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Characterization of Aerosols and Atmospheric Parameters from

Characterization of Aerosols and Atmospheric Parameters from
Characterization of Aerosols and Atmospheric Parameters from

Characterization of Aerosols and Atmospheric Parameters from

Space-borne and Surface-based Remote Sensing

Si-Chee Tsay Yoram J. Kaufman

301-286-9710 (voice), 286-1759 (fax)301-286-4866 (voice)

e-mail: tsay@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9511625028.html, e-mail:

kaufman@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9511625028.html, Brent N. Holben Michael D. King

king@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9511625028.html, e-mail: brent@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9511625028.html, e-mail:

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771

LONG-TERM GOAL

The long-term goal for this project is threefold: (i) to develop remote sensing procedures for determin-ing aerosol loading and optical properties over land and ocean, (ii) to use these properties for atmos-pheric corrections over coastal regions, and (iii) to assess what combination of hyperspectral informa-tion can lead to the best results.

OBJECTIVES

In preparation for the era of hyperspectral sensors in remote sensing, we need to establish a climatology of aerosol properties and of spectral reflectance for land, ocean and coastal regions. These specific features will be used to develop aerosol remote sensing capability and in the future corrections of re-mote sensing data.

APPROACH

During FY98, we have pursued two projects on studying dust aerosols off the coast of Africa: one is the remote sensing of dust over land, and the other is the use of ground-based and space-borne instruments to characterize the dust properties. Although the Landsat TM has limited spectral capability between 0.47 and 2.1 μm, we plan to apply similar techniques to the hyperspectral AVIRIS data. These data were acquired over smoke regions in Brazil and urban pollution in the US, which were collocated with in situ and ground-based measurements. The application is expected to show rich spectral characteris-tics and possible improvement of the technique due to added-value of hyperspectral information. In ad-dition, we plan to compile existing measurements of spectral reflectance in the coastal regions (e.g., collaboration with Drs. Curtiss O. Davis and Bo-Cai Gao at the Naval Research Laboratory in analyzing hyperspectral measurements of ocean reflectance from navy ships) and to conduct airborne hyperspec-tral measurements (with NASA/Ames instrument) of ocean reflectance and marine aerosols, in support of ONR DUCK campaign (North Carolina, February-March 1999).

WORK COMPLETED

The method for remote sensing of smoke or sulfates over vegetated (dark) regions by Kaufman et al. (1997) is extended to include dust over the desert (bright surface). Now, this method can derive aero-sol properties in the blue (0.4-0.5 μm) and the red (0.6-0.7 μm) spectral regions. A paper was submit-

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ted to IEEE-TGARS on this subject. We also found that the absorption of solar radiation by dust, as ex-pressed by the single scattering albedo, is very different from those documented in the open literature.We have developed a technique, using both satellite spectral data and ground-based observations, to derive the dust particle size, single scattering albedo, and range of the refractive index. A paper was submitted to Nature on this subject.

-0.5

00.511.522.53

-0.5

00.51 1.52 2.53

O 0.64O 0.64O 0.47O 0.47

d e r i v e d a e r o s o l o p t i c a l t h i c k n e s s

aerosol optical thickness

r=0.96r=0.77

correlation

Figure 1: Scatter plot of the derived dust optical thickness and the optical thickness measured by the sunphotometer for the 0.64 μm and 0.47 μm Landsat TM spectral channels. The correlation’s are given for each spectral bands. The full symbols are for the average apparent reflectance derived from Landsat data in the vicinity of the sunphotometer and the open symbols for one standard de-viation above the average.RESULTS

We use an approach similar to remote sensing of aerosol over vegetated regions (e.g., a combination of visible and SWIR solar channels) to detect dust over the desert. Analysis of Landsat TM images over Senegal taken in 1987 shows that the surface reflectance at 0.64 μm is 0.54±0.05 of the reflectance at 2.1 μm, and reflectance at 0.47 μm is 0.26±0.03 of that at 2.1 μm. This relationship is surprisingly similar to those in non-desert sites. We also found that dusts have only small effects on the surface-atmosphere reflectance at 2.1 μm over the desert. Therefore, in the presence of dust, we use the Land-sat TM data at 2.1 μm channel to predict the surface reflectance at 0.64 and 0.47 μm. The difference between the satellite measured reflectance of surface-atmosphere and the predicted surface reflectance is used to derive the dust optical thickness at 0.64 and 0.47 μm. Results show that the optical thickness can be derived within ??=±0.5 for the range of 0

Figure 2: Remote sensing of the dust

absorption using Landsat data and

ground-based sunphotometer meas-

urements. (A) Apparent reflectance at

the top of the atmosphere over the des-

ert measured by Landsat TM (heavy

gray lines) for optical thickness of 0.8

(dashed) and 2.4 (solid). The measure-

ments are compared with calculations

(thin black lines) for refractive indices

and effective radius given in the cap-

tion. The apparent reflectance in-

creased due to the presence of dust by

~??=0.06 (for the central spectral

range of 0.55-1.6 μm), despite the high

surface reflectance of 0.2 to 0.4. Cal-

culations for imaginary index of -0.004

cannot explain this change in the ap-

parent reflectance, indicating small or

no absorption.

(B) The spectral single scattering al-

bedo, ?o, for the two values of the ef-

fective radius, that fits well with the

changes in the apparent reflectance in

Fig. 2A (?o=1 - non-absorbing dust

and ?o=0 - fully absorbing), as com-

pared to ?o values derived or used in

the open literature.

