OFFSHORE SERVICE SPECIFICATION
The electronic pdf version of this document found through https://www.doczj.com/doc/9610659410.html, is the officially binding version
DNV-OSS-301
Verification and Certification of
Submarine Pipelines
JANUARY 2014
? Det Norske Veritas AS January 2014
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FOREWORD
DNV is a global provider of knowledge for managing risk. Today, safe and responsible business conduct is both a license to operate and a competitive advantage. Our core competence is to identify, assess, and advise on risk management. From our leading position in certification, classification, verification, and training, we develop and apply standards and best practices. This helps our customers safely and responsibly improve their business performance. DNV is an independent organisation with dedicated risk professionals in more than 100 countries, with the purpose of safeguarding life, property and the environment.
DNV service documents consist of among others the following types of documents:—Service Specifications. Procedural requirements.—Standards. Technical requirements.—Recommended Practices. Guidance.
The Standards and Recommended Practices are offered within the following areas:A)Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology B)Materials Technology C)Structures D)Systems
E)Special Facilities F)Pipelines and Risers G)Asset Operation H)Marine Operations J)Cleaner Energy O)Subsea Systems
U)Unconventional Oil & Gas
CHANGES – CURRENT – Page 3 CHANGES – CURRENT
General
This document supersedes DNV-OSS-301, October 2000.
Text affected by the main changes in this edition is highlighted in red colour. However, if the changes involve a whole chapter, section or sub-section, normally only the title will be in red colour.
Det Norske Veritas AS, company registration number 945 748 931, has on 27th November 2013 changed its name to DNV GL AS. For further information, see https://www.doczj.com/doc/9610659410.html,. Any reference in this document to “Det Norske Veritas AS” or “DNV” shall therefore also be a reference to “DNV GL AS”.
Main changes January 2014
?General
This document has been totally revised with focus on scope for verification and requirements for certification during fabrication and operation. In addition the following have been done:
—Alignment with DNV-OSS-300 and last edition of DNV-OS-F101.
—Implementation of “Code Manager” for experience recording and future updates.
Editorial corrections
In addition to the above stated main changes, editorial corrections may have been made.
CONTENTS
CHANGES – CURRENT (3)
1Introduction (6)
1.1General (6)
1.1.1Introduction (6)
1.1.2Objectives (6)
1.1.3Verification service (6)
1.1.4Certification service (6)
1.1.5Structure of this document (7)
1.2Definitions (7)
1.2.1General (7)
1.2.2Verbal forms (7)
1.2.3Definitions (7)
1.3References (9)
2Principles of Risk-Differentiated verification (10)
2.1General (10)
2.1.1Objectives (10)
2.2Verification principles (10)
2.2.1Purpose of verification (10)
2.2.2Verification as a complementary activity (10)
2.2.3Verification management (10)
2.2.4Risk-differentiated levels of verification involvement (10)
2.3Selection of level of verification involvement (12)
2.3.1Selection factors (12)
2.3.2Overall safety objective (12)
2.3.3Risk assessment (12)
2.3.4Technical innovation and contractor experience (13)
2.3.5Quality management systems (13)
2.4Defining a verification plan / scope of work (13)
2.4.1Risk based verification planning (13)
2.5Information flow (14)
2.5.1Communication lines (14)
2.5.2Obligations (14)
2.5.3Notification of level of verification involvement (15)
3Verification activities (16)
3.1General (16)
3.1.1Objectives (16)
3.1.2Scope of work (16)
3.2Project phases (16)
3.2.1General principles (16)
3.3Project initiation (16)
3.3.1Verification during conceptual design (16)
3.4Project realisation (17)
3.4.1General (17)
3.4.2Verification of overall project management (17)
3.4.3Verification during design (17)
3.4.4Verification during construction (18)
3.5Operation (21)
3.5.1Verification during operation (21)
4Verification service requirements (23)
4.1General (23)
4.1.1Objectives (23)
4.1.2Scope of work (23)
4.2Verification service documents (23)
4.2.1General (23)
5Certification service requirements (25)
5.1General (25)
5.1.1Objectives (25)
5.1.2Scope of work (25)
5.2Certification service documents (25)
5.2.1General (25)
5.2.2Certificate of conformity (26)
5.2.3Statement of conformity (27)
5.2.4Verification report (27)
5.2.5Intermediate documents (27)
5.3Retention of pipeline certificate (27)
5.3.1General (27)
5.3.2Certificate of conformity with maintenance conditions (27)
5.3.3Requirements for pipeline certificate retention (28)
App. A Guideline on selection of verification involvement level based on simplified verification planning (29)
A.1General (29)
A.2Trigger Questions (29)
App. B Generic description of project sub-phases (31)
B.1General (31)
B.2Initial studies (31)
B.3Design (31)
B.4Other phases (32)
App. C Examples of verification and certification documents (33)
C.1General (33)
App. D Detailed scope of work tables for verification and certification (40)
D.1General (40)
D.2Description of terms used in the scope of work tables (40)
D.3Overall project management (41)
D.4Design (42)
D.5Construction (47)
D.6Operation (63)
CHANGES – HISTORIC (67)
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.1.1 This DNV Offshore Service Specification (DNV-OSS-301) describes the DNV verification service for submarine pipelines and defines the additional requirements for obtaining and retaining a DNV pipeline system Certificate of Conformity.
1.1.1.2 This OSS falls under the top level document DNV-OSS-300 Risk Based Verification and applies risk-differentiated levels of verification involvement.
1.1.1.3 This OSS identifies and describes verification activities for a pipeline system during design, construction and operation.
1.1.1.4 This OSS is tailor-made for verification and certification of pipeline systems designed and constructed in accordance with DNV-OS-F101.
1.1.1.5 The identified and described verification activities in this OSS are generic. Based on the scope of work tables in Sec.3, the detailed verification scope of work tables in App.D should be subject to project specific tailoring based on risk assessments.
1.1.2 Objectives
1.1.
2.1 The objectives of this document are to:
—describe DNV’s verification and certification services for submarine pipeline systems
—describe DNV’s approach to risk differentiated levels of verification involvement
—provide guidance for the selection of the level of DNV verification involvement
—provide guidance on how to establish a verification plan
—provide a common communication platform for describing the extent of verification activities required for DNV certification of submarine pipelines.
1.1.3 Verification service
1.1.3.1 The objective for the verification service is generally the verification of the pipeline integrity. Other aspects, such as the verification of the environmental impact of the pipeline system, or its suitability with respect to flow capacity and flow assurance, may be included in DNV’s scope of work, if desired by the customer.
1.1.3.2 The verification service is described in Sec.4. Scope of work definition based on risk-differentiated level of verification involvement is described in Sec.
2. Sec.3describes different project phases and gives generic scope of work tables.
1.1.3.3 For verification services the customer may stipulate the verification scope of work and the level of verification involvement to be applied. The selection of the level of verification involvement should be based on a risk assessment. The verification scope of work may impact the type of DNV deliverables.
1.1.3.4 For verification services this OSS may be adopted for the verification of parts of a pipeline system and/ or selected project phases.
1.1.3.5 For verification to other technical standards than DNV-OS-F101 or to customer’s specifications, this OSS may still be used as a communication platform and as a starting point for preparation of project specific scope of work tables.
1.1.4 Certification service
1.1.4.1 The objective for the certification service is the verification of the pipeline integrity.
1.1.4.2 For certification services this OSS identifies and describes the verification activities required to obtain
a DNV pipeline system Certificate of Conformity and how to retain the certificate during operation if the scope of work covers a certificate with maintenance conditions.
1.1.4.3 For certification services the verification scope of work is defined in Sec.5. DNV shall independently of the customer stipulate the level of verification involvement to be applied.
1.1.4.5 Statutory certification of pipeline systems to the requirements of national authorities is not included specifically in the scope of application of this OSS. Such certification shall be governed by the regulations of the national authorities. However, if detailed procedures are not given by these authorities, this OSS shall be used by DNV as a guideline for DNV’s work.
Guidance note:
The certificate issued shall state that it is issued under authorisation of the relevant authorities, including reference to the relevant certification scheme.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---1.1.5 Structure of this document
1.1.5.1 This document consist of five sections and four appendices:
1.2 Definitions
1.2.1 General
1.2.1.1 The definitions in DNV-OS-F101 Sec.1 C200 also apply to this OSS.
1.2.1.2 The most important definitions from DNV-OS-F101 applied in this OSS are repeated. They are marked “(DNV-OS-F101)” between the word and its definition, ref. e.g. verification.
1.2.2 Verbal forms
1.2.2.1 Shall : verbal form used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the document.
1.2.2.2 Should: verbal form used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required.
1.2.2.3 May: verbal form used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the document.
1.2.3 Definitions
1.2.3.1 Certification: (ISO 17000:2004): Third-party issue of a statement, based on a decision following review, that fulfilment of specified requirements has been demonstrated related to products, processes or systems. Review shall in this context mean verification of the suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of selection and determination activities, and the results of these activities, with regard to fulfilment of specified requirements by an object of conformity assessment.
1.2.3.2 Certification service: The process of performing certification. The certification service includes the issuing of a DNV Certificate. The certification service requires a service specification as reference.
Guidance note:
Sec.1 gives the general scope of the document, definitions and references.
Sec.2 describes the principles of verification based on risk differentiated levels of verification involvement,
how to define the level of verification involvement, and how to develop a verification plan/scope of work for a particular project.
Sec.3 describes generic verification activities for each of the project phases.
Sec.4 describes the verification service; scope of work definition and documents issued by DNV as a result
of the verification service process.
Sec.5 describes the certification service; requirements for obtaining and retaining a DNV pipeline system
Certificate of Conformity, and documents issued by DNV as a result of the certification service process.
App.A poses trigger questions for the selection of level of verification involvement.App.B contains generic descriptions of project sub-phases.
App.C gives examples of DNV verification and certification service documents.
App.D gives detailed scope of work tables for all project phases and all levels of verification involvement.
These tables are generic and the basis for the development of project specific scope of work tables.
requirements. The final deliverable DNV document shall be a certificate. The type of certificate that may be issued depends on the nature of the certification scope of work.
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1.2.3.3 Commissioning (DNV-OS-F101): Activities associated with the initial filling of the pipeline system with the fluid to be transported, part of operational phase.
1.2.3.4 Commissioning, Pre- (DNV-OS-F101): Activities after tie-in/connection and prior to commissioning including system pressure-testing, dewatering, cleaning and drying.
