Test 1 Study Guide
1. Characteristics of African Music preserved in early African-American Music
早期的非洲籍美国人所保留下来的非洲音乐有哪些特征
-Syncopation 切分节奏
-Overlapping Call and Response 重叠的问答形式
-Dominance of Percussion 打击乐器占主要
-Polyrhythm 复节奏型
-Metronomic Sense 强烈的节奏感
2. Why is Minstrelsy important?为什么滑稽说唱表演非常重要？
-It created America’s first pop music影响了最初美国流行音乐的形成。
-It created interest in African-American Culture 使美国黑人文化得到社会注意。
-It gave African-American musicians opportunity to be professional musicians
为黑人音乐家提供了一个能成为专业音乐家的机会。
3. Define Spirituals, Work Songs, Gospel and Blues and name similarities and differences between them.
定义及详细说明一下“spirituals”这种美国黑人所创的宗教民歌，劳动好子，福音
音乐及布鲁斯，他们之间的相同点和不同点。
- Spiritual: Sung before or after work. Has religious themes and is more serious. Spiritual:在工作之外的时间演唱，主要是一些宗教话题及一些更为严肃的题材。
-Work Song: Sung during work to pass the time and to give the work a speed and
Rhythm. May or may not have religious themes.
Work Song:在工作时演唱，主要是起到娱乐自己及协调劳动的作用。有或着没
有采用较严肃的题材。
-Gospel: Sung in church during religious worship. Has religious themes.
福音音乐：是在教堂宗教礼拜时演唱，主要是宗教题材。
-Blues: Sung at the bar at night, does not have religious themes. Theme is overcoming
difficult times and surviving.
布鲁斯：主要在晚上的酒吧等娱乐场所延长，没有较为严肃的题材。通常唱一
些关于生活中如何战胜困难及生存
Similarities: All of them have call and response, ornamentation, improvisation, blue notes, and syncopation.
相同点：都有问答的形式在里面，有装饰性的演唱、即席创作及“蓝调”，同
样还有切分节奏。
Differences: The themes and occasions vary. Blues is the only one which requires
instrumental accompaniment.
不同点：歌曲的题材及演唱的场所不一样，布鲁斯是唯一的在演唱时需要伴奏乐器。
4. What is the difference between standard blues and country blues?
典型布鲁斯与乡村布鲁斯的区别
-country blues does not have strict rules of form and harmony, but uses
an AAB lyric pattern as its form.乡村布鲁斯在和声及结构上有没有较为严谨的规则，但是它运用 AAB的曲式结构模式。
-standard blues has a 12-bar AAB form with standard chord changes.典型布鲁斯有12小节的AAB曲式结构，及较为典型的和声结构。
5. Important blues musicians
较为重要的布鲁斯音乐家
-Robert Johnson:composer of “Crossroads” and “the Devil and Me Blues”.
Robert Johnson is an important blues guitarist and singer of country blues who sang about making a deal with the devil to make him the best guitarist in the world in
exchange for his soul.
罗伯特?约翰逊：创作有“十字路口”及“恶魔和我的布鲁斯”。
罗伯特?约翰逊是有名的布鲁斯吉他演奏家及有名的演唱乡村布鲁斯歌手，他曾演唱过一个故事讲述的是他用他的灵魂与恶魔做交易来换取能让他成为世界上最棒的吉他手。
-W.C. Handy:Composer of “Memphis Blues” and “St. Louis Blues”. The first
composer to write down and publish blues compositions and standardize the blues.
W.C 汉迪：创作有“孟斐斯1布鲁斯”及“St路易斯布鲁斯”。他是第一个将布鲁斯写下并出版，及规范布鲁斯结构的作曲家。
-Ma Rainey: Vaudeville performer and the first successful blues singer in 1902 and became known as the mother of the blues.
Ma Rainey：歌舞杂耍演员及1902年成为第一个成功的布鲁斯歌手，被认为是布鲁斯之母。
-Mamie Smith:Made the first vocal blues recording in 1920 “Crazy Blues”
玛米?史密斯：在1920录制了第一个布鲁斯歌曲“疯狂布鲁斯”。
-Bessie Smith: records her first blues reco rd “Down Hearted Blues” in 1923 and it sells 750,000 copies in one year for the Columbia Label.