(C) Apparent reflectance, as in Fig. 2A

but over the ocean, for the absorption

indicated in Fig. 2B and several values

of real refractive index and effective

radius. The real part of the refractive

index is kept constant or decreasing to

1.22 at

2.1 μm. This figure shows a

good closure for ?<1 μm and, in turn,

the refractive index of 1.22 at 2 μm is

not realistic (~1.46 should be used in-

stead).

Spectral observations of dust properties from the space and from the ground create a powerful tool for determining the absorption of solar radiation by dust with an unprecedented accuracy. Absorption is a key component in understanding the impact of dust on remote sensing and climate, mainly over the At-lantic Ocean. We use Landsat data at 0.47 to 2.1 μm over Senegal with ground-based sunphotometer measurements to find that the absorption of solar radiation by Saharan dust is two to four times smaller

than those documented in the open literature. Although dust absorbs in the blue, almost no absorption was found for wavelengths longer than 0.6 μm (cf. Fig. 2). Large scale application of this method to satellite data from the Earth Observing System can reduce significantly the uncertainty in the dust radia-tive properties, remote sensing from space and correction to derive the ocean properties.

IMPACT

Revisiting the dust models and generating remote sensing procedures of dust over land are the first step for an attempt for hyperspectral remote sensing of coastal regions, as well as correction for the dust ef-fect in these regions to derive the properties of the water and underwater surfaces.

TRANSITIONS

The lower dust absorption may make it possible to distinguish from remote sensing between dust and chlorophyll absorption, and to develop methods to distinguish between the two using hyperspectral re-mote sensing. The next stage is to compare the spectral signal from dust and other aerosol types and the signal from chlorophyll. We plan to look into data sets already acquired by the Navy of the hyper-spectral properties of different waters.

RELATED PROJECTS

This work is related to the NASA/MODIS effort of remote sensing of aerosol and their effect on cli-mate.

PUBLICATIONS

Kaufman, Y. J., A. Karnieli and D. Tanré, 1998: Detection of dust over the desert by EOS-MODIS.

submitted to IEEE-TGARS.

Kaufman, Y. J., D. Tanré, A. Karnieli, and L. A. Remer, 1998: Dust absorption and radiative forcing derived from measured solar radiation. submitted to Nature.

REFERENCES

Kaufman, Y. J. , D. Tanré, L. Remer, E. Vermote, A. Chu, and B. N. Holben, Remote sensing of tro-pospheric aerosol from EOS-MODIS over the land using dark targets and dynamic aerosol models, JGR-Atmosphere, special issue on Remote Sensing of Aerosol and Atmospheric Corrections, 102, 17051-17067, 1997.

英语单词惯用法集锦解析

英语单词惯用法集锦 习惯接动词不定式的动词(V to inf) adore(vi极喜欢) dread (vt.不愿做,厌恶)plan 计划 afford(+to,vt有条件,能承担)endeavour (vt,竭力做到,试图或力图)prefer(vt.宁可;宁愿(选择);更喜欢)agree 同意endure(忍受.cannot ~ to) prepare准备 aim (vi[口语]打算:) engage (vi.保证,担保;) presume(vt.冒昧;敢于[用于第一人称时为客套话]:) appear (vi.似乎;显得) essay(vt.尝试,试图) pretend(vt.自命;自称;敢于;妄为) apply (申请)expect(期望,希望)proceed(开始,着手,)arrange (vi.做安排,(事先)筹划)fail (vt.未做…;疏忽)promise(许诺,保证做 ask (要求)forget (vt. 忘记)purpose (vt.决心,打算) beg (vt.正式场合的礼貌用语]请(原谅),请(允许):I beg to differ.恕我不能赞同)guarantee(保证,担保)refuse(拒绝)bear 承受,忍受hate([口语]不喜欢;不愿意;)regret (vt. 抱歉;遗憾)begin help (有助于,促进)remember(记住) bother (vi.通常用于否定句]麻烦,费心)hesitate(vi.犹豫;有疑虑,不愿)scheme(策划做)care (vt.想要;希望;欲望[后接不定式,常用于否定、疑问及条件句中])hope (vt.希望,盼望,期待)seek(vt.谋求,图谋[后接不定式]) cease (停止; 不再(做某事)[正式] intend (打算;想要)seem(似乎,好像[后接不定式或从句];觉得像是,以为[ choose (意愿;选定;决定)itch start开始claim (vt. 主张;断言;宣称) continue (继续)like 喜欢swear(vt.起誓保证;立誓要做(或遵守) dare (vt.敢,敢于,勇于,胆敢)long(vi.渴望;热望;极想) decline(vt.拒绝,拒不(做、进入、考虑等) manage(设法完成某事)threaten(vt.威胁,恐吓,恫吓)deign (屈尊做)mean(有意[不用进行时)trouble(vi.费心,费神;麻烦)demand(vi.要求,请求:)need (需要)try(设法做) deserve (应得) neglect (疏忽) undertake(承诺,答应,保证) desire (希望渴望)offer(表示愿意(做某事),自愿;)venture(冒险(做某事))determine(vi.决心,决意,决定,)omit (疏忽,忘记)want 想要 die (誓死做)pine (渴望)wish (希望) 习惯接“疑问词+动词不定式”的动词(有时也包括VN wh-+to do) advise 建议explain 解释perceive 觉察,发觉 answer 答复find 得知,察觉persuade 说服,劝说;使某人相信 ask 询问,问forget 忘记phone 打电话 assure 保证guess 臆测,猜度pray 祈祷 beg 请求,恳求hear 小心聆听(法庭案件)promise 允诺 conceive 想象,设想imagine 以为,假象remember记得 consider 考虑,思考indicate 暗示remind 提醒,使想起 convince 使相信inform告知通知instruct告知,教导 see 看看,考虑,注意decide 解决,决定know 学得,得知 show 给人解释;示范;叙述;discover发现;知道learn 得知,获悉 signal以信号表示doubt 怀疑,不相信look 察看;检查;探明 strike 使想起;使突然想到;使认为suggest 提议,建议tell 显示,表明;看出,晓得;warn 警告,告诫think 想出;记忆,回忆;想出,明白wonder 纳闷,想知道 wire 打电报telegraph 打电报 习惯接动名词的动词(包括v+one’s/one+v+ing) acknowledge 认知,承认…之事实escape免除,避免omit疏忽,忽略 admit 承认,供认excuse 原谅overlook 放任,宽容,忽视adore (非正式)极为喜欢fancy 构想,幻想,想想postpone 延期,搁置 advise 劝告,建议finish完成prefer较喜欢 appreciate 为…表示感激(或感谢)forbid 不许,禁止prevent预防 avoid 逃避forget 忘记prohibit 禁止,妨碍

