阅读判断：第十一篇Bill Gates: Unleashing ourCreativity
I‘ve always been an optimist and I suppose it isrooted in1 my belief that the power of creativity and intelligencecan make the world a better place.
For as long as I can remember, I‘ve loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the firsttime in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine andit could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today.2But it changed my life.
When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft30 years ago，we had avision of ―a computer on every desk and in every home‖, which probably soundeda little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size ofrefrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world.And they have.
And af ter 30 years, I‘m still as inspired bycomputers as I was back in seventh grade.
I believe that computers are the most incredibletool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness — to help us solve problemsthat even the smartest people couldn‘t solve on their own.
Computers have transformed how we learn，giving kids everywhere a windowinto all of the world‘s knowledge. They‘re helping us build communities aroundthe things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important tous, no matter where they are.3
Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularlylucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it ―tap-dancing towork‖4. My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but whatmakes me ―tap-dancing to work‖ is when we show people something new, like acomputer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that canstore a lifetime‘s worth of photos, and they say, ―I didn‘t know you could dothat with a PC5! ‖
But for all the cool things that a person can dowith a PC，there arelots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work toimprove our world6. There are still far too many people in the worldwhose most basic needs go unmet7. Every year, for example, millionsof people die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developedworld.
I believe that my own good fortune brings with ita responsibility to give back to the world. My wife, Melinda, and I havecommitted to8 improving health and education in a way that can helpas many people as possible.
As a father, I believe that the death of a childin Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a childanywhere else, and that it doesn‘t take much to make an immense difference inthese children‘s lives10.
I‘m still very much an optimist, and I believethat progress on even the world‘s toughest problems is possible — and
it‘shappening every day. We‘re seeing new drugs for deadly diseases, new diagnostictools，and newattention paid to the health problems in the developing world.
I‘m excited by the possibilities I see formedicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe thatthrough our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve toughproblems, we're going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas inmy lifetime.
词汇：
unleash/ ?n?li:?/ vt．解开；放纵；使自由
inspire/ ?n?spa??(r) / vt．鼓舞
optimist/'Dpt?m?st/ n．乐观主义者
incredible/ ?n'kred?bl/ adj．难以置信的
clunky(clonky) /'kl?nk?/ adj．发出沉闷金属声的
curiosity/?kju?r?'Ds?t?/ n．好奇心
inventivenessn.发明创造的能力
teletype/'tel?ta?p/ (teletype-writer) n.电传打字机
poignant/ ?p??nj?nt / adj．令人悲痛的，可怜的
tragic/'traed3?k/ adj．悲剧的，悲惨的
vision/'v?3n/ n．想象；幻想；美景
immense/I'mens/ adj．巨大的
注释：
1．be rooted in：扎根于；深深地存在于
2．It was a clunky oldteletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers wehave today.那是一台笨重的旧式电传打字机，跟我们今天的电脑相比几乎干不了什么事。本句中，barely意为almost not；compare to在美国英语中也可以等同于compare with（与……相比）。
3．They‘re helping us buildcommunities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people whoare important to us, no matter where they are.电脑帮助我们就我们所关心的事情建立一个交流的场所，并且与那些我们认为对我们有重要意义的人密切相处，不管他们身在何处。care about指不管喜欢或不喜欢的事情都很关心、介意、在乎、计较。4．“tap-dancing to work”：“跳着踢踏舞工作”。tap原意是“叩击、轻敲”；tap dance是“踢踏舞”。这里实际意思是“（手指）轻轻敲击键盘的工作”。
5．PC (personal computer)：个人计算机
6．But for all the cool things that aperson can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativityand intelligence to work to improve our world.除了我们能用计算机做的所有神奇的事情，还有很多其他方式发挥我们的创造力和智慧，从而使世界更加美好。
7．go unmet：得不到满足。在这里go是系动词，unmet是过去分词作表语。
8．commit to此处意为承诺，保证做某事。
9．no less... than：和一样，不亚于……
10. and that itdoesn‘t take much to make an immense difference in these children‘s lives.而且要改善这些孩子们的命运，其实不难。此处it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to make an immensedifference in these children‘s lives。
练习：
1．A computer was as big as an icebox when Bill Gates was a high schoolstudent.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
2．Bill Gates has been dreaming of the popularity of computers for hislifetime.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
3．Bill Gates compares his hard work on a PC to ―tap-dancing to work‖.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
4．To Bill Gates‘ mind, there is a big difference between the death ofthe poor‘s children and the death of the rich‘s children.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
5．So far Bill Gates has contributed several dozen billion dollars tothe charities.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
6．Bill Gates and his wife consider it their duty to help the poorbetter their health and education as much as possible.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
7．Bill Gates will leave only a small portion of his wealth for hischildren.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．A文章第三段中比尔?盖茨说，当他念七年级时，电脑就是冰箱那么大小。
2．A文章第三段比尔?盖茨说，他30年前与Paul Allen一起创办微软公司时就梦想一桌一机、一户一机，而且从其他各段也可以看到他对电脑有很多的期待。
3．B从第七段第二句可以看到作这样比较的是他的朋友Warren Buffett，而不是他自己。
4．B在倒数第三段，比尔?盖茨已经明确说，所有这些儿童的死亡都一样令人伤心和悲痛，没有什么区别。
5．C文章没有提到他给慈善机构捐款的事。
6．A倒数第四段比尔?盖茨认为他一生好运，就理应回报社会，所以他和他的妻子做出了承诺，要帮助尽可能多的人改善医疗和教育条件。
7．C文章没有提到。
第十二篇 Study Helps Predict Big Mediterranean Quake
Scientists have found evidence that an overlooked fault in the eastern Mediterranean is likely to produce an earthquake and tsunami every 800 years as powerful as the one that destroyed Alexandria in AD 365.
Using radiocarbon dating techniques, simulations and computer models, the researchers recreated the ancient disaster in order to identify the responsible fault. ?We are saying there is probably a repeat time of 800 years for this kind of earthquake,‘ said Ms. Beth Shaw, an earthquake scientist at the University of Cambridge, who led the study. Scientists study past earthquakes in order to determine the future possibility of similar large shocks.
Identifying the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami is important for the tens of millions of people in the region, Ms. Shaw said. The fault close to the southwest coast of Crete last produced a big enough quake to generate a tsunami about 1300, which means the next powerful one could come in the next 100 years, she added in a telephone interview.
Ms. Shaw and her colleagues calculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side of the fault to find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion, she said. Their computer model suggested an 8 magnitude quake on the fault would produce a tsunami that floods the coastal regions of Alexandria and North Africa, the southern coast of Greece and Sicily all the way up the Adriati to Dubrovnik. This would be similar to the ancient quake in AD 365 that caused widespread destruction in much of Greece and unleashed a tsunami that flooded Alexandria and the Nile Delta, likely killing tens of thousands of people, she said.