1923年贝茜?史密斯录制了她个人的第一张布鲁斯专辑“Down Hearted Blues”，这张专辑在一年里达到了75万张的销量。
1 [史]孟斐斯(古埃及城市,废墟在今开罗之南)
5. What is the difference between standard blues and jazz blues?
典型的布鲁斯和爵士布鲁斯的区别
-jazz blues has the addition of minor chords and ii-V-I chord progressions
爵士布鲁斯中加入了小调和弦和ii-V的和声进行
-jazz blues does not have usually have lyrics
爵士布鲁斯布经常伴有歌词
-jazz blues uses additional scales for melodic material
爵士布鲁斯会加入一些附加的音阶来丰富旋律的素材
6. Name important dates for the development of recording technology and jazz recordings.
说出录音技术的发展与爵士音乐的录音几个重要的日期
-1877: Edison makes the first sound recording using a tin-foil cylinder.
1877年爱迪生第一次发明用锡纸圆筒录音技术来录音。
-1907: Victor introduces the Victrola Phonograph cabinet
1907年维克多推出维克多牌留声机
-1917: First Jazz Recording by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band “Livery Stable Blues” and “the Original Jass Band One Step”
1917年Original Dixieland Jazz Band录制了第一个爵士唱片，歌名为 Livery Stable Blues 和 the Original Jass Band One Step
-1923: Bessie Smith records her first blues record “Down Hearted Blues” and it sells 750,000 copies in one year for the Columbia Label.
1923年贝茜?史密斯录制了她个人的第一张布鲁斯专辑“Down Hearted Blues”，这张专辑在一年里达到了75万张的销量。
-1925: Recording Technology takes a leap forward when electric recording becomes possible using microphones. Sound fidelity is greatly enhanced.
1925年；录音技术的一次飞跃，电子录音技术出现，增加音质的真实度。
7. What two styles of music led directly to Jazz.
哪两种音乐风格直接影响了爵士乐的形成
-Blues and Ragtime布鲁斯和拉格泰姆音乐
8. Characteristics of Ragtime.
“Ragtime”音乐的特征
-Syncopation切分
-Written compositions是被写在乐曲上的
-Primarily used as dance music首先是被用来作为伴舞的音乐
-Syncopation of popular songs know as “ragging”将当时较流行的歌曲用切分音的形式演奏就成为“ragging”
9. Important Ragtime musicians.
较为重要的“Ragtime”音乐家
-Scott Joplin: Composer of the “Maple Leaf Rag”
-James Reese Europe: Conductor of the Castles Ragtime band
-the Castles: popularized ragtime dances such as the “Fox Trot”
10. How did Ragtime music evolve into Jazz?
“Ragtime”音乐史如何演变成爵士乐
-The slow infusion of blues and improvisation into Ragtime and loosening of the
rhythmic feeling led directly to jazz.
直接影响爵士的因素是，较缓慢的布鲁斯和即兴创作等因素融入拉格泰姆音乐，并在节奏上更为松散放松。
11. Who was the first jazz musician, what did he play and where did he work?
谁被认为是第一个爵士音乐家，他主要演奏什么类型的音乐及他在哪工作
-Buddy Bolden: played the cornet and worked in Storyville, the red-light district of New Orleans.
巴迪?伯顿：短号演奏家，他工作的地方叫Storyville，也就是所谓的“红灯区”在新奥尔良的名称。
12. Who was the first jazz composer, what did he play and where did he work?
谁是第一个爵士乐作曲家，他主要演奏什么类型的音乐及在哪演奏（工作）
-Jelly Roll Morton: played the piano and was the first jazz artist to write down his
compositions. He also worked in Storyville.
果冻卷?莫顿：著名的爵士钢琴家，他是第一位将爵士音乐写在乐谱上的爵士作曲家。他也供在在Storyville。
13. What are the differences between Scott Joplin’s “Maple Leaf Rag” and Jelly Roll Morton’s “Maple Leaf Rag”?
对比一下Scott Joplin 的“Maple Leaf Rag” 与Jelly Roll Morton 的“Maple Leaf Rag”有何区别?
-Jelly Roll Morton plays swinging 8th notes and places more emphasis on beats 2 and 4 giving it a feeling of 2/4 meter or cut time. 果冻卷?莫顿在弹奏8分音符使用了“摇摆8分音”，将中音移到第2拍及第4拍，这样给人的感觉更像是2拍。
-Jelly Roll Morton plays some improvised figures and uses some blues harmony.
果冻卷?莫顿运用更多的即兴演奏部分及布鲁斯和声。
14. What is the instrumentation of the classic New Orleans jazz bands and what are some orchestration techniques used by them?