1.2.3.5 Construction phase(DNV-OS-F101): The construction phase will typically include manufacture, fabrication and installation activities. Manufacture activities will typically include manufacture of linepipe and corrosion protection and weight coating. Fabrication activities will typically include fabrication of pipeline components and assemblies. Installation activities will typically include pre- and post-intervention work, transportation, installation, tie-in and pre-commissioning.
1.2.3.6 Customer: DNV’s contractual partner. It may be the purchaser, the operator, the owner or a contractor.
1.2.3.7 Design (DNV-OS-F101): All related engineering to design the pipeline including both structural as well as material and corrosion.
1.2.3.8 Fabrication (DNV-OS-F101): Activities related to the assembly of objects with a defined purpose in
a pipeline system.
1.2.3.9 Hazard: A deviation (departure from the design and operating intention) which could cause damage, injury or other form of loss (Chemical Industries Association HAZOP Guide).
1.2.3.10 HAZOP (HAZard and OPerability study): The application of a formal systematic critical examination to the process and engineering intentions of new or existing facilities to assess the hazard potential of mal-operation or mal-function of individual items of equipment and their consequential effects on the facility as a whole (Chemical Industries Association HAZOP Guide).
1.2.3.11 Installation (activity) (DNV-OS-F101): The operations related to installing the equipment, pipeline or structure, e.g. pipeline laying, tie-in, piling of structure etc.
1.2.3.12 Manufacture (DNV-OS-F101): Making of articles or materials, often in large volumes. In relation to pipelines, refers to activities for the production of linepipe, anodes and other components and application of coating, performed under contracts from one or more contractors.
1.2.3.13 Operations (phase): The phase when the pipeline is being used for the purpose for which it was designed.
1.2.3.14 Pipeline integrity (DNV-OS-F101): Pipeline integrity is the ability of the submarine pipeline system to operate safely and withstand the loads imposed during the lifetime cycle.
1.2.3.15 Risk (DNV-OS-F101): The qualitative or quantitative likelihood of an accident or unplanned event occurring, considered in conjunction with the potential consequences of such a failure. In quantitative terms, risk is the quantified probability of a defined failure mode times its quantified consequence.
1.2.3.16 Risk Reduction Measures: Those measures taken to reduce the risks to the operation of the pipeline system and to the health and safety of personnel associated with it or in its vicinity by:
—reduction in the probability of failure
—mitigation of the consequences of failure.
Guidance note:
The usual order of preference of risk reduction measures is:
1)Inherent safety
2)Prevention
3)Detection
4)Control
5)Mitigation
6)Emergency response.
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1.2.3.18 Verification(ISO 9000:2005): Confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that specified requirements have been fulfilled.
Guidance note:
The term “verified” is used to designate the corresponding status. Verification can comprise activities such as:—performing alternative or additional calculations
—comparing a new design specification with a similar proven design specification
—undertaking validation tests
—reviewing documents.
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1.2.3.19 Verification service:The verification service includes, in addition to performing verification, the issuing of a deliverable DNV document in which the conclusion of the verification activity is stated.
Guidance note:
The scope of work shall be agreed, and described in a contract, between DNV and the customer. The scope of work may be described by reference to an object specific DNV service specification or technical standards specified by customer. In the case of an object specific DNV service specification forming the basis for verification scope definition, any deviation or amendment to the scope of work outlined in the DNV service specification shall be addressed in the contract. The deliverables shall be agreed in the contract. The type of DNV document(s) that may be issued depends on the extent and nature of the verification scope of work.
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1.3 References
DNV-OS-F101Submarine Pipeline Systems, 2012, Det Norske Veritas, H?vik.
DNV-OSS-300Risk Based Verification, 2012, Det Norske Veritas, H?vik.
DNV-RP-F105Free Spanning Pipelines, 2006, Det Norske Veritas, H?vik.
DNV-RP-F109On-Bottom Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines, 2011, Det Norske Veritas, H?vik. DNV-RP-F110Global Buckling of Submarine Pipelines due to High Temperature/High Pressure, 2007, Det Norske Veritas, H?vik.
DNV-RP-F111Interference Between Trawl Gear and Pipelines, 2010, Det Norske Veritas, H?vik. DNV-RP-F116Integrity Management of Submarine Pipeline Systems, 2009, Det Norske Veritas, H?vik.
A Guide to Hazard and Operability Studies, 1979.
Chemical Industries
Association Limited,
London
ISO 9000:2005Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary, International
Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 9001:2008Quality management systems – Requirements, International Organization for
Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 17000:2004Conformity Assessment—Vocabulary and general principles, International
Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
SECTION 2 PRINCIPLES OF RISK-DIFFERENTIATED VERIFICATION
2.1 General
2.1.1 Objectives
2.1.1.1 The objectives of this section are to provide:
—introduction to the principles of verification of submarine pipeline systems
—introduction to the principles of risk differentiated levels of verification involvement
—guidance on the selection of levels of verification involvement
—information on how to develop a verification plan
—information on involved parties, communication and obligations.
2.2 Verification principles
2.2.1 Purpose of verification
2.2.1.1 Verification constitutes a systematic and independent examination of the various phases in the lifecycle of a pipeline system to determine whether it fulfils the specified requirements.
2.2.1.2 Verification activities are expected to identify errors or failures in the work associated with the pipeline system and to contribute to reducing the risks to the operation of the pipeline system and to the health and safety of personnel associated with it or in its vicinity.
2.2.1.3 Verification is primarily focused on pipeline integrity, but business risk (e.g. cost and schedule) may also be addressed.
2.2.2 Verification as a complementary activity
2.2.2.1 Verification shall be complementary to routine design, construction and operations activities and not a substitute. Therefore, although verification will take into account the work, and the quality assurance and quality control of that work, carried out by the owner and his contractors, it is inevitable that verification will duplicate some work that has been carried out previously by other parties involved in the pipeline project. 2.2.3 Verification management
2.2.
3.1 The verification philosophy and verification methods used shall be described to ensure satisfactory completion of the verification activities.
2.2.
3.2 The philosophy and the methods shall ensure that the verification:
—has a consistent and constructive approach to the satisfactory completion and operation of the pipeline system
—is available world-wide wherever the owner or his contractors operate
—applies up-to-date methods, tools and procedures
—employs qualified and experienced personnel.
2.2.
3.3 All verification activities shall be carried out by competent personnel. Competence includes having the necessary theoretical and practical knowledge and experience of the activity being examined. An adequate verification of some activities may require access to specialised technical knowledge.
2.2.
3.4 As well as demonstrating competence of individuals, the verification organisation shall be able to show competence and experience in pipeline verification work.
2.2.4 Risk-differentiated levels of verification involvement
2.2.4.1 The approach of risk-differentiated levels of verification involvement shall be applied to the definition of verification plan/scope of work, as outlined in the general risk based verification service overview in DNV-OSS-300.
2.2.4.2 The level of verification involvement is differentiated according to the risk associated with the pipeline. If the risk associated with the pipeline is higher, the level of verification involvement is higher. Conversely, if the risk associated with the pipeline is lower, the level of verification involvement can be reduced, without reducing the verification effectiveness.
2.2.4.3 The verification involvement is categorised into low, medium and high. A summary of the levels of
2.2.4.4 The selection of level of verification involvement shall be based on a risk based verification planning process.
2.2.4.5 The basis for the selection of level of verification involvement shall be documented.
2.2.4.6 Different levels of verification involvement can be chosen for different phases of the pipeline system,or even parts of the pipeline system within the same phase.
Guidance note:
For example, pipeline design may be innovative and considered high risk whereas the installation method is well known and considered low risk. The converse might also be the case.
Additionally, linepipe production from a well-known mill may be considered low risk, whereas, production from an unknown mill may be considered high risk.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---2.2.4.7 The level of verification involvement can be reduced or increased during a phase if the originally chosen level is considered too rigorous or too lenient, as new information on the risks associated with the pipeline system becomes available.
Medium is the customary level of verification involvement and is applied to the majority of pipelines.High is the level of verification involvement applied where the risks associated with the pipeline are
higher because, for example, it has highly corrosive contents, it is in adverse environmental
conditions, it is technically innovative or the contractors are not well experienced in the design and construction of similar pipelines.
Low is the level of verification involvement applied where the risks associated with the pipeline are lower
because, for example, it has benign contents, it is located in congenial environmental conditions, or the contractors are well experienced in the design and construction of similar pipelines.Table 2-1 Summary of verification involvement and guidance for their applicability – project phase
Level Description of verification involvement
Guidance for typical application for each level of involvement
Low
—Review of general principles and production
systems during design and construction.
—Review of principal design documents,
construction procedures and qualification (e.g. MPQT) reports.
—Visit-based attendance during system testing and start-up activities.
—Less comprehensive involvement than level
Medium.
—Proven pipeline designs with benign contents and/or installed in benign environmental conditions.—Straightforward pipelines designed and
constructed by experienced contractors.—Low consequences of failure from a safety,
environmental or commercial point of view.—Relaxed to normal completion schedule.Medium
—Review of general principles and production
systems during design and construction.
—Detailed review of principal and other selected design documents with support of simplified
independent analyses.
—Full time attendance during (procedure)
qualification (e.g. MPQT) and review of the resulting reports.
—Visit-based or intermittent presence at site.—Pipelines in moderate environmental conditions.—Projects with a moderate degree of novelty.—Medium consequences of failure from a safety,
environmental or commercial point of view.—Ordinary completion schedule.High
—Review of general principles and production systems during design and construction.—Detailed review of most design documents with support of simplified and advanced independent analyses.—Full time attendance during (procedure) qualification (e.g. MPQT) and review of the resulting reports.
—Full time presence at site for most activities.—More comprehensive involvement than level
Medium.
—Projects with a high degree of novelty or large
leaps in technology.
—Pipelines in extreme environmental conditions.
—Inexperienced contractors or exceptionally tight completion schedule.—Very high consequences of failure from a safety,
environmental or commercial point of view.
2.3 Selection of level of verification involvement
2.3.1 Selection factors
2.3.1.1 The selection of the level of verification involvement shall depend on the criticality of each of the elements that have an impact on the management of hazards and associated risk levels of the pipeline system. This is illustrated by Figure 2-1.
The contribution of each element shall be judged qualitatively and/or quantitatively and shall use, where possible, quantified risk assessment data to provide a justifiable basis for any decisions made.
Appendix A gives a guideline on selection of level of verification involvement based on a simplified risk assessment.
2.3.1.2 Selection factors are the:
—overall safety objectives for the pipeline system
—assessment of the risks associated with the pipeline and the measures taken to reduce these risks —degree of technical innovation in the pipeline system
—experience of the contractors in carrying out similar work
—quality management systems of the owner and his contractors.