词汇：
fault / f?:lt / n．断层
tsunami / ts?‘n?m?/ n．海晡
radiocarbon / ,re?d???‘kɑ:b?n / n．放射性碳
simulation /,s?mj?‘le???n / n．模拟
interval / ‘?nt?vl / n．间隔
magnitude / ‘m?gn?tju:d / n．等级
destruction / d?‘str?k??n / n．破坏，毁灭
unleash / ?n‘li:?/ v．放出，释放
注释：
1．the eastern Mediterranean：地中海东部
2．Alexandria：亚历山大[埃及北部港市]
3．AD：公元（AD是拉丁文Anno Domini首字母的缩写）
4．Crete：[希腊]克里特岛
5．Greece：希腊
6．Sicily：[意大利]西西里岛
7．Adriati：亚得里亚海
8．Dubrovnik：杜布罗夫尼克[克罗地亚港市]
9．Nile Delta：[埃及]尼罗河三角洲
练习：
1．The fault, which was overlooked before, has been closely studied by scientists.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
2．It is fun to identify the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
3．Radiocarbon dating techniques can be used to identify the age of the earth.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
4．Scientists predict that the next powerful earthquake in the eastern Mediterranean may take place sometime before 2100.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
5．Ms. Shaw has her colleagues help her in the study of earthquake prediction.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
6．Ms. Shaw measured the movement of either side of the fault to identify the magnitude of the earthquake taking place in AD 365.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
7．The earthquake prediction devices developed by Ms. Shaw are being widely used in the world.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．A文章主题是，以往科学家忽视了地中海断层的存在。现在地震学家对地中海断层进行研究，并认定断层的运动
造成公元365年的地震和海啸，以及推算出地震和海啸发生的周期。所以，本句表达的意思是对的。
2．B文章第三段说到，―认定断层造成了公元365年的地震和海啸，这一认定对该地区的几千万人来说是重要的‖。把这项研究说成是有趣的与原文―重要‖的意思有很大的不同，所以是错误的。
3．C全文没有一处提到radiocarbon dating techniques可用来确定地球的年龄。
4．A Shaw女士和她的研究组认定，地中海东部的断层的移动每800年左右会引发一次超强地震和海啸。前两次发生的时间分别是公元365年和公元1300年左右。根据这一推断，在未来100年中，会发生一次超强地震和海啸。第三段对此有说明。
5．A这句表达的意思与原文相符。原句见第四段第一句：―Ms. Shaw and her colle agues calculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side of the fault to gauge how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion‖。
6．B Shaw女士和她的研究组测量过the motion of either side of the fault，但目的不是为了identify the magnitude of the earthquake taking place in AD 365，而是为了find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion。
7．C纵观全文，文章中没有一句提到Shaw女士发明过地震预测装置，更没有谈及这种装置在全世界得到广泛应用这一点。
第十三篇The Northern Lights
The Sun is stormy and has its own kind of weather. It is so hot and active that even the Sun's gravity cannot hold its atmosphere in check! Energy flows away from the Sun toward the Earth in a stream of electrified particles that move at speeds around a million miles per hour. These particles are called plasma, and the stream of plasma coming from the Sun is called the solar wind. The more active the Sun, the stronger the solar wind.
The solar wind constantly streams toward the Earth, but don't worry because a protective magnetic field surrounds our planet. The same magnetic field that makes your compass point north also steers the particles from the Sun to the north and south poles. The charged particles become trapped in magnetic belts around the Earth. When a large blast of solar wind crashes into the Earth's magnetic field, the magnetic field first gets squeezed and then the magnetic field lines break and reconnect.
The breaking and reconnecting of the magnetic field lines can cause atomic particles called electrons trapped in the belts to fall into the Earth's atmosphere at the poles. As the electrons fall to the Earth, they collide with gas molecules in the atmosphere, creating flashes of light in the sky. Each atmospheric gas glows a different color. Oxygen and nitrogen glows red and green and nitrogen glows violet-purple. As these various colors glow and dance in the night sky, they create the Northern Lights and the Southern Lights.
Watching auroras is fun and exciting, but normally you can only see them in places far north like Alaska and Canada. The movement of the aurora across the sky is usually slow enough to easily follow with your eyes but they can also pulsate, flicker, or even move like waves. During solar maximum, auroras are seen as far south as Florida, even Mexico!
Auroras often seem to be very close to the ground, but the lowest aurora is still about 100 kilometers above the ground, a distance much higher than clouds are formed or airplanes can fly. A typical aurora band can be thousands of kilometers long, a few hundred kilometers high, but only a few hundred meters thick.
We hope you are able to travel to far-north places like the Arctic Circle and see the Northern Lights at least once during your lifetime, We know you will never forget it!
词汇：
electrify / ?‘lektr?fa?/ v．使带电
steer /st??(r) / v．驾驶；导向，引向
collide / k?‘la?d / v．碰撞
aurora / ?: ‘r?:r? / n．极光
flicker /‘fl?k?(r) / v．闪烁
plasma / ‘pl?zm? / n．等离子体
electron / ?‘lektr?n / n．电子
molecule / ‘m?l?kju:l / n．分子
pulsate /p?l‘se?t / v．跳动
Arctic / ‘ɑ:kt?k / adj．北极的
注释：
1．The sun‘s gravity cannot hold its atmosphere in check：太阳的引力无法控制它自己的大气层。hold ... in check是―控制，支配‖，例如：
He wants to hold the company in check through th e manager‘s secretary.
他想通过经理的秘书控制公司。
2．move at speeds around a million miles per hour：以约100万英里的时速运动。around = about。
3．the stream of plasma：等离子流
4．... the magnetic field first gets squeezed and then the magnetic field lines break and reconnect：
首先，磁场受到挤压，接着磁场磁力线断开又闭合。
5．During solar maximum：在太阳风暴达到最高峰的期间
6．auroras are seen as far south as Florida, even Mexico!位于极南面的佛罗里达州，乃至于墨西哥都能看到极光。far south 意为―极南面‖。
练习：
1．The Sun's gravity is too weak to keep its plasma from flowing to the Earth.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
2．The Earth is quite safe with a magnetic field surrounding it to protect it from the attack by the solar wind.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
3．Some scientists are worrying about the possible disappearance of the Earth's protective magnetic field in the future.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
4．The auroras are formed when the electrons falling into the Earth's atmosphere at the poles and colliding with gas molecules in the atmosphere.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
5．You cannot see the Northern Lights unless you are in Alaska or Canada.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
6．Tens of thousands of tourists take special trips to Norway and Sweden every year to watch the Northern Lights.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
7．An aurora is generally close to the ground and is very long and thick.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．B题句意思是：太阳的重力太弱，等离子逃离太阳，流向地球。这一说法与短文第一段第一、二句表达的内容不符。句子表达的重点不是太阳的重力太弱，而是太阳太热，其活动又太剧烈，造成等离子逃离太阳，流向地球。所以，答案是选项B。
2．A题句说地球相当安全，因为有磁场在高空包围着地球，将太阳风挡在地球大气层外面。题句表达的意思与短文第二段第一句传递的信息相符。虽然短文中没有用safe这个词，但是―don‘t worry because a protective magnetic field surrounds our planet‖包含了safe这层意思，所以选项A是答案。
3．C题句说，有些科学家担心包围地球起防护作用的磁场有一天会消失。短文中找不到这一信息，所以答案是C。4．A短文第二、三段解释极光的成因。当强大的太阳风侵入地球磁场，磁场的磁力线会断开和闭合，等离子流的电子进入大气层，流向极地上空，与大气层的气体分子发生碰撞，发出极光。题句表达的意思与短文介绍的极光成因相符，所以答案是A。
5．B题句的说法明显与短文第三段的叙述不符。第四段介绍说，当太阳风暴达到最高峰期间，明亮的北极光甚至在位于极南面的佛罗里达州乃至墨西哥都能看到。所以答案是B。
6．C题句说，每年有几万游客专程前往挪威和瑞典观看北极光。短文中找不到这一内容，所以答案是C。
7．B题句说极光通常很接近地面，又长又厚。这一说法有两点与短文第五段的介绍不符。第一点，极光不是接近地面，而是―似乎很接近地面（Auroras often seem to be very close to the ground）‖，事实上，最靠近地面的极光离地面也有100公里。第二点，极光不厚，―only a few hundred meters thick‖。所以答案是B。
第十四篇 StageFright1
Fall down as you come onstage. That‘s an oddtrick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he wasa teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich trippedhim purposely to cure him of
pre-performance panic,2 Mr. Feltsmansaid, ― All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?‖
Today, music schools are addressing the problem ofanxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and careerpreparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn tofight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart,blank mind.3
Teachers and psychologists offer wide-rangingadvice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,4 to mentaldiscipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don‘tdeny that you‘re jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamicplaying. And play in public often, simply for the experience.
Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests somestrategies for the moments before performance, ―Take two deep abdominalbreaths, open up your shoulders, then smile,‘‘ she says. ―And not one of these?please don‘t kill me‘ smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in theaudience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eyecontact with them.‖ She doesn‘t want performers to think of the audience as ajudge.
Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often atthe root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells otherteachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.
When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist ofthe Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright.
―There weretimes when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chestresponding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where Ithought,? If I have to go through this to play music, I think I‘m going to lookfor another job.‖5 Recovery, he said, involved developinghumility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert wasnot a disaster.6
It is not only young artists who suffer, ofcourse. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz‘s nerves were famous. The greattenor Franco Corelli is another example. ―They had to push him on stage,‖Soprano Re nata Scotto recalled.
Actually，success can make things worse. ―In the beginning of your career,when you‘re scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don‘t have anyexpectations,‖ Soprano June Anderson said. ―There‘s less to lose. Later on, whenyou‘re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations.You have a lot to lose.‖
Anderson added，―I never stop being nervous until I‘ve sung my last note.‖
词汇：
veteran/ ?vet?r?n / adj．经验丰富的
jittery/ ?d??t?ri / adj．紧张不安的
mentor/ ?men?t?: / n．指导者
soprano/ s??prprɑ:n?? / n．女高音；女高音歌手
cellist/?t?el?st / n．大提琴演奏家
abdominal/ ?b?dɑm?n?l / adj．腹部的
fallible/ ?f?l?b?l / adj．易犯错误的
tenor/'ten?/ n．男高音
注释：
1．Stage Fright：舞台恐惧
2．The veteran cellist MstislavRostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic…资深大提琴家MstislavRostropovich故意把Vladimir Feltsman绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症。cure somebody ofsomething (illness, problem)：医治好病（解决问题）
3．… its symptoms：icy fingers, shakylimbs, racing heart, blank mind：舞台恐惧的症状有手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。
4．Teachers and psychologists offerwide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out ：老师和心理学家提出了方方面面的建议，一些基础知识，比如将演奏曲目烂熟于心…… inside out：in great detail详细地，从里到外地
5．I came to a point where I thought，―If I have to gothrough this to play music, I think I‘m going to look for another job. ‖我曾经一度认为，如果搞音乐就必须经过克服舞台恐惧这一关的话，这项工作不能做。
6．Recovery, he said, involveddeveloping humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, andthat an imperfect concert was not a disaster.不舞台恐惧意味着提高谦卑感，即认识到不管你多有才，你也会出错，一个有瑕疵的音乐会也绝对不是世界末日。
练习：
1．Falling down onstage was not a good way forVladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
2．There are many signs of stage fright.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
3．Teachers and psychologists cannot help peoplewith extreme -stage fright.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
4．To perform well on stage, you need to havesome feelings of excitement.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
5．If you have stage fright, it's helpful tohave friendly audience.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
6．Often people have stage fright becauseparents or teachers expect too much of them.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
7．Famous musicians never suffer from stagefright.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．B本文第一段讲的是钢琴家Vladimir Feltsman被MstislavRostropovich绊倒后，他的舞台恐惧被治愈了的故事。2．A第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。
3．B本文的第三、四、五、六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位的建议。
4．A依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing.(表演中激情是自然甚至是必要的）
5．C第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的方法之一是：在观众中选择三位友好的面孔，与他们用眼光交流。所以克服舞台恐惧要靠自己而不是指望所有的观众都友好。
6．A第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要求太高。extreme demands就是expecttoo much of them 的意思。
7．B第七段讲的是：不只年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧症，钢琴家Vladimir Horowitz和男高音Franco Corelli亦不能幸免。Never一词不恰当。
第十五篇 Image Martian Dust Particles
NASA‘s Phoenix Mars Lander has taken its first-ever picture of a single particle of rusty Martian dust with one of its microscopes. The dust particles of dust was shown at a higher magnification than anything outside of Earth that has been imaged before. The rounded particle measured only about one micrometer, or one millionth of a meter, across.
―Taking this image requiried the highest resolution microscope operated off Earth and a specially designed device to hold the Martian dust,‖ said Tom Pike, a Phoenix science team member from Imperial College London. ―We always knew it was going to be technically very challenging to image particles this small.‖
The device that imaged the dust speck is called an atomic force microscope, which maps the shape of particles in three dimensions by scanning them with a sharp tip at the end of a spring. The atomic force microscope can detail the shapes of particles as small as about 100 nanometers. And this won‘t be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image. ―After this fir st success, we‘re now working on building up a portrait gallery of the dust on Mars,‖ Pike said.
Dust exists everywhere on Mars, coating the surface and giving it its rusty red color. Dust particles also color the Martian sky pink and feed storms that regularly envelope the planet. The ultra-fine dust is the medium that actively links gases in the Martian atmosphere to processes in Martian soil, so it is critically important to understanding Mars‘ environment, the researchers said.
The $420-million Phoenix mission is analyzing th e dust and subsurface ice layers of Mars‘ arctic regions to look for signs of potential past habitability. The particle seen in the atomic force microscope image was part of a sample scooped by the robotic arm from the ―Snow White‖ trench and delivered to Phoenix‘s microscope station in early July.
