第一单元
掌握大量的词对于达到一门外语的流利程度是至关重要的。一个非官方的但却是经常被引用的有关剑桥初级证书英语考试的数字表明，词汇量少于三千五百词的学生不大可能在这想考试中成功。最近的研究也表明，其母语为英语的受教育至18岁或18岁以上的人至少认识一万六千个英语单词。除非你已经会讲一种像西班牙语或德语这样的语言，要获得大的英语词汇量是没有捷径可走的：你就的依靠勤奋和专注。当然，你可以从上下文猜出你阅读中遇到的一些生词的意思，但往往你得查词典才能搞清他们的确切意思。一个切实可行的学习新词的方法或许就是大量阅读，最好是读那些你觉得有趣或刺激的故事。反复阅读同一本书常常是很有好处的：你每读一次都会学到不同的生词，而熟悉的背景又有助于将这些新词牢牢地印在你的脑海中。
To reach fluency in a foreign language,it is of vital importance for one to master a considerable number of vocabulary words. An officious but frequently quoted figure concerning Cambridge First Certificate examination demonstrates that students with less than 3500 words are not likely to succeed in such an exam.The latest studies also show that eighteen-year-or-more-olds in English speaking countries know at least 16000 words.Unless you can speak such languages as Spanish or German, there will be no shortcut for you to follow in the course of having a good command of considerable vocabulary words. All that you can rely on is diligence and concentration.Of course, you can figure out the meanings of some of the new words you may encounter in reading. And yet only after you have consulted the dictionary can you make sure of their accurate meanings.A practicable method to learn new words is through wide reading-reading the stories that you find interesting or thrilling. Doing repeated you can learn some different new words while familiar background will help inpress these new words in your mind. 第二单元
1 我认为向他求助是不现实的。事实上，他自己也需要帮助。I don’t think it is realistic to turn
to him for help. As a matter of fact,
he himself is in need of help.
2 越来越多的人正在意识到与空
气污染作斗争的迫切需要。More
and more people are being
awakened to the urgent need of
combating air pollution.
3 有明显的迹象表明一些古老的
传统和价值观念不再被年轻人珍
视。There are visible signs that
some of the time-honored old
traditions and values are no longer
cherished by the young people.
4 我们许多人觉得宇宙无限这一
概念难以理解。
Many of us find the notion of a
boundless universe hard to grasp.
5 因为在法律和规章中有许多漏
洞，一小撮投机倒把者一夜之间暴
富就没有什么奇怪的了。There
being so many loopholes in the laws
and regulations, it is little wonder
that a handful of speculators got
rich overnight.
6 旅游事业的空前兴旺使这个从
前只住三百人的边境小镇突然繁
荣起来。An unprecedented boom in
tourism brought sudden prosperity
to the small border town, which was
formerly inhabited by only three
hundred people.
7 根据这一消息，该国已经具有制
造核武器的能力。In the light of
this information, that country
already has the capabilities to make
nuclear weapons.
8 他不顾朋友的反复警告，把所有
的钱都投向了高风险企业。
Regardless of repeated warnings
from his friends,he staked all his
money on high-risk ventures.
第三单元
如果你着手干一番事业而失败了，
不要丧失信心。“我失败了三次”
与“我是一个失败者”之间有着天
壤之别。只要你对自己不持否定的
想法，不把自己与失败等同起来，
而是试图从失败中吸取教训，你很
可能在未来取得成功。你可曾想
过，那些屡遭失败的人往往是自我
形象不佳的牺牲品？他们的失败
常常不是由于外部原因而是内部
原因。无数的例子证明如果能劝使
这些人改变观点并建立起正面的
自我形象，他们的表现会发生奇迹
般的变化。成功可能在任何时候到
来------三十岁，四十岁，或是在似
乎失败了一辈子之后。早年成功固
然甜蜜，但晚年的成功往往更有滋
味。
If you started on some ventune and
failed, do not despair(lose heart).
There is a world of difference
between”I have failed three times”
and “I am a failure”. So long as you
do not hold a negative concept of
self or indentify with failures but try
to learn from them, you stand a
good chance to succeed in the
future. Did it ever occur to you that
those who fail repeatedlly are often
victims of a poor self-image? Often
their failures are due to internal
causes rather than external causes.
Numerous cases have borne it out
that if they can be induced to
change their viewpoint and
construct a positive self-image
miraculous changes may take place
in their performance. Success can
come anytime at thirty , forty or
even after a lifetime of apparent
failure. Early triumphs may be
sweet, but success in later life often
tastes even better.
Writing
Some young people seem to have a
pessimistic outlook on life. They
tend to believe they will never
amount to much bacause they are
not talented in anything whatsoever.
Yet I think they are far from
justified in feeling that way.
There young men and women may
have met with failures at one time
of another, consequently they
generalize about their abilities and
aptitudes and conclude that they
won’t be able to get far in life. It
needs to be pointed out here,
however, that generalization is
often dangerous. Just bacause one
fails in one area doesn’t mean he
will be unsuccessful in another. As
a matter of fact, there are other
options for his life if the path he
chooses leads to failure.
Furthmore success belongs to the
perseverings, as the saying goes.
