新编化学化工专业英语翻译
题目第二课有机化学
专业应用化学(材料化学方向) 院系化学与化学工程学院
时间2011.2.18
Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
The nature of Organic Chemistry has changed greatly since 1828. Before that time the scientific philosophy known as “Vitalism”maintained that Organic Chemistry was the chemistry of living systems. It maintained that organic compounds could only be produced within living matter while inorganic compounds were synthesized from non-living matter. Even the word “organic” comes from the same root as the word “organism”or “organ”. However people like Professor Wohler beginning in 1828 determined that it was indeed possible to synthesize organic compounds from those compounds that were considered inorganic. One of the first organic compounds synthesized from basically inorganic compounds was the compound Urea which is a metabolic product of urine. It was synthesized from Ammonium Cyanate considered a compound produced outside of living matter and therefore considered inorganic. Since then many millions of Organic compounds have been synthesized “in vitro” in other words outside living tissue.
1 Structural formulas
The building block of structural organic chemistry is the tetravalent carbon atom. With few exceptions, carbon compounds can be formulated with four covalent bonds to each carbon,
regardless of whether the combination is with carbon or some other element. The two-electron bond, which is illustrated by the carbon-hydrogen bonds in methane or ethane and the carbon-carbon bond in ethane, is called a single bond. In these and many related substances, each carbon is attached to four other atoms:
There exist, however, compounds such as ethene (ethylene), C2H4, in which two electrons from each of the carbon atoms are mutually shared, thereby producing two two-electron bonds, an arrangement which is called a double bond. Each carbon in ethene is attached to only three other atoms:
Similarly, in ethyne (acetylene), C2H2, three electrons from each carbon atom are mutually shared, producing three two-electron bonds, called a triple bond, in which each carbon is attached to only two other atoms:
By convention, a single straight line connecting the atomic symbols is used to represent a single (two-electron) bond, two such lines to represent a double (four-electron) bond, and three lines a
triple (six-electron) bond. Representations of compounds by these symbols are called structural formulas; some examples are
To save space and time in the representation of organic structures, it is common practice to use “condensed formulas”in which the bonds are not shown explicitly. In using condensed formulas, normal atomic valences are understood throughout. Examples of condensed formulas are
Another type of abbreviation that often is used, particularly for ring compounds, dispenses with the symbols for carbon and hydrogen atoms and leaves only the lines in a structural formula. For instance, cyclopentane, C5H10, often is represented as a regular pentagon in which it is understood that each apex represents a carbon atom with the requisite number of hydrogens to satisfy the tetravalence of carbon:
2 Organic nomenclature
Organic nomenclature is the system established for naming and grouping organic compounds.
Formally, rules established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (known as IUPAC nomenclature) are authoritative for the names of organic compounds, but in practice, a number of simply-applied rules can allow one to use and understand the names of many organic compounds.
For many compounds, naming can begin by determining the name of the parent hydrocarbon and by identifying any functional groups in the molecule that distinguish it from the parent hydrocarbon. The numbering of the parent alkane is used, as modified, if necessary, by application of the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority(CIP priority) rules in the case that ambiguity remains after consideration of the structure of the parent hydrocarbon alone. The name of the parent hydrocarbon is modified by the application of the highest-priority functional group suffix, with the remaining functional groups indicated by numbered prefixes, appearing in the name in alphabetical order from first to last.
In many cases, lack of rigor in applying all such nomenclature rules still yields a name that is intelligible-the aim, of course, being to avoid any ambiguity in terms of what substance is being discussed.
For instance, strict application of CIP priority to the naming of the compound-NH2CH2CH2OH would render the name as 2-aminoethanol,which is preferred. However, the name 2-hydroxyethanamine unambiguously refers to the same compound.
How the name was constructed:
(1)There are two carbons in the main chain; this gives the root name “eth”.
(2)Since the carbons are singly-bonded, the suffix begins with “an”.