感官动词和使役动词

感官动词和使役动词 默认分类2010-05-28 23:14:26 阅读46 评论0 字号:大中小订阅 使役动词,比如let make have就是3个比较重要的 have sb to do 没有这个用法的 只有have sb doing.听凭某人做某事 have sb do 让某人做某事 have sth done 让某事被完成(就是让别人做) 另外: 使役动词 1.使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要有make(使,令), let(让), help(帮助), have(叫)等。 2.使役动词后接受词,再接原形不定词作受词补语。 He made me laugh. 他使我发笑。 I let him go. 我让他走开。 I helped him repair the car. 我帮他修理汽车。 Please have him come here. 请叫他到这里来。 3.使役动词还可以接过去分词作受词补语。 I have my hair cut every month. 我每个月理发。 4.使役动词的被动语态的受词补语用不定词,不用原形不定词。 (主)He made me laugh. 他使我笑了。 (被)I was made to laugh by him. 我被他逗笑了。 使役动词有以下用法: a. have somebody do sth让某人去做某事 ??i had him arrange for a car. b. have somebody doing sth.让某人持续做某事。 ??he had us laughing all through lunch. 注意:用于否定名时,表示“允许” i won't have you running around in the house. 我不允许你在家里到处乱跑。 ******** 小议“使役动词”的用法 1. have sb do 让某人干某事 e.g:What would you have me do? have sb/sth doing 让某人或某事处于某种状态,听任 e.g: I won't have women working in our company. The two cheats had the light burning all night long. have sth done 让别人干某事,遭受到 e.g:you 'd better have your teeth pulled out. He had his pocket picked. notes: "done"这个动作不是主语发出来的。 2.make sb do sth 让某人干某事 e.g:They made me repeat the story. What makes the grass grow?

愚公移山文言文

愚公移山文言文(原文、注释、翻译) 原文: 太行、王屋二山,方七百里,高万仞,本在冀州之南,河阳之北。 北山愚公者,年且九十,面山而居。惩山北之塞,出入之迂也,聚室而谋曰:“吾与汝毕力平险,指通豫南,达于汉阴,可乎?”杂然相许。其妻献疑曰:“以君之力,曾不能损魁父之丘,如太行、王屋何?且焉置土石?”杂曰:“投诸渤海之尾,隐土之北。”遂率子孙荷担者三夫,叩石垦壤,箕畚运于渤海之尾。邻人京城氏之孀妻有遗男,始龀,跳往助之。寒暑易节,始一反焉。 河曲智叟笑而止之曰:“甚矣,汝之不惠!以残年余力,曾不能毁山之一毛,其如土石何?”北山愚公长息曰:“汝心之固,固不可彻,曾不若孀妻弱子。虽我之死,有子存焉。子又生孙,孙又生子;子又有子,子又有孙;子子孙孙无穷匮也,而山不加增,何苦而不平?”河曲智叟亡以应。 操蛇之神闻之,惧其不已也,告之于帝。帝感其诚,命夸娥氏二子负二山,一厝朔东,一厝雍南。自此,冀之南,汉之阴,无陇断焉。 注释: 1.太行山——在山西高原和河北平原之间。 2.王屋山——在山西阳城、垣曲与河南济源之间。 3.方——指面积。方七百里,就是四周各七百里。古代计算面积,用截长补短的办法,把不规则的边长变成正方形,再计算它的面积。 4.高万仞——形容极高;仞——古代长度单位,以七尺或八尺为一仞。 5.冀州——古地名,

包括现在河北省,山西省,河南省黄河以北,辽宁省辽河以西的地区。6.河阳——黄河北岸。山的北面和江河的南面叫做阴,山的南面和江河的北面叫做阳。7.且——将近。8.面山而居——面对着山居住。9.惩(chéng)——戒,这里是“苦于”的意思,以……为苦。10.塞(sè)——阻塞。11.迂(yū)——曲折、绕远。 12.聚室而谋——集合全家来商量。室,家。13.汝——你。这里是复数“你们”的意思。14.毕力平险——尽全力铲除险峻的大山。15.指通豫南——一直通向豫州的南部。指,直。豫州,古地名,在今河南省黄河以南。16.汉阴——汉,就是汉水;阴,山的北面或水的南面叫阴。汉阴,汉水南岸。17.献疑——提出疑问。18.以——凭借。19.杂然相许——纷纷表示赞成。杂然,纷纷的样子。许,赞同。20.君——称呼“您”。21.损:——削减。22.曾(céng)——用在否定副词“不”前,加强否定语气。可译为“连……都……”。23.魁父——古代一座小山的名称,在现今河南省开封县陈留镇境内。24.丘——土堆。25.置——安放。 26.且——连词,况且。27.焉——疑问代词,哪里。28.荷(hè)——扛。29.夫——成年男子。30.叩:敲,凿。30.箕畚(jīběn):这里是用箕畚装土石的意思。 31.孀(shuāng)——孀妻,寡妇。32.遗男——遗孤,孤儿。33.始龀(chèn)——刚刚换牙,指七八岁。(龀,儿童换牙齿,乳齿脱落后重新长恒齿。这里始龀表示年龄,约七八岁或换牙。)龀,换牙。34.寒暑易节——冬夏换季,指一年的时间。易,交换。节,季节。35.始一反焉——才往返一次。反,通“返”,往返。焉,语气助词。36.河曲(qū)------古地名,因河水弯曲而得名,在今山西省芮城县西。37.叟(sǒu)——老头。38.甚矣,汝之不惠——哎,你太不聪明了。这是“汝之不惠甚矣”的倒装句,先说“甚矣”,有强调的意味。甚矣,太,非常。39.惠——同“慧”,聪明;不惠,指愚蠢。40.其——在“如……何”前面加