Instead of asking themselves how
much genius they have displayed,
young people should ask
themselves how hard they have
worked. So long as they persist in
their efforts, they are bound to get
somewhere. As is known to all, the
early life of many a great man was
a mess. Thomas Edison’s teacher
tried to get him out of the class
because he was”addled”. Charles
Darwin’s father once shouted”You
care for nothing but shooting dogs
and rat-catching, and you will be a
disgrace to yourself and all your
family!”But later they responded
to the challenge of their lives by
great perseverance and success
finally came their way.
Obviously no young people need to
be pessimistic about his future. He
has one special advantage over the
greatest man alive –time! Seize the
hour! Seize the minute! It,s never
late for success.
第五单元
Scientists are a small group of
people who strive to gain insights
into nature and seek order from the
seeming disorderliness. They are
credited with a special ability to
reflect and analyze as well as the
infinite patience in making
observations and cillecting data.
However ,ability and patience do
not account for all scientific
discoveries, which often have
much to do with creative
imagination. Indeed ,a leap of
imagination is usually the first step
towards discovery. In addition
scientists are noted for their
honesty. They put a high premium
on honesty, largely bacause it is
essential testing and every mistake
or lie is bound to be found out.
Thus ,if scientists find any counter
evidence whatever, instead of
suppressing or concealing the
evidence,they modify or even
abandon their ideas. In this way,
scientists have built up an
enormous body of
knowledge,which helps us to better
understand ourselves and the
world arround.
科学家是一小群努力洞悉自然，
在表面的杂乱无序中寻求规律的
人，他们具有一种特殊的思考与
分析能力，具有无限的耐心进行
观察和收集数据。但是，并不能
把一切科学发现都归因于能力和
耐心，科学发现常常与创造性的
思想力紧密相关，的确，想象力
的飞跃往往是通向发现的第一
步。另外，科学家也以诚实而著
称。他们非常重视诚实，主要是
因为诚实对他们的事业至关重
要。他们提出的每一个理论都要
受到进一步的检验。每一个错误
或谎言必将被发现，因此，如果
发现了与他们的想法相矛盾的证
据，科学家不是隐瞒证据，而是
修改甚至放弃他们的想法。这样，
他们积累了及其大量的知识，这
些知识帮助我们更好地了解自己
及周围的世界。
期中题
1、A practicable way for foreign
language learners to improve their
fluency is to learn large numbers
of words their idiomatic usage
through reading.外语学习者提高
其流利程度的一个可行的方法是
通过阅读学会大量的词汇及其习
惯用法。
2、An eternal problem that haunts
the third world countries is how to
develop the economy quickly
without damaging the environment.
不断困扰第三世界的一个问题是
如何快速发展经济而不损害环
境。
3、It is hardly consistent with the
concept of “user-friendly” banking
to charge those high fines.收取这
么高的罚款跟银行方便顾客的概
念很不一致。
4、Bond grabbed hold of the
vicious attacker and flung him to
the ground.邦德一把抓住这个凶
狠的袭击者，并把他摔倒在地上。
5、We must set up an effective
media network to allow
information to circulate rapidly.
我们必须建立起一个有效的传媒
网络以使信息能快速传播。
第七单元
One day, we received an invitation to my father’s birthday party. Jenny thought that my father was voluntarily reaching out to me for a reconciliation and we should accept the invitation. At the same time I was in the midst of abstracting an important case and preparing for the coming exams, so I informed her in the simplest terms that there would never be a reconciliation. My refused obviously made Jenny feel unhappy. As a rational woman, she didn’t quarrel with me but tried her best to persuade me. I was filled with fury bacause I thought Jenny had bugged me deliberately. Going out of my mind, I did an unforgivable thing. I shouted to her, hurled the phone toward her. The instant I hurled the phone, I felt regretful. When I turned to look at Jenny, she had gone.
I searched everywhere. Nothing . I was scared to death and didn’t know what to do next. As I was ready to give up, I suddenly saw Jenny sitting in front of our house. I went up to her and said,”I’m sorry, Jenny------.” But she cut off my apology, then said,”Love means not ever having to say you’re sorry.”
一天，我们收到一份去参加我父亲生日宴会的请帖。詹妮认为我父亲是在主动向我伸出手来求和，我们应该接受邀请。我当时正忙于摘录一个重要案例，忙着对付即将来临的考试，所以我只用最简单明了的话告诉她永远不会有和解的一天。我的拒绝显然使詹妮很不高兴，但作为一个理智的女人，她并没有跟我争吵。她只是尽量使徒说服我。但这反而使我满腔怒火，以为詹妮是在故意惹我心烦。我当时准时发疯了，因为我做了一件我永远不会原谅自己的事情——我对着詹妮大声叫嚷，把电话对着她掷去。但我刚掷出去就后悔了。当我转身去看詹妮时，她已经不在了。
我出去到处寻找，但哪里也看不到詹妮。我吓得要死，不知道接下来该怎么办。当我正准备放弃努力时，突然看到詹妮坐在我们的房前。我走到她身边说，“詹妮，对不起——。”但她打断了我的道歉，说：“爱就意味着永远不必说对不起。”第八单元
1、During my childhood , I was so fascinated with the idea of travelling around the
world that I would spend several
hours in my grandfather’s study
spinning the globe and dreaming
of the places I would like to visit.