(3)The two functional groups are an alcohol (OH) and an amine (NH2). The alcohol has the higher atomic number, and takes priority over the amine. The suffix for an alcohol ends in “ol”, so that the suffix is “anol”.
(4)The amine group is not on the carbon with the OH (the #1 carbon), but one carbon over (the #2 carbon); therefore we indicate its presence with the prefix “2-amino”.
(5)Putting together the prefix, the root and the suffix, we get “2-aminoethanol”.
There is also an older naming system for organic compounds known as common nomenclature , which is often used for simple, well-known compounds, and also for complex compounds whose IUPAC names are too complex for everyday use.
Simplified molecular input line entry specification (SMILES)
strings are commonly used to describe organic compounds, and as such are a form of“naming”them.
3 Functional groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms that confer similar properties onto otherwise dissimilar molecules. Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and phosphorus are a few of the elements involved in forming functional groups. Carbon can make four bonds. Nitrogen makes three, oxygen two, and hydrogen one.
译文：
第二课有机化学
自从1828年以来，有机化学的性质发生了很大变化。此前的科学理念“活力论”认为，有机化学是化学上的生命系统。它坚持认为有机化合物只能产生于生命的物质，而无机化合物却可以由非生命物质合成而来。而“有机”一词也和单词“有机体”或“有机物”同根。然而许多人比如沃勒教授在1828年年初确定它确实是有可能从那些被认为是无机化合物的有机化合物中合成。第一个从基本无机化合物合成的化合物是有机复合尿素，它是一种尿液的代谢产物。这是从合成氰酸铵化合物的外部产生的，被认为是生命物质，因此被认为是无机物，从那时起其他活的组织“体外”就有上百万的有机化合物被合成。
1 结构式
有机化学结构组成部分是四价碳原子。除了少数外，不论是否有碳或其他元素组合，碳化合物的每个碳可以产生四个共价键。下面的两个电子式，是表示甲烷或乙烷和乙烷的碳碳键和碳氢键，称为单键。在这些许多相关的物质中，每个碳原子连接到其他四个氢原子：
甲烷乙烷
然而存在着其它类型的碳碳键，如乙烯化合物（乙烯），C2H4，其中氢有两个电子与每个碳原子共用，从而产生两两电子对，被称为一个双键。乙烯中的碳原子只能连接三个其它原子：
乙烯
同样，在乙炔（乙炔），C2H4，来自于每个碳原子的三个电子相互共用，产生三个双电子对，称为三键，其中每个碳只能连接两个其它原子：
乙炔
按照惯例，一条单一的直线连接的原子符号是用来表示单（双电子）键，两条这样的线来表示一个双（四电子）键，三条线表示一个三（六电子）键。这些符号所表述的化合物称为结构式，如下面的例子：
乙烷乙烯乙炔
在有机结构中为了节省空间和时间，通常是使用“简写式“，但其中的电子对未显示明确。在使用简写式时，需要理解正常原子的价态。简写式的例子：
乙烷乙烯乙炔
另一种特别是环状化合物也经常使用简写式。碳和氢原子的主链和支链只存在一个结构式类型。例如，环戊烷，C5H10，往往表现为一个正五边形，其中每个顶点都表示了一个必要的氢原子，以满足碳原子的碳四价：
环戊烷
2 有机命名法
有机命名法是对有机化合物的分组和命名方法。
在形式上，由国际纯粹与应用化学联合会（IUPAC）制定的规则是有机化合物的命名的权威，但在实践中，简单地运用这个规则可以允许一个人使用和理解很多有机化合物的名字。
对于许多有机化合物，开始可以通过确定碳碳主链和官能团以确定支链从而进行命名。烷烃主链使用编号，修改后，如有必要，可通过卡恩，英戈尔德- Prelog 优先级（CIP优先级）涉及的歧义后，烃结构主链仍考虑适用单独规则。主链烃名称修改的最高优先级由后缀官能团决定，其余的官能团表示编号的前缀，从第一次出现在名称的字母顺序到最后。
在许多情况下，在运用所有这些命名规则仍然缺乏一个严谨的名称，是可以理解的，这样做的目的，当然是避免任何物质正在讨论的条款含糊不清。例如，严格的CIP优先适用于复合基团，如把NH2CH2CH2OH命名为2-氨基乙醇，这是首选的名称。但是，名称2 –hydroxyethanamine也明确指的是同一化合物。
如何命名：
（1）有两个主链碳原子，给这个化合物的根的名称是“eth”。
（2）由于是碳碳单键，后缀为“一”。
（3）两个官能团是醇基（—OH）和氨基（—NH2）。醇基具有较高的分子量，优先于氨基。对于醇基后缀结尾的“醇“，这样的后缀是“醇“。
（4）氨基团是不是与—OH连接（排名第一的碳）的碳，而是另一个碳（排名第二的碳），因此我们指明其前缀“2 -氨基“的存在。
（5）把前缀和后缀的根放在一起，就得到“2-氨基乙醇“。
此外，还有一个作为共同的术语，这是经常用于简单的，众所周知的化合物，以及对于复杂化合物，它的IUPAC命名对于日常使用而言太复杂被称为有机化合物的老的命名系统。
简化分子输入行输入规范（SMILES）通常用于描述有机化合物，因此也是一种“命名“它们的形式。
3 官能团
原子组成的官能团，可以决定不同的分子的属性。碳，氮，氧，氢，磷是一种涉及内容很少而形成的官能团。碳可以连接四个价键。氮连接三个价键，氧连接二个，氢一个。
, 每小题2分，共
