而如今，夜幕虽已降临，却没了人静之夜，虽有缺月挂树梢，却没了鸟的痕迹。此景不仅不能打发愁苦，反会使人更加抑郁愁困，真羡慕苏轼的月。在苏轼人生的低谷，遥望到一轮明月，才使他释然身轻，由庸俗走向洒脱，由喧嚣走向幽静。怀念苏轼的月，是“千里共婵娟”的兄弟之月;思念苏轼的月，是“明月夜，短松岗”的真情之月;渴望苏轼的月，是“缺月”的人生之月。 最无法忘记的是“三五之夜，明月半墙”，总有一种无法言喻的向往。似月光下的一张网，只要在有月的夜晚，我就无处可逃，月已无法走出我的心底，我也无法走出月的辉光。 “滚滚长江东逝水，浪花淘尽英雄……”，或许，那古老的铁血丹心的生活早已驾着历史的战车悄悄逝去，但是，负载其上的中华民族灿烂而辉煌的传统文化，是否也一去不复返? 春花秋谢，雁阵南移。华夏民族从历史的硝烟中一路走过来，她徘徊于“秦时明月汉时关”的古长城前，纵横于大唐盛世的舞榭歌台之上。可悲的是秦淮河的水太冷，北方大漠的铁骑太硬，晚清末朝的统治者太软弱，西方侵略者的枪炮太利，风风雨雨，凄凄惨惨戚戚的近代民族史化为无数仁人志士的花塚，怀抱传统经典，胸怀文化末节而含恨长眠!
竭诚为您提供优质的服务，优质的文档，谢谢阅读/双击去除 学会尊重作文素材学会尊重作文800 字 有人说，尊重是一株芝兰，清香四溢，感染你我他。我说，尊重是空气，永远不能逝去它。下面是小编为您整理的关于学会尊重作文素材的内容，希望对您有所帮助! 学会尊重作文素材一 尊重，是脸上一抹真诚的微笑;尊重，是在他人发表不同意见时的倾听;尊重，是为别人付出的努力而鼓掌。尊重看上去，好像只是奉献给身边的人。 我们从小都受到过“孔融让梨”的教育，也都知道要在公车上给老人让座，不能嘲笑讽刺残疾人。这样的理论有
时候粗看上去是很不近情理的，为什么年纪小便要吃小的梨呢?为什么一定要让座如果我也已经很累了?为什么不可以 直接说出心中所想到的一切? 其实真正的道理在这儿：尊重别人就是尊重自己。 有句话叫“投我以木桃，报之以琼瑶”，意思是说别人送我木桃，我便用琼瑶做为回报。所谓礼尚往来，在人类的社会中，你付出一分便会有一分的回报，不会多不会少，总有一天一定实现。这是规则。规则在大多数时候对大多数人都是平等的，所以你对他人的尊重礼貌会在他人心中留下美好印象，随后他们亦会如你所做般对待你。 不是没有这样的反例吧，试问哪见过一个愤世嫉俗目中无人的狂小子会赢得别人发自内心的尊重呢?最多是用自身的“叛逆”及“与众不同”来吸引大众好奇的目光罢了。 尊重是一种大智慧，因为懂得所以慈悲。尊重旁人与自
己的相同之处不难，得遇知音的兴奋雀跃足够掩住“尊重” 那平实些微的光芒。难的是尊重旁人与自己的相异之处。比如：你认为吸烟有害健康而且污染环境，他却将其视作一种调剂，他说人生就是要积极进取、鲜活浓烈，而你只求平淡、安详、恰然、舒适的过一辈子。所以每个人都有不尽相同的差异何止千千万?尊重便是守着自己的人生信条并从客观的角度和欣赏的目光去看对方，并不苛求相同，只求正视相异。 因此，懂得尊重旁人的人都感悟明了了人生的大智慧。所以姿态优雅、举止从容，因为有足够的自信支撑自己，也有足够的宽容去审视旁人。所以会被旁人所尊重，只是因为其身上所散发出的高贵又平和的气息实在是让人向往和吸引。 尊重会让人心情愉悦、呼吸平顺，尊重可以改变陌生或尖锐的关系，若是有对彼此足够的尊重，战争都是可以避免。 古人云：爱人者人恒爱之，重人者人恒重之。
关于尊重为话题的议论文作文写作素材积累 尊重别人是中国的传统美德，他不但要用语言来尊重，而且还要用行动来尊重。下面是橙子为大家整理收集的关于尊重为话题的议论文作文写作素材积累，希望对你有所帮助! 尊重话题的名言素材 施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方的尊重。这是助人的艺术，也是仁爱的情操。―――刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。