词汇：
image / ‘?m?d?/ v．绘……的图像
magnification / ,m?gn?f?‘ke???n / n．放大
micrometer / ma?‘kr?m?t? / n．微米
resolution / ,rez?‘l(j)u:??n / n．分辨率，清晰度
map / m?p / v．绘……的地图
scan / sk?n / v．扫描
subsurface / s?b‘s?:f?s / adj．地面下的
habitability/,h?bit?'bil?ti/ n．居住性
scoop / sku:p / v．挖
trench / trent?/ n．沟
注释：
1．NASA‘s Phoenix Mars Lander：美国国家航空航天局的凤凰号火星登陆器
2．off earth：地球之外
3．Imperial College London：伦敦帝国学院
4．image particles this small：描绘如此之小的微粒。image particles this small是口语的说法，其意思是image such small particles/image particles which are so small。
5．And this won‘t be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image：这不会是凤凰号扫描图像的最后的尘粒。本句的言外之意是：科学家将会收集更多的火星微粒进行扫描。
6．portrait gallery：（火星尘粒）图像陈列馆
7．ultra-fine：超小的
8．it is critically import ant to understanding Mars‘ environment：火星尘粒对于了解火星环境是极端重要的。it指代上一句的dust，而to是介词，所以后接动名词understanding。
练习：
1．The dust particle on Mars is the small particle that has been imaged outside of Earth.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
2．Using the samt technology, we have also measured the size of particles on the moon and Jupiter.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
3．Scientists use the highest resolution microscope to watch and record the image of Martian particles on earth.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
4．Tom Pike said that they used to think it was no easy job to image such small particles.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
5．An electronic device has been developed to measure the weight of certain Martian particles.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
6．After collecting the last Martian dust particle, the scientists have started to build up a portrait gallery of it.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
7．The Phoenix‘s robotic arm collected the Martian dust particles for analysis on Mars.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．A第一段说，NASA的凤凰号火星登陆器用它的显微镜观测地球外长度只有百万分之一米的微粒。本题的表述与第一段的意思吻合。
2．C通篇文章都没有提到科学家用同样的技术测量月球和水星上的微粒。
3．B第一段说，NASA的凤凰号火星登陆器观测到的火星微粒是在地球之外，而非在地球上，所以本题的表述是错的。
4．A Tom Pike说，―We always knew it was going to be technically very challenging to image particles this small.‖（我们过去一直知道，观察体积如此小的微粒具有很高的挑战性。）（见第二段）这句话是选择A的依据。
5．C通篇文章都没有提到有人发明了一种能测量火星上某些微粒的重量的电子装置。
6．B第三段中提到，― ... this won‘t be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image‖。接着又说，―After this first success, we‘re now working on building up a portrait gallery of the dust on Mars‖。而本题却说：―After collecting the last Martian dust particle, we‘re now working on building up ... ‖，这与文章所表达内容明显不同，所以本题的答案是B。
7．A选择A的依据是文章最后一句：―The particle seen in the atomic force microscope image was part of a sample scooped by the robotic arm ... ‖
概括大意：第十一篇：The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World
1Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever1 built. You could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease.
2The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube. One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. The small droplet grows — but never gets as big as the other droplet and eventually bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. This quick shift in energy produces a power stroke.2
3The technique exploits the fact that surface tension — the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating —becomes more important at small scales3. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water.
4Although the amount of energy produced is small — 20 microwatts — it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor4. The whole setup5 is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine6, it would be 100 million times more powerful than a Toyota Camry's 225 horsepower V6 engine.
5In 1988, Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micromotor, which was 100 microns across7, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettl's group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory.
6Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom. Among other things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. Futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and repair damaged cells.
词汇：
shuffle /‘??fl/ v．来回运动
molten / ‘m??lt?n/ adj．溶化的
droplet / ‘dr?pl?t/ n．小滴
nanoconveyor n．纳米传送带
bump / b?mp / v．碰撞
sop / s?p / v．吸入
microwatt / ‘ma?kr?(?)w?t / n．微瓦
nanomachine n．纳米机器
nanometer / ‘n?n??mi:t?(r)/ n．纳米，微毫米
micromotor n．微电机
nanotube n．纳米管
nanotechnology n．纳米技术
mimic / ‘m?m?k / v．模仿
stroke / str??k / n．行程，冲程
nanomotor n．纳米发动机
注释：
1．ever：比以往任何时候，曾经。如：This is the best book I have ever read.这是我读过的书中最好的一本。
2．power stroke：动力行程
3．at small scales：在小等级上。这里指的是―在纳米等级上‖。
4．it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor：与电动机的小等级相比，功率是相当可观了。in relation to是―与……相比‖。如：The city is quite large in relation to its
population.就人口而言，这个城市相当的大。
5．setup：装置。这里指nanomotor。
6．If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine：如果纳米电动机能按比例放大到汽车发动机的尺寸。scale ... up to是―把……按比例放大到……‖。
7．across：从一端到另一端
练习：
1．Paragraph 2 _____
2．Paragraph 4 _____
3．Paragraph 5 _____
4．Paragraph 6 _____
5．Doctors envision that the nanomotor would travel through human bodies to _____. 6．Surface tension means the tendency of atoms or molecules to _____. 7．Nanoconveyors could be used to _____.
8．Applying a small electric current causes atoms to _____.
2014年职称英语教材理工类概括大意与完成句子
第十一篇：The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World
答案与题解：
1．E第二段介绍了纳米发动机的工作原理。两小滴金属熔液通上微弱电流，大的小滴的原子就会缓慢逸出，加入小的小滴，后者体积不断增大，到一定阶段，就会与前者碰撞，这时，大的小滴便夺回它失去的原子，这就是一次power stroke（动力行程，动力冲程），此时就会产生发动机的动力。原子如此来来去去运动，就像发动机活塞一样。这就是纳米发动机的工作原理。所以，E是答案。
2．B第四段描述了纳米发动机的功率（20微瓦）和体积（200纳米）。选项B用―A descr iption of the nanomotor in terms of power and size‖概括本段大意，很准确，所以B是答案。
3．D第五段介绍了发明纳米发动机之前的一些纳米等级的机械产品，如体积大一些的纳米发动机，微型发动机，纳米传送带，纳米机器等。选项D概括了本段的大意，所以是答案。
4．F第六段预想了纳米发动机的用途，如用于光电路以改变光的方向（redirect light）和驱动纳米机器进入人体，消灭病灶。选项F是答案，因为―Possible fields of application in the future‖概括了本段的大意。
5．A答案是A。题干出现doctors envision，选项的内容应与医学有关，选项A是remove disease，正好与题干的内容相配，是答案。短文第一段和最后一段也提到纳米发动机进入人体消灭病灶的可能性，证明选A是正确的。
6．B选B的依据是第三段第一句―surface tension—the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating—becomes more important a t small scales‖。
7．F题干的nanoconveyor提示我们，纳米传送带的功能自然是传送纳米等级的物体，所以F是答案。
8．C题干的Applying a small electric current ...在第二段能找到，该段讲的是纳米发动机的工作原理。如果了解原子在两小滴金属熔液中来回运动，产生动力，就会知道C是答案。
第12 篇A Strong Greenhouse Gas
1.Methane is a colorless, odorless gas; it is also a potent greenhouse gas, and once released into the atmosphere, it absorbs heat radiating from Earth‘s surface. That‘s why methane is a major contributor to the planet‘s increasing temperature rise—or global warming. Molecule for molecule, methane‘s heat-trapping power in the atmosphere is 21 times stronger than carbon dioxide, the most abundant greenhouse gas.
2.With 13 billion cows belching almost constantly around the world (100 million in the U.S. alone), it‘s no surprise that methane released by livestock is one of the chief global sources of the gas. Other prime methane sources: petroleum, drilling, coal mining, solid-waste landfills and wetlands.
3.Greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide make up only a small part of Earth‘s atmosphere, w hich is 78 percent nitrogen and nearly 21 percent oxygen. And without greenhouse gases to trap the sun‘s heat and warm the planet, life was we know it couldn‘t exist. But in the last 200 years, human activity that requires burning oil, natural gas, and coa l for energy has magnified the greenhouse effect.
