Unit 1
1.“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
2.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性。
3.除了结构与性质，材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工与性能。
4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的原则，他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择。
5.只有在少数情况下，材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质。因此，有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能。
6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constant Solid material(s) heat capacity Mechanical property electromagnetic radiation Material processing elastic modulus
7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.
8. Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.
9. 10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.
Unit 2
1. 金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。
2. 陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体，并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能。
3. 用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料。
4. 压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩；反之，当它们膨胀和收缩时，他们也能产生一个电场。
5. 随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现，操控和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为可能，因此，我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构建就可以设计出新的材料。
6. advanced materials ceramic materials high-performance materials clay minerals alloy implant glass fibre carbon nanotube
7. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.
8. Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.
9. Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators(viz. ceramics and polymers). 10. Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.
Unit 3
1．金属的行为（性质）不同于陶瓷的行为（性质），陶瓷的行为（性质）不同于聚合物的行为（性质）。2．原子结构主要影响化学性质、物理性质、热学性质、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能。微结构和宏观结构虽也能影响这些性能但是他们主要影响力学性能和化学反应速率。3．金属的强度表明原子是通过强的键结合在一起的。4．元素的原子序数表明该元素的原子核内带正电的质子数。而原子的原子量则表明该原子核中质子数与中子数。5．Microstructure macrostructure Chemical reaction atomic weight Balanced electrical charge positively charged proton 6. 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings, 7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds. 8. Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen
with the naked eye,but using a microscope. Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye. 9. The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.
Unit 4
1．当密度小于水的密度时，物体将漂浮在水面上，当密度大于水的密度时，物体会沉降。相似的，当比重小于1时，物体将漂浮在水面上，当比重大于1时，物体会沉降。2．由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移动，导致磁通量密度比真空中小，这种材料为反磁性材料。3．使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫顺磁性材料，使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫铁磁性材料。4．某些铁磁性材料，特别是一些粉末状或夹层铁，钢或镍合金的相对导磁率可高达1000000。反磁性材料的相对导磁率小于1，但是到目前还没有哪种材料的相对导磁率远小于1。5．当顺磁性或铁磁性的芯插入线圈时，其磁感应系数等于相对磁导率乘以空芯时的磁感应系数。6．specific gravity boiling point magnetic induction coefficient of thermal conductivity glass transition temperature non-ferrous metals linear coefficient of thermal expansion mass per unit of volume 7. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. 8. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. 9. At some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable material. 10. In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute.
Unit 5
1. 金属的力学性能决定了材料的使用范围及期望的服役寿命。
2. 因此，一般多测几次以得到力学性能，报导的数值一般是平均值或者计算的统计最小值。3．材料的承载方式极大地影响了材料的力学性能，也决定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有预警。4．然而，受力弯曲时会产生一个应力分布，应力大小与到轴线的垂直距离有关。5．材料受到低于临界压力即屈服强度的力时，材料才会发生弹性形变。6．Test specimen static loading force normal axis Engineering strain critical stress yield strength stress area Stress- strain curve 7. Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys; while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease. 8. From the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it. 9. Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material. 10. A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.
Unit 6
1. 随着影响我们星球上人类生存条件的社会问题的即将出现，材料科学与工程界有责任和机遇通过解决未来世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、饮食、回收和健康方面的需求来改变世界。
2. 不发达国家的人口增长率远高于1.4%的世界平均人口增长率。
3. 全球能源使用的预算在2025以前将以每年1.7%速度增长，这比世界人口增长率快多了。
4. 此外，发达地区的人均能量使用量是不
发达地区人均能量使用量的九倍以上。 5. gross domestic product materials science and engineering market economy Societal issues economic index sanitation Gross national product popilation growth rate 6. Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability to address societal needs, an d the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering. 7. We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine, telecommunications, and transportantion industries. 8. Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to sanitation. 9. Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.
Unit 7
1. 从化学角度来说，金属是一类容易失电子以形成正离子的元素，它与其他金属原子形成金属键。
2. 金属键的无方向性被认为是金属具有延展性的主要原因。
3. 存在着共价键的晶体只有在原子之间的键断裂的情况下变形，从而导致晶体破裂。
4. 合金特别是为满足更高应用要求的合金比如喷气发动机，可能含有十种以上的元素。
5. delocalized electron electronic structure alkaline earth metal chemical cell nuclear charge electric conductivity
6. Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.
7. Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.
8. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.
9. Combining different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics. Unit 8
1. 超耐热合金的发展非常依赖于化学与加工的创新，并主要受到航空和能源工业的推动。
2. 抗蠕变性能主要取决于晶体结构内位错速度的放缓。
3. 超耐热合金在加工方面的发展使超耐热合金的操作温度大幅度提高。
4. 单晶高温合金是运用改进的定向凝固技术而形成单晶的，因此在材料中并无晶界。
5. faced-centred cubic crystal structure turbine entry temperature metallic materials phase stability nuclear reactor synthesis of nanoparticle
6. Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.
7. Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and
corrosion/oxidation resistance. 8. Superalloys are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors. 9. At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride(or fluoride) is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds inside.
Unit 9
1. 腐蚀过程从本质上说是一个电化学的过程，有着与电池相同的本质特征。
2. 从矿物中提炼金属所需能源的问题与后续的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。
3. 当电子与中和的正离子（如电解液中的氢离子）发生反应时，阴极处电子得以平
衡。4．Protective film circuit Free electron electron transfer Metal cation anode reaction 5. Some metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to corrode. 6. Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an atom. 7. If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and cathode. 8. Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.
Unit 10
1. 我们要观察（研究）这些性能，看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成有多匹配。
2. 在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下，玻璃不再具有脆性行为，而表现为粘稠液体。
3. 它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能，或电学、光学抑或是磁学性能。
4. 一般认为，先进是最近100年才发展起来的，而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用了。
5. the glass transition temperature ionic-covalent bond Stress distribution coefficient of thermal expansion Glass optical fibre materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuel cells electron microscopy
6. Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.
7. Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strength.
8. Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.
9. The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.
Unit 11
1. 材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工，结构与组成，性质与性能之间的相互联系来定义的。2．我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构（的情况），我们也要考虑材料中不可避免的结构缺陷的存在，甚至是无定形的。3. 通过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品。 4. 在运输时，厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息。 5. crystalline ceramics grain boundary Alkaline earth oxide oxide additive Triple point saturation magnetization Television tube the color scale 6. To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure. 7. The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated. 8. Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles. 9. Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.
Unit 12
1. 材料的选择是任何组分设计至关重要的环节，尤其在植入体和其它医疗器械方面是特别重要的。
2. 我们能进行承载应用的三种主要材料是金属、聚合物和陶瓷。
3. 高密度、高纯度的氧化铝被大量的用于植入物，特别是在需要承载压力的髋关节修复和牙移植中。
4. 在陶瓷或陶瓷复合材料中，氧化锆的磨损率远远高于氧化锆铝的磨损率。
5. controlled reaction
stress shielding Total hip prosthese strain-to-failure ratio Mechanical stress flexural strength Martensitic transformation 6. Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems. 7. These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out. 8. Because of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.
9. Eliminating stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites. 10. There are questions concerning the long-
Unit 13
1. 聚合物的俗名叫塑料，这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料和合成材料。
2. 聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程。
3. 支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主链组成。一些特殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物。
4. 某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的，例如聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。
5. persistence length cross-link Polar monomer nucleic acid Polymerization polyelectrolyte
6. Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.
7. Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.
8. A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.
9. In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.
Unit 14
1. 大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架，这是因为碳原子具有与其它原子形成更强更稳定的键的优异性能。
2. 它们在一定范围内软化，这与完好晶体相具有非常明确的熔点不同。
3. 分子量取决于其合成时的条件，因此分子量可能分布很宽或分布很窄。
4. Goodyear 很偶然的发现了在橡胶中加入硫磺并加热这个混合物能使橡胶变硬，对氧化和化学进攻能力的敏感性降低。
5. thermosetting plastic cross-sectional area Polymerization reaction double bond Chemical composition carboxylic acid Melting point degradation by oxidation
6. Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.
7. A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped readily.
8. Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.
9. Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.
Unit 15
1. 逐渐增强的环境意识促使包装薄膜及其加工既要方便使用又要具有环境友好的特点。
2. 显而易见，实现这些性能对控制和改进机械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。
3. 在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解过程中，由水和热引发的过氧化反应可以使之降解成低摩尔质量的物质，这就是碳氢聚合物力学性能降低的主要原因。
4. 用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包装材料并不合理，另外也是因为包装材料被食物污染后再进行物理回收是不切合实际的。
5. natural gas packaging materials Aroma compound bioplastic material Chemical structure the life cycle of biomass
6. Bacteria , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the humus.
7. The bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, water and CO2 production.
8. During the oxo-degradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable with low molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or light .
9. While most of the commercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully compostable in real composting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative humidity.
