Unit https://www.doczj.com/doc/9f14433765.html,parison of Chinese and Western cultural values Section 1. Definition of values
?What are values？
?V alues are broad, abstract concepts which provide the foundation that underlies a people‘s entire way of life.
?V alues are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. These "rules" and guideposts are normative and teach us what is useful, good, right, wrong, what to strive for, how to live our life, and even what to die for.
Types of values
?1. Universal values
?2. culture-specific values
?3. individual values
Exercise: point out the values reflected in the following proverbs
?1. Blood is thicker than water. (origin: Scotland)
?(the bonds of family and common ancestry are stronger than those bonds between unrelated people ,such as friendship) family, loyalty
?2. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. (origin: England)
?(if a particular type of behavior is acceptable for one person, it should also be acceptable for another person ) fairness
?3. Too many cooks spoil the broth. (origin: England)
?(The combined efforts of the group end up with something that is not so pleasant to eat) the individual
4. The early bird catches the worm. (origin: England)
?(Success comes to those who prepare well and put in effort.) action
?5. God helps those who help themselves. (origin: Greece)
?(We can rely on nobody but ourselves) self-help
Caution
Two noteworthy features of values
?1. Contradictory values are found in a particular cultue.
?E.g.All people are created equal.
?E.g Sweep the snow in front of his door, and not bother about the frost on his neighbor‘s roof.
?A gulf between the values that are articulated (idealism) and the values that are acted out (reality)
?2. V alues of a culture change with time.
V alues
?Five orientations proposed by American anthropologist, Florence Kluckhohn
?Human Nature
Chinese value on human nature
?Man, by nature, is good; people‘s inborn characters are similar, but learning makes them different;?The story of Mencius‘ mother moving three tim es in order that her son could be in a good neighborhood;
?Y our character will be tinted ―red‖ if you are in the company of redness, but ―black‖ if you are in close contact with ink.
?安于现状，知足常乐，仁者爱人，仁至义尽
?Relationship of human to nature
Chinese traditional medicine shows the cultural value of harmony with nature
?Westerners: A minor illness like cold - work as usual; human body is an object that can be studied and then controlled---leading to the invention of powerful medicines, but the medicines may have unpleasant or even dangerous died effects.
?Chinese: cold- stayed home to give body a chance to recover. The human body is part of nature and needs to be brought back into balance. Medi cine should work with the body‘s own resources. It should be integrated with the body, so it will take longer to work.
?Sense of time
Activity---case study
?When a middle age American couple showed up to help a young Chinese couple move into their new apartment, they were surprised that the Chinese couple would not allow them to do any work. Instead they found a place for them to sit and gave them tea.
?Why?
?Activity
conflict
?Westerners: experience the talk and behavior of Chinese people as performance, as dramatization of the self and as not very relevant to what is important; their conversation is lacking in information.
?Chinese: showing that they are friendly, virtuous, or sufficiently important; they are educated, polite, humble, high-ranking or hospitable.
?―我爸是李刚。‖
Western doing-culture
?People – active everywhere
?Talk a lot while maybe physically active —they are planning, problem-solving, gathering information or making decisions. –equally important compared with actions
?Action- goals emphasized; outcome measured quantitatively
?
Social relationship
?Individualism Vs Collectivism
?Individualism
?Individualist culture has been described as ―I‖ culture because the basic social unit is the individual. Individualism applies to, besides American culture, other cultures, esp. those of Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand.
?Root: philosophy of liberalism----each human is a rational being capable of making well-reasoned choices and thus deserving the right to live his or her own life. The pursuit of individual rights and interests is utterly legitimate.
?Sayings: Every man for himself, and God for us all.
?Every man is the architect for his own fortune.
?The following things are valued in individualist culture
?(1) Freedom. Freedom means all individuals are free to control their own destiny without interference from the government, a ruling class, the church or other organized authority. Americans are expected to take initiative in advancing their personal interests and well-being and to be direct and assertive in interacting with others.
?(2). Separateness. Each person is seen as autonomous and separate, and each person should be treated as an individual first and only secondarily as a member of a group.