Guidance note:
These factors are addressed in DNV-OS-F101 Sec.2 B.
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Figure 2-1
Selection of the level of verification involvement based on risk assessment
2.3.2 Overall safety objective
2.3.2.1 An overall safety objective covering all phases of the pipeline system from design to operation should be defined by the customer. The safety objective should address the main safety goals as well as establishing acceptance criteria for the level of risk acceptable to the owner. Depending on the pipeline and its location the risk could be measured in terms of human injuries as well as environmental, political and economic consequences.
2.3.3 Risk assessment
2.3.3.1 A systematic review, i.e. a detailed analytical risk assessment, a simplified risk assessment based on trigger questions (ref. App.A), or a combination thereof; shall be carried out to identify and evaluate the probabilities and consequences of failures in the pipeline system. The extent of the review shall reflect the criticality of the pipeline system, the planned operation and previous experience with similar pipeline systems. This review shall identify the risks associated with the operation of the pipeline system and to the health and safety of personnel associated with it or in its vicinity.
2.3.3.2 Once the risks have been identified their extent can be reduced to a level as low as reasonably practicable by means of one or both of:
Guidance note:
The term “as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP)” has come into use through the United Kingdom’s “The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974”. Reasonable Practicability is not defined in the Act but has acquired meaning by interpretations in the courts.
It has been interpreted to mean that the degree of risk from any particular activity can be balanced against the cost, time and trouble of the measures to be taken to reduce the risk.
It follows, therefore, that the greater the risk the more reasonable it would be to incur substantial cost, time and effort in reducing that risk. Similarly, if the risk was very small it would not be reasonable to expect great expense or effort to be incurred in reducing it.
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2.3.3.3 The result of the systematic review of these risks is measured against the safety objectives and used in the selection of the appropriate verification involvement level.
2.3.4 Technical innovation and contractor experience
2.3.4.1 The degree of technical innovation in the pipeline system shall be considered. Risks to the pipeline are likely to be greater for a pipeline with a high degree of technical innovation than with a pipeline designed, manufactured and installed to well-known criteria in well-known waters.
2.3.4.2 Similarly, the degree of risk associated with the pipeline system should be considered where contractors are inexperienced or the work schedule is tight.
2.3.4.3 Factors to be considered in the selection of the appropriate verification involvement level include:—degree of difficulty in achieving technical requirements
—knowledge of similar pipelines
—knowledge of contractors’ general pipeline experience
—knowledge of contractors’ experience in similar work.
2.3.5 Quality management systems
2.3.5.1 Adequate quality management systems shall be implemented to ensure that gross errors in the work for pipeline system design, construction and operations are limited. The adequacy of the quality management system should influence the selection of the level of verification involvement.
2.3.5.2 Factors to be considered when evaluating the adequacy of the quality management system include:—whether or not an ISO 9001 or equivalent certified system is in place
—results from external audits
—results from internal audits
—experience with contractors’ previous work
—project work-force familiarity with the quality management system, e.g. has there been a rapid expansion of the work force or are all parties of a joint venture familiar with the same system.
Guidance note:
Most organisations have quality management systems certified by an accredited certification body. However, when business increases, they expand their staff quickly by taking on contract personnel often for a fixed period or for the duration of a particular contract.
This influx of new personnel can lead to problems of control of both the whole organisation and of particular projects being undertaken. Quality problems may then occur, as these new personnel have no detailed knowledge of the organisation’s business methods, its ethos or its working procedures. New organisations may experience quality problems for similar reasons.
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2.4 Defining a verification plan / scope of work
2.4.1 Risk based verification planning
2.4.1.1 Based on the pipeline system specifications, the risk assessment and the selection of level of verification involvement, a verification plan shall be developed.
2.4.1.2 The verification plan is the scope of work for DNV’s verification. It should be re-visited, re-evaluated and revised if required as the project progresses and new information becomes available.
2.4.1.4 Typical detailed scope of work descriptions, which are based on the generic scopes of work and which show the activities to be verified, are given in App.D.
2.4.1.5 A specific scope of work description shall be made for each particular project, and shall be included in the final DNV verification report.
2.5 Information flow
2.5.1 Communication lines
2.5.1.1 Communication lines are illustrated in Figure 2-2. Which lines that are open for communication depends on the particular contractual agreements.
2.5.1.2 Where DNV’s customer is the designer/constructor and not of the owner (operator) of the pipeline system, DNV strongly recommends that the owner secures a direct communication line from DNV to owner and vice versa.
Guidance note:
The recommendation stems from DNV’s experience with projects where communications difficulties between the
Communication Lines
2.5.2 Obligations
2.5.2.1 In order to achieve the purpose and benefits of verification the involved parties shall be mutually obliged to share and act upon all relevant information pertaining to the verification involvement.
2.5.2.2 The customer shall be obliged to:
—Give DNV full access in due time to all information concerning the verification scope for the pipeline system and ensure that clauses to this effect are included in contracts for parties acting on behalf of the owner and parties providing products, processes and services covered by the verification scope.—Ensure that DNV is involved in the handling of deviations from specified requirements within the verification scope.
—Act upon information provided by DNV with respect to events or circumstances that may jeopardise the pipeline system and/or the purpose and benefit of verification.
—Ensure that the safety and integrity objectives established for the pipeline project are known and pursued by parties acting on behalf of the customer and parties providing products, processes and services covered by the verification scope.
2.5.2.3 The customer shall further be obliged to ensure that the designer and/or contractor:
—Perform their assigned tasks in accordance with the safety and integrity objectives established for the
2.5.2.4 DNV shall be obliged to:
—Inform the customer of events or circumstances that, in the opinion of DNV, may jeopardise the pipeline system integrity and/or the purpose and benefit of verification.
—Effectively perform all verification work and adjust, through a formalised change to the contract, the level of verification involvement according to the actual performance of parties providing products, processes and services.
2.5.3 Notification of level of verification involvement
2.5.
3.1 An assessment of the required level of verification involvement for a project may be made by the owner before preparing tender documents for design and construction activities. The owner can then specify this level in Invitation to Tender (ITT) if a verification service is part of the scope of work. This will give contractors guidance and reference when estimating the extent and cost of efforts associated with verification activities.
Guidance note:
For determination of the verification scope of work for certification based on this OSS, DNV shall independently of the customer stipulate the level of verification involvement to be applied.
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2.5.
3.2 The required level of verification involvement may be assessed by the owner using this OSS. If the owner requires the contractor to carry out this assessment as part of his response to an ITT the owner should provide the necessary information to enable the contractor to carry out this work. This information should include overall safety objectives for the pipeline system as well as particulars, such as temperatures, pressures, contents and environmental criteria, commonly contained in a design brief.
Guidance note:
Frequently, ITTs contain the statement “…. the contractor shall arrange 3rd party verification.” The use of the information contained in this OSS should assist the owner to specify the required level of verification involvement more precisely.
On other occasions where the verification is arranged by the owner, it is be important that contractors are informed of the level of verification involvement planned.
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SECTION 3 VERIFICATION ACTIVITIES
3.1 General
3.1.1 Objectives
3.1.1.1 The objectives of this section are to provide:
—an overview of verification activities relating to offshore pipeline systems
—generic scope of work tables for verification at the three levels of verification involvement, Low(L), Medium (M) and High (H).
3.1.2 Scope of work
3.1.2.1 The process of defining a verification plan with a scope of work is described in [2.4]. Responsibilities and requirements to the definition of the verification plan are addressed in [1.1.3] and [1.1.4] for verification service and certification service, respectively.
3.1.2.2 The verification activities described in the scope of work tables are generic. Their relative risk rating, represented by the type of involvement at the different verification involvement levels, is experienced based and does not take into account the specifics or differences between flow-line and export lines, sweet and sour gas, etc.
3.2 Project phases
3.2.1 General principles
3.2.1.1 DNV’s verification scope for pipeline systems is based on distinct project phases and the recognition of key milestones.
3.2.1.2 The verification process may follow the project phases:
3.2.1.3 Project initiation:
—conceptual design
—basic design / FEED (Front End Engineering Design).
3.2.1.4 Project realisation:
—detail design
—construction/fabrication
—construction/installation
—pre-commissioning
—project completion.
3.2.1.5 Project operation:
—commissioning, operations, maintenance and repair.
Guidance note:
The above phases generally follow the main sections of DNV-OS-F101. Where projects or other standards use other terms, these can be used provided they are well defined and agreed.
Appendix C includes some generic descriptions of typical sub-phases. This may be used as guidance when agreeing the content or completeness of a sub-phase.
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3.3 Project initiation
3.3.1 Verification during conceptual design
3.3.1.1 Verification during early stages of a project can reduce the need for verification during the design and construction phases. The scope of work shall be agreed in each case.
3.3.1.2 It is advisable to combine the design verification during conceptual design with additional review of:—environmental aspects
3.4 Project realisation
3.4.1 General
3.4.1.1 All design and construction aspects relevant to pipeline integrity may be covered by the verification service. During design the specifications (requirements) are developed, while the construction procedures describe how the requirements shall be satisfied and implemented during construction.
3.4.2 Verification of overall project management
3.4.2.1 Verification of the overall project management is the examination of the means of controlling the pipeline project.
3.4.2.2 This verification is to confirm that the necessary controls are in place to ensure information flows across the various interfaces. This is especially important where separate contractors have been employed for different phases of the project such as design and installation.
3.4.2.3 Typically, it is expected that the quality management documentation is in line with ISO 9001requirements.
3.4.2.4 Definition of scope of work for verification of overall project management at the different levels of verification involvement should follow Table 3-1.
3.4.3 Verification during design
3.4.3.1 Design verification is the examination of the assumptions, methods and results of the design process and is performed at the specified level of verification involvement to confirm that the requirements to the specific pipeline system will be fulfilled.
3.4.3.2 Design verification shall consist of one, or more, of:—reviewing the design process
—reviewing specifications for design —reviewing design reports and drawings
—performing independent parallel calculations
—
reviewing specifications for construction and operation, resulting from design.
3.4.3.3 The documents that should be produced in the design phase are given in DNV-OS-F101 Sec.12 B100-B600.
3.4.3.4 Definition of scope of work for verification of design at the different levels of verification involvement should follow Table 3-2.