常见动词用法

1、keep ①keep + 形容词表示“保持” Please keep quite. 请保持安静。 ②keep + 宾语+ 形容词(或介词短语)表示“把……保持在某一状态” We must do everything we can to keep the air clean. 我们必须尽一切所能保持空气清洁。 ③keep sb doing sth 表示“让某人做某事” ——只能用现在分词作宾语补足语,不能用不定式。 He kept us waiting for two hours. 他让我们等了两个小时。 He kept us to wait for two hours. (错误) ④keep on doing sth和keep doing sth 表示“继续做某事,反复做某事”,可换用。 但keep on doing 更强调动作的反复性或做事人的决心。 He keeps on phoning me, but I don’t want to talk to him. Though he failed 3 times, he kept on trying. 他老是给我打电话,但我不想同他讲话。虽然他已失败了3次,但他仍继续干下去。 keep doing sth 经常用于静态动词。 He kept lying in bed all day long. 他整天都躺在床上。 ⑤keep …from doing sth 表示“阻止,使免于” He kept them from fishing in the lake. 他不让他们在那个湖里捕鱼。 2、may not / mustn’t / needn’t / wouldn’t ①may not be 是may be的否定式,意为“可能不是,也许不是” He may be there.他可能在那里。He may not be there.他可能不在那里。 ②must 意为“必须”,mustn’t 意为“千万不可,绝对不可” 所以Must we/I ……?的否定回答要用needn’t—意为“不必” -Must we get there before 11 o’clock? -No, we needn’t. ③wouldn’t = would not 意为“不会,不愿” I wouldn’t say no. 3、do ①do表示“做”,做某事,常指某种不具体的活动;make表示“制作”,指做出某种具体的东西。

感官动词的用法

感官动词 1.see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等词,后接宾语,再接省略to的动词不定式或ing形式。前者表全过程,后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时,以上的词也常跟动词原形。 注释:省略to的动词不定式--to do是动词不定式,省略了to,剩下do,其形式和动词原形是一样的,但说法不同。 see sb do sth 看到某人做了某事 see sb doing sth 看到某人在做某事 hear sb do sth 听到某人做了某事 hear sb doing sth 听到某人在做某事 以此类推... I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡时有人正敲门,强调当时正在敲门) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听到有人敲门的全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (此处有频率词often) (了解)若以上词用于被动语态,须将省略的to还原: see sb do sth----sb be seen to do sth hear sb do sth----sb be seen to do sth 以此类推... We saw him go into the restaurant. → He was seen to go into the restaurant. I hear the boy cry every day. → The boy is heard to cry every day. 2.感官动词look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词,后接形容词。 He looks angry. His explanation sounds reasonable. The cakes smell nice.

部编版八年级语文上册愚公移山

22愚公移山 第一课时 【学习目标】 1.了解列子及相关文学常识。 2.培养学生借助工具书和注释解释难词、难句的能力。(重点) 3.着重理解愚公和智叟这两个人物形象,此外还要理解愚公的妻子和智叟的本质区别。(重点) 4.理解愚公精神的深刻意义。(重难点) 【教学过程】 一、新课导入 (播放江涛唱的《愚公移山》歌曲)同学们,歌中唱的愚公就是我们今天要学习的《愚公移山》一文的主人公。历经千百年了,愚公精神还被人们广为传唱,当然也有人认为“愚公精神可嘉,但是做法很蠢。出入不方便,为什么不修路,不搬家,而一定要移山呢?”你认