?(3) Independence and self-reliance. People should take care of themselves, solve their own problems and ― stand on their own feet‖. Examples can be found in the way they treat the young and the old.
?(4) privacy-- the freedom from undesirable intrusion both physically and spiritually
?(5) equality of opportunity--No one is superior to anyone else. Individuals should have an equal chance for success (not that everyone is, or should be, equal).
Features of collectivism
?It has been labeled as ―we‖ culture because the basic unit is the in-group or collective.
?It is tied to Confucianism, in which social order and harmony take pride of place.
?Group interest --It placed little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. People often make decisions by consensus.
?duty and loyalty--they owe duty to their immediate in-groups. Loyalty to the group is also important. ?harmony--going one‘s own way is not valued; instead uniformity and conformity are stressed. Confrontation and conflict should be avoided.
?Hierarchy–Everyone is supposed to have a set position in family and society in order to achieve harmony between the people. people are well aware of their position in relation to others. They have clearly defined privileges and obligations according to their position.
?Modesty or humility—displayed by self-disparaging
Discussion : Which values do you think are most important?
?Filial piety industry tolerance of others
?Harmony with others humility
?Observance of rites and social rituals
?Loyalty to superiors
?Reciprocation of greetings, favors and gifts
?Kindness( forgiveness, compassion)
?Knowledge
?Moderation (following the middle way)
?Solidarity with others
?Sense of righteousness
?1. filial piety 服从、孝敬、尊崇、赡养父母
2. industry (working hard) 勤劳
3. tolerance of others 容忍
4. harmony with others 随和
5. humility 谦虚（贬己尊人）
6. observance of rites and social rituals 礼仪
7. loyalty to superiors 忠于上司
8. reciprocation of greetings, favors, and gifts 礼尚往来
9. kindness (forgiveness, compassion) 仁爱（恕、人情）
10. knowledge (education) 学识（教育）
11. moderation, following the middle way 中庸之道
12. solidarity with others 团结
13．sense of righteousness 正义感14. self-cultivation 修养
15. ordering relationships by status and observing this order 尊卑有序
16. benevolent authority 恩威并重
17. personal steadiness and stability 稳重
18. non-competitiveness 不重竞争
19. resistance to corruption 廉洁20. patriotism 爱国
?21. sincerity 诚恳
22. keeping oneself disinterested and pure 清高
23. thrift 节俭
24. patience 耐心
25. persistence (perseverance) 耐心（毅力）
26. sense of cultural superiority 文化优越感
27. repayment of both the good or the evil that another person has caused you 报恩与报仇
28. adaptability 适应环境
29. prudence (carefulness) 小心（谨慎）
30. trust-worthiness 信用
31. having a sense of shame 知耻
32. courtesy 有礼貌
33. contentedness with one's position in life 安分守己
34. being conservative 保守
35. protecting your "face" 要面子
36. close, intimate friendship 知己之交
37. chastity in women 贞节
38. having few desires 寡欲
39. respect for tradition 尊敬传统
40. wealth 财富
Summary of Major differences between Chinese and Western culture
?West Culture:
? 1. Western culture is based on individualism rather than on mass (collectivism).
?2. Western culture is adventurous and exploration based.
?3. Western culture is based on science, which attempts to resolve people and nature's relationship.?4. Western people use law to resolve people and people's relationship.
?5. Western people use 'god' and religion to resolve human and spiritualism relationship.
?6. A culture that expands and develops outwards.
?Some of the disadvantages of W estern culture:
?Be aggressive
?Chinese Culture:
1. A culture based on masses (collectivism).
? 2. A culture that is based on humanism and people.
3. Chinese people like to resolve the relationship between man and nature, and attempt to fuse the human and ?heaven‘ as one. (天人合一)
? 4. To resolve people and people‘s relationship, Chinese use ethics and tolerance (中庸之道)---A focus on balance and mean. By 'mean', it means 'middle way'. Y ou don't go into extremism. Peace is always honored.
5. To resolve human and spiritualism, Chinese emphasize internal cultivation (修身养性).
? 6. Pay homage to heaven and earth, as well as bearing a remembrance to the homeland. (敬仰天地,思乡怀土)
?8. A culture that expands internally rather than outwards.