4.Atmospheric concentrations of methane have more than doubled in the last two centuries. Blame for this often focuses on big industries and gas-guzzling vehicles. But agriculture plays a major role, too. In the past 40 years alone, the global cattle population has doubled.
5.Cows munch mostly grasses and hay—yet they grow big and hefty. Why? Because of the rumen. The rumen holds 160 liters of food and billions of microbes. These microscopic bacteria and protozoa break down cellulose and fiber into digestible nutrients. A cow couldn‘t live without its microbes. As the microbes digest cellulose, they release methane. The process occu rs in all animals with a rumen (cows, sheep, and goats, for example), and it makes them very gassy. It‘s part of their normal digestion process. When they chew their cud, they regurgitate some food to rechew it, and all this gas comes out. the average cow expels 600 liters of methane a day.
6.That‘s why we say livestock gas is also a major factor of causing the global warming.
词汇：
methane 甲烷munch 用力咀嚼
odorless 无味的hefty 健壮的
potent 强有力的rumen 瘤胃
belch 打嗝protozoa 原生动物(复数)
livestock 家畜，牲畜cellulose 纤维素
landfill 埋填的废渣nutrient 有营养的
magnify 扩大cud 反刍的食物
guzzle 大量消耗(燃料等) regurgitate 反刍
注释：
1.once released into the atmosphere…：一旦(甲烷)释放到大气中……once released into the atmosphere相当于once methane is released into the atmosphere。
2.Molecule for molecule，molecule's heat-trapping power in the atmosphere is 21 times stron ger than carbon dioxide…：按分子与分子对比，甲烷在大气中吸热的能力比二氧化碳强20倍……介词for表示―对比或比例关系‖。
3.without greenhouse gases…life as we know it could'n't exist：没有温室气体……我们所知道的生命就不能生存。本句中，life是主语。as从句中的it指代life。
4.Atmospheric concentrations of methane：甲烷在大气中的浓度。
练习：
1.Paragraph 1 _____
2.Paragraph 2 _____
3.Paragraph 4 _____
4.Paragraph 5 _____
A. Life of Microscopic Bacteria in Livestock‘s Rumen
B. Ways to Reduce Methane‘s Heat-trapping Power
C. Agriculture Also Contributes to Increased Concentrations of Methane in the Atmosphere
D. Why Livestock Releases Methane
E. Methane as a Strong Greenhouse Gas
F. Livestock as a Prime Factor of the Greenhouse Effect
5.Methane is ___________ to the intensifying greenhouse effect.
6.Greenhouse gases are indispensable to mankind, but the problem mankind is faced with is ___________.
7.Generally people heap criticism on __________ for the planet‘s temperature rise.
8.Nothing has been mentioned in the passage about __________.
A one of the major contributors
B the ever-increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases
C big and hefty cows
D livestock‘s normal digestion process
E how to cut down the cattle populations
F big industries and gas-guzzling vehicles
答案与题解:
1. E本段的第三句点出了methane‘s heat-trapping power in the atmosphere is 21 times stronger than carbon dioxide。
2. F 本段要表达的中心意思是：livestock排出的甲烷也是温室效应的一个主要源头。
3. C本段表达的重点是用but转折的段后两句。
4. D 本段从科学的角度分析反刍动物为什么会释放出甲烷。
5. A 选A的依据在第一段的第二句和昀后一句。
6.B 选B的依据在第三段的第二句、第三句和第四段的第一句。这三个句子先后介绍了下列观点：没有温室气体，生物不能生存;人类燃烧能源，加剧温室效应;大气甲烷含量增加一倍。
7. F 第四段第二句直接谈到这个问题。人们常常将不断加剧的温室效应归罪于大工业和汽车，而cattle释放甲烷的因素被忽略了。
8. E 选项E是本文没有提到的内容，也就是说，其他五个选项的内容文章部有涉及。
第13篇Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu
1If a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case1.
2But it's a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with2 preliminary guidelines. "We don't want people wearing them everywhere," said the CDC. "The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure."
3When that's not possible3, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First, you're healthy and can't avoid going to a crowded place. Second, you're sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking on you4. Third, you live with someone who's sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.
4Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.
5During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren't masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway5 instead.
6Nor does flu only spread through the air6. Say7 someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole8. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you've been exposed. It's harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.
7Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.
词汇：
furiously 强烈地outbreak (疾病的)暴发
pandemic 全国流行的(疾病);n.大流行，大传染病
mutate 变异strain 菌株virus-laden 充满细菌的
sneeze 打喷嚏don 穿上
doorknob 门把手germy 带有细菌的
注释：
1.just in case：就是为了预防万一
2.came up with：(针对问题、挑战)提出
3.When that‘s not possible：在无法做到的情况下。When从句中的that替代上一段的avoid exposure。
4.such as a family member checking on you：例如你的家庭成员来检查你的病情
5.subway：(美)地铁。英国英语的地铁是underground. subway在英国英语中是―(通过马路的)地下人行通道‖。
6.Nor does flu only spread through the air：流感不仅仅通过空气传染。nor用于句首时，句子的谓语动词要倒装。如：He does not speak Russian. Nor do I.他不会说俄语，我也不会。
7.Say：比如说
8.subway pole：地铁车厢竖杆扶手
练习：
1.Paragraph 2 _________.
2.Paragraph 3 _________.
3.Paragraph 5 _________.
4.Paragraph 6 _________.
A Reasons for Excluding Masks from the Self-protection List
B Effort to Stop Flu from Spreading
C When to Use Face Masks
D Guidelines on Mask Use
E Warnings from the CDC
F Danger of Infection through Germy Hands and Masks
5.The scientists are trying to find out if masks may or may not _________.
6.The CDC is afraid that the public may _________.
7.The public will not know the answer about masks until scientists _________.
8.We can infer from the passage that the US authorities _________.
A overuse face masks
B deal with the mask problem seriously
C rub their faces and noses in the subway
D protest against the mask guidelines
E help protect people from being attacked by a flu
F announce the results of their mask research
答案与题解：
1.D第二段说美国疾病控制和预防中心出台口罩使用原则，防止公众过度使用口罩。选项D是答案。
2.C第三段是对第二段的口罩使用原则作细节描述，谈及三种情况下可以使用口罩。选项C的―When to use masks‖概括了本段的大意，因此是答案。
3.A第五段列举了流感期间自我保护的几条意见，最重要两条是不要到人多的地方去和远离流感病人。使用口罩并没有列入自我保护的几条意见中。后半段解释说，如果列人可能会产生弊病。选项A的―Reasons for excluding masks from the self-protection list‖概括了本段的大意，所以是答案。
4.F第六段的中心思想是说流感不仅仅是通过空气传染，触摸也是传染的一个途径。带有流感病毒的手和口罩也是传染病毒的中介源。选项F概括了本段的大意，所以是答案。
5.E第一段和第七段都谈到科学家正在进行有关口罩能否保护个人免受流感感染的研究。很明显，E是答案。
6.A第二段说CDC出台了指导原则，其中一个重要目的是防止公众过度使用口罩。原句是：―We don‘t want people wearing th em everywhere‖。选项A是答案。
7.F与题干有关的内容在第七段能够找到。根据该段所表达的意思，F是答案。
8.B authorities是―政府部门‖。美国有关部门出台了一份包括口罩使用在内的指导原则，又有科学家对口罩的使用问题进行专项研究，应该说工作是严肃认真的。题干接上选项B的―deal with the mask problem seriously‖就表达了这层意思。B是答案。
第14篇The Magic Io Personal Digital Pen
1Check out the io Personal Digital Pen launched by Logitech：It‘s a magic pen that can store everything you write and transfer it to your computer. And you don‘t have to lug a hand-held device along with you for it to work.1 2Logitech‘s technology works like this：The pen writes normally, using normal ballpoint pen ink2. But while you are writing, a tiny camera inside the pen is also taking 100 snapshots per second of what you are doing3, mapping your writing via a patchwork of minute dots printed on the paper. All this information—the movement of your pen on the paper, basically — is then stored digitally inside the pen, whether you are writing notes or drawing complex diagrams. You can store up to 40 pages worth of doodles in the pen‘s memory. As far as you a re concerned4, you are just using a normal pen.