我小时候完全被周游世界的想
法迷住了，常在爷爷的书房里一
呆几个小时，一边转动着地球
仪，一边梦想着去游览的地方。
2、This afternoon a time bomb
exploded in one of London’s
biggest supermarket, evoking a
great panic among the popolation.
今天下午一枚定时炸弹在伦敦
最大的超市之一爆炸，在人们之
间引起极大地恐慌。
3、Accompanied by his father.
Bill went to the police station and
confessed to the police officer
that he had robbed an old man of
his gold watch two weeks before.
在父亲的陪同下，比尔去了警察
局，对警官坦白说他曾在两周前
抢劫了一位老人的金表。
4、After getting engaged to Jane,
Stephen started working hard for
the first time in his life.And
before long he distinguished
himself as a young theonetical
physicist.与简订婚后，斯蒂芬生
平第一次开始用功了。不就他便
作为一名年轻的理论物理学家
而崭露头角。
5、Prof.Stone is distinguished for
his strictness. But ,to everyone’s
surprise, the speech he made at
his daughter’s wedding last
Saturday was full of wit and
humor.斯通教授以严厉而著称。
但令人惊奇的是，他在上周六他
女儿的婚礼上的讲话却妙趣横
生，充满幽默。
6、It is really amazing that so
many people are willing to do
voluntary work for the benefit of
the community.这么多人愿意为
社区的利益做义务工作真是令
人惊奇。
第十单元
1、The increasing prosperity of
that country was in a large
measure attributable to the
government"s pursuit of a policy
of economic reform.那个国家日
趋繁荣在很大程度上可归功于
政府实行的经济改革政策。
2、The black leader took it as his
sacred obligation to fight all his
life for the realization of racial
equality.这位黑人领袖把为实现
种族平等而奋斗终生当作自己
的神圣义务。
3、The year 1976 saw the
successive deaths of Premier
Zhou En-lai,Marshal Zhu De and
Chairman Mao Ze-dong,the three
leading architects of the People"s
Republic.1976年，人民共和国
的三位主要缔造者周恩来总理、
朱德元帅和毛泽东主席相继去
世。
4、I remained the schoolmaster
on more than one occasion of his
promise to srand up for the
legitimate benefits of the retired
teachers.我不止一次的提醒校
长，他曾经答应要维护退休教
师的合法利益。
5、 5.The theme of the story is
that a person"s fate/destiny is
closely tied up with that of the
whole nation.这个故事的主题
思想是，一个人的命运与整个
国家的命运紧密相联。
6、 6.The great fortune to which
the young man fell heir helped
him to live out his dreams.那个
青年继承的一大笔财产使得他
得以实践自己的理想。
期末试题
Dr.wang, an alumnus of our
university, distinguished himself in
nuclear physics not long after
graduation. He was very much
involved in developing the first
hydrogen bomb of our country.
Last week, in celebration of the
centennial of our university, he
delivered a speech in the
auditorium. His topic in On the
Threshold of the 21th Century. He
outlined, in very simple terms, the
prospects of science in the new
century. To our great surprise, he
did not dwell on his own special
field physics, but talked in
excitement about the expected
breakthroughs in life sciences. He
said that though it is unrealistic to
predict accurately what we can
achieve in the near future, we can
be pretty certain of one thing at
least:man’s knowledge about
himself will be greatly enriched in
the next century. His speech, full of
humor and wisdom, fascinated us
all.
我校校友王博士毕业后不久就
在核物理方面崭露头角，他在研
制我国第一颗氢弹中做了很多工
作。上星期，为庆祝我校建校一
百周年，他在礼堂做了一个报告。
他报告的题目是“展望21世纪”。
他以非常简单的语言概述了新世
纪科学的前景。令我们非常吃惊
的是，他没有多谈他的专业物理
学，而是兴奋地讲述了生命科学
方面预期的突破。他说，虽然要
精确预测我们在不就将来能取得
什么成就是不现实的，但至少有
一点我们可以相当肯定。即：在
下一个世纪，人类对其自身的了
解将会大大丰富。他的讲话充满
了幽默和智慧，我们都听得很入
迷。
中医英语术语翻译重 点
中医英语术语翻译重点 天人相应Correspondence of human body and natural environment 辨证论治treatment based onsyndrome differentiation 针灸acupuncture and moxibustion 寒凉药物herbs cold and cool in nature 滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire 整体观念concept of holism 开窍(of the five zang-organs) open into 生长化收藏sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store 同病异治different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease 异病同治same therapeutic method used to treating different diseases 从阴引阳drawing yang from yin 阴平阳秘balance of yin and yang 寒极生热extreme cold generating heat 热极生寒 extreme heat gernerating cold 病机总纲general rule of