20分） 1、 NaCN Sodium cyanide 2、 Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide 3、 KMnO 4 Potassium permanganate 4、 H 2SO 4 Sulfuric acid 5、 ZnSO 4 zinc sulfate or zinc sulphate 6、 FeS Iron (II) sulfide or Ferrous sulfide 7、 H 3PO 4 phosphoric acid 8、 H 2SO 3 Sulfurous acid 9、 HClO 4 Perchloric acid 10、FeCl 3 iron (III) chloride or ferric chloride 二、给下列有机化合物的英语名称（共5小题, 每小题4分，共20分） 1. 甲乙醚 ethyl methyl ether 2. 对甲基苯酚 4-methyl phenol 3. 苯乙烯 styrene 4. CH 3CH ＝C(CH 2CH 3) CH 2 OH 2-ethyl-2-buten-1-ol 5. (CH 3)3CCH 2CH 2OH 4,4-dimethyl-1-butanol or 4,4-dimethyl butanol 三、英译汉（共10小题, 每小题4分，共40分） 1、 Carbon-sodium and carbon-potassium bonds are largely ionic in character; carbon-lead, carbon-tin, carbon-thallium and carbon-mercury bonds are essentially covalent. 碳-钠键和碳-钾键有较大的离子性，碳-铅键，碳-锡键，碳-铊键和碳-汞键基本上属于共价键。 2、 The reactivity of organometallic compounds increases with the percent ionic character of the carbon-metal bond. 金属有机化合物的反应活性随着碳金属键中离子性所占的百分数的增大而增强。 3、 Organometallic compounds of lithium and magnesium are of great importance in organic synthesis. 锂和镁的金属有机化合物在有机合成上有重大的意义。
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法（Conversion） 由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。例如： water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干） slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车） square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法（Derivation） 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2．3合成法（Composition） 由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2．4压缩法（Shortening） (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。
2012—2013学年度第一学期 应用化学专业《专业英语》课程试卷（A ） 注意事项：1. 考生务必将自己姓名、学号、专业名称写在指定位置； 2. 密封线和装订线内不准答题。 一、词汇填空 （写出下列每个词汇对应的英 汉单词）（共20小题，每空1分，共20分） 1、化学性质 （chemical property ） 2、物理性质 （physical property ） 3、溶解度 （solubility ） 4、密度 （density ） 5、沸点 （boiling point ） 6、熔点 （melting point ） 7、反应 （reaction ） 8、无机的 （inorganic ） 9、有机的 （organic ） 10、化合物 （c ompound ） 11、烷烃 （alkane ） 12、乙醇 （ethanol ） 13、烯烃 （alkene ） 14、炔烃 （alkyne ） 15、ester （ 酯 ） 16、ether （ 醚 ） 17、acetone （ 丙酮 ） 18、formaldehyde （ 甲醛 ） 19、ammonia （ 氨 ）
20、benzene （ 苯 ） 二、给下列无机化合物的英语名称（共10小题, 每小题2分，共20分） 1、CaO calcium oxide 2、HClO 4 perchloric acid 3、CuSO 4 copper sulfate 4、NaBr sodium bromide 5、NaCl sodium chloride 6、HNO 3 nitric acid 7、HNO 2 nitrous acid 8、Al 2O 3 aluminum oxide 9、KNO 3 potassium nitrate 10、FeBr 3 ferric bromide 三、给下列有机化合物的英语名称（共5小题, 每小题4分，共20分） 1.辛烷 octane 2.CH 2=CHCH 2CH 3 1-butene 3.CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2OH butanol 4.CH 3CH 2OCH 3
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
化学化工专业英语试卷 及答案 标准化管理部编码-[99968T-6889628-J68568-1689N]