Unit 16
1. 比如，多相金属在微观尺度上是复合材料。但一般意义上的复合材料是指通过键的作用使两种或多种不同的材料结合在一起的材料。。
2. 最常见的是，复合材料有一个连续的叫基体的本体相，还有一个分散的非连续的叫增强相的相。
3. 先进材料采用了树脂与纤维的复合材料，一般为碳/石墨，凯芙拉或玻璃纤维与环氧树脂的复合材料。纤维具有高的硬度，而聚合物树脂基体能保持复合材料的结构。
4. 如果复合材料设计和制备合理的话，复合材料就既具有增强相的强度又具有基体的韧性从而得到了性能的理想组合，这是任何一种组分单独存在时所具备的性能。
5. composite material reinforcement material Fiberglass matrix material Strengthening mechanism conventional material
6. A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retains its own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.
7. Carbon-epoxy composties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff. Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are repairable.
8. According to the conception of composite , reinforced plastics, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix composites and concrete are composites.
9. In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component. Fiberglass and carbon fiber composites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites. Unit 17
1. 震荡、撞击或者重复的周期性应力能导致两层的界面处发生薄层分离，这种情况叫剥离。
2.
3. 事实上，工业材料既要质轻又要牢固的要求是推动复合材料发展的主要动力。
4. 提到飞机，值得铭记的是复合材料不像金属（如铝）那样在压力的作用下会完全解体。
5. orthotropic thermoset Thermoplastic Young’s Modulus Mechanical property constants extreme enviroment
6. In contrast, isotropic material ( for example, aluminuim or steel), in standard wrought forms, typically have the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and /or moments.
7. The greatest advantage of composite materials is strength and
stiffness combined with lightness. 8. This makes them ideal for use in products thar are exposed to extreme enviroments such as boats, chemical-handling equipments and spacecrafts. 9. Composites will never totally replace tranditional materials like steel, but in many cased they are just what we need.
Unit 18
1. 具有相分离的聚合物共混材料经常出现纳米尺度的相。 2 在过去几十年里研究的基于溶胶-凝胶化学的有机-无机纳米复合材料已基本淡出纳米复合材料的研究。 3. 理解粒子的性质随着尺寸降低到纳米级别而发生改变，这对于优化所得到的纳米复合材料很重要。 4. 廉价石墨的生产尚未实现，石墨的广泛使用呕待石墨合成技术的突破。 5. electro-optical property bactericidal property Block copolymer interfacial phenomena Exfoliated graphene morphology control 6. The field of nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development in basically all technical discillines. 7. Nanoscale is considered where the dimensions of the particle, platelet or fiber modification are in the range of 1～100nm. 8. These improvements are key to future aircraft and wind energy turbine applications. 9. Nanostructured surfaces have been noted to yield superhydrophobic character and exceptional adhesion.
Unit19：
2.英译汉纳米结构材料制造过程表面积/体积比(比表面积) 纳米尺度球半径光电器件伯氏矢量钉扎点
1. 大多数生物分子和其他生物材料是纳米尺寸的，因此纳米尺度提供了一个研究这些生物分子、材料和其它材料发生交互作用的最佳机会/手段。
2. 不管纳米材料性质和它们的制作过程如何，纳米材料许多奇异、甚至令人兴奋的性质可以归结为一个简单道理：如果材料/结构的尺度接近纳米时，物理性质和化学性质将发生巨大的变化。
3. 这对纳米材料的光学性质产生巨大的影响：例如吸收光谱又红外向可见光区域移动。
4. 另外一种磁学上的纳米效应是所谓的巨磁电阻效应，已经被用来制作磁存储器件。
5. 根据这个方程可知：预置裂纹越小，临界应力越高。
3.汉译英Nanotechnology interdisplinary subject Two-dimentional nanostructure critical length Surface tention thermal motion Self-organization brittle failure 1. Nanotechnololgy deals with materials with dimensions in the nanometer range. 2. If the dimensions of materials approach the nanoscale, three amazing effects come to play a role.(Materials will possess three new effects/properties, which the original ones do not have.) 3. Nanotechnololgy consists of nano-eletronics, nano-mechanics and nano-materials, etc..