?Some of the disadvantages of old Chinese culture:
1. Debase women
2. An over-emphasis on past history instead of present
?
Comparison of Cultural Values
?In many countries there are both similar and different cultural assumptions. (A cultural assumption, shared by the people of a culture, is a belief about the way the world works, a way to understand reality.)
?For example, Confucius teaches: Don't do to others what you don't want others do to you,and Christianity has similar teachings.
?We Chinese value hard work, honesty, kindness, and so do Americans.
?However, differences are distinct in value assumptions. But these contrasting assumptions should be viewed as differing in degree or in emphasis rather than as strictly dichotomous (二分的) in substance. Preparation for next unit
?1. Bus station---Li Peng said to a British man who was also waiting for the bus:
“It’s raining today, isn’t it?”
?2. On campus---Liu Fang saw the foreign teacher Tim, addressing by “Have you had your meal, Ti m?” or “Going to dinner, Tim?”
?3. (Bill was pale.) Chen Y u: Are you sick? You should drink plenty of water and put on more clothes. ?4.Zhang Ming is with his tutor Dr. Smith. They see Li Qiang.
“Li Qiang, he is Dr. Smith, my tutor.”
?5. Zhang Ming do esn‘t know Mary. Once a phone call “Hello, this is Zhang Ming.”
?6. Li Li is introduced to a British overseas student. She said “Hello, How are you today?
?“Hi, How’s your life here?”
?“Hello. How do you think of China?”
?―Fancy meeting you here”.
?7. Wei Fang wants to end her talk with the foreign teacher. ―I have nothing to say, so, good-bye‖.?8. Zhao Ming sees Tim off. “Walk slowly!” “You should be very careful on the way.”
?―It’s very windy. You’d better put on your cap.”
?9. Zhao Ming was a guest of Tim. Before he left, he said, “I’ve wasted a lot of your time.”
?“I’m sorry to have taken up so much of your time.”
?“I’ve got to go now. You must have something more important to do.”
?“I think I’d better be going now. You must be very tired.”
?10. A asks his good fr iend B for help, ―Could you possibly help me with the luggage?”
?11. A says to the bus conductor, “Would you mind selling me a ticket to the railway station?”
?12. Li Li runs into a British woman on the bus, “Excuse me.”
?13. Li Ming is a freshman. He is late for Tim‘s class. “Sorry.”
?14. A: Thank you very much.
?B: It doesn’t matter. Never mind.
?15. A: Thank you very much.
?B: Don’t mention it. That’s my duty.
?B: That’s what I should do.
?16. Li Li‘s mother says to her daughter‘s classmate Jenny, “Have a cup of tea, please.”
?17. Li Ming is invited by his tutor to visit his home, but he has something more important to do.“Thank you. All right, I’ll try to come.”
?18. The foreign teacher Alice wears a knitted sweater in Chinese style,
?Alice: Don’t you like my sweater?
?Student: You knit it yourself?
?Alice: I can’t knit. One of my students knit it for me.
?Student: It looks a little bigger.
?Alice:But it’s warm.
?Presentation topics for the next time
?1. Are ―please‖ in English and ―请‖ in Chinese used in the same way in communication? If they are not, what differences can you find between them?
?2. Are ―slowly‖ in English and ―慢‖ in Chinese used in the same way in communication? If they are not, what differences can you find between them?
?3. How do English speakers bid farewell to one another? What cross-cultural contrasts can you find between English and Chinese farewells?
?4. What cross-cultural differences can you find between English and Chinese thanks and apologies?