2011年春季学期应用化学专业 《08级化学化工专业英语试卷答案》 1. state-of-the-industry 中文：工业发展水平（1分） 2. alkyl ether sulfate中文：烷基醚硫酸盐（酯）（分） 3. W/O 英文： water in oil，(oil emulsion) ；中文：油乳胶（油包水）（分） 4. 2,6-Dimethy-2,7-octadien-6-ol 画出结构式： （4分） 5. The inherent tendency of the whole or a part of a molecule to pass out of or not to penetrate into a water phase. 英文： Hydrophoby ；中文：疏水性（亲油性）分) 6. A substance which, when introduced in a liquid, increases its wetting tendency. 英文： Wetting agent ；中文：润湿剂分) 7. The process by which soil is dislodged from the substrate and bought into a state of solution or dispersion. 英文： Detergency ；中文：去污性（力）分) 8. An attribute which is related to benefit not directly but through association or suggestion. 英文： Signal attribute ；中文：信号属性分) 9. A colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor, consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen.
Unit 2 Research and Development 研究和开发 Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean. Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and products. To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the development part. 研究和开发，或通常所称R&D是制造业各个部门都要进行的一项活动。我们马上可以看到，它的内容变化很大。我们首先了解或先感觉一下这个词的含义。尽管研究和开发的定义总是分得不很清楚，而且有许多重叠的部分，我们还是要试着把它们区分开来。简单说来，研究是产生新思想和新知识的活动，而开发则是把这些思想贯彻到实践中得到新工艺和新产品的行为。可以用一个例子来描述这一点，预测一个有特殊生物活性的分子结构并合成它可以看成是研究而测试它并把它发展到可以作为一种新药推向市场这一阶段则看作开发部分。 1.Fundamental Research and Applied Research In industry the primary reason for carting out R&D is economic and is to strengthen and improve the company?s position and profitability. The purpose of R&D is to generate and provide information and knowledge to reduce uncertainty, solve problems and to provide better data on which management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and time scales, from a few months to 20 years. 1．基础研究和应用研究 在工业上进行研究和开发最主要的原因是经济利益方面，是为了加强公司的地位，提高公司的利润。R&D的目的是做出并提供信息和知识以减低不确定性，解决问题，以及向管理层提供更好的数据以便他们能据此做出决定。特别的项目涵盖很大的活动范围和时间范围，从几个月到20年。 We can pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragraphs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (background) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new compounds. This is also labeled “blue skies” research. 我们可以在后面的段落里举出大量的R&D活动。但是如果我们举出的点子来源于研究院而不是工业化学家的头脑，这就是基础的或探索性的研究 Fundamental research is typically associated with university research. It may be carried out for its own intrinsic interest and it will add to the total knowledge base but no immediate applications of it in the “real world” well be apparent. Note that it will provide a valuable
Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment 化学工业与环境 How can we reduce the amount of waste that is produced? And how we close the loop by redirecting spent materials and products into programs of recycling? All of these questions must be answered through careful research in the coming years as we strive to keep civilization in balance with nature. 我们怎样才能减少产生废物的数量？我们怎样才能使废弃物质和商品纳入循环使用的程序？所有这些问题必须要在未来的几年里通过仔细的研究得到解决，这样我们才能保持文明与自然的平衡。 1.Atmospheric Chemistry Coal-burning power plants, as well as some natural processes, deliver sulfur compounds to the stratosphere, where oxidation produces sulfuric acid particles that reflect away some of the incoming visible solar radiation. In the troposphere, nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels combine with many organic molecules under the influence of sunlight to produce urban smog. The volatile hydrocarbon isoprene, well known