Table 3-1 Scope of work for verification of overall project management
Verification activity
Level of involvement L M H Review of the project management process by:
—review of project quality management documentation x
x
x —audit of project quality management system x x —review of sub-contractor control x x —review of interface controls
x x —review of methods of information flow
x
x
Table 3-2 Scope of work for verification of design
Verification activity
Level of involvement L M H Review of the design process by:
—review of design quality management documentation
x
x
x
—audit/attend owner’s audit of design quality management system x Review of specifications for design by:
—review of the design basis with emphasis of the survey results and
x x x
Guidance note:
Design verification activities may be split between Basic Design (sometimes called FEED, and which may performed as a part of the Project Initiation phase) and Detailed Design, or other sub-phase, depending on type of contract.
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3.4.4.1 Verification during construction shall be carried out by means of full time attendance, audits,inspections or spot checks of the work, as appropriate, in sufficient detail to confirm that the specified requirements of the pipeline system will be fulfilled.
3.4.4.2 Verification of these activities relates not only to the contractor’s work, but also to the monitoring of this work carried out by others.
3.4.4.3 During construction verification shall consist of one, or more, of:—reviewing the construction engineering —reviewing construction procedures —reviewing qualification process
—surveillance during construction activities —
reviewing final documentation.
3.4.4.4 The documents that should be produced in the project are given in DNV-OS-F101 Sec.12 C100, C200,C300, D100 and D200.
3.4.4.5 Definition of scope of work for verification of construction at the different levels of verification involvement should follow Table 3-3 and Table 3-4 for manufacturing and fabrication, Table 3-5 for installation, Table 3-6 for final testing and project completion, and Table 3-7 for pipeline control and safety systems.
Review of design reports and drawings by 2):
—review of the main pipeline documentation to confirm that the main load
conditions have been accounted for in design, that the governing conditions are identified, and that the chosen design philosophies including pipeline safety system are in accordance with specified codes and standards
x x x —evaluation of the main methods used and spot checks of the input data and
the calculation results
x
x —detail review of main design reports
x
Performing independent parallel calculations by:—check of wall thickness
x
x
x —simplified independent analyses/ calculation(s) performed by spot checks x
x —advanced independent analyses/ calculation(s) performed by spot checks x Review of specifications for construction and operation by:—spot check of critical aspects x
x x —review of main specifications
x
x —detailed review of main specifications
x Review of flow assurance (non-integrity aspects 3)) by:—general principles
x
x x —review of main documents supported by simplified analyses
x
x
Notes:
1)Verification activity to be agreed case by case considering aspects as —general knowledge of the area —criticality of the results.
2)If the pipeline system is designed for different pressures along the pipeline (segmented design) this should be reflected in the verification scope of work regarding flow assurance, in addition to wall thickness, safety systems, etc.3)These are optional certification services.
Table 3-2 Scope of work for verification of design (Continued)
Verification activity
Level of involvement L M H
Guidance note:
Line pipe and other materials may be ordered with certificates (e.g. 3.2 according to EN 10204). This can be integrated in the overall verification activities, so as not to duplicate work.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---Table 3-3 Scope of work for verification of manufacturing and fabrication of linepipe, incl. external linepipe coating, and other pressure containing components
Verification activity
Level of involvement L M H Review of the manufacturing & fabrication process by:
—review of manufacturing and fabrication management systems x
x
x
—audit or attend owner’s audit of the quality management system x Review of manufacturing & fabrication procedures by:
—review manufacturing, fabrication and inspection procedures for
confirmation of compliance with the manufacturing specifications x x
x
Review of qualification process by:
—review the manufacturing procedure specification, (MPS), and
manufacturing procedure qualification test (MPQT), if applicable
x x x —full time attendance during MPQT, if applicable, or first day production x
x
Surveillance during manufacturing and fabrication activities by:
—visit-based attendance during testing, to confirm, based on spot checks, that
the delivered products have been produced in accordance with the manufacturing specification
x x x
—visit-based or full-time attendance during manufacturing and fabrication to
confirm, based on spot checks, that the delivered products have been produced in accordance with the manufacturing specification
x
—full-time attendance during manufacturing and fabrication to confirm, based
on spot checks, that the delivered products have been produced in accordance with the manufacturing specification x