为哪种说法好,带着这个问题,让我们走进文本。 二、预习展示 1.作家作品简介。 列子,名御寇,郑国人,战国前期道家代表人物之一,主张清静无为。东汉班固《汉书·艺文志》道家部分录有《列子》八卷,早已散佚。今本《列子》是东晋人搜集有关的古代资料编写而成,里面保存了不少先秦时代的寓言故事和神话传说。 《列子》一书记载的神话寓言资料十分丰富,一些在中国相当著名的神话,皆出现于《汤问》篇。有的作品上古时已经出现,在《列子》书中稍作调整,如《夸父逐日》;有的则早已流传民间,但在《列子》书中首先记载下来,《愚公移山》就是典型的例子。 寓言是一种文学形式。它的特点是通过短小精悍而又富有风趣的动物、植物或人类故事,采用象征、比喻、拟人、夸张等手法,寄寓一种思想,给人以某种教益或启示。 2.掌握难词难句。 ①通假字:反一返惠一慧亡一无厝一措 ②一词多义: 且:A.将近;B.况且。 固:A.本来;B.顽固。 献:A.提出;B.奉献。 曾:A.甚至;B.竟然。 荷:A.荷花;B.肩负。 惩:A.苦于;B.惩罚。 ③特殊句式: a.甚矣,汝之不惠。(倒装句) b.遂率子孙荷担者三夫。(倒装句) 3.通读课文,试用一句话概括这篇课文的意思。 明确:本文写了愚公移山的故事。 三、合作探究 (一)分析人物形象 1.文中写了山的高峻,遗男的相助,智叟的阻止,神的搬山,这对表现愚公的形象有什么作用? 明确:文中写的这些,都有利于愚公这个人物形象的塑造。具体来说,山的高峻显示愚公的决心大;遗男的相助,说明移山是符合人民利益的,受到了乡邻的拥护;智叟的阻止,则是通过愚公智叟两人截然不同的态度,形成鲜明对比,以突出愚公为子孙后代造福而移山的远大抱负,看到人的伟大力量和长远目光;写神的搬山,则是突出愚公精神的感人。 2.请谈一谈你对愚公这一形象的认识。 明确:愚公以90高龄亲自率领子孙上山“叩石垦壤”,是经过深思熟虑的,他取得成功的原因主要有两点:一是他有远大的抱负,从“指通豫南,达于汉阴”可以看出,他的移山是为了造福千千万万的人和后代子孙;正因为有这样的抱负,他才会不顾年迈力衰,毅然从事这一伟大事业。二是他移山的信心来自他在人和自然关系问题上的正确认识,他懂得人力是“无穷匮”的,而自然条件在相当长的时期内不会有变化,尽管移山的事业不可能在几代人的手里完成,但只要世世代代坚持干下去,就一定有完成的希望,自然是可以被征服的。愚公的这种抱负和信心就是古代劳动人民征服自然愿望的生动反映。 3.结合课文说说智叟的形象特征。 明确:智叟是一个自作聪明,鼠目寸光,安于现状,胸无大志的人。 (二)理解愚公的妻子和智叟的本质区别

动词以及动词短语的用法(动词后加to do 还是doing)

一动词加-ing 的情况 consider, suggest/advise,look forward to, excuse/pardon admit,delay/put off,fancy avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practise deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate forbid,imagine,risk can't help,mind,allow/permit,escape 考虑建议盼原谅, 承认推迟没得想. 避免错过继续练, 否认完成就欣赏. 禁止想象才冒险, 不禁介意准逃亡. 如:建议:advise,suggest,冒险:risk,献身:devote oneself to 二动词后加doing 和加to do sth. 意思不一样的情况 ①remember doing指记住过去做过的事,remember to do指记住将来要做的事,表示“不要忘记”。 ②forget doing表示忘记过去做过的事,forget to do表示“没有想起做某事”。 ③mean doing表示“意味着做某事”,mean to do表示“打算做某事”。 ④regret doing表示对已做过的事感到后悔,regret to do表示对将要做的事表示遗憾。 ⑤stop doing表示“停止做某事”,stop to do是停止做正在做的事以便去做另外一件事,这里的to do不是stop的宾语而是stop的目的状语。 ⑥try doing表示“尝试做某事”,try to do表示“设法、试图做某事”。 ⑦go on doing表示继续做同一件事,go on to do表示做完一件事后,接下去做另外一件事。 三动词后加to do sth. afford负担得起agree同意appear似乎,显得arrange安排 ask问attempt企图beg请求begin开始 choose选择claim要求decide决定demand要求 desire愿望determine决定expect期望fail不能 forget忘记happen碰巧hate憎恨,厌恶hesitate犹豫 hope希望intend想要learn学习long渴望 love爱manage设法mean意欲,打算need需要 neglect忽视offer提供omit忽略,漏other扰乱;烦恼

英语中感官动词的用法

英语中感官动词的用法 一、感官动词 1、感官动词(及物动词)有:see/notice/look at/watch/observe/listen to/hear/feel(Vt)/taste(Vt)/smell(Vt) 2、连缀动词(含感官不及物动词) be/get/become/feel/look/sound/smell/taste/keep/stay/seem/ appear/grow/turn/prove/remain/go/run 二、具体用法: 1、see, hear, smell, taste, feel,这五个动词均可作连系动词,后面接形容词作表语,说明主语所处的状态。其意思分别为"看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……"。除look之外,其它几个动词的主语往往是物,而不是人。 例如:These flowers smell very sweet.这些花闻起来很香。 The tomatoes feel very soft.这些西红柿摸起来很软。 2、这些动词后面也可接介词like短语,like后面常用名词。 例如:Her idea sounds like fun.她的主意听起来很有趣。 3、这五个感官动词也可作实义动词,除look(当"看起来……"讲时)只能作不及物动词外,其余四个既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词,此时作为实义动词讲时其主语一般为人。 例如:She smelt the meat.她闻了闻那块肉。 I felt in my pocket for cigarettes.我用手在口袋里摸香烟。 4、taste, smell作不及物动词时,可用于"t aste / smell + of +名词"结构,意为"有……味道/气味"。 例如:The air in the room smells of earth.房间里的空气有股泥土味。 5、它们(sound除外)可以直接作名词,与have或take构成短语。 例如:May I have a taste of the mooncakes?我可以尝一口这月饼吗?taste有品位、味道的意思。 例如:I don’t like the taste of the garlic.我不喜欢大蒜的味道。 She dresses in poor taste.她穿着没有品位。 look有外观,特色的意思,例:The place has a European look.此地具有欧洲特色。 feel有感觉,感受的意思,watch有手表,观察的意思。例:My watch is expensive.我的手表很贵。 6、其中look, sound, feel还能构成"look / sound / feel + as if +从句"结构,意为"看起来/听起来/感觉好像……"。 例如:It looks as if our class is going to win.看来我们班好像要获胜了。 7、感官动词+do与+doing的区别: see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性。 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"