as a building block of synthetic rubber, is also produced naturally in forests. And the chlorofluorocarbons, better known as CFCs, are inert in automobile air conditioners and home refrigerators but come apart under ultraviolet bombardment in the mid-stratosphere with devastating effect on the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer. The globally averaged atmospheric concentration of stratospheric ozone itself is only 3 parts in 10 million, but it has played a crucial protective role in the development of all biological life through its absorption of potentially harmful shout-wavelength solar ultraviolet radiation. 1．大气化学 燃煤发电厂像一些自然过程一样，也会释放硫化合物到大气层中，在那里氧化作用产生硫酸颗粒能反射入射进来的可见太阳辐射。在对流层，化石燃料燃烧所产生的氮氧化物在阳光的影响下与许多有机物分子结合产生都市烟雾。挥发的碳氢化合物异戊二烯，也就是众所周知的合成橡胶的结构单元，可以在森林中天然产生含氯氟烃。我们所熟悉的CFCs，在汽车空调和家用冰箱里是惰性的，但在中平流层内在紫外线的照射下回发生分解从而对地球大气臭氧层造成破坏，全球大气层中臭氧的平均浓度只有3ppm，但它对所有生命体的生长发育都起了关键的保护作用，因为是它吸收了太阳光线中有害的短波紫外辐射。 During the past 20 years, public attention has been focused on ways that mankind has caused changes in the atmosphere: acid rain, stratospheric zone depletion, greenhouse warming, and the increased oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. We have known for generations that human activity has affected the nearby surroundings, but only gradually have we noticed such effects as acid rain on a regional then on an intercontinental scale. With the problem of ozone depletion and concerns about global warming, we have now truly entered an era of global change, but the underlying scientific facts have not yet been fully established. 在过去的二十年中，公众的注意力集中在人类对大气层的改变：酸雨、平流层臭氧空洞、温室现象，以及大气的氧化能力增强，前几代人已经知道，人类的活动会对邻近的环境造成影响，但意识到像酸雨这样的效应将由局部扩展到洲际范围则是慢慢发现的。随着臭氧空洞问题的出现，考虑到对全球的威胁，我们已真正进入到全球话改变的时代，但是基本的
化学专业英语试卷 学号：姓名：成绩: 一：把下列单词或词组译成英文（本题共30 分，每小题 1 分） 1. Ni(ClO4)2 nickel perchlorate 3. FeCl2 iron(2)chloride 5. Al(NO3)3 aluminum nitrate 7. MnO2 manganese dioxide 9. N2O3 dinatrogen trioxide 11. NaClO sodium hypochloride 13. P2O5 diphosphorous pentaoxide 15. KMnO4 patassium permangate 17. 盐酸hydrochloric acid 19. KCN patassium cyanide 21. 5-甲基-4-丙基壬烷5-methyl-4-propylnonaane 23. 四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride 25. 中和neutralize 27. 比热容specific heat capacity 29. 酸酐anhytride 2. CuSO4 copper sulfate 4. CoCO3 cobalt carbate 6. Ca(C2H3O2)2 calcium acetate 8. H2SO4 10. 六氰合铁（Ⅱ）酸钾 12. Ag2SO3 sliver sulfite 14. 草酸铅lead cyanate 16. Zn(OH)2 zinc hydroxide 18. 磷酸根phosphate 20. 2,3-二甲基戊烷 2,3-dimethylpentane 22. 2,3,7-三甲基-5-乙基辛烷2,3,7-trimethyl-5-ethyloctane 24. 石蕊试纸litmus paper 26. 滴定titration 28. 非电解质electrolyte 30. 配位化合物complex compound 三. 把下列短文译成汉语（本题共40 分，每小题10 分） 1. Without chemistry our lives would be unrecognisable, for chemistry is at work all around us. Think what life would be like without chemistry - there would be no plastics, no electricity and no protective paints for our homes. There would be no synthetic fibres to clothe us and no fertilisers to help us produce enough food. We wouldn’t be able to travel because there would be no metal, rubber or fuel for cars, ships and aeroplane. Our lives would be changed considerably without telephones, radio, television or computers, all of which depend on chemistry for the manufacture of their parts. Life expectancy would be much lower, too, as there would be no drugs to fight disease. 