pathogenesis 祛风散寒eliminating wind and dispersing cold 实则泻之treating excess syndromes with reduction 虚寒证deficiency cold syndrome 实热症 excess heat syndrome 潜阳熄风suppressing yang and eliminating wind 补其不足 supplement insufficiency 泻其有余 reduce excess 五行学说the theory of five elements 木曰曲直wood characterized by bending and straightening 火曰炎上fire characterized by flaring up 土爰稼穑earth characterized by sowing and reaping 金曰从革metal characterized by clearing and changing 水曰润下water characterized by moistening and descending 母病及子illness of mother viscera affecting the child one 子病及母illness of child viscera affecting the mother one 相乘相侮over restriction and counter-restriction 心火亢盛exuberant fire in the heart 肾阳式微declination of kidney yang 平肝和胃soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach 水火不济between water and fire 奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs 藏象学说the theory of visceral manifestation 藏而不泻storage without discharge 泻而不藏discharge without storage 形体诸窍physical build and various orifices
第一课 一．术语翻译 1. traditional Chinese medicine; TCM 中国医药学 2. basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 中医基础理论 3. clinical experience临床经验 4. treatment based on syndrome differentiation 辨证论治 5. miscellaneous diseases杂病 6. Chinese pharmacy 中药学 7. four properties and five tastes/flavors四气五味 8. acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox 针灸 9. classical Chinese philosophy古代中国哲学 10. sweating therapy; diaphoresis汗法 11. purgation 下法 12. vomiting therapy; emetic therapy 吐法 13. the School of Reinforcing the Earth补土派 14. etiology 病因学 15. prescription; formula 方剂 16. medical practice 医疗实践 17. therapeutic principles 治疗原则 18. herbs cold and cool in nature 寒凉药物 19. nourishing yin and reducing fire滋阴降火 20. diseases caused by blood stagnation瘀血致病 二．句子翻译 1.TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases. 中国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。 2. TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system. 中医学有完整独特的理论体系。 3. TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of diseases. 中医学是研究人的生命规律以及疾病的发生发展和防治规律的一门科学。 4. Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. 《黄帝内经》为中医学理论体系的形成奠定了基础。 5. Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore. 《难经》在许多方面，尤其是在脉学上，补充了《黄帝内经》的不足。 6. Discussion on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China. 《诸病源候论》是中医学最早的一部病因症候学专著。 7. Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient. 阳常有余，阴常不足。 8.Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.
中医翻译研究：回顾、现状与思考 （上海中医药大学外语教学中心周恩） 摘要：本文对过去几个世纪关于中医翻译的研究状况进行了全面总结。分三个阶段回顾了其发展历程，并从学科与研究队伍建设、学术成就以及研究内容等几方面概述了中医翻译研究的现状，同时指出了研究中存在的不足。 关键词：中医；回顾；成就；不足 Research on the Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Survey Abstract: This article provides a general survey of the research on TCM translation in the past several centuries. It reviews the three-staged developments of the research, presents the status quo by highlighting the researcher cultivation and subject construction, achievements, contents as well as weaknesses in the research of TCM translation. Key Words: traditional Chinese medicine; review; achievements; weaknesses 1．引言 中医翻译早已有之，早在秦汉时期，中国的医药学就已传入东南亚诸国。然而，在我国同那些国家那时所进行的医药交流中，却鲜有翻译活动的记载。直到17 世纪中叶，我国开始与欧洲诸国进行医药交流，才为我们今天研究中医翻译历史提供了比较详尽资料（李照国1997）。从那时起到现在，我国中医翻译经历从无到有，从小到大的一系列的发展过程。在此，我们将对中医翻译的历史做一个大致的回顾，对其研究现状进行大致的介绍，并提出中医翻译研究的一些思考。 2．中医翻译研究的历史回顾 中医翻译从17世纪至今，其发展大致可以分文三个阶段：早期萌芽阶段、逐步深入阶段和逐步成熟阶段。下面我们对每个阶段的特点进行简要的回顾。 2.1 早期萌芽阶段 17 世纪中叶到18世纪末，为中医向欧洲传播的始发阶段，进展比较缓慢。在欧洲仅出版了19 部有关中医的译著。而在18 世纪末到19 世纪末的这一百年间，中医学在欧洲的传播有了一定的发展，研究范围有了一定得拓展，先后出版了137 部有关中医的书籍。