Review of final documentation
x
x
x
Table 3-4 Scope of work for verification of manufacturing and fabrication of coatings (internal coating and concrete coating), anodes and other non-pressure containing components
Verification activity
Level of involvement L M H Review of the manufacturing & fabrication process by:
—review of manufacturing and fabrication management systems x
x
x
—audit/attend owner’s audit of the quality management system x Review of manufacturing & fabrication procedures by:
—review manufacturing, fabrication and inspection procedures for
confirmation of compliance with the manufacturing specification x
x
Review of qualification process by:
—review the manufacturing procedure specification, (MPS), manufacturing
procedure qualification test (MPQT), if applicable
x x x —full time attendance during MPQT, if applicable, or first day production x
Surveillance during manufacturing and fabrication activities by:
—visit-based attendance during testing, manufacturing and fabrication to
confirm, based on spot checks, that the delivered products have been produced in accordance with the manufacturing specification x
x Review of final documentation
x
x
x
Table 3-5 Scope of work for verification of installation
Verification activity
Level of involvement
L M H
Review of the installation process by:
—review of installation management systems x x x —audit/attend owner’s audit of the quality management system x x Review of installation engineering documentation by:
—spot check of installation manual (IM)1)x x x —review of installation analyses x x —for critical operations (identified from the FMEA and HAZOP studies)
review the IM x x Review of qualification process by:
—for critical operations, review the qualification of the IM x x x —full time attendance during qualification tests, if applicable, or production
start-up x x Surveillance during installation activities by:
—visit based (one shift) attendance during start up of each operation (i.e.
pipelaying, riser installation, onshore sections installation, intervention
works, etc.)
x x x
—full time attendance during tension trials and associated lay tests: visit based
(one shift) attendance during installation x x —full time attendance at each operation (i.e. pipelaying, onshore section
installation, riser installation, intervention works, etc.)x Review of final documentation x x x Note:
1)Installation Manual (IM) is defined as a document or collection of documents required for performing the project specific
installation work including normal operations and contingency handling/operations and acceptance criteria.
Table 3-6 Scope of work for verification of pre-commissioning, as-built survey and project completion
Verification activity
Level of involvement
L M H
Review of the process by:
—review of management systems x x x —audit/attend owner’s audit of the quality management system x Review of procedures by:
—review of the procedures for pre-commissioning x x x Surveillance during testing and completion activities by:
—full time attendance during pressure testing x x x —visit based attendance during cleaning, gauging, de-watering and drying.x x Review of final documentation x x x Table 3-7 Scope of work for verification of pipeline control and safety systems
Verification activity
Level of involvement
L M H
Review of the process by:
—review of management systems x x x —audit/attend owner’s audit of the quality management system x Review of procedures by:
—review of the procedures and test plans x x Surveillance during testing and validation by:
—visit based attendance x
—full time attendance x x Review of final documentation x x x
神华集团公司物资管理规定 （神华集团公司2012年10月21日总经理常务会议审议通过） 第一章总则 第一条根据神华集团有限责任公司（以下简称集团公司）管理体制和运行机制的要求，为规范物资管理工作，发挥集团公司整体优势，降低综合成本，提高整体效益，保障物资供应，制定本规定。 第二条集团公司物资管理工作的目标是紧紧围绕建设具有国际竞争力的世界一流煤炭综合能源企业发展目标，贯彻转变经济发展方式与低成本战略部署，以建设统一管理、集中执行、分级负责的物资管控模式为核心，以计划管理、采购管理、供应商管理、仓储配送管理和修旧利废管理等业务条线为抓手，以物资标准化建设、信息化建设和人才队伍建设等基础管理提升为支撑，保证物资设备全生命周期效益最优，打造国内领先、国际一流的现代化集约化物资供应链管理体系。 第三条集团公司物资管理工作遵循以下原则: （一）坚持集中统一的方向，强化集团公司物资管理的战略引领与管控能力建设，规范物资管理领域的行业管理，建立健全物资管理全过程各环节之间、物资管理部门与使用单位之间及相
关部门之间相互配合、相互监督、职责明确的运行机制； （二）坚持体制机制创新，大宗、通用物资实行总部集中采购，大力推动供应商短名单采购、战略采购和框架协议采购、年度招价采购工作，规范采购行为，确保产品质量，降低采购成本，降低储备资金占用，为集团公司生产、基建和技术改造提供安全、及时、经济的物资供应保障； （三）坚持制度化、流程化、标准化、电子化、公开化的管理理念，建设集团公司统一的物资管理信息化平台，实现供应商管理信息化、采购体系管理信息化、物资管理过程控制信息化、统计和绩效管理信息化，达到“业务公开、过程受控、全程在案、永久追溯”的要求，不断提高物资管理的现代化、科学化水平，保证政治、经济、生产本质安全； （四）坚持实施“绿色采购”战略，倡导采购先进适用的节能技术与装备，建立各产业装备节能产品采购清单管理系统，推行清洁生产，淘汰消耗高、污染重、技术落后的工艺和产品，履行社会责任。 第四条本规定适用于集团公司及所属分公司、全资子公司、控股子公司（以下统称分子公司），参股子公司参照执行。 第二章组织与职责 第五条集团公司实行统一管理、总部集中采购与各分子公
1.下列哪项不是类风湿性皮下结节的特点 A.最常见于肘关节鹰嘴处 B.骨隆起受压处也多见 C.大小由数毫米至数厘米 D.它的存在表示本病活动 E.质硬、有压痛、非对称性分布 【答案】:E 【解析】:皮下结节多位于关节隆突部及受压部位皮下，如上肢鹰嘴突、腕、踝等关节。其大小不一，直径自数毫米至数厘米，黏附于骨膜、肌腱，坚硬如橡皮，无压痛，呈对称分布。类风湿结节的存在表示本病的活动。 2.关于类风湿关节炎活动期的护理措施，下列错误的是 A.限制受累关节活动，保持关节功能位 B.避免肢体受压 C.关节肿痛时卧床休息 D.给予舒适卧位 E.避免关节活动 【答案】:E 【解析】:活动期发热或关节肿胀明显时应卧床休息，并保持正确的体位，病情缓解时指导病人进行功能锻炼。可做关节的被动活动。以保持一定的生活自理能力。 3.患者男性，50岁，教师。患有类风湿关节炎近20年，目前因关节肿胀、疼痛、功能障碍而影响生活和工作。常出现忧虑、孤独感和失望。护士列出的护理诊断那个不适合该病人 A.清理呼吸道无效 B.躯体移动障碍 C.预感性悲哀 D.活动无耐力 E.有废用综合征的危险 【答案】:A
【解析】:根据病人的症状和体征，病人目前不存在呼吸道堵塞现象，因此清理呼吸道无效，不适合该病人。 4.类风湿关节炎发病的常见诱因是 A.紫外线 B.阳光直射 C.寒冷潮湿 D.过敏反应 E.遗传因素 【答案】:C 【解析】:一般认为类风湿关节炎病人是某些可疑病原体感染人体，在某些诱因（如潮湿、寒冷、创伤等）作用下发生的。 5.患者女性，33岁，类风湿性关节炎病史5年，出现受累的关节炎性肿胀是 A.匙状指 B.梭状指 C.杵状指 D.爪形手 E.O形腿 【答案】:B 【解析】:类风湿关节炎关节畸形多见于较晚期病人。急性发作期，由于滑液增加和关节外软组织的肿胀，使关节肿胀呈梭形，特别是近端指间关节，称梭状指。 6.类风湿关节炎最早出现的关节表现是 A.发热 B.咳嗽 C.关节疼痛 D.关节肿胀 E.关节畸形 【答案】:C 【解析】:关节痛是类风湿关节炎病人最早的关节症状，表现为小关节、对称性、持续性疼痛。