没有化学反应我们的生活将会大变样,化学就在我们周围。没有化学生活会是什么样子——没有塑料,,家里没有电,也没有防护漆。不会给我们合成纤维,没有化肥帮助我们生产足够的食物。我们不能旅行,因为不会有金属、橡胶或燃料汽车、船只和飞机。我们的生活将会大大改变了没有电话、收音机、电视或电脑,所有这些依赖化学生产的部分。没有药物来抵抗疾病，预期寿命将低得多。 2．The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the meaning of entropy will be discussed. and expanded upon in this lesson. It will be shown that energy transformations on a macroscopic scale — that is, between large aggregates of atoms and/or molecules — can be understood in terms of a set of logical principles. Thus thermodynamics provides a model of the behavior of matter in bulk. The power of
精心整理一、元素和单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。 或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。 如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrous oxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprous oxide CuO:copper(II)oxide或cupric oxide ２．化合物负电荷部分的读法： ２．１二元化合物： 常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide， 如：fluoride，chloride，bromide，iodide，oxide，sulfide，nitride,phosphide,carbide，hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide， 非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见２。２）；非最低价的二元化合
物还要加前缀，如O22-:peroxideO2-:superoxide 举例：NaF:sodiumfluoride AlCl3:aluminiumchloride Mg2N3:magnesiumnitride Ag2S：silversulfide CaC2:calciumcarbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II)hydroxide 有些物质常用俗称，如NOnitricoxideN2Onitrousoxide ２．２非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。 举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchloride HBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodide CH4 H 高某酸 举例： H HPO3 正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 如FeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate 酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 如NaHCO3:sodiumhydrogencarbonate或sodiumbicarbonate NaH2PO4:sodiumdihydrogenphosphate 复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。 如KNaCO3:potassiumsodiumcarbonate NaNH4HPO4:ammoniumsodiumhydrogenphosphate 水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate 如AlCl3.6H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2Oaluminiumpotassiumsulphate12-water
化学专业英语化学专业英语课期末考试试卷含 答案 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
化学专业英语试卷 学号：姓名：成绩: 一：把下列单词或词组译成英文（本题共 30 分，每小题 1 分） 1. Ni(ClO4)2 nickel perchlorate 3. FeCl2 iron(2)chloride 5. Al(NO3)3 aluminum nitrate 7. MnO2 manganese dioxide 9. N2O3 dinatrogen trioxide 11. NaClO sodium hypochloride 13. P2O5 diphosphorous pentaoxide 15. KMnO4 patassium permangate 17. 盐酸hydrochloric acid 19. KCN patassium cyanide 21. 5-甲基-4-丙基壬烷5-methyl-4-propylnonaane 23. 四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride 25. 中和neutralize 27. 