―――徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人，他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。―――席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。―――纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的，但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。―――莎士比亚 尊重别人，才能让人尊敬。―――笛卡尔 谁自尊，谁就会得到尊重。―――巴尔扎克 人应尊敬他自己，并应自视能配得上尚的东西。―――黑格尔 对人不尊敬，首先就是对自己的不尊敬。―――惠特曼 每当人们不尊重我们时，我们总被深深激怒。然而在内心深处，没有一个人十分尊重自己。―――马克?吐温 忍辱偷生的人，绝不会受人尊重。―――高乃依 敬人者，人恒敬之。―――《孟子》 人必自敬，然后人敬之;人必自侮，然后人侮之。―――扬雄
不知自爱反是自害。―――郑善夫 仁者必敬人。―――《荀子》 君子贵人而贱己，先人而后己。―――《礼记》 尊严是人类灵魂中不可糟蹋的东西。―――古斯曼 对一个人的尊重要达到他所希望的程度，那是困难的。―――沃夫格纳 尊重话题的经典素材 1元和200元 (尊重劳动成果) 香港大富豪李嘉诚在下车时不慎将一元钱掉入车下，随即屈身去拾，旁边一服务生看到了，上前帮他拾起了一元钱。李嘉诚收起一元钱后，给了服务生200元酬金。 这里面其实包含了钱以外的价值观念。李嘉诚虽然巨富，但生活俭朴，从不挥霍浪费。他深知亿万资产，都是一元一元挣来的。钱币在他眼中已抽象为一种劳动，而劳动已成为他最重要的生存方式，他的所有财富，都是靠每天20小时以上的劳动堆积起来的。200元酬金，实际上是对劳动的尊重和报答，是不能用金钱衡量的。 富兰克林借书解怨 (尊重别人赢得朋友) 富兰克林总统年轻的时候，曾经把所有的积蓄一并都投资在一家非常小的印刷厂里，但结果大败。他很想获得为议会印文件的工作，可是出现了一个不利的情形，议会中有一个既有钱又能干的议员，但
巴金：用尊重换取尊重 【人物名片】 巴金（1904～2005），原名李尧棠，另有笔名有佩竿、极乐、黑浪、春风等，字芾甘。汉族，四川成都人，祖籍浙江嘉兴。中国作家、翻译家、社会活动家、无党派爱国民主人士。巴金1904年11月生在四川成都一个封建官僚家庭里，五四运动后，巴金深受新潮思想的影响，并在这种思想的影响下开始了他个人的反封建斗争。1923年巴金离家赴上海、南京等地求学，从此开始了他长达半个世纪的文学创作生涯。 巴金：用尊重换取尊重 巴金晚年很多时间都是在病房里度过的，由于身体非常虚弱，他已经不能看书和写字了。但全国的文学爱好者每天给他寄来数不清的信件或自己写的书，希望巴金给予指导。 对此，巴金叫秘书起草了一份声明，详细说明了自己的近况，并请大家谅解；并给邮寄书刊的文学爱好者单独回信，说明因病暂时不能阅读，请对方原谅，希望对方努力写作…… 医生劝巴金不要为这些小事操心。巴金坚定地说：“这不是小事。这些文学青年给我写信、寄书，都是怀有极大勇气和期盼的，如果石沉大海，这会给他们极大的挫伤，如果因此而断了他们对文学的热情和信心，那我罪莫大焉。尽管我目前也不能给他们指导，但他们收到回信，这必也是慰藉鼓舞……”
2005年10月17日，巴金病逝，他临终前交代的事情中，有一条就是要求家人尽快邮寄自己的几本著作给几位来信索书的文学青年。 一位重病的老人，对于别人来信的侵扰，他不但没有怨怒，反而考虑对方的感受，给予对方最周到的答复。巴金的故事给我们深刻的启示——尊重别人的感受，体贴别人的不易，尽量满足别人的良好愿望，这是最起码的做人之道。 【名师解读】文学大师巴金，给世人留下了无数深入人心的文学作品。即使重病在身，面对文学爱好者的来函，这位老人依然能以鼓励关心他人为重。这折射出巴老的人格魅力和做人之道，也给我们留下了美好的品德示范。斯人已逝，美德犹存。 【适用话题】尊重选择做人之道在乎与不在乎