大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（一） I. Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points each) Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement. 1.In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants移民each year and has referred to as a melting-pot大熔炉society. This trend can reflect the theory of ___A__. A. macroculture B. microculture C. globalization D. modernization 2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. This case reflects the ___A____ characteristic of subgroup. A. deviant label B. temporality C. wanna-be behavior D. unexamined 3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ___B___ perspective. A. anthropological人类学 B. intellectual有才智的 C. social D. psychological心理 4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed __B_______. A. interracial communication B. interethnic communication C. international communication D. interpersonal communication 5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similar habits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that____C___. A. Human nature is evil but perfectible B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil C. Human nature is good but corruptible容易 堕落的 D. None of the above 6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called__C___. A. separation and segregation隔离 B. integration整合一体化 C. assimilation吸收同化 D. marginalization边缘化 7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S., he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in__A___ stage of culture shock. A. honeymoon蜜月 B. crisis危机 C. reintegration再整合 D. gradual adjustment逐渐适应 8. ___C__ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. A. Decoding B. Channel C. Encoding D. Source 9.___A__ refers to anything that distorts歪曲曲解the message the source encodes. A. Noise B. Message C. Source D. Context 10.___D__ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today…s soc ial and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today…s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today…s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this
一、跨文化交际的重要性 跨文化交际的机会是由全球化引起的 交通和通讯系统的发展(缩短旅游时间，电视网络，互联网，国际电影业) 国家间的文化迁移(多元文化主义) 新经济领域(跨国公司) 不断增长的世界人口(有限的自然资源、污染、国际冲突) 二、文化是什么 （一）文化的定义 1、《简明牛津词典》:文化是“艺术和被集体视为人类智慧成就的其他表现形式”。 2、从人类学的角度定义文化:文化是“一个特定时代或民族的风俗、文明和成就”。 3、(霍尔,1983)我们将文化定义为“信仰、习俗、价值观、行为、制度和交流方式的总和，这些都是在 一个可识别的群体中被共享、学习和代代相传的。” 4、1871年爱德华·泰勒爵士的定义(第一次使用这个术语):"这个复杂的整体包括知识，信仰，艺术， 道德，法律，习俗以及人类作为社会成员所获得的其他能力和习惯" 5、Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) 克罗伯和克拉克洪。 文化由显性和隐性的模式组成，是通过符号获得和传递的行为，构成了人类群体的独特成就，包括在人工制品中的体现;文化的本质核心是由传统的(即历史的派生和选择的)思想，尤其是它们所依附的价值观所组成的;文化系统一方面可以被认为是行动的产物，另一方面可以被认为是进一步行动的制约因素。 6、Porter & Samovar 波特和萨莫瓦尔 “知识、经验、信仰、价值观、态度、意义、等级、宗教、时间观念、角色、空间关系、宇宙观念、物质对象和财产的积累，这些都是一群人通过个人和群体几代人的奋斗过程中获得的。”—《跨文化交际读本》 7、文化的内容“是文学、美术、音乐、哲学、科学这一类的事。”－陈独秀 8、“文化是生活的样法。”“文化，就是吾人生活所依靠的一切。”－梁漱溟 9、“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教 育、科学等。”－《现代汉语词典》 （二）文化的基本功能 1、文化使一切都变得容易。为人、事、提供意义——减少生活的混乱；为我们提供结构——适应我们 的世界所必需的技能和规则。 2、亚伯拉罕·马斯洛--文化也可以理解为满足人类需求的一种特殊方式。 生理需求-安全-归宿感-尊重-自我实现 （三）文化的特征 1、文化适应：文化是后天有意或无地习得的。事实上，文化不是天生的感性，而是后天习得的。 2、文化的大部分是无意识的。文化是冰山。 （1）显性的-做事方式。行为、传统、人工制品-建筑物衣服艺术品等。 （2）隐性的-思维方式。信仰、态度、看法、价值观念。 3、文化是可以改变的。有必要认识到文化是动态的而不是静态的。它们在事件的影响下，通过与其他 文化的接触不断地变化和演变。文化通过三种最常见的机制发生变化:创新、传播和文化适应(灾难)。