3It is only when you drop the pen into its PC-connected cradle that the fun begins. Special software on your PC will figure out what you have done, and begin to download any documents you have written since the last time it was there. Depending on whether you have ticked certain boxes on the special notepad, it can also tell whether the document is destined to be an e-mail, a ―to do‖ task, or a diagram to be inserted into a word-processing document. Once the documents are downloaded you can view them, print them out or convert them to other formats.
4The io Personal Digital Pen is a neat and simple solution to the problem of storing, sharing and retrieving handwritten notes, as well as for handling diagrams, pictures and other non-text doodling. You don‘t have to carry a laptop along with you. All you have to do is just whip out the pen and the special paper and you are off5.
5It is a great product because it does not force you to work differently—walking around with a screen strapped to your arm, or carrying with you extra bits and pieces. The pen is light and works like a normal pen if you need it to, while the special
notepads look and feel like notepads. The only strange looks will be from people who are curious why you are writing with a cigar.
6The io Personal Digital Pen also has potential elsewhere. FedEx6, for example, is introducing a version of the pen so that customers can fill out forms by hand — instead of punching letters into cumbersome devices. Once that data is digital more or less anything can be done with it —transferring it wirelessly to a central computer, for example, or via a hand-phone. Doctors could transmit their prescriptions direct to pharmacies, reducing fraud; policemen could send their reports back to the station, reducing paperwork.
词汇：
lug 吃力地携带snapshot快照patchwork 拼凑的东西，杂絵
doodle 信手写就的资料cradle 座，支架download 下载
tick 打上小记号notepad 记事本destined 预定的
laptop 笔记本电脑，膝上电脑whip 猛地拔出strap 用带扣住
cumbersome 麻烦的
pharmacy 药房
注释：
1.And you don‘t have to lug a hand-held device along with you for it to work：to work是动词不定式，用作目的状语，修饰lugb for it是work的逻辑主语。it指代io Personal Digital Pen。
2.ballpoint pen ink：圆珠笔墨水
3.a tiny camera inside the pen is also taking 100 snapshots per second of what you are doing：is also taking 100 snapshots 和of what you are doing之间插入了per second。
4.As far as you are concerned：就你而言
5.…you are off：……你就能开始工作了
6.FedEx：联邦快递公司
练习：
1.Paragraph 2 _________.
2.Paragraph 3 _________.
3.Paragraph 5 _________.
4.Paragraph 6 _________.
A A Friendly and Convenient Device
B Ways to Download the Stored Information
C Examples of Other Potential Applications of the Io Pen
D Customers‘ Passion for the Io Pen
E FedEx the First User of the Io Pen
F Working Principles of the Io Personal Digital Pen
5.There is no need to learn how to use the io Personal Digital Pen because _________.
6.If you want to download what you have done with the magic pen, _________.
7.The magic pen is particularly convenient when you work away from home or office because _________.
8.No matter what you write or draw, _________
A you don‘t have to carry your laptop along
B the information will be shown digitally on the pen
C FedEx has special software to store your information
D it works like an ordinary pen
E you simply place the pen into its computer-connected cradle
F the movement of your pen is recorded digitally inside the pen
答案与题解：
1.F第二段介绍神奇笔的工作原理。笔内装有一个摄像头，把写的字或画的图转换为数码，存储在笔内的记忆装置里。
2.B第三段介绍把神奇笔存储的信息下载到电脑中的过程，其中很重要的一个设备是将笔与电脑相连接的cradle(笔座)。
3.A第五段介绍神奇笔的优越性，使用的方式和使用普通笔一样，不用携带显示屏，不用带附件。所以，这段的
内容可以概括为A friendly and convenient device。
4.C最后一段列举了有可能使用神奇笔的其他地方。
5.D文章中多处都提到the io Personal Digital Pen用起来很方便，普通的笔怎么用，the io Personal Digital Pen也怎么用。因此，it works like an ordinary pen是答案。
6.E download和使用cradle的内容可在第三段第一句、第二句中找到。
7.A题干中的convenient和when you work away from home or office提示我们要选A。第五段第一句说，外出时不用携带显示屏或附件。
8.F第二段第三句是选F的依据。
第15篇Maglev Trains
1 A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation 1 , which means that these trains float over a guide way using the basic principles of magnets to replace the old steel wheel and track trains.
2 If you've ever played with magnets, you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other2. This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion. Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary. You can easily create a small electromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA-cell battery3. This creates a small magnetic field. If you disconnect either end of the wire from the battery, the magnetic field is taken away.
3The magnetic field created in this wire-and-battery experiment is the simple idea behind a maglev train rail system. There are three components to this system: A large electrical power source, metal coils lining a guide way or track, and large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train.
4The big difference between a maglev train and a conventional train is that maglev trains do not have an engine -- at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks4. The engine for maglev trains is rather innoticeable. Instead of using fossil fuels, the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combines to propel the trains5.
5The magnetized coil running along the track, called a guideway, repels the large magnets on the train's undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate between 1 to 10 cm above the guideway. Once the train is levitated, power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push~ th train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guideway walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.
6Maglev trains float on a cushion of air', eliminating friction. This lack of friction allows these trains to reach unprecedented ground transportation speeds of more than 500 kph, or twice as fast as the fastest conventional train. At 500 kph, you could travel from Paris to Rome in just over two hours.
词汇：
Levitate v. 悬浮electrified v. 使带电
Levitation n. 悬浮magnetize v. 使带磁
guideway n. 导向槽line v.排列成行
propelb vt. 推进underside n.下侧，下面
propulsion n. 推进undercarriage n. 车盘
注释:
1. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation :maglev 是magnetic levitation 的缩略词。
2. opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other: 异极相吸，同极相斥
3. AA-cell battery:5号电池
4. at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks: 至少不是沿着轨道拉动典型的火车车厢的那种发动机。
5. the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combine to propel the train: 由嵌入导向壁内的电磁线圈产生的磁场加上轨道，一起推动火车前进。The magnetic field 和the track 是句子主语，created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls 是过去分词短语，用作定语，修饰the magnetic field.