《愚公移山》课文

愚公移山 朝代:先秦 作者:列御寇 原文: 太行、王屋二山,方七百里,高万仞。本在冀州之南,河阳之北。 北山愚公者,年且九十,面山而居。惩山北之塞,出入之迂也。聚室而谋曰:“吾与汝毕力平险,指通豫南,达于汉阴,可乎?”杂然相许。其妻献疑曰:“以君之力,曾不能损魁父之丘,如太行、王屋何?且焉置土石?”杂曰:“投诸渤海之尾,隐土之北。”遂率子孙荷担者三夫,叩石垦壤,箕畚运于渤海之尾。邻人京城氏之孀妻有遗男,始龀,跳往助之。寒暑易节,始一反焉。 河曲智叟笑而止之曰:“甚矣,汝之不惠。以残年余力,曾不能毁山之一毛,其如土石何?”北山愚公长息曰:“汝心之固,固不可彻,曾不若孀妻弱子。虽我之死,有子存焉;子又生孙,孙又生子;子又有子,子又有孙;子子孙孙无穷匮也,而山不加增,何苦而不平?”河曲智叟亡以应。 操蛇之神闻之,惧其不已也,告之于帝。帝感其诚,命夸娥氏二子负二山,一厝朔东,一厝雍南。自此,冀之南,汉之阴,无陇断焉。 注释 1、太行山——在黄土高原和华北平原之间。 2、王屋山——在山西阳城、垣曲与河南济源之间。 3、方——指面积。 4、仞——古代长度单位,以七尺或八尺为一仞。 5、冀州——古地名,包括现在河北省,山西省,河南省黄河以北,辽宁省辽河以西的地区。 6、河阳——黄河北岸。山的北面和江河的南面叫做阴,山的南面和江河的北面叫做阳。 7、且——副词,将近。 8、面山而居——面对着山居住。 9、惩(chéng)——戒,这里是“苦于、为......所苦”的意思。 10、塞(sè)——阻塞。 11、迂(yū)——曲折、绕远。 12、聚室而谋——集合全家来商量。室,家。

13、汝——你。这里做复数看,为“你们”的意思。 14、毕力平险——尽全力铲除险峻的大山。 15、指通豫南——一直通向豫州的南部。指,直。豫州,古地名,在今河南省黄河以南。 16、汉阴——汉,就是汉水;阴,山的北面或水的南面叫阴。 17、献疑——提出疑问。 18、以——凭借。 19、杂然相许——纷纷表示赞成。杂然,纷纷的样子。许,赞同。 20、损:——削减。 21、曾(céng)——副词,加强否定语气,可译为“连……也……”,常与“不”连用。 22、魁父——古代一座小山的名称,在现今河南省开封县陈留镇境内。魁(kuí)。 23、丘——土堆。 24、置——安放。 25、且——况且。 26、焉——疑问代词,哪里。 27、荷(hè)——扛的意思。 28、夫——成年男子。 29、箕畚(jī běn)簸箕,一种用竹片或柳条编成的器具。这里是用箕畚装土石的意思。 30、孀(shuāng)——孀妻,寡妇。 31、遗男——遗孤,单亲孤儿,遗腹子。 32、龀(chèn)——儿童换牙齿,乳齿脱落后重新长恒齿。这里始龀表示年龄,约七八岁。龀,换牙。 33、寒暑易节——冬夏换季,指一年的时间。易,交换。节,季节。 34、始一反焉——才往返一次。反,通“返”往返。焉,语气助词。 35、河曲——古地名,在今山西省芮城县西。 36、叟(sǒu)——老头。 37、惠——同“慧”,聪明;不惠,指愚蠢。 38、其——在“如……何”前面加强反问语气。 39、长息——长叹。 40、一毛——一草一木,地面所生的草木,这里指山的一小部分。 41、汝心之固,固不可彻——你思想顽固,顽固到了不可改变的地步。彻,通。 42、匮(kuì)——竭尽的意思。 43、虽我之死——即使我死了。虽,即使。之,用在主谓之间,无实意。 44、苦——愁。 45、亡(wú)以应——没有话来回答。亡,通“无”。 46、操蛇之神——神话中的山神,手里拿着蛇,所以叫操蛇之神。操,持。 47、惧其不已——怕他不停地干下去。其,愚公。已,停止。 48、帝——神话中的天帝。 49、感其诚——被他的诚心所感动。感,被……感动。 50、夸娥氏——神话中力气很大的神。 51、负——背。 52、厝(cuò)——同“措”,放置。 53、朔东——就是朔方以东地区,指山西省的东部。 54、雍——就是雍州,在现今陕西、甘肃省一带地区。 56、陇断——即垄断,山冈高地 57、列子——这是一部古书的名称,属于中国先秦时期道家的著作。关于这部书,有两种说法:一种认为是战国初年的列御寇著的;另一种认为是后来晋代的人著的,没有定论。书中记载了许多寓言和传说故事。

pretend三种易混淆不定式的用法

pretend三种易混淆不定式的用法 今天给大家带来了pretend三种易混淆不定式的用法,我们一起来学习吧,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。 pretend三种易混淆不定式的用法 1. pretend to do sth .这个短语的意思是假装(将要)去做什么事情,适用于将来时态动作将来假装要去做但不一定去做的状态。 举例: If youpretend to know what you dont know,youll only make afool of yourself.不懂装懂就会闹笑话。(suri的回答) Child pretend to be mother and father in kindergarten.孩子在幼稚园里面假扮父亲和母亲(表将来)(JasoOon的回答) 2. pretend to have done sth .这个短语的意思是假装已经做过了某事,强调事情的一个完成的状态,侧重于假装的事情已经做好了。 举例:I pretend tohave seen nothing,but I cant.我假装自己没有看到任何东西,但是我做不到(侧重于一个完成时态,已经试图去假装没有看到)