Unit 2 With the amazingly rapid development in transportation and information communication, people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly. Just for this reason, much concern is focused upon the problem of how to help people interact and communicate successfully in a transcultural way. As a matter of fact, culture is not strange to us all. We hear, read and talk of it, such as Chinese culture, English culture, tea culture, campus culture and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it is notoriously difficult to define what culture really is or should be. 随着交通运输和信息交流的飞速发展，不同文化背景下的人们交往越来越频繁，但在交往过程中产生的误会甚至冲突也日益增多。正因为如此，人们关注的焦点是如何帮助人们以跨文化的方式成功地进行互动和交流。事实上，文化对我们大家来说并不陌生。我们听、读、谈它，如中国文化、英国文化、茶文化、校园文化等。但说到文化的意义，很难界定什么是真正的文化，什么应该是文化。 Text A The Concept of Culture Culture is notoriously difficult to define. In 1952, the American anthropologist, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn, critically reviewed concepts and definitions of culture, and compiled a list of 164 different definitions. So far there is no agreement among anthropologists and scholars regarding the nature of culture. 众所周知，文化很难定义。1952年，美国植物学家阿尔弗雷德·克罗伯和克莱德·克鲁克汉对文化的概念和定义进行了批判性的重新审视，并编制了164个不同的定义清单。到目前为止，人类学家和学者对于文化的本质还没有达成一致意见。 Although the term culture is used by most of the social sciences today, over the years it has received its most precise and thorough definition from the discipline of anthropology. Whereas sociology has concentrated on the notion of society; economics on the concepts of production, distribution, and consumption; political science on the concept of power; anthropology has focused on the culture concept. From anthropology nineteenth-century beginnings, culture has been central to both ethnology and archaeology and has been an important, if not major, concern of physical anthropology. Anthropology, through its constant examining of different life ways throughout space and time, has done more than any other scientific discipline to refine our understanding of the concept of culture. 尽管今天大多数社会科学都使用“文化”这个词，但多年来，它从人类学学科中得到了最精确、最彻底的定义。而社会学则集中于社会概念；经济学则集中于生产、分配和消费概念；政治学则集中于权力概念；人类学则集中于文化概念。从19世纪的人类学开始，文化就一直是民族学和考古学的中心，并且一直是一个重要的，如果不是主要的，对物质人类学的关注。人类学通过对整个空间和时间中不同生活方式的不断研究，比任何其他科学学科都更能完善我们对文化概念的理解。 In nonscientific usage, the term culture refers to personal refinements such as classical music, the fine arts ，world philosophy and gourmet cuisine. For example，according to this popular use of the term, the cultured person listens to Bach rather than Eminem, can distinguish between the
《跨文化交际学》课程教学大纲 一、课程简介: 课程代码课程名称：跨文化交际学课程属性：公共必修课 学时：36 学分：2 课程内容： 《跨文化交际学》的主要内容是对中国文化和西方文化进行介绍并作对比研究, 授课内容主要涉及语言,文化和跨文化交际的话题。该课程有助于增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于学生跨文化交际能力的提高。 二、课程教学大纲 《跨文化交际学》课程教学大纲 1、课程说明 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为学生跨文化交际能力的提高奠定基础。 2、教学对象 全校本科学生 3、教学目的 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。该课程授课形式以讲解为主,课堂讨论为辅。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 4、教学要求： 该课程要求学生全面掌握涉及跨文化交际中的问题,关于文化的定义和模式,基础理论,
比如集体主义与个体主义。该课程还讨论语言交际中的具体问题,比如介绍与问候,词语的使用,非言语交际,价值观念,对时间,空间的看法,对教育,工作的态度, 人际间的关系, 家庭观念,以及文化冲突,文化休克等问题。最后能考试合格。 5、教学基本内容及学时安排（总学时：36） 6、各章节教学要求及教学重点 第一章跨文化交际中的问题 本章主要教学内容: 举例说明中国人与英美人士交际中存在的误解或问题。 本章教学目的及要求: 要求学生认识到跨文化交际中文化意识的重要性。 本章教学重点及难点: 交际失败的深层原因不只是语言问题,而是价值观念,经济基础,道德观念等因素在起作用。