练习:
1. Paragraph 3
2. Paragraph 4
3. Paragraph 5
4. Paragraph 6
A The Main Components of the Maglev Train System
B High-speed Maglev due to Zero Friction
C The Working Principle of the Maglev Train
D Differences between Polarity and Magnetic Field
E Comparison of Maglev Trains with Traditional Ones
F Maglev with a Powerful Motor
5. Several countries in the world are using strong electromagnets
6. You can connect a wire to the positive and negative ends of a battery .
7. A unique system of magnetic fields is created by the coils
8. The frictionless maglev train enables you
A to develop a maglev train rail system
B To explain why maglev trains are faster
C to pull and push the train forward
D to create a magnetic field
E to experiment with the maglev train
F to travel from Paris to Rome in about two hours
答案与题解：
1. A 第三段了举了磁浮列车的三个组成部分，动力源、金属线圈和此贴。选项A 概括了第三段列的内容。
2. E 第四段就磁浮列车和传统火车进行了比较：磁浮列车没有发动机而传统火车有发动机。选项C用comparsion 来概括是准确的。
3. C 第五段比较详细的介绍了为什么磁浮列车会向前运动，也就揭示了磁浮列车的工作原理。
4. B 在第五段解释了磁浮列车浮起和向前运动的原理之后，作者在第六段中进行了磁浮列车速度奇快的原因：去除了传统火车的车轮于铁轨的摩擦。
5. A 选A 的依据是本文第一段第一句：A few countries using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains.
6.D第二段说，把电线与干电池相连接就能产生一个小磁场，而磁浮列车的运动原理与此相同。第二段第四句是选择D的依据。
7. C第五段的第二句，即―0nce the train is le vitated，power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guideway‖，是选择c的依据。
8.F本文最后一句举出坐上时速500公里的磁浮列车从巴黎到罗马只需约2小时这个例子来说明磁浮列车速度之快。
阅读理解：34. Batteries Built by Viruses 病毒电池
What do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It's no wonder that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds.
水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病，病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though. In Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful 'in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries.
然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些疾病携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they
know about biology, technology and production techniques.
病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉?贝尔彻来说却并不陌生，安吉拉?贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。
Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang, an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery. "We're working on things we traditionally don't associate with nature," says Hammond.
贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉?哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈蒙德说，“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。
Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A, C and D batteries in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However, every year, new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink, ordinary batteries won't be small enough to fit inside.
许多电池已经很小了。A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。
The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now, Belcher's model battery a metallic disk completely built by viruses, looks like a regular watch battery. But inside, its components are very small -- so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.
理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。目前，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小一一小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。
How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is – pretty thin, right? Although the width of each person's hair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts, side to side, across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses.
这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发可以让你对这个尺寸有个形象的认识。把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度一一是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。这些微电池可能会改变我们对病毒的看法。
1.According to the first paragraph，people try to
A.kill microorganisms related to chicken pox，the flu，etc.
B.keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible.
C.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.
D.cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines.
2.What is Belcher‘s team doing at present?
A.It is finding ways to get rid of viruses..
B.It is mass-producing microbatteries.
C.It is making batteries with viruses.
D.It is analyzing virus genes.
3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word "shrink" appearing in paragraph 5 ?
A.Broaden.
B.Spread.
C.Extend.
D.Expand.
4.Which of the following is true of Belcher‘s battery mentioned in paragraph 6?
A.It is made of metal.
B.It is a kind of watch battery.
C.It can only be seen with a microscope.
D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.
5.How tiny is one battery part?
A.Its width is one tonth of a hair.
B.It equals the width of a hair.
C.It is as thin as a piece of paper.
D.Its width is too tiny to measure.
35.Putting Plants to Work
植物效能
Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels for decades. But plants are the real experts: They've been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.
太阳能的使用已经不足为奇。几十年前，人们就开始使用太阳能计算器，制造太阳能电热板镶嵌的建筑。但是植物当属应用太阳能的专家：十亿年来，植物一直把阳光作为能源资源。
Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis. Unfortunately, unless you're a plant, it's difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That's why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.
绿叶植物细胞的工作就像微型加工厂一样，将阳光，二氧化碳和水转化为糖和淀粉，并且同时储存植物本身所需的能量。这种转换过程叫做光合作用。可惜你不是一株植物，必须困难的并且花上大价钱将阳光转换为稳定的能源。因此，科学家们正在对植株进行准确细致的研究。
Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as miniature photosynthetic power stations. For example, Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo．, is working with green algae. She's trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.
一些科学家正试图像植物的作用过程一样，将植物，或生物的细胞活动看做微型光合发电站。例如，玛丽亚?奇若蒂在美国科罗拉多州的国家可再生能源实验室里对绿藻进行研究。她正想方设法的通过植物的产生氢来取代光合作用产生的糖。一旦研究人员了解藻类如何有效率的进行工作，由此产生的氢气可用于燃料电池动力汽车和发电。
The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. "But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen, Ghirardi says. For example, algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It's the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.
在实验室里，藻类在狭窄的颈玻璃瓶里生长、产生氢气。在光合作用下，植物通常产生糖类或淀粉。“但在一定条件下，有很多藻类能够利用日光能源产生氢气而不是储存淀。”奇.若蒂说。例如，藻类会在空气存在环境下产生氢气。这是因为空气中的氧气，氧阻止绿藻制造氢。
Working in an airfree environment, however, is difficult. It's not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present.
藻类在空气中虽然可以工作，但是充满困难。这种方式不能切实可行的生产廉价的能源。但是奇若蒂和她的同事们已经发现，即使在目前的空气条件下，他们从藻类生长的环境中，除去所谓的硫酸化学品，能够产生氢来代替糖。
Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells' activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.
只可惜消除硫酸盐不仅使藻类细胞的工作速度减慢，而且大大减少了氢的数量。尽管如此，研究人员认为，对于实现有效率的利用藻类产生氢这一目标，他们已经迈出了第一步。随着工作量的加大，他们可以加速细胞的活动，从而产生大量的氢气。
The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed,
大连理工大学山上礼堂常用数据一览舞台 舞台上方横幅尺寸：14M*1M, 在12M范围内刻字（相应的舞台宽是14.2M） 舞台两侧台口竖条长：7.2M。 舞台背景喷绘尺寸：13M*6.5M (12M*6M) 后台左右两扇门的尺寸：130*225 cm 后台两侧的横梁：2.9M 舞台上左右两个音箱的尺寸：115*60 cm 从观众席向背景喷绘方向，左右两边依次是 红幕 绿幕1 绿幕2 绿幕3 粉幕 背景喷绘 其中：绿幕1紧贴红幕；绿幕3紧贴粉幕 红幕——圆弧形舞台边缘的最远点：3M 绿幕1——绿幕2距离: 175cm 绿幕2——粉幕距离：240cm 绿幕3——背景喷绘距离：680cm 观众席 观众席2楼（舞台对面）横幅15M 观众席两边竖条幅（即XX学院祝大会圆满成功的位置）尺寸：0.9*7.5M 一楼观众席，俯视的话可以分成六个区域 舞台
123 456 调音台 区域一：14排12列161个座位 区域二：14排17列251个座位（678排嘉宾席49个座）区域三：14排12列161个座位 区域四：10排12列120个座位 区域五：10排17列165个座位 区域六：10排12列120个座位 二楼观众席，俯视的话可以分成四个区域 舞台 12 34 调音台 区域一：6排22列115个座位 区域二：6排22列114个座位 区域三、四：8排22列400个座位 注：区域边缘呈锯齿状 前厅 前厅两侧宣传栏尺寸1.14M*3.94M 前厅柱子间距4.93M 前厅瓷砖壁画尺寸6.2M * 2.4M 礼堂正门 注：礼堂正面有四个竖直的突出部分，称为“柱子” 楼前中间柱子之间的间距5.8M 楼前两边柱子之间的间距12.4M
2015职称英语综合类B级真题及答案 第1部分词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定一个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D .sensible 2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. accept B. control C. observe D. regulate 3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A limit B. fear C. power D. fool 4. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. destiny D. refusal 5. She's extremely competent and industrious. A. hardworking B. honest C. objective D. independent 6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A. hide B .handle C. disclose D. establish 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. clear B. share C. gather D. spare 8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. punishment C. guilt D. obligation 9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A. flexible B. terrible C. reasonable D. serious 10. These products are inferior to those we brought last year. A. poorer than B. narrower than C. larger than D. richer than 11. The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. A. improved B. changed C. worsened D. developed 12. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. A. coexisting B. fair C. full D .pubic 13. They're petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport. A. requesting B.planning C. preparing D. looking 14. He said some harsh words about his brother. A. unkind B. proper C. normal D. unclear 15. We were attracted by the lure of quick money. A. amount B. supply C. sum D. temp 第2部分: 阅读判断(第16-22题,每题1分,共7分) 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A: 如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B; 如果该句的信息问中没有提及，请选择C。 Living History at Jamestown Settlement A woman in Native American clothes is sitting in the sun, sewing a dress from skin. Inside a building, a colonist is making a wooden chair, using very simple tools. And all around, tourists are taking pictures with their digital (数码的) cameras. This is Jamestown Settlement today.