第三届高思杯六年级综合素质测评 语文部分解析 一、基础知识运用（18分） 1.下列选项中词语书写完全正确的一项是（）（3分） A.销逝绚丽姗姗来迟涩涩发抖 B.障隘凛冽趾高气扬人生鼎沸 C.汹涌遮敝语无伦次忧心中中 D.羸弱疯癫芸芸众生毛骨悚然 【答案】D 【解析】A选项中“销逝”的“销”应该是“消”,“涩涩发抖”的“涩”应该是“瑟”。B选项中“障隘”的“隘”应该是“碍”，“人生鼎沸”的“生”应该是“声”。C选项中“遮敝”的“敝”应该是“蔽”，“忧心中中”的“中”应该是“忡”。D选项全正确。 2．判断下列古诗使用了哪种修辞手法，选择说法错误的一项（）（3分） A.双兔傍地走，安能辨我是雄雌？（反问） B.可怜九月初三夜，露似真珠月似弓。(比喻) C.问渠那得清如许？为有源头活水来。（设问） D.白发三千丈，缘愁似个长。（比喻） 【答案】D 【解析】A选项中“（看你）怎能辨别我是雌还是雄？”，本句要表达的意思是“不能辨我是雌还是雄”，所以应当是反问句。B选项中将“露珠”比喻成“真珠”，“弯月”比喻成“弯弓”，因此是比喻句。C 选项中“请问池塘水怎么会这样清澈呢？”，接着回答“因为有永不干枯的水从源头不断流出来，从而成了活水”，先问后答，所以是设问句。D选项中“白发有三千丈”，是夸张手法的运用，而非比喻。 3．依次填入方框内的关联词语最恰当的一组是( )（3分） 一个猎人，（）他打扮得十分威武，（）为人十分胆小。（）他的妻子常常劝他要挺起胸膛。猎人说：“（）你这样劝我，（）我也没办法把胆子变大呀！” A.尽管还是所以虽然但是 B.尽管还是因此虽然但是 C.虽然但是因此尽管可是 D.虽然但是因为尽管可是 【答案】C 【解析】第一句和第三句都是转折关系，“尽管，还是（可是）”强调转折前的条件程度强些，而“虽然，但是（可是）”则是突出转折后的状态，所以第一句话应该用“虽然，但是”；第三句应该用“尽管，可是”。第二句话与第一句话构成因果关系，“所以”前可以用也可以不用“因为”，“因此”前不可以用“因为”；“因此”可以连接两个短句,前面不用加别的连词，所以这里要用“因此”。综上所述，答案是C。 1
国华电力公司 国华电力分公司按照国际化、规范化的要求，加强生产组织和基建管理，实施内控机制，2006年运营装机达到1416万千瓦，发电690亿千瓦时、同比增长50％。国华投资公司狠抓投运机组的稳定运行，进入国内风电企业前列。神东电力、神东煤炭、准能、神宁公司电厂积极争取发电负荷，争创效益，全年共计发电55亿千瓦时。 一、简介 神华北京国华电力有限责任公司成立于1999年3月11日，作为神华集团有限责任公司的全资子公司，全面负责集团电力业务的经营管理。2005年2月 25日，按照集团改制重组方案，将电力板块的大部分资产注入上市公司，并设立了中国神华能源股份有限公司国华电力分公司，对纳入上市范围的电力资产进行统一管理。 根据国民经济发展规划、国家产业政策及市场需求，国华电力认真贯彻落实科学发展观，依托集团煤炭、电力、运输一体化资源优势，按照“点、线、面”相结合的发展战略布局，重点建设坑口、港口、路口和负荷中心的电源项目，建设高效率、高参数、大容量火电机组，形成了规模适度、资产优良、竞争力强的电力产业格局，已成为具有一定规模的跨地区、跨电网的全国性发电企业，并被中国电力企业联合会授予“全国电力行业优秀企业”称号。 截止2007年底，国华电力管控全资、控股、参股企业33家，业务发展主要分布在华北、东北、西北、珠江三角洲、长江三角洲等区域，管理资产总额816亿元，运营装机容量为1891万千瓦，在建装机容量为524万千瓦。规划到2010年，运营装机容量将超过3000万千瓦；到2020年达到5000万千瓦。 二、所属电厂地域分布 1、北京 北京热电分公司 2、天津盘山发电厂
三河发电厂（燕郊）、沧东发电厂（黄骅靠海）、定洲发电厂（石家庄） 4、江苏 太仓发电厂、陈家港发电厂、徐州发电厂 5、浙江 宁波浙能发电厂 6、广东 台山发电厂、惠州热电厂
【专题精华】 【教材深化】 题1 一只小鸡在田里捡稻谷吃，第一天捡了1粒，第二天捡了2粒，第三天捡了3粒……,如此下去，到第100天，这只小鸡总共捡了多少粒稻谷？ 敏捷思维通过分析我们发现：这只小鸡从第二天开始捡的稻谷个数起，每一天都比前一天多1，一直排列下去，就成了一个1，2，3……100的数列。也就是说，这个数列的首项是1，末项是100，从1到100刚好是100个数，所以项数是100. 全解依照等差数列求和公式可知： 1＋2＋3＋4＋…＋99＋100 =（100＋1）×100÷2 =5050（粒） 答：到第100天，这只小鸡总共捡了5050粒稻谷。 拓展探究从上题可以看出，等差数列求和需要知道几个条件：首项、末项、项数。这些条件有时并不能直接知道，需要动脑筋去找找、算算。1．计算下面等差数列的和： 1＋3＋5＋…＋97＋99 2、计算下面等差数列的和： 2＋5＋8＋…＋98＋101 3．（2007·第五届小学“希望杯”全国数学邀请赛）计算1＋2＋…＋8＋9＋10＋9＋＋8＋…＋2＋1的和。 题2 求100以内所有能被2整除的数的和。敏捷思维我们把100以内所有能被2整除的数用数列的形式写出来：2、4、6、8、 (98) 100，这是一个等差数列。它的首项是2、末项是100，公差是2，项数为（100－2）÷2＋1=50。全解 2＋4＋6＋8＋…＋98＋100 第8讲等差数列 把若干个数依次排成一列称为数列。如果一个数列从第二个数开始，每相邻的两个数之间的差相等，这种数列称之为等差数列，如1、2、3、4、5、…999、1000，或2、5、8…98、101等等。在等差数列中，数列的第一个数叫“首项”，数列的最后一个数叫“末项”，整个数列总共有几个数叫“项数”，相邻数的差叫“公差”。如上面第一个数列中，首项是1，末项是1000，项数是1000，公差是2－1=1。 本节我们学习等差数列求和的有关知识。在学习过程中我们要学习和掌握使用几个有关的公式： 1、等差数列的和=（首项＋末项）×项数÷2 2、项数=（末项－首项）÷公差＋1 3、第N项的数=首项＋（项数－1）×公差 4、首项=末项－（项数－1）×公差
神华煤特点 6月7日,神华股份在港完成招股,以7.5港元的价格发行30.635亿H股,筹资229.76亿港元。6月15日,神华股份(01088 HK)首日上市交易,收于7.3元。 我们认为,神华上市对A股煤炭上市公司的影响主要体现在两个方面:一方面,神华通过上市在资金、市场拓展及企业形象等方面得到进一步加强,从而对现有的上市公司造成竞争压力；另一方面,神华作为煤炭行业的龙头,其上市定位将成为现有的十多家煤炭公司估值重要的参照系,从而引发重新定位和估值分化。 同质产品面临压力 神华股份历年煤炭业务收入占主营业务收入比重始终在70%左右,我们认为,上市后神华必然会在其原煤的生产、运输、销售及综合利用等方面加大投入,因此,在这些环节与神华存在竞争的产品或企业将首先感受到压力,由于资源开采企业的扩张能力还受到资源禀赋及国家政策的制约,因此细分行业之间尚存在一定的进入壁垒,目前与神华不存在明显同质性的产品或企业中短期内受到的影响不大。 资源性竞争加剧 神华股份的4大矿区横跨晋、陕、蒙三省区,目前的主产区为神东公司及准能公司。 神华的主要开采区域在陕晋蒙三省交界处的乌兰木伦河沿岸,随着资源条件及配套能力的变化,其新增投资的重心正日益向内蒙准格尔、伊金霍洛及山西保德地区倾斜。其2007年前的主要新增产能包括补连塔一带扩建至3000万吨、黑岱沟技改扩建至2000万吨等。在相应区域拥有矿井的煤炭上市公司仅伊泰股份一家,但在相近区域有开采项目的则包括兖州煤业、西山煤电及拟上市的大同煤业的母公司同煤集团。 对动力煤企业冲击较大 神华煤特点为低灰(8.0%左右)、特低硫(小于0.50%)、特低磷、特低氯和中高发热量(低位热值5600～6000Kcal/kg),其用户包括电力、冶金、建材等多个行业,主要作为动力煤出售,而基本没有冶金和化工的原料煤生产。 从神华动力煤与部分上市煤炭企业的商品煤性能比较可以看出,神华煤的低硫低灰优于几乎所有上市公司,这对电厂无疑具有较强的吸引力,但其缺点在于挥发分较高,不适合长时间储存,另外,发热量为中等。因此,仅从性能指标看,神华煤与其他优质动力煤各有长短。目前,神华煤最大的竞争优势在于其生产成本,由于生产工效在国内位居首位,加上产运销一体化的模式,使神华煤炭的生产成本远低于国有重点煤炭生产企业的平均水平。2003年原中央财政企业原选煤成本为128.04元/吨,而神东矿公司的煤炭完全成本仅为71.93元/吨。成本优势为神华煤在电煤价格谈判上留出了很大的余地,使其可以较为轻松地面对"煤电博弈"。 由于目前电煤仍供不足需,加之电煤价格的市场化改革仍在进行中,神华在电煤方面的成本优势还体现得并不明显。一旦电煤市场出现走平甚至下滑的趋势,神华的成本优势将直接转化为对其他电煤企业的压力。一般认为,由于优质动力煤资源的缺乏,动力煤市场疲软在
类风湿性关节炎题库 2-0-8
问题： [单选,A2型题,A1A2型题]类风湿关节炎是一种（） A.中老年退行性变，非炎症疾病 B.与IgM半乳糖化缺陷有关 C.非对称性多关节为主的疾病 D.与A族乙型链球菌感染有关的疾病 E.以多关节炎为主的自身免疫性疾病 中老年慢性系统性炎症性的自身免疫性疾病。与IgG半乳糖化缺陷与类风湿关节炎发病有关。与A族乙型链球菌感染无关。
问题： [单选,A2型题,A1A2型题]类风湿关节炎最早的关节症状是（） A.关节疼痛 B.关节畸形 C.梭形肿大 D.皮肤发红 E.关节强直
问题： [单选]类风湿关节炎的遗传易感基因是（） A.HLA-B27 B.HLA-DR2 C.HLA-DR3 D.HLA-DR4 E.HLA-DR5 出处：辽宁11选5 https://www.doczj.com/doc/9610659410.html,;
问题： [单选,A2型题,A1A2型题]关于类风湿结节的特点错误的是（） A.直径数毫米至数厘米 B.质硬 C.有压痛 D.常出现在关节伸侧受压部位的皮下组织 E.对称性 类风湿结节大小约0．2～3cm，呈圆形或卵圆形数量不等，触之有坚韧感，按之无压痛，易发生在关节隆突部以及经常受压部位。
问题： [单选,A2型题,A1A2型题]类风湿关节炎的常见关节畸形有（） A.近端指间关节梭形肿胀，尺侧腕伸肌萎缩，手腕向桡侧旋转、偏移，手指向尺侧代偿性移位，形成指掌尺侧偏移 B.掌指关节强直畸形 C.肘、膝、踝关节脱位 D.远端指间关节严重屈曲，近端指间关节过伸呈"钮孔花"样畸形 E.远端指间关节过伸，近端指关节屈曲畸形，形成"鹅颈样"畸形 掌指关节脱位；肘、膝、踝关节强直畸形；近端指间关节严重屈曲，远端指间关节过伸呈"钮孔花"样畸形；近端指间关节过伸，远端指关节屈曲畸形，形成"鹅颈样"畸形。
第三届 高思杯 六年级综合素质测评 思维部分 答题纸 （总分：150分时间：90分钟） 【学生注意】请把答案写在答题纸上，只填在原题上不得分． 答题卡初评得分 复查得分总 分 一．判断题（每小题2分，共20分） 1.___×___ 2.___×____ 3.___×____ 4.___×____ 5.___√____ 6.___× __ 7.___×____ 8.___√____ 9.___×___10.___√____ 二．填空题I（每小题5分，共40分） 11.__2/11__12.___21___13.___3.14___14.__28____15.___5___ 16.___25_____17.___35___18._____杨汪池李_________ 三．填空题II（每小题6分，共42分） 19.___5/11____20.___60____21.___71____22.___10____ 23.____2056______24.___24____25.____72_____ 四．填空题III（每小题7分，共21分） 26._____75.36_____ 27.___32____ 28.____16/11______
五．解答题（请写出详细过程，每小题分别写答） （4个小题各3分，共12分） 解： （1）8； （2）2； （3）244； （4）16． （第1小题第2小题各3分，第3小题4分，第4小题5分，共15分） 解： （1）20； （2）班车60千米/时；杨教授骑车20千米/时； （3）15千米； （4）8:15；8:35． 29. 30.