中医翻译参考 一、阴阳学说： 阴阳（Yin and Yang）；阴中之阳（Yang within Yin）：对立（opposition）；互根（interdependence）；消长（waning and waxing）；转化（transformation） 二、五行学说： 五行（five elements）；木（Wood）；火（Fire）；土（Earth）；金（Metal）；水（Water）；相生（promotion 或generation）；相克（restriction）；相乘（over-restriction或subjugation）；相恶（counter-restriction） 三、精、气、神等： 精（essence）；气（Qi）；神（spirit或mind）；魂（ethereal soul）；魄（corporeal soul）；命门（life-gate）；正气（healthy-Qi，vital Qi）；元（原）气（primordial-Qi）；真气（genuine-Qi）；宗气（pectoral-Qi）；卫气（defensive-Qi）；营气（nutrient-Qi）；心气（heart-Qi）；中气（middle-Qi）；气化（Qi-transformation）；卫分（defensive-phase）；气分（Qi-phase）；津（thin fluid）；液（thick fluid）；津液（body fluid）；汗（sweat）；涎（drool）；涕（snivel） 四、脏腑： 脏（Zang-organs）；腑（Fu-organs）；脏腑（Zang-Fu organs或viscera）；三焦（triple energizer，Sanjiao）；奇恒之腑（extraordinary Fu-organs）；运化（transportation and transformation）；生化（generation and transformation）；肃降（purify and descend）；水道（water passage）；天癸（Tiangui）；先天（innateness, Congenital Constitution）；后天（Acquired Constitution）；纳气（reception of Qi） 五、经络（十四经名称及穴位名称按WHO所颁布之标准翻译）： 经（meridian或channel）；络（collateral）；正经（regular meridians或regular channels）;经气(meridian-Qi或channel-Qi)；孙络（minute collateral）；浮络（superficial collateral）；穴位（acupoint） 六、病因： 病因（cause of disease）；邪（pathogenic factor）；六淫（six exogenous pathogenic factors）；风（pathogenic wind）；寒（pathogenic cold）；暑（pathogenic summer-heat）；湿（pathogenic dampness）；燥（pathogenic dryness）；火（pathogenic fire）；内风（endogenous wind）；毒（toxin）；五志（five emotions）；七情（seven emotions）；（有形之）痰（sputum）；（无行之）痰（phlegm）；饮（retained fluid） 七、病机： 病机（pathogenesis）；偏盛（relative predominance）；偏衰（relative decline）；虚（deficiency）；
中医英语翻译句子翻译重点 1.由于证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质以及邪正关系，反映出疾病发展过程中某一阶段的病理变化的本质，因而它比症状更全面、更深刻、更正确地揭示了疾病的本质。 Since syndrome, covering the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi, indicates the nature of pathological changes in a phase during the disease progress, it more comprehensively, profoundly and correctly uncovers the nature of disease than symptom does. 2.所谓辨证，就是将四诊（望、闻、问、切）所收集的资料、症状和体征，通过分析、综合、辨清疾病的原因、性质、部位以及邪正之间的关系，概括、判断为某种性质的证。 The so-called syndrome differentiation refers to the process of figuring out the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi by analyzing the information, symptoms and signs of the patients collected by four examinations including inspection, listening and smelling examination, inquiry and palpation, and finally identifying the disease as a certain syndrome. 3.辨证和论治，是诊治疾病过程中相互关系不可分割的两个方面，是理论和实践相结合的体现，是理法方药在临床上的具体体现，是指导中医临床工作的基本原则。 Syndrome differentiation and treatment, correlated and inseparable in diagnosing and treating disease, show the combination of theory and practice, and application of principles, methods, formulas and medicinals to clinical practice, and serve as the fundamental principle to guide clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. 4.阴阳学说认为，世界是物质性的整体，世界本身是阴阳二气对立统一的结果。
中医术语翻译的诀窍 由于中医术语高度概括，抽象深奥，且多采用古汉语表达，故给中医翻译带来了很大的难度。翻译不是简单的语际语码的转换，而是一种真正意义上的跨语言，跨文化交际… 中医英语翻译乃是一种双重的跨语言，跨文化交际。因为在翻译过程中首先要实现古汉语，古代文化与现代汉语，现代文化之间的转换，然后再实现从现代汉语向英语，东方文化向西方文化的跨越。这要求译者在具备翻译功底的同时，还须熟知中医学理论和扎实的古汉语知识。本文就中医术语的翻译方法及相关问题进行讨论。 一、科技英语常用构词法科技英语构词中，普遍运用复合法，缀合法，缩合法，首字母缩略等。在中医术语翻译时可借鉴之。 1、复合法这类术语在中医术语翻译中占了很大的比例，其含义大多是各个词含义的叠加。采用这种译法的优点是容易找到对应词，结构明了，易于理解缺点是译文往往不够简洁，例如活血化瘀。 2、缀合法此类术语的含义为词缀与词干意义的相加，特点是简洁，专业性强，与西医术语的可比性强，便于学术交流。但在目前中医术语翻译中，这类词的使用比例并不高，如针灸。 3、缩合法其含义通常是构成该词的两个部分的词语意义相加，其特点类似缀合法。例如针压。 4、首字母缩略这种方法在科技英语(包括医学英语)中使用得非常广泛，但在中医英语中却很少使用。目前被本人系天天论文网就职11年的资深论文编辑；工作中与各大医学期刊杂志社进行学术交流过程中建立了稳定的编辑朋友圈，系多家医学杂志社的特约编辑，常年为医学期刊杂志供稿，负责天天论文网医学论文·分检·编校·推送·指导等工作！工作企鹅1:1550116010工作企鹅2：766085044普遍接受的只有”中医”一词。当然，也有学者在这方面做了有益的尝试，如将温病缩略为。 首字母缩略是一种非常便捷的构词方式，可提高单位词汇的信息量。但是，如何运用这一方法使中医术语趋于简洁，规范，还有待进行深入的研究。 二、其他翻译方法 1、词性的转换由于中文和英文的语言结构，表达方式不同，在翻译时要将中医术语的结构进行转换。较常用的方法是将中文的主谓结构，动宾结构转换成英文中的名词性词组或非限定动词词组。例如: 止痛等。对症状的描述也多采用类似的方法。由于症状表示的是一种状态，而非具体动作，其中文可采用主谓或动宾等词组来描述，而在英语中则常采用名词(词组)或动名词(词组)的形式。如盗汗等。 2、结构调整中医术语大多形成于中国古代，故语言形式上保留了古汉语的特点，讲究工整对仗。但在译成英语时，往往需要对这类结构进行调整，采用符合目的语语言习惯的结构，实现意义上的忠实。如神疲肢倦，心悸怔忡等2.3音译法由于东西方文化和中西医理论之间存在很大的差异，所以有不少中医术语很难在西医(英语)中找到对应的词用意译的方法则译文过于冗长，不符合术语简洁精练的要求。在这种情况下，采用音译不失为一种可取的选择，必要时可加以注释，以弥补音译的不足。例气一，气功一，阴阳一。气是中医理论中的一个重要概念，它既可以指人体的生命物质，也可以指人体的生理功能。用音译法来翻译，则最直接，最简洁地反映出了”气”的真实内涵。 三、翻译中须注意的问题 1、求同存异对于在英语中有完全或部分对应词汇的术语，应尽量采用对应语，以与国际通用术语接轨，符合术语标准化的要求，又便于目的语读者的理解。如腰，胃痛，头晕耳鸣等。尽管象”腰”，”胃”等术语在中医中的含义与西医并不完全一致，但如果采用其他