典型的新奥尔良爵士乐队所使用的乐器设备与一些管弦乐编曲（作曲）技法是怎样被运用
-String Bass, Banjo/Guitar, Drums, Cornet/Trumpet, Clarinet, Trombone 低音贝大提琴，班卓琴/吉它，鼓，短号/小号，黑管，长号
-Orchestration features group improvisation with Cornet/Trumpet playing the lead, trombone playing an improvised melodic bass line and Clarinet playing an
improvised obbligato part. Solos are done with everyone playing at the same time
or in stop time. Bands use head arrangements and improvised ensemble parts.
乐队集体即兴演奏，包括短号或小号乐队中处领导地位，长号演奏即兴的低声部，黑管演奏即兴的伴奏部分。独奏部分是每个乐队成员在同一时间进行即兴演奏或结束。乐队在曲式结构的编排上通常是预先达成一定共识，并且常在演奏过程中临时的加入一些即兴发展的部分。这需要乐队成员有着很强的默契感。
15.Know who the following people are and what they are known for.
记住下面几位重要的人物及他们是以什么得名的。
Joe “King” Oliver
-He was a Cornet player and leader of the King Oliver Creole Jazz
Band. This band was one of the most widely known of the New Oreleans jazz bands and they made many recordings in Chicago in 1923.
Joe “King” Oliver短号演奏家及King Oliver Creole2 Jazz的乐队长。这支乐队是新奥尔良地区最出名的乐队，并且在1923年的芝加哥录制大量的专辑。
- King Oliver was Louis Armstron g’s teacher and mentor and Armstrong performed with his Creole Jazz Band.
“King” Oliver是路易阿姆斯特朗的老师、指导者，阿姆斯特朗曾与他一起在这个Creole乐队里演出。
- King Oliver used vocal effects on the cornet using mutes.
King Olive在短号演奏中加入弱音器来营造出模仿出人声的效果。
Sidney Bechet
-He was a clarinet and soprano saxophone player and one of the most important
virtuoso soloists of the New Orleans era 著名的黑管及高音萨克斯风手，新奥尔良地区有名的独奏者。
-His solos are very bluesy and many classical musicians of the time regarded him as An “artist of genius”.他的独奏风格主要是布鲁斯，当时许多著名的古典音乐家称他为“艺术天才”。
Louis Armstrong
-He was a cornet and trumpet player and singer who is recognized as the father of modern jazz and an artist who elevated jazz from a folk music to a high artform.路易阿姆斯特朗，著名的短号、小号手，同时还兼具歌手的位置。他被认为是现代爵士乐之父，并将爵士乐的艺术价值从一个下层的民谣民歌提升到一个更高的地位。
-He was the most powerful trumpet player of the period and could play louder and higher notes than anyone else.他是一个最具力量型的小号手，比当时任何一个小号演奏家所演奏的声音更大，演奏得音更高。
2creole土生法国人：美国南部尤其是路易士安那州的早期法国殖民者的后裔或与其文化有联系的人
-He steered the trend of New Orleans Jazz away from group improvisation and
towards solo improvisation.他将新奥尔良爵士从原来的集体即兴逐渐带入到单独某个乐器的即兴演奏。
-His solos were highly organized and virtuosic and he brought worldwide attention to jazz.
他的独奏更为由组织性、高超及他将爵士推向了世界舞台。
Bix Beiderbeike
- The second leading trumpet player of the New Orleans Jazz era.
Bix是新奥尔良时期的北认为是第二把手爵士小号演奏家。
- Bix was important for developing a style unique to Chicago sometimes called
Chicago Jazz.
Bix在芝加哥演奏他那独特爵士风格，人们有时称他的演奏风格叫做“芝加哥爵士”
- Bix and his colleagues were white and were first influenced by the Original
Dixieland Jazz Band and another white band called the New Orleans Rhythm
Kings.
Bix及他的同僚都是白人，他们受到当时的风靡一时的“Original Dixieland Jazz Band”和另一个叫做“New Orleans Rhythm Kings”的影响.
- Bix played a different style than Armstrong. Whereas Armstrong played very high notes with a lot of vibrato, Bix played in a medium range without much vibrato and his playing was very melodic and emphasized some extensions such as the 9th and 13th making his playing sound less powerful and more thoughtful and lighter.
Bix与阿姆斯特朗演奏的风格完全不一样。阿姆斯特朗的演奏主要是以高音及更为力量型，且有很多的颤音，而Bix的演奏风格较为平和且没有过多的颤音，旋律更为由优美，他更注重一些和弦外延伸的其他音如第九级及第十三级音，来使旋律音响更为深远，更为优雅。
- Bix was not famous and died in 1931 at age 28, but he was very influential to jazz Musicians of the time.
Bix去世与1931年，当时他年仅28岁，虽然到他死的那天仍不是很有名，但是他却对同一时期的其他爵士演奏家有着较为深远的影响。