五年级下册奥数题 一、填空题（只写答案即可，每题3分） 1 一个数, 减去它的20%, 再加上5, 还比原来小3。那么, 这个数是 ______________。 2. 甲数比乙数小16%, 乙数比丙数大20%, 甲、乙、丙三数中, 最小的数是 _________数。 3. 时钟上六点十分时, 分针和时针组成的钝角是______________度。 4. 一个真分数, 如乘以3, 分子比分母小16, 如除以, 分母比分子小2, 这真分数是________。 5. 11 只李子的重量等于2只苹果和1只桃子的重量, 2只李子和1只苹果的重量等于1只桃子的重量, 那么, 一只桃子的重量等于__________只李子的重量。 6. A、B两数的和是, A数的倍与B数的两倍的和是16, A数是 ______________。 7. "六一"画展所参展的画中, 14幅不是六年级的, 17幅不是五年级的, 而五、六年级共展画21幅, 那么, 其它年级参展的画是___________幅。 8. 100克15%浓度的盐水中, 放进了盐8克, 为使溶液的浓度为20%, 那么, 还得再加进水_________克。 9. 甲、乙两厂生产的产品数量相等, 甲厂产品中正品的数量是乙厂次品数的3倍, 乙厂正品的数量是甲厂次品数量的4倍, 那么, 甲、乙两厂生产的正品的数量之比是__________。
10.1000只鸽子飞进50个巢，无论怎么飞，我们都能找到含鸽子最多的巢，它里面至少有__________只鸽子。 11.试卷上有4道题，每题有3个可供选择的答案，结果对于其中任何3人都有一道题目答案互不相同。这个班有__________人。 12.悉尼与北京时差是3小时，例如：悉尼是12：00，北京就是9：00。某日当悉尼是9：15时，小明和小红分别乘机从悉尼和北京同时出发去对方的所在地，小明于北京时间19：33到达北京。小明和小红所用时间之比为7：6，那么当小红到达悉尼时，当地时间是__________。 二.应用题:(每题9分, 要求列式计算, 仅有答数不给分) 1. 两数相除的商是22, 余数是8, 被除数、除数、商数、余数的和是866, 问:被除数是多少? 2. 六一歌手大奖赛有407人参加, 女歌手未获奖人数占女歌手总数的, 男歌手16人未获奖, 而获奖男女歌手人数一样多, 问:参赛的男歌手共几人? 3. 甲从A地往B地, 乙、丙两人从B地往A地, 三人同时出发, 甲首先在途中与乙相遇, 之后15分钟又与丙相遇, 甲每分钟走70米, 乙每分钟走60米, 丙每分钟走50米, 问:A、B两地相距多少米? 4. 一批拥军物资, 如用8辆大卡车装运, 3天可运完, 如用5辆小卡车装运, 8天可运完全部的75%, 现用3辆大卡车、4辆小卡车装运, 几天可以运完?
信息化物资采购管理在中国神华煤制油项目 中的应用 上海普华科技发展有限公司 程文进 一、概述 神华煤直接液化项目是国家能源战略项目，于2004年8月由国务院正式批准开工建设，它由神华集团利用我国自主知识产权的煤液化工艺路线和催化剂合成技术建设的世界第一个规模最大的煤直接液化制油示范工厂。神华煤制油项目分二期建设，地点位于内蒙古鄂尔多斯市。先期工程总投资245亿元，年用煤970万吨，生产各种油品320万吨。目前正在建设的先期工程的第一条生产线投资110亿元人民币，分为备煤、煤制氢、煤液化、加氢稳定、储运、空分等九个系统工程，56个单元工程。 本项目有两个显著特点，一是采用了世界先进技术，工艺复杂。项目所需设备、材料品类繁多，新的工艺技术还涉及到大量的超大型复杂设备。这就导致采购工作的涉及面广，部分设备采购周期长，难以跟踪管理。二是参建单位多，管理层次多。本项目吸引了国内所有化工行业的精英企业，如承担EPCM总包管理或EPC总包的中石化、天辰、中铁十九局等，承担施工承包任务的上海石化安检、中油一建等，以及数以千计的设备和材料供应商。采购工作面对的物资使用单位多，采购协调工作量庞大。无疑，这对业主方的管理带来巨大的挑战。 在此背景下，中国神华煤制油有限公司决定通过“集成项目管理信息系统（Shenhua Intergratede Project Management System，以下简称SIPMS）”的建设协助进行工程管理，提高管理水平，降低风险。SIPMS包含进度、投资、合同、采购、质量、HSE、网站、OA的集成系统，为主要的项目参建单位提供协同工作平台。本文主要讲述以物资控制为主的采购管理子系统在神华煤直接液化项目的应用。 二、物资采购管理模式及信息化建设需求 2．1采购管理模式 由于工艺复杂，参与单位众多，神华煤直接液化项目物资采购主要采用了三种管理方式：业主自行采购，EPC（设计、采购、施工总承包）采购、EPCM （设计、采购、施工总承包管理）采购，组成三种不同的合同关系，参见下图。 业主自行采购管理，参见上图①的合同关系，业主与供货商直接签订采购合同。业 主自行采购范围包括：生活用的办公设 施、办公用品、办公家具；工程用的预计 交货期长于14个月的长周期设备，全厂 批量采购折扣的设备和材料；生产用的设 备、生产用原材料等。 EPC方的采购管理，参见上图②的合同关系，业主与EPC总包单位签订承发包合同， EPC总包单位与供货商签订采购合同。虽 然采购任务大都由EPC总包单位，但业主 仍然需要对采购过程和进场物资质量进 行监控。 EPCM方参与的采购管理，参见上图③的合同关系，业主先选择总承包管理EPCM单 位，然后业主与EPCM方组成联合体与供 货商签订采购合同，业主与EPCM方共同 完成采购任务。 2．2采购管理组织 17
中国神华能源股份有限公司 2014年度内部控制评价报告 中国神华能源股份有限公司全体股东： 根据《企业内部控制基本规范》及其配套指引的规定和其他内部控制监管要求（以下简称企业内部控制规范体系），结合本公司（以下简称公司）内部控制制度和评价办法，在内部控制日常监督和专项监督的基础上，我们对公司2014年12月31日（内部控制评价报告基准日）的内部控制有效性进行了评价。 一、重要声明 按照企业内部控制规范体系的规定，建立健全和有效实施内部控制，评价其有效性，并如实披露内部控制评价报告是公司董事会的责任。监事会对董事会建立和实施内部控制进行监督。经理层负责组织领导企业内部控制的日常运行。公司董事会、监事会及董事、监事、高级管理人员保证本报告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述或重大遗漏，并对报告内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担个别及连带法律责任。 公司内部控制的目标是合理保证经营管理合法合规、资产安全、财务报告及相关信息真实完整，提高经营效率和效果，促进实现发展战略。由于内部控制存在的固有局限性，故仅能为实现上述目标提供合理保证。此外，由于情况的变化可能导致内部控
制变得不恰当，或对控制政策和程序遵循的程度降低，根据内部控制评价结果推测未来内部控制的有效性具有一定的风险。 二、内部控制评价结论 根据公司财务报告内部控制重大缺陷的认定情况，于内部控制评价报告基准日，不存在财务报告内部控制重大缺陷。董事会认为，公司已按照企业内部控制规范体系和相关规定的要求在所有重大方面保持了有效的财务报告内部控制。 根据公司非财务报告内部控制重大缺陷认定情况，于内部控制评价报告基准日，公司未发现非财务报告内部控制重大缺陷。 自内部控制评价报告基准日至内部控制评价报告发出日之间未发生影响内部控制有效性评价结论的因素。 三、内部控制评价工作情况 （一）内部控制评价范围 公司按照风险导向原则确定纳入评价范围的主要单位、业务和事项以及高风险领域。纳入评价范围的主要单位包括：总部各部门及下属煤炭、电力、铁路、港口、煤制油、航运、综合7大业务板块所属二级和主要业务领域三级子（分）公司。纳入评价范围二级单位资产总额占公司合并财务报表资产总额的100%，营业收入合计占公司合并财务报表营业收入总额的100%；纳入评价范围的主要业务和事项包括:公司治理、战略规划、五型企业及绩效、企业文化、生产运营指挥、煤炭生产、电力生产、铁路运输、港口生产、航运生产、煤制油化工、投资管理、工程管理、
类风湿性关节炎 概述 类风湿性关节炎（Rheumatoid arthritis, RA）是一种病因尚未明了的、慢性进行性、反复发作的、全身性的结缔组织疾病，主要侵犯四肢小关节, 早期受累关节疼痛肿胀，晚期关节可出现不同程度的侵蚀性改变及进行性强直(ankylosis)和畸形(deformity)，是一种致残率较高的疾病。 病因及发病机制 本病病因不明，可能与下列因素有关。 1. 自身免疫反应 类风湿因子(Rheumatoid Factor, RF)是一种自身免疫性抗体，尤其是RF-IgG可形成自身免疫复合物，可引起关节滑膜(synovial membrane)及附近组织中的炎性细胞浸润，溶酶体酶的释放，从而导致关节软骨(articular cartilage)、肌腱、韧带及滑膜组织的局部破坏。而70%~80%的患者血清RF阳性。 2. 感染 由于本病有发热、局部淋巴结肿大、受累关节肿胀、白细胞增多等炎症性表现，与感染性炎症相似；50%～80%的RA病人是在反复发作的咽炎、慢性扁桃体炎、中耳炎或其它链球菌感染之后，经过2～4周开始发病的；而且应用抗生素治疗及摘除病灶性扁桃体后，对RA的病程和发病率均有良好的影响，故认为感染病灶可能与本病发病有关，可能是引起发病或激发自身免疫反应启动的因素, 也可能是本病的诱因。
3. 遗传因素 本病病人HLA－DR4抗原检出率明显升高，在某些家族中发病率也较高，故提示发病与遗传有关。 4、内分泌因素： 因为RA多发生于女性，而怀孕期间关节炎症状常减轻，应用肾上腺皮质激素能抑制本病等，故认为内分泌因素和RA似有一定关系。研究发现RA病人存在皮质醇节律率乱，可能与RA的发病有关。 5、发病诱因： 一般说来，各种感染可诱发或加重RA，受凉、潮湿、劳累、精神创伤、营养不良、关节扭伤、跌伤、骨折等，常为本病的诱发因素。 病理 RA呈慢性、进行性、侵袭性经过，其基本病理改变是主要累及关节滑膜(以后可波及到articular cartilage、骨组织、关节韧带和肌腱)，其次为浆膜、心、肺及眼等结缔组织(connective tissue)的广泛性炎症性疾病。在急性期，关节滑膜表现为大
数论之整除性 九进制 乔治·兰伯特是美国加利福尼亚州一所中学的数学教师，他对数学特别敏感而且有极大的研究兴趣。他常年与数字、公式打交道，深感数学的神秘与魅力。他开始注意一些巧合的事件，力图用数学的方式来破解巧合。 他发现：法国皇帝拿破仑与纳粹元首希特勒相隔一个多世纪，但是他们之间有很多数字巧合。拿破仑1804年执政，希特勒1933年上台，相隔129年。拿破仑1816年战败，希 特勒1945年战败，相隔129年。拿破仑1809年占领维也纳，希特勒在1938 年攻人维也纳，也是相隔129年。拿破仑1812年进攻俄国，希特勒在相隔 129年后进攻苏联。美国第16届总统林肯于1861年任总统，美国第35届 总统肯尼迪于1961年任总统，时隔100年。两人同在星期五并在女人的参 与下被刺遇害。接任肯尼迪和林肯的总统的名字都叫约翰逊。更巧的是， 杀害林肯的凶手出生于1829年，杀害肯尼迪的凶手出生于1929年，相隔 又是100年。 兰伯特被这些数字迷住了，他经常将这些数字翻来覆去地分解组合。 他惊奇地发现，拿破仑和希特勒的巧合数129与林肯和肯尼迪的巧合数100，把它们颠倒过去分别是921和001，用921减去129，用100减去001，得数都能被9除尽：921-129=792，100-001=99；792+9=88，99÷9=11，结果都有一个十位和个位都相同的两位数的商。 兰伯特非常吃惊，他对9着了迷。他发现将l、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9加在一起是45，而4+5=9。他还发现，用9乘以任何一个数，将所得到的积的各位数字相加，所得到的和总是9。取任何一个数，比如说2004，将每位数加起来是2+0+0+4=6，用2004减去6结果得到1998，而1998÷9=222，能被9除尽。 他还总结出这样一个规律：把一个大数的各位数字相加得到一个和，再把这个和的各位数字相加又得到一个和。这样继续下去，直到最后的数字之和是一个一位数为止。最后这个数称为最初那个数的“数字根”，这个数字等于原数除；29的余数，这个计算过程被称作是“弃9法”。懂得了弃9法，蓝伯特醒悟了不少，他进而想到，人类不应该10个10个地数数，也不应该12个12个数数，而应该9个9个地数数，实行9进制。 科学家认为，使用九进制，能使加减乘除运算变得更快更准确。但目前对9的研究还很不够，9对人