【原文】 故张氏云：“《内经》谓肝主疏泄，故元气之上脱，即由肝之疏泄也。惟可重用萸肉以酸敛直趋肝脏，防其疏泄，藉以杜塞元气上脱之路，则元气可不上脱。《内经》谓肝行肾之气，故元气之下脱亦由于肝，因肝能为肾行其气，即能泻元气自下而出，所以元气下脱亦可重用山萸肉”。张氏在来复汤方解中又云：“故人虚极者，其肝风必先动，肝风动，即元气欲脱之兆也。又肝与胆脏腑相依，胆为少阳，有病主寒热往来；肝为厥阴，虚极亦为寒热往来，为有寒热，故多出汗”。 【译文】 So MR．Zhang （refers to Zhang Xichun）said：＂Huangdi＇s Canon of Medicine holds that the liver governs the free flow of qi，so the depletion of primordial qi from the upper is caused by the liver＇s dysfunction．Shanzhuyu is sour in taste and astringent in nature，therefore，to treat this syndrome，you can use lots of shanzhuyu to stop the liver qi＇s dispersion，and block the pathway of depletion of the primordial qi． Huangdi＇s Canon of Medicine also told that the liver regulates the activity of the kidney qi．（The mechanism is that
中医术语英文翻译对照表 治则在对临床的具体立法、处方、用药等具有普遍的指导意义，因而在治疗疾病时必须遵循的基本原则。 治病求本针对产生疾病的根本原因进行治疗的原则。 急则治标与缓则治本相对而言，在大出血、暴泻、剧痛等标症甚急的情况，及时救治标病 缓则治本与急则治标相对而言，针对病势缓和、病情缓慢的情况，从本病的病机出发，采取调理、补益为主的治疗原则。标本兼治针对病证出现的标本并重的情况，采用治标与治本相结合的治疗原则。 治未病采取一定的措施防止疾病产生和发展的治疗原则，包括未病先防和既病防变两个方面。 同病异治表现相同的病证，可因人、因时、因地的不同，或由于病情的发展、病机的变化、病型的各异、正邪消长等差异，采取不同治法的治疗原则。 异病同治表现不同的病证，由于发病机理相同，采取相同治法的治疗原则。 因时制宜考虑到时令气候寒热燥湿的不同而选择适宜的治法、方药的治疗原则。 因地制宜考虑到地域环境的不同而选择适宜的治法、方药的治疗原则。 因人制宜 's 考虑到病人的体质、性别、年龄、生活习惯
以及过去病史等个体差异性的不同而选择适宜的治法、方药的治疗原则。 扶正祛邪对于正虚为主、因虚致实的病证，应采取扶助正气为主，使正气加强，从而达到驱除病邪目的的治疗原则。 祛邪扶正对于邪气实而正气偏虚的病证，应采用以消除病邪为主，扶助正气为辅，使邪去正安或正复的治疗原则。 扶正固本对于正气亏虚的病证，采用培补正气以愈病的治疗原则。 攻补兼施对于虚实夹杂，或虚实病情相当，可采用既祛邪又培补，即攻邪与扶正并重的治疗原则。 正治法又称“逆治法”。 针对疾病的本质，从正面进行治疗，即逆病性而治的常规方法。寒者热之针对寒性的病证应使用温热方药进行治疗的 原则。 热者寒之针对热性的病证应使用寒凉方药进行治疗的 原则。 虚者补之又称“虚则补之”。 针对虚弱性的病证应采用补益方药进行治疗的原则。 实者泻之又称“实则泻之”。 针对性质属实的病证应采用攻泻方药进行治疗的原则。 反治法又称“从治法”。 针对疾病出现假象，或大寒证、大热证用正治法发生格拒的情况，
中国医药学：traditi onal Chines e me dicin e 中医基础理论:basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 临床经验:clinical experience 辨证论治:treatment based on syndrome differentiation 本草:materia medica国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。 TCM, a medical system with a history of thousands years，has summarized the experience of the Chinese people accumulating in the struggle against diseases. 2.中医学在古代唯物论和辩证法思想的影响和指导下，通过长期的医疗实践，逐步形成并发展为独特的医学理论体系。 Under the influence and guidance of classical Chinese materialism and dialectics,tradition Chinese medicine has eventually evolved into a medical system with unique theory through long term medical practice. 3.中医学是研究人体生理病理以及疾病的诊断和防 治的一门科学。 Tradition Chinese medicine is a science focusing on the study of the physiology and pathology of the human body as well as the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. 4.黄帝内经总结了春秋战国以来的医疗成就和治疗 经验，确立了中医学独特的理论体系，成为中医药学发展的基础。 The Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine has summed up the medical achievements and clinical experiences since the Spring-Autumn Period and Warring States ，establishing the unique theoretical system of TCM and laying the foundation for the development of TCM 5.难经内容十分丰富，补充了内经的不足，成为后 世指导临床实践的理论基础。 The Canon on Medical Problems is rich in content, supplementing what the Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine lacks and serving as the theoretical basis for the clinical practice of the latter generations 6.阴常有余，阳常不足。 Yang is frequently in excess while yin is often in deficiency 7.温病是研究四时温病的发生发展规律以及其诊治 方法的一门临床学科。 