she pretended to have finished the homeworkwhen she went out and played.当她出门玩的时候她假装自己已经完成了家庭作业。(假装做作业这个动作已经在出门玩之前做完了)(JasoOon的回答)以及怀陌的回答:When the teacher came in,he pretended to havefinished the homework.当老师进来的时候他假装自己已经完成家庭作业了,两者有异曲同工之妙。 3. pretendtobe doing sth 这个短语的意思是假装正在做某事,强调动作的一个进行时态。 举例:They pretend to be reading books when the teacher sneakingly stands at the back door.当老师偷偷地站在后门的时候他们假装正在读书(读书与老师站在后门都是过去进行时 态)(JasoOon的回答) Asmanypeople do,youoftenpretend to be doingwork when actuallyyou arejust wasting time online.像很多人一样,你经常假装正在工作,其实是在上网。 群主补充:昨天和今天已提交作业的同学,做得都很好,全部授予小红花。希望你们再接再厉,不要松懈哟。所以下周一出题者为所有已提交作业的同学或者你们选出的代表。

感官动词的用法

1.感官动词用法之一:see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等词,后接宾语,再接动词原形或ing形式。前者表全过程,后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时,以上的词也常跟动词原形。 I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡时有人正敲门) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听的是全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school.(此处有频率词often) 若以上词用于被动语态,后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式: We saw him go into the restaurant. →He was seen to go into the restaurant. I hear the boy cry every day. →The boy is heard to cry every day. 2.感官动词用法之二:look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词,后接形容词: He looks angry. It sounds good. The flowers smell beautiful. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired. They all looked tired. 这些动词都不用于被动语态。如:The sweets are tasted sweet.是个病句。注意:如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词,而接名词或代词:

愚公移山翻译及注释

愚公移山翻译及注释 愚公移山 太行、王屋二山,方七百里,高万仞。本在冀州之南,河阳之北。北山愚公者,年且九十,面山而居。惩山北之塞,出入之迂也,聚室而谋曰:"吾与汝毕力平险,指通豫南,达于汉阴,可乎?"杂然相许。其妻献疑曰:"以君之力,曾不能损魁父之丘,如太行王屋何?且焉置土石?"杂曰:"投诸渤海之尾,隐土之北。"遂率子孙荷担者三夫,叩石垦壤,箕畚运于渤海之尾。邻人京城氏之孀妻,有遗男,始龀,跳往助之。寒暑易节,始一反焉。 河曲智叟笑而止之,曰:"甚矣,汝之不惠。以残年余力,曾不能毁山之一毛,其如土石何?"北山愚公长息曰:"汝心之固,固不可彻,曾不若孀妻弱子。虽我之死,有子存焉;子又生孙,孙又生子;子又有子,子又有孙。子子孙孙,无穷匮也。而山不加增,何苦而不平?"河曲智叟亡以应。 操蛇之神闻之,惧其不已也,告之于帝。帝感其诚,命夸娥氏二子负二山,一厝朔东,一厝雍南。自此,冀之南,汉之阴,无陇断焉。 【注释】 选自《列子?汤问》:相传为战国时郑人列御寇所作,为道家著作。大(1) 部分属于民间故事、语言和神话传说。其中最为脍炙人口又富有教育意义的,如本篇《愚公移山》比喻不怕困难,坚持到底的精神;还有如《杞人忧天》嘲笑不必要的担心;《两小儿辩日》说明片面看问题不会得出正确的结论;《九方皋相马》说明观察事物要注意精神实质等。 (2)方:指面积。高万仞:形容山极高。(年)且(九十):副词,将近。 (3)面山而居:面对着山居住。 (4)惩chéng:苦于,为…所苦。

(5)塞sè:阻塞。 (6)迂yū:曲折,绕远。 (7)聚室而谋:集合全家来商量。室,家。汝:你们。 (8)毕力平险:尽全力铲平险峻的大山。 指通豫南:一直通向豫州的南部。 (9) (10)杂然相许:纷纷赞成他。杂然,纷纷的样子。许,赞同。 (11)献疑:提出疑问。 (12)曾不能损魁父之丘:连魁父这座小山也平不了。曾,副词,用来加强语气,可译为"连…都…"。损,削减。 (13)如太行王屋何:能把太行、王屋两座山怎么样呢?"如…何"就是"把…怎么样"的意思。 (14)且焉置土石:况且把土石放到哪里呢?且,连词,况且。焉,疑问代词,哪里。置:安放。 (15)投诸渤海之尾:把它扔到渤海边上。诸,就是"之于"。 (16)荷担者三夫:挑担子的几个人。荷,扛,挑。簸箕:jīběn:竹子或柳条编成的器具。 (17)扣:敲、凿。 (18)京城:姓氏。霜妻:寡妇。遗男:遗孤,孤儿。 (19)寒暑易节:冬夏换季。易,交换。节,季节。 (20)始一反焉:才往返一次。反,同"返"。 (21)甚矣,汝之不惠:你太不聪明了。惠,同"慧",聪明。 (22)毛:地面所生的草木。 (23)其:加在"如…何"前面,有加强反问语气的作用。

英语语法用法顺口溜(巧记)