【关键字】精品 煤制烯烃成本分析 煤制烯烃和石脑油裂解制烯烃技术路线相比较，在经济上的比赛力的先决条件是：项目须在煤炭基地坑口建设，以自产廉价煤炭为原料，通过经济型的大规模装置生产低成本的甲醇，再由该甲醇制烯烃。前几年专家测算，原油价格在35~40美元/桶时，煤制烯烃即有市场比赛力（中国煤没有涨价前）。现在原油已经回落到50美/桶左右，相对于高油价时期煤制烯烃的比赛力缩小。UOP公司公开发表的文献介绍，当原料甲醇价格控制在90～100美元/吨时，采用MTO工艺制取的乙烯和丙烯成本与20～22美元/桶原油价格条件下石脑油裂解制烯烃的成本相比具备经济比赛力，在目前油价背景下，煤制烯烃工艺路线的经济性不言而喻。 1.成本分析 MTO（或DHTO）及MTP工艺均属催化反应合成工艺。一般的裂解工艺每产1吨当量烯烃约需3吨石脑油，目前国内石脑油价格为4500元/吨左右，而MTP（或DMTO）及MTP 对甲醇的消耗量也大约为3吨，煤基甲醇的完成成本（坑口媒价）一般在1500～2000元/吨左右，如以60万吨/年大型装置测算，价格更低。说明煤基低碳烯烃在我国的发展已具备了十分重要的战略优势。 2.神华集团煤制油有限公司经济性测算 根据神华集团煤制油有限公司所作的研究表明（2007年）：神华集团原料煤价格在100元/吨左右，煤制甲醇的规模达到100万吨/年以上时，可以将甲醇的完全生产成本控制在100美元/吨以下。对以煤为原料（采用美国环球油品公司的MTO工艺）与以石脑油为原料制取的聚乙烯、聚丙烯成本进行测算和比较表明，煤路线（煤价100元/吨）制取的聚烯烃成本比石脑油路线（石脑油价格22美元／桶）低400元/吨左右。此外，煤路线制烯烃的成本中原料煤所占的比例小于20%，煤价的波动对经济性影响较小。 3.中科院大连化物所经济性分析 中国中科院大连化物所甲醇制烯烃DMTO技术工业化试验结果是，甲醇转化率接近100%；2.95吨甲醇产1吨烯烃，其中50%乙烯、50%丙烯。由于每2.0吨煤即可生产1吨甲醇，所以，原料加燃料需7.5吨煤生产1吨烯烃。中科院大连化物所试验室人员对两种化工路线的经济性作了比较：当国际原油价格为35美元/桶时，原油炼制石脑油所生产的烯烃成本是5300元/吨。走煤制烯烃路线的话，除非煤价超过513元/吨，否则煤制烯烃的成本不会超过5300元/吨。目前，北方的煤炭开采成本不到100元/吨，车板价约200多元/吨，东
类风湿性关节炎的鉴别诊断 1.强直性脊柱炎：以往认为是类风湿关节炎的一种变型，现知两者各异。强直性脊柱炎的特点有： ①绝大多数为男性发病。 ②发病年龄多在15～30岁。 ③与遗传基因有关，同一家族有较高发病率，HLA－B27阳性达90％～95％。 ④血清类风湿因子为阴性，类风湿结节少见。 ⑤主要侵犯骶髂关节及脊椎，四肢大关节也可发病，易导致关节骨性强直，椎间韧带钙化，脊柱呈竹节状。 ⑥手和足关节极少发病。 ⑦如四肢关节发病，半数以上为非对称性。 ⑧属良性自限性疾病。 2.Reiter综合征：又称Reiter病，多见于20～40岁男性，反复发作多关节炎，主要发生在下肢、骶髂关节及脊椎。病人伴有泌尿及生殖道炎症。腹泻、结膜炎、虹膜炎、黏膜及皮肤病变也较常见。关节炎以膝、踝、跖趾及趾间关节等受累较常见，多为急性起病，受侵关节不对称。皮肤出现红斑，压痛明显。跟腱炎或跖筋膜炎明显，可发生痛性后跟综合征。骶髂关节炎可引起强烈下部背痛。这些症状在3个月内自行缓解。复发常伴有结膜炎、尿道炎、膀胱炎或皮疹。继之，逐渐发生脊椎炎。血清类风湿因子阳性。 3.银屑病性关节炎：又称牛皮癣性关节炎，属血清阴性关节炎。伴有牛皮癣的皮肤表现。关节病变多发生在手指末端指间关节，指指间关节及足趾间关节，骶髂关节和脊柱也常受侵。当皮肤病变发展到指甲时指间关节炎相继发生。早期的关节病变就可呈强直性变，后期累及骶髂关节及脊柱。脊柱中以颈椎较多见。无皮下结节，但血沉加快，有时血尿酸增高，在诊断银屑病性关节炎时，首先应肯定牛皮癣的诊断。 4.肠病性关节炎：溃疡性结肠炎和局限性回肠炎，约20％合并关节炎。强直性脊柱炎约10％合并肠病。说明这些疾病在病因及发病机制方面有某些联系。肠病性关节炎可分为二型； ①周围关节炎，先有慢性肠炎，后发生关节炎。不对称性关节炎，有自限性，一般不出现侵蚀性病变，若出现也很轻微。以膝、踝及腕关节最常受侵，但髂关节、肩及肘关节也可发病，往往同时伴发结节性红斑。血清类风湿因子阴性。②肠炎并发强直性脊柱炎，病变主要在脊椎及骶髂关节，x线摄片与典型强直性脊柱炎没有区别。 5.感染性关节炎：有两种类型。 ①病原体直接侵犯关节，如金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链菌、脑膜炎奈瑟菌、淋球菌及链球菌等感染，尤其发生败血症时。在原发感染的基础上，病人出现寒战、高热、受累关节剧烈疼痛，关节肿胀、活动障碍。以下肢负重关节（如髋关节和膝关节）发病最多，不对称，多为单关节炎。关节腔穿刺液呈化脓性改变。涂片或培养可找到细菌。X线关节摄片可见关节局部脱钙、骨质侵蚀及关节间隙变窄。易并发骨膜炎及骨髓炎。 ②为感染性变态反应性关节炎，在感染过程中，由于细菌毒素或代谢产物所致，如金黄色葡萄球菌败血症、亚急性细菌性心内膜炎、猩红热后关节炎、菌痢后关节炎、脑膜炎后关节炎及布氏杆菌性关节炎等。主要表现为四肢大关节游走性疼痛，可有局部红肿，一般经1～2周自愈。 6.风湿性关节炎：多见于儿童及青年，以急性发热及关节肿痛起病。主要侵犯大关节，如膝、踝、腕、肘、肩等关节，关节红肿热痛，呈游走性，、一处关节炎症消退，另处关节起病。关节炎症消退后不留永久性损害，X线关节摄片骨质无异常，血清类风湿因子阴性，抗链球菌溶血素、抗链激酶及抗透明质酸酶阳性。 7.结核性关节炎：表现为全身性结核及低热、盗汗等结核病毒性症状。初期关节肿及瘘管
第一届鹏程杯数学邀请赛小学六年级试题及答案解析 （考试时间100分钟，满分120分） 一、填空题（满分60分，每小题6分） 1.计算：4780×99－(476.4×284＋4764×71.6)÷（1+ 99 1）=（ ）。 考查内容：速算与巧算. 答：1584 解析：原式＝4780×99－4764×（28.4＋71.6）×0.99 ＝4780×99－4764×99 ＝16×99 ＝1600－16 ＝1584 2. 字母 A ，B ，C ，D 代表不同的数码，恰使得2014=-++D CC BBB AAAA 成立，则 A D D C C B B A +++=_________ 考查内容：数字谜和四则运算. 答：56 2311 解析：由逐次估算可知，只有1111+888+22-7=2014.则A=1，B=8，C=2，D=7. 所以56 231177248117722881=+++=+++=+++A D D C C B B A 3.如图，10个圆的半径相等，已知阴影部分的面积是48平方厘米，这10个圆的面积之和是多少平 方厘米？(π取3.14) 考查内容：图形的面积计算. 答：94.2
解析：四个圆夹在中间的一块可以看成是一个边长为2r 的正方形面积减去四个 4 1圆的面积，也就是减去一个圆的面积，即是222242r r r r ππ-=-）（ ......(5分) 阴影部分的面积可表示为：484)4(4222=?-+r r r ππ 即是32=r ......(8分) 那么2.94314.310102=??=r π（平方厘米） ......（2分） 4. 桌上的盘子里放着60 块饼干，5 个孩子用它来招待客人。每个孩子从盘子里给每个自己认识的客人拿了1 块饼干，然后，客人也从盘子里给每个不认识的孩子拿了1 块饼干，此时，盘子里的饼干刚好被拿空。在场一共有________个客人。 考查内容：简单应用题 答：12 解析：每个孩子认识的客人数加不认识的客人数的和相等60÷5=12（人） 5. 将一个大正方体木块的六个面都染成红色，然后将这个大正方体切割成个小正方体积木. 已知至少有2 个面为红面的小积木共有44 块，则6 个面都没染红的小正方体积木共有_______块. 考查内容：空间观念，简易方程. 答：27 解：不妨设大正方体棱长为，则共3n 个单位正方体小积木.小单位正方体两个面为红色的有12n 2 个，3 个面为红色的有 8 个.因此至少有 2 个面为红面的小积木块共有12n 2 +8 个，列得方程12n 28 44,解得n 5.所以 6 个面都没染红色的 单位正方体积木共有 272-53=）（块。 6.电子钟指示时刻由00.00.00到23.59.59. 每个时 刻显示1秒钟. 如图2显示的时刻有两个数字0.那 么，在一昼夜期间钟表上显示3个数字7 的时刻共 有秒. 考查内容：简单组合计数. 答：72秒.
神华概况 神华集团有限责任公司（简称神华集团）是于1995年10月经国务院批准设立的国有独资公司，是中央直管国有重要骨干企业，是以煤为基础，电力、铁路、港口、航运、煤制油与煤化工为一体，产运销一条龙经营的特大型能源企业，是我国规模最大、现代化程度最高的煤炭企业和世界上最大的煤炭经销商。主要经营国务院授权范围内的国有资产，开发煤炭等资源性产品，进行电力、热力、港口、铁路、航运、煤制油、煤化工等行业领域的投资、管理；规划、组织、协调、管理神华集团所属企业在上述行业领域内的生产经营活动。神华集团总部设在北京。由神华集团独家发起成立的中国神华能源股份有限公司分别在香港、上海上市。神华集团在2012年度《财富》全球500强企业中排名第234位。 截至2012年底，神华集团共有全资和控股子公司21家，生产煤矿62个，投运电厂总装机容量6323.11万千瓦，拥有1466.53公里的自营铁路、1亿吨吞吐能力的黄骅港、4500万吨吞吐能力的天津煤码头和现有船舶11艘的航运公司，在册员工21.15万。 2012年，神华集团深入贯彻落实科学发展观，以加快转变发展方式为主线，精心组织生产经营，着力推进结构调整、节能减排、科技创新、管理创新和人才队伍建设，努力提高发展的质量和效益，向“建设具有国际竞争力的世界一流煤炭综合能源企业”宏伟目标迈进。 2012年，神华集团生产原煤4.6亿吨、百万吨死亡率0.0043，商品煤销售6.05亿吨，自营铁路运量完成3.43亿吨，发电2854.45亿度，港口吞吐量完成1.36亿吨。神华集团国有资本保值增值率处于行业优秀水平，企业经济贡献率连续多年居全国煤炭行业第一，年利润总额在中央直管企业中名列前茅，安全生产多年来保持世界先进水平。 面向未来，神华集团将继续推进“科学发展，再造神华，五年经济总量再翻番，建设具有国际竞争力的世界一流煤炭综合能源企业”的发展战略，充分发挥神华矿电路港航油化一体化优势和协同效应，努力打造绿色、国际、可持续发展的神华集团。 神华战略 神华集团“十二五”的发展战略是“科学发展，再造神华，五年经济总量再翻番，建设具有国际竞争力的世界一流煤炭综合能源企业”。具体目标是，2015年比2010年的经济总量翻番，成为世界煤炭综合能源领域品牌最好、影响力最大的国际化公司。 神华集团2012年第四季度生产经营数据
九 进 制 乔治·兰伯特是美国加利福尼亚州一所中学的数学教师，他对数学特别敏感而且有极大的研究兴趣。他常年与数字、公式打交道，深感数学的神秘与魅力。他开始注意一些巧合的事件，力图用数学的方式来破解巧合。 他发现：法国皇帝拿破仑与纳粹元首希特勒相隔一个多世纪，但是他们之间有很多数字巧合。拿破仑年执政，希特勒年上台，相隔年。拿破仑年战败，希特勒年战败，相隔年。 拿破仑年占领维也纳，希特勒在年攻人维也纳，也是相隔年。拿破仑年进 攻俄国，希特勒在相隔年后进攻苏联。美国第届总统林肯于年任总统，美 国第届总统肯尼迪于年任总统，时隔年。两人同在星期五并在女人的参与 下被刺遇害。接任肯尼迪和林肯的总统的名字都叫约翰逊。更巧的是，杀 害林肯的凶手出生于年，杀害肯尼迪的凶手出生于年，相隔又是年。 兰伯特被这些数字迷住了，他经常将这些数字翻来覆去地分解组合。 他惊奇地发现，拿破仑和希特勒的巧合数与林肯和肯尼迪的巧合数，把它 们颠倒过去分别是和，用减去，用减去，得数都能被除尽：，；，÷，结果都 有一个十位和个位都相同的两位数的商。 兰伯特非常吃惊，他对着了迷。他发现将、、、、、、、、加在一起是，而。他还发现，用乘以任何一个数，将所得到的积的各位数字相加，所得到的和总是。取任何一个数，比如说，将每位数加起来是，用减去结果得到，而÷，能被除尽。 他还总结出这样一个规律：把一个大数的各位数字相加得到一个和，再把这个和的各位数字相加又得到一个和。这样继续下去，直到最后的数字之和是一个一位数为止。最后这个数称为最初那个数的“数字根”，这个数字等于原数除；的余数，这个计算过程被称作是“弃法”。懂得了弃法，蓝伯特醒悟了不少，他进而想到，人类不应该个个地数数，也不应该个个数数，而应该个个地数数，实行进制。 科学家认为，使用九进制，能使加减乘除运算变得更快更准确。但目前对的研究还很不够，对人类来说极具神秘性。包括兰伯特在内的数学家们正努力探索的奥秘，希望在不久的将来对的研究有更大的突破。 课前预习 数论之整除性