Epedemic febrile disease is a clinical specialty concentrating on the study of the occurrence , developing tendency , diagnosis and treatment of febrile diseases in the four seasons. 8.中医在其长期的发展过程中，形成了各家学说In its long course of development, TCM has developed into various schools of theories. 9.内伤脾胃，百病由生。 The interior impairment of the spleen and stomach would bring about the occurrence of various diseases. 10.中药不但包含有草药，而且包含有矿物药和动物 药等。 Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs but also minerals and animal parts. 1.中医学在其形成过程中受到了古代唯物论和辩证 法思想的深刻影响。 During the long course of its development and practice , tradition Chinese medicine has been under the influence of classical Chinese materialism and dialectics. 2.中医学认为，世界是物质的，是阴阳二气相互作 用的结果 Tradition Chinese medicine holds that the world is material and is the result of the interaction of yin and yang 3.天地合气，命之曰人 The existence of human beings depends on the interaction between the celestial qi and terrestrial qi 4.中医学认为精气是生命的本原物质，这种精气先 身而生，具有遗传性 According to tradition Chinese medicine, essence is the essential substance for life. Such an essential substance exists prior to the formation of the body and is hereditary 5.父母之精气相合，形成胚胎发育的原始物质The combination of the parental essence is the primary substance for the formation of fetus 人体各组织器官共处于统一体中，不论在生理上还 是在病理上都是相互联系相互影响的All the tissues and organs in the human body are in a unity which associate with each other and influence each other both physiologically and pathologically 疾病是可以认识的，也是可以防治的 Diseases are cognizable, preventable and curable. 治病必须抓住疾病的根本矛盾，即所谓的治病必求 于本The treatment of disease must focus on the root cause. That is what “the treatment of disease must concentrate on the principal aspect “ means 寒者热之，热者寒之，虚者补之，实者泻之 Cold disease should be treated by warm therapy, while febrile disease should be treated by cold therapy, deficiency syndrome should be treated by supplementing therapy, while excess syndrome should be treated by purgative therapy 人是自然界的一个组成部分，并与自然界有着密切 的联系 Human being is one of the components in nature and keeps close relationship with nature 人的生命活动过程就是人体阴阳对立双方在不断地 矛盾运动中取得统一的过程 The process of life activity is a course in which yin and yang in the human body realize unity after constant contradictory movement 1.中医理论体系的基本特点就是整体观念和辨证论 治TCM is characterized by the concept of organic wholeness and treatment based on syndrome differentiation. 2.中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体 Tradition Chinese medicine holds that the human body is an organic whole. 3.人体各组成部分在功能上相互为用，在病理上相 互影响The components of human body functionally depend on each other and pathologically affect each other 4.整体观念贯穿于中医生理病理诊法辩证和治疗的 各个方面 The concept of holism permeates through all the fields in TCM, including physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment. 5.人体某一局部区域内的病理变化往往与全身脏腑 气血阴阳的盛衰有关 The pathological changes in certain part or region of the human body are usually related to the conditions of viscera, qi and blood as well as yin and yang in the whole body 6.人体内部脏腑的虚实气血的盛衰和津液的盈亏都 可呈现于舌The condition of the viscera, qi , blood and body fluid all can be manifested over the tongue 7.心开窍于舌并与小肠相表里 The heart opens into the tongue and is exteriorly and interiorly related to the small intestine 8.人与天地相应 The human beings are in correspondence with the universe 9.春夏脉多浮大，秋冬脉多沉小 In the spring and summer, the pulse appears floating and large, while in the autumn and winter, the pulse appears deep and small 10.人体阳气白天多趋于表，夜晚多趋于里 The yang-qi in the human body tends to flow in the exterior in daytime and in the interior at night