英语语法顺口溜(巧记). 英语学习 动词为纲“滚雪球” 难易编组抓循环 同类归纳印象深图示介词最直观 混淆多因形音义反义词语成对念 构词方法不可忘习惯用语集中练 词不离句法最好课外阅读莫间断 be 的用法口诀 我用am,你用are,is连着他,她,它; 单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。 变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。 变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记。 疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。 时间名词前所用介词的速记歌 年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。 遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。 要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。 午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错。 at也用在明分前,说“差”可要用上to, 说“过”只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记, 莫让岁月空蹉跎。 记住f(e)结尾的名词复数 妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌; 躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。 巧记48个国际音标 单元音共十二,四二六前中后。 双元音也好背,合口集中八个整。 辅音共计二十八,八对一清又七浊, 四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音, 有声无气浊辅音,发音特点应掌握。 非谓语动词的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词动词后,不定式,want, hope和wish, agree, decide, mean, manage, promise, expect, pretend,且说两位算在此, 要记牢,要记住,掌握它们靠自己。

英语学习小窍门 后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些常用特殊动词 一些动词要掌握,have, let和make, 此三动词是使役,“注意”“观察”“听到”see, 还有feel和watch,使用它们要仔细, 后接“宾补”略去“to”,此点千万要牢记 除此之外,还可以掌握“八字言”, 一感feel,二听hear, listen to, 三让have, let, make,四看see, look at, observe, watch 后只接动名词做宾语的一些常用特殊动词 特殊动词接“动名”,使用它们要记清, “放弃”“享受”可“后悔”, “坚持”“练习”必“完成”, “延期”“避免”非“介意” 掌握它们今必行。 动名词在句中的功能及其它 “动名”语法其功能,名词特征有动、形,主宾表定都可作,“动名”、“现分”要认清,“现分”不作“宾”和“主”, 动名作“状”可不行。二词皆可作定语,混为一谈不允许,主谓关系视分词,“动名”一词无此义。 现在分词形式及在句子中的作用(包括过去分词的作用): 现在分词真好记,动词后面ING。它的作用真不小,可以充当定状表。 还有宾语补足语,忘记此项不可以。 分词做定语的位置及其它 “定分”位置有二条,词前词后定分晓。 单个分词在词前,有时此规有颠倒。 分词短语在词后,“定从”和它互对照。 “现分”动作进行时,“过分”动作完成了。 (注:“定分”:做定语的分词;“定从”:定语从句;“现分”:现在分词;“过分”:过去分词。) 分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义 分词做状语,概有七意义。“ 时间”和“原因”,“结果”与“目的”。 “方式”加“伴随”,“条件”常出席。 且谈其主语,谓语头前的*。 欲要记住它,必须常练习。(*指句子的主语)

感官动词

感官动词的概念和相关考点 1、什么是感官动词? 听觉:listen to、hear 视觉:look at、seem、watch 嗅觉:smell 触觉:feel、touch 味觉:taste 2、感官动词如何正确使用? Tom drove his car away. →I saw him drive away. (全过程) 用法一:somebody did sth + I saw this I saw somebody do something. Tom was waiting for the bus. →I saw Tom waiting for the bus. (看不到全过程) 用法二:somebody was doing sth + I saw this I saw somebody doing something 练习: 一、句子翻译 1. I didn,t hear you come in. 2. I suddenly felt sth touch me on the shoulder. 3. I could hear it raining. 4. Listen to the birds singing. 5. Can you smell sth burning? 6. I found Sue in my room reading my letters. 二、灵活运用 1. I saw Ann waiting for the bus. 2. I saw Dave and Helen playing tenins. 3. I saw Clair having her meal. 三、选择最佳选项 1. Did anybody see the accident (happen/happening)? 2. We listen to the old man (tell/telling) his story from beginning to the end. 3. Listen! Can you hear a baby (cry/crying)? 4.—Why did you turn around suddenly? — I heard someone (call/calling) my name. 5. We watched the two men (open/opening) a window and (climb/climbing) through it into house. 6. When we got there, we found our cat (sleep/sleeping) on the table. 四、感官动词的被动语态 Oh,the milk is tasted strange.

pretend的用法总结

pretend的用法总结 以下是小编为大家总结的pretend的用法,希望能帮助大家掌握pretend这个单词,提高英语水平。 pretend to be doing 是强调不定式的动作正在进行的过程中. pretend to do是强调假装要做某事,而不一定正在进行或者是已经发生. 还有一种完成式pretend to have done 强调假装后面的动作已经完成. pretend to be reading就表示他假装正在读书 pretend to sleep 表示他要去睡觉 pretend vt. 假装, 装扮, (作为藉口或理由)伪称 To give a false appearance of; feign: 伪装:显示一副假面貌;伪装: You had to pretend conformity while privately pursuing high and dangerous nonconformism(Anthony Burgess) 当你私下里追求崇高而又危险的新教教义时,你仍得假装信奉国教(安东尼伯吉斯) To claim or allege insincerely or falsely; profess: 假称:不诚实地或虚假地要求或宣称;自称:

doesnt pretend to be an expert. 不要伪称是个专家 To represent fictitiously in play; make believe: 装扮:在戏剧中虚构地扮演;使相信: pretended they were on a cruise. 他们假装在海上巡逻 I cannot pretend to say that you are wrong. 我不敢说你是错误的To take upon oneself; venture: 大胆冒昧地做:使自己承担义务;冒险干某事: v.intr.(不及物动词) To feign an action or a character, as in play. 扮演:假扮某种行为或某个角色,如在戏剧中假扮 To put forward a claim. 自称:提出要求 To make pretensions: 假装,矫作: pretends to gourmet tastes. 自命有美食家的品味 https://www.doczj.com/doc/9511625028.html,rmal (形容词)【非正式用语】 Imitation; make-believe: 模仿的;仿制的: pretend money; pretend pearls.

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