?Homework of Unit 1: What are stumbling blocks（障碍物；绊脚石）in intercultural communication? How to overcome these blocks? 什么是跨文化间的交际，如何跨越这些障碍。 Unit Two Culture and Communication I.Warm Up Please read the story on page 38, then answer the questions: 1.Why was Tom considered a rude host by his visitors? 2.How can you explain the fact that Tom is misunderstood when he actually wants to be kind and friendly to the visitors? II.Reading 1.Read the article of ―What Is Culture‖. What can you learn about culture from it? Please answer the questions followed? Supplement: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (p41)
What is culture? 1.Origins of culture in English and Chinese (1)―Culture‖ is a loan word from Latin meaning ―cultivating or tilling the land‖. It was originally associated with physical activities and production of food. Later, its meaning was extended to include mental, moral, aesthetic, educational and intellectual activities. In contemporary English its original meaning is still retained. (2)―文化‖is a native word in Chinese. ―文‖and ―化‖were used together in the Warring States. ―人文‖ in ―观乎人文，以化成天下‖refers to the interwoven relationships between the monarch and his subjects, fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers and friends, and ―化‖ means ―changing and/or cultivating‖. When used together, ―文‖and ―化‖mean ―以文教化‖. They were combined into one word in Han Dynasty, with its meaning contrasted with ―nature‖ on one hand and ―primitiveness‖ and ―savage‖ on the other hand. So ―文化‖ was originally associated with mental activities. 2.Definition The term ―culture‖does not correspond perfectly with ―文化‖. For examples:他没有文化(He is illiterate.) ―What really binds men together is their culture--- the ideas and the standards they have in common.‖
1. Is it still often the case that “everyone’s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What’s the difference between today’s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture
课程名称: 跨文化交际案例分析 总学时: 36 学分: 2 适用专业: 汉语国际教育专业硕士 先修课程:无 教学目标: 培养学生的跨文化交际能力和社会实践能力，强化学生的跨文化 交际意识。 通过中外文化异同分析，正确认识世界多元文化的价值、地位与影响。了解跨文化交际学基本概念、基础理论及典型案例，掌握基本的社交礼仪，知晓中西方在价值观、思维方式和行为方式等方面的异同，提高理论水平与思辨分析能力。 通过对文化态度、文化观念，以及跨文化交际心理的探讨，使 学生加深对世界多元文化的理解，形成平等、尊重、宽容、客观的跨 文化观念。 主要内容: 本课程的基本内容主要包括：学科综述，跨文化交际的基本概念、基础理论以及典型案例分析。本课程强调“案例教学”的重要性，突出课程的实践性和实用性，通过有针对性的案例分析与讨论，帮助学生学会综合运用所学的理论知识进行跨文化交际案例分析。 为了培养学生对外交际的能力和学生对中国文化掌握的能力，我们的教学内容是促使双向沟通的教学内容。所谓双向沟通是指我们的学生和所在国的人们的沟通和他们所教的学生将来和中国人的沟通。我们的教学内容应该紧紧围绕着这双向沟通而展开。在课堂上，我们给学生两种案例让学生分析，一种是他们在生活中和教学中可能遇到的跨文化交际问题的案例，另一种是在课堂上、在文本中的中国文化问题的案例。双向沟通的教学内容，才能保证学生在国外从事汉语国际教育工作时能顺利完成任务。 主要章节： 第一章跨文化交际概述 第二章文化因素与跨文化交际 1 价值观中的文化冲突 民族性格 案例分析 2 心理因素与跨文化交际 （1）语言的习得与发展
（2）中外思维方式的差异 （3）定势与偏见 3 自然环境、空间环境与跨文化交际 4 心理环境与跨文化交际---隐私 案例分析 第三章社会环境与跨文化交际 1情景与跨文化交际 2角色与跨文化交际 案例分析 3人际关系与跨文化交际 案例分析 第四章规范系统与跨文化交际 1 关于规范和规则 2 规范系统的层次性 3 中外规范系统的不同 案例分析 第五章符号、代码系统、编码和译码与跨文化交际 1 符号 2 代码系统 3 代码系统的不同层次 第六章语言与跨文化交际 1什么是“文化附加意义” 2“文化附加意义”的特点 3 中外语言中文化附加意义的不同 4 词汇与思维方式及价值观念 案例分析 第七章交往规则与跨文化交际 1 社会语言差异 2 合作原则及其文化差异 3 礼貌原则及其文化差异 案例分析 第八章社会礼仪、社会习俗与跨文化交际 1 送礼 2 禁忌 案例分析 第九章言语行为与跨文化交际 1 称呼 2 邀请 3 拒绝 4 招呼 5 请求 6 恭敬 7 道歉与感谢 案例分析