《中医英语翻译》课程教学大纲 一、基本信息 课程编号：10601100590 课程名称：中医英语翻译 英文名称：TCM English Translation 课程性质：必修 总学时：48 学分：3 理论学时：48 实验学时：0 实践学时： 0 指导自学学时：0 适用专业：英语适用层次：本科 先修课程：中医英语词汇 承担院部：人文学院学科组：英语专业学科组 二、课程介绍 （一）课程目标及地位 课程概述包括如下内容： 1．该课程设置的主要目的（依据就业岗位需要阐述）； 旨在培养学生从事中医对外交流传播能力 2．该课程在整个专业课程体系中的地位； 本课程是连接学生所学中医知识与所掌握英语能力的桥梁，是对学生所学中医与英 语两大知识体系的高度综合和强化，担负着完成专业设置目标的重任，因而在整个 专业课程体系中占据至关重要的地位。 3．该课程在专业学习目标中的作用以及该课程与前后课程的联系。 该课程是在学生积累了一定的中医知识和英语语言技能基础上设立，是对前面课程 所培养能力的高度应用，直接影响着专业学习目标的实现。 （二）教学基本要求 1.思想道德与职业素质目标 通过该课程的学习，学生应该树立优良的翻译道德，既要做到忠于原文，又要对译文读者负责。 2.知识目标 通过该课程的学习，学生应该了解中医英译史，掌握中医英译的一般原则和方法。 3.技能目标 1）专业能力：通过该课程的学习，学生能够掌握常见中医术语的英译，并能胜任一般的中医翻译工作。 2）方法能力：通过该课程的学习，学生能够较自如地应用中医英译的一般原则和方法完成一般的中医翻译任务，进行简单的中医对外交流活动。
（三）课程的重点和难点 本课程的讲授一般安排在第5个学期，本课程重点是中医英译的一般原则和方法；掌握中医英译的一般原则和方法, 培养学生从事中医英译工作的能力；难点是如何培养学生应用中医英译的一般原则和方法从事中医英译的能力。重点章节是第1章、第2章、第3章、第5章、第8章、第9章、第10章、第11章。难点章节是第1章、第4章。 （四）课程教学方法与手段 《中医英语翻译》教学以讲授法为主，以学生翻译实践为基础，讲解中医英译的原则和方法与讲评学生翻译相结合，真正做到翻译理论与实践相统一，实现学生中医英译能力的不断提高。 （五）教学时数分配表 《中医英语翻译》教学时数分配表 教学内容 各教学环节学时分配 采用何种多媒体教学手段 章节 主要内容 讲授 实验 实践 指导 自学 小计 1 总论 2 2 PPT 2 辨证论治 2 3 PPT 3 阴阳学说 2 3 PPT 4 五行学说 2 3 PPT 5 脏象学说 2 3 PPT 6 气血精津液 2 3 PPT 7 经络学说 2 3 PPT 8 望诊 2 3 PPT 9 闻诊 2 3 PPT 10 问诊 2 3 PPT 11 切诊 2 3 PPT 12 八纲辨证 2 3 PPT 13 脏腑辨证 2 3 PPT 14 卫气营血辨证 2 2 PPT 15 三焦辨证 2 2 PPT 16 六经辨证 2 2 PPT 17 中药 2 2 PPT 18 方剂 2 2 PPT 合计 48 （六）教材与主要参考书 教材：《WHO 西太平洋地区传统医学名词术语国际标准》（1册），世界卫生组织（西太平
中医常用词汇英文翻译01
中医英语常用词汇英文翻译02 气化不利dysfunction of qi in transformation 畏寒喜热aversion to cold and preference for heat 气分热盛excessive heat at qi phase
气郁化热stagnation of qi transforming into heat 温养脏腑warming and nourishing the viscera 瘀血阻络blood stasis obstructing the collaterals 清肺润燥clearing the lung and moistening dryness 破瘀通经breaking blood stasis to promote menstruation 内伤头疼headache due to internal injury 祛瘀eliminating stasis, expelling stasis 逆传心包reverse transmission into the pericardium 气不摄血failure of qi to check the blood 宁心安神calming the heart and tranquilizing the mind 血液循行circulation of the blood 惊悸不安palpitation due to fright 气的运动形式the moving styles of qi 血液生成不足insufficient production of the blood 平肝止血soothing the liver to stop bleeding
Modern Linguistics 现代语言学, 2020, 8(3), 465-470 Published Online June 2020 in Hans. https://www.doczj.com/doc/9714113539.html,/journal/ml https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/9714113539.html,/10.12677/ml.2020.83064 Significance and Practices of Logical Analysis in C-E Translation of Publicity Texts for TCM Yushu Yan, Rongzheng Ren* Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai Received: Jun. 9th, 2020; accepted: Jun. 23rd, 2020; published: Jun. 30th, 2020 Abstract “Parataxis” of Chinese and “hypotaxis” of English seemingly has been one of the hottest topics in academic discussion on the linguistic disparities between these two languages. Based on plenty of translation practices and experiences, I found that the linguistic disparities between these two languages actually lies in their distinct ways to express logical relations, which seem to be one of the biggest barrier of Chinese to English translation. Therefore, logical relations could be a bridge of the huge gap between “parataxis” of Chinese and “Hypotaxis” of English. In this paper, I first discussed the significance of logic relations to the linguistic disparities between Chinese and Eng-lish, and then the features of texts to publicize Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as well as the typical logical problems in these texts. This paper aims to provide some practicable suggestions and effective methods to make C-E translation of texts to publicize TCM easier and more readable by case studies of logical analysis and translation skills to clarify the logical relations in the texts. Keywords Logical Analysis, C-E Translation, Publicity Texts for TCM, “Parataxis” of Chinese, “Hypotaxis” of English 逻辑分析法在中医宣传文本中译英实践中的 运用 严钰淑，任荣政* 上海中医药大学，上海 *通讯作者。