4. The hardness of nanocrystalline copper is five times higher than that of microcrystalline one.
数学专业英语课后答案
2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics，算数arithmetics，几何学geometry，代数学algebra，三角学trigonometry，高等数学higher mathematics，初等数学elementary mathematics，高等代数higher algebra，数学分析mathematical analysis，函数论function theory，微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition，公理axiom，公设postulate，定义definition，定理theorem，引理lemma，推论deduction 3.形form，数number，数字numeral，数值numerical value，图形figure，公式formula，符号notation(symbol)，记法/记号sign，图表chart 4.概念conception，相等equality，成立/真true，不成立/不真untrue，等式equation，恒等式identity，条件等式equation of condition，项/术语term，集set，函数function，常数constant，方程equation，线性方程linear equation，二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation，加法addition，减法subtraction，乘法multiplication，除法division，证明proof，推理deduction，逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land，推导定理to deduce theorems，指定的运算indicated operation，获得结论to obtain the conclusions，占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
2.1 数学、方程与比例 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。 Equations are of very great use. We can use equations in many mathematical problems. （8）解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形，最后求出它的根，即未知量的值。To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root of the equation is obtained, which is the value of unknown term. 2.2 几何与三角 （1）许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。 Many experts recognize that mathematics is the necessary foundation and prerequisite of studying other science technology. （2）西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术，其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。 The western experts think that geometry had its origin in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands. Infect, the ancient Chinese mathematicians made much remarkable study for geometry. （3）几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎，他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。 In studying geometry, the student is taught to think clearly and critically and he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of any conclusions. （4）数学培养学生的分析问题的能力，使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署
“数学专业英语一次函数专题”教学设计 1. 教学内容及解析 教学内容：与直角坐标系及一次函数相关的英语文献资料 内容解析：本节内容应从两个方面去考虑. 一方面，从数学知识的角度，本节所涉及的是从平面直角坐标系到一次函数的数学知识，都是学生学过的基础知识及其应用，是对于这些知识的拉练式复习，并作为后面用英语叙述解答相关问题知识基础；另一方面，从语言的角度，学生会接触到大量没有接触过，但他们却很熟悉的英语词汇及短语，主动学习的学生可以在老师的指导下快速理解其含义并加入到自己的知识体系中，但需要花时间巩固，是需要读、写、说来巩固的内容. 这也正是本节的重点和难点所在. 2. 教学目标及解析 教学目标：①能根据已有的数学知识和给出的单词对照表，将给出的相关数学定理及结论的英语版本翻译为中文；②能理解并解答用英语表述的相关数学问题；③能将解决数学问题的过程用英语进行书面表述；④初步了解用英语表达与直角坐标系及一次函数相关数学理论的范式. 目标解析：学生掌握基本词汇，并能阅读与本节内容相关的英语文献，是学习和使用数学专业英语的最基本要求，学生需要在学习的过程中逐渐由接受，即阅读或聆听，逐渐向输出，即书面和口头表达的方向发展. 为达到此目标，学生需要在课前独立完成对于本节需要的单词的学习，并阅读一系列简短的相关数学文献，并在这个过程中初步体会数学专业英语的表达范式；在课堂上，在教师的指导下对自己的认知进一步补充，并进行一定量的练习，暴露自己的问题，在教师的帮助下修正问题，完善认知. 3. 教学问题诊断分析 学生在进行语言表达时，往往受到母语的限制，对于非母语的表达方式的接受能力一时难以习惯，而数学对于表达能力则有更高的要求，要求叙述简洁、逻辑清晰，因此本教学设计强调学生在有相当阅读量的积累后，通过自主练习，逐渐感受用英语表达数学理论的基本范式. 教师在教学过程中的主要任务在于为学生提供合适的学习资料，在学生学习的过程中给予提示与指导，及时指出学生的问题并予以纠正. 对于语言的学习，阅读量的积累是至关重要的，教师在课堂上的讲解、学生在课堂上的练习，都只是学习的一部分环节，如果需要帮助学生正确掌握表达数学理论的范式，尽量不留死角，就必须保证课前预习和课后复习的有效性，预习复习材料的充足性，这对教师的教学资料的积累和学生自主学习能力，都是一个挑战. 4. 教学支持条件分析 学情条件：初二8班是实验班，学生有较强的学习热情和好奇心，也知道课前预习、课上参与学习活动、课后复习的重要性，在曾经的数学课程教学中，也有一定的课前预习，课堂讨论的传统，对于本教学设计的各个环节，是可以理解教师的用意，并遵循教师的指导进行学习活动. 在知识层面上，学生已经系统学习过一次函数相关的知识，课程中提供的学习资料都是学生熟悉的数学知识；学生在英语学习上，已经有多年的积累，对于英语语法的学
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3
non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数
2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics，算数arithmetics，几何学geometry，代数学algebra，三角学trigonometry，高等数学higher mathematics，初等数学elementary mathematics，高等代数higher algebra，数学分析mathematical analysis，函数论function theory，微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition，公理axiom，公设postulate，定义definition，定理theorem，引理lemma，推论deduction 3.形form，数number，数字numeral，数值numerical value，图形figure，公式formula，符号notation(symbol)，记法/记号sign，图表chart 4.概念conception，相等equality，成立/真true，不成立/不真untrue，等式equation，恒等式identity，条件等式equation of condition，项/术语term，集set，函数function，常数constant，方程equation，线性方程linear equation，二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation，加法addition，减法subtraction，乘法multiplication，除法division，证明proof，推理deduction，逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land，推导定理to deduce theorems，指定的运算indicated operation，获得结论to obtain the conclusions，占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。
Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.