Unit 2 Culture and Communication What is culture? “文化”是一个广泛的概念，它的内涵很丰富。 在英语中,“culture”一词是一个难以解释的词，它最早来源于古法语cultura, 拉丁语colere和德语“kultur”，原指土地的开垦及植物的栽培；后来随着人类生存空间和生存方式的改变逐渐扩延，转而意指人的身体、精神，特别是指艺术和道德能力和天赋的培养；进而泛指人类社会在征服自然和自我发展中创造的物质财富和精神财富，包括饮食、器具、舟车、房屋、社会组织、政治制度、风俗习惯、语言、学术思想等。 More than 500 definitions up to the present (Refer to p. 40 for some of the well-known ones) First definition: E. B. Tylor (1871) in Primitive Culture: “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.” 文化是一种复合的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人们作为社会成员而获得的能力与习惯 Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, and language. Define culture from different perspectives From Intellectual Perspective From Anthropologic Perspective From Social Perspective From Psychological Perspective From Intercultural Communication Perspective From Intellectual Perspective According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is "the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively". It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art, exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, etc., you are talking about culture. From Anthropologic Perspective Culture is "the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people." This is an anthropologist's definition. From Social Perspective Culture is what a society does and thinks. Culture covers everything of a society. From Psychological Perspective Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. From Intercultural Communication Perspective Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. Culture Is Learned We learn culture from __parents__, ____teachers____ friends ___,_other family
绪论单元测试 1 【判断题】(1分) ForeignersareinterestedtolearnaboutChineseCultureandChinesePeople.Atthesametime,thereare misunderstandingsofChineseculture. A. 错 B. 对 2 【判断题】(1分) Overseasexperiencescanexpandone'svisionandenrichone'sunderstandingofInterculturalCommun ication. A. 对 B. 错 3 【判断题】(1分) Beforecommunicatingwithothers,youneedtounderstandyourownculturewell. A. 错
B. 对 4 【判断题】(1分) Culturelearningisnotsoimportantaslanguagelearning. A. 错 B. 对 5 【判断题】(1分) KnowingallthewordsandhavingperfectgrammarofalanguageisenoughtodealwithInterculturalCo mmunication. A. 对 B. 错 6 【判断题】(1分)
Everythingabroadisthesameas“athome”. A. 错 B. 对 7 【多选题】(2分) Inthiscourse,wearegoingtolearnabout A. Interculturalcommunicationbarriers B. AcquringInterculturalCommunicationCompetence C. ThearaticalfoundationsofInterculturalCommunication D. Verbalandnon-verbalcommunication 8 【多选题】(2分) Inthestudyofinterculturalcommunication,wearegoingtoachievethegoalsof A. fosteringcriticalthinkingofdifferentcultures B. understandingthebasicterms
Unit Two Culture Shock Ⅰ.Fill in blanks a. In a formal western meal, you?re offered a second helping but you hav e already had enough. You should say “______”. That was delicious but I?ve already had plenty, thanks. b. Taboos are words, expressions, et c. that are considered as being _____ _ or ______. unpleasant, disgusting c. ______ is a culture that scores high on individualism. Individual culture d. Social distance refers to the degree of ______ or ______ between two c ultures. similarity, dissimilarity e. Because of their ______, individualists give little thought to the ______ of others. But collectivists care very mu ch what others in their groups think and do not like to be the targets of __ ____ and _______. independence, evaluations, scrutiny, criticism Ⅱ. Key Terms a. culture shock b. collectivist culture c. hospitality d. politeness e. privacy 在一个正式的西餐，你?再提供一次帮助但你已经有足够的。你应该说“______”。那是美味的但我?已经有很多，谢谢。 B.禁忌词，表达，等，被视为______或______。不愉快的，令人厌恶的 C. ______是一种文化，分数高的个人主义。个体文化