比热容specific heat capacity 29. 酸酐anhytride 2. CuSO4 copper sulfate 4. CoCO3 cobalt carbate 6. Ca(C2H3O2)2 calcium acetate 8. H2SO4 10. 六氰合铁（Ⅱ）酸钾 12. Ag2SO3 sliver sulfite 14. 草酸铅 lead cyanate 16. Zn(OH)2 zinc hydroxide 18. 磷酸根 phosphate 20. 2,3-二甲基戊烷2,3-dimethylpentane 22. 2,3,7-三甲基-5-乙基辛烷2,3,7-trimethyl-5-ethyloctane 24. 石蕊试纸litmus paper 26. 滴定titration 28. 非电解质electrolyte 30. 配位化合物complex compound 三. 把下列短文译成汉语（本题共 40 分，每小题 10 分） 1. Without chemistry our lives would be unrecognisable, for chemistry is at work all around us. Think what life would be like without chemistry - there would be no plastics, no electricity and no protective paints for our homes. There would be no synthetic fibres to clothe us and no fertilisers to help us produce enough food. We wouldn’t be able to travel because there would be no metal, rubber or fuel for cars, ships and aeroplane. Our lives would be changed considerably without telephones, radio, television or computers, all of which depend on chemistry for the manufacture of their parts. Life expectancy would be much lower, too, as there would be no drugs to fight disease. 没有化学反应我们的生活将会大变样,化学就在我们周围。没有化学生活会是什么样子——没有塑料,,家里没有电,也没有防护漆。不会给我们合成纤维,没有化肥帮助我们生产足够的食物。我们不能旅行,因为不会有金属、橡胶或燃料汽车、船只和飞机。我们的生活将会大大改变了没有电话、收音机、电视或电脑,所有这些依赖化学生产的部分。没有药物来抵抗疾病，预期寿命将低得多。 2． The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the meaning of entropy will be discussed. and expanded upon in this lesson. It will be shown that energy transformations on a macroscopic scale — that is, between large aggregates of atoms and/or molecules — can be understood in terms of a set of logical principles. Thus thermodynamics provides a model of the behavior of matter in bulk. The power of such a model is that it does not depend on atomic
04.GROUPS IIIB—VIIIB ELEMENTS Group I-B includes the elements scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium1, and the two rare-earth series of fourteen elements each2—the lanthanide and actinide series. The principal source of these elements is the high gravity river and beach sands built up by a water-sorting process during long periods of geologic time. Monazite sand, which contains a mixture of rare earth phosphates, and an yttrium silicate in a heavy sand are now commercial sources of a number of these scarce elements. B组包括元素钪，钇，镧，和actinium1，和2稀土系列十四each2镧系和锕系元素的系列。这些元素的主要来源是重力高与海滩砂建立起来的water-sorting过程在漫长的地质年代。独居石砂，其中包含一个混合稀土磷酸盐，和一个钇硅酸盐在沉沙现在商业来源的一些这些稀有元素。 Separation of the elements is a difficult chemical operation. The solubilities of their compounds are so nearly alike that a separation by fractional crystallization is laborious and time-consuming. In recent years, ion exchange resins in high columns have proved effective. When certain acids are allowed to flow down slowly through a column containing a resin to which ions of Group III B metals are adsorbed, ions are successively released from the resin3. The resulting solution is removed from the bottom of the column or tower in bands or sections. Successive