香港各大学2001年度排名榜 最佳会计/专业会计(BEST ACCOUNTING/ PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANCY) 香港理工大学(The Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 最佳人类学/人文科学(BEST ANTHROPOLOGY/ HUMANITIES) 香港中文大学(The Chinese University of Hong Kong ) 最佳建筑学(BEST ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES ) 香港大学(The University of Hong Kong ) 最佳文学(BEST ARTS ) 香港中文大学(The Chinese University of Hong Kong ) 最佳生物学/应用生物(BEST BIOLOGY/ APPLIED BIOLOGY ) 香港科技大学(The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ) 最佳生物化学(BEST BIOCHEMISTRY ) 香港中文大学(The Chinese University of Hong Kong ) 最佳工商管理学(BEST BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ) 香港中文大学(The Chinese University of Hong Kong ) 最佳屋宇设备工程学(BEST BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERING ) 香港理工大学(The Hong Kong Polytechnic University ) 最佳化学/应用化学/化学科技(BEST CHEMISTRY/ APPLIED CHEMISTRY/ CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY ) 香港大学(The University of Hong Kong ) 最佳中国语文及文学(文学学士) (BEST CHINESE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (BA) ) 香港中文大学(The Chinese University of Hong Kong) 最佳教育(中文) (BEST EDUCATION) (CHINESE) 香港中文大学( The Chinese University of Hong Kong) 最佳教育(英文) (BEST EDUCATION) (ENGLISH) 香港大学(The University of Hong Kong ) 最佳中医(BEST CHINESE MEDICINE) 香港中文大学(The Chinese University of Hong Kong) 最佳土木工程学(BEST CIVIL ENGINEERING)
１ 作业二十五 稳恒磁场（一） 25-1． 127.210(T) B j -=? 12129.6107.210(T)B i j --=-?+? 25-2． 002I B L π=，方向与水平线成45度角，指向右上方。 25-3.（1）021 12()4I R R B R R μ-=，方向垂直纸面向外。 （2）2221()2I m R R π= -，方向垂直纸面向内。 25-4．（1 ）01(22I B R μπ=，方向垂直纸面向内。 （2 ）00(262I I B R R μμπ=2＋，方向垂直纸面向内。 25-5. 2429.3410(A m ) 12.53(T)m B -=??= 25-6. 66.3710(T)B -=?，方向垂直纸面向外。 作业二十六 稳恒磁场（二） 26-1. 02I B x μπ=，Φ=0。 26-2. 22 2m v e B πΦ= 26-3. I l B 0d μ=?? . 26-4. 66210ln3 2.1910(Wb)--Φ=??≈? 26-5. 2202200()()()2() ()2r a I r a B a r b r b a I r b r μπμπ??≤?-?=≤≤?-??≥?? 26-6.解：（1）20 2110()()20 ()r D NI B D r D r r D μπ?? ；
２ （2）d d Bh r Φ= 0102 d ln 2NIh D N D μπΦ Φ=Φ=? 26-7. 沿磁感应线做一圆柱形高斯面，由高斯定理d 0S B S ?=??，当?S 很小时， 可得B 1＝B 2 ，即同一条磁感应线上的B 相等； 用安培环路定理，由于回路当中不包围电流，则有 0d 0L B l I μ∑?==?， 所以3434=0=B l B l B B -→。由此证明题设。 作业二十七 稳恒磁场(三) 27-1. 0e m v mv B qR eR ==，方向垂直纸面向里。0 2T R t v π== 27-2. F IRB =，方向垂直纸面向里 27-3．（1）ab 两点间的电势差，b 点电势高。（2）41.0710(/)d v m s -∴=?。 （3）2835.8410(m )n -=? 27-4. (1) M m B =?，12M Il l B =，方向向上。 (2 ) 12A l = 27-5.做负功。电流同向，三条导线间是吸引力，由d d A F r =?可知，o 处导线给b 导线的作用力与 径向平行, 当将b 处导线沿切向移动到c 处时，该磁力不做功。 但该导线相对于a 处导线，距离增加，需要克服相互之间的吸引力（磁力）做负功。 27-6.不能，因为： B v q f ?= 带电粒子所受的磁场力始终与运动速度垂直，所以它只改变速度的 方向，不能改变速度的大小，因而不能改变粒子的动能。随时间变化的磁场会产生感应电动势，它有可能增大粒子的动能。 作业二十八 稳恒磁场(四) 28-1．(C) 28-2．不能。介质中的安培环路定理说明定理的左端，即H 的环流只与传导电流有关，与分子电流无
大连理工大学2017年研究生矩阵与数值分析考试 考试日期：2017年6月5日 一、填空题（50分，每空2分） 1.a=0.3000经过四舍五入具有4位有效数字，则 x a a -≤，ln ln x a -≤ 2.已知X=(1,5,12)T ，Y=(1,0,a)T ，则由X 映射到Y 的Householder 矩阵为：，计算||H||2=，cond 2(H)= 3.根据3次样条函数的性质（后面-前面=a （x-x0）3），一个求其中的参数b== 4.2 '3u u t =，写出隐式Euler 格式： 梯形法格式： 5.已知A=XX T ，其中X 为n 维列向量，则||A||2=，||A||F =，矩阵序列的极限：2lim k k A A →∞?? ? ? ?? = 6.A=LU ，其解为x ，写出一步迭代后的改善格式： 7. 531A -?? ? = ? ?-?? ，请问通过幂法与反幂法计算出的特征值分别是， 8.1111A ?? ?= ? ??? ，sin A =，823A A A +-=，At e =，d d At e t =，2 1At e dt ?= 9. ()()()()2 1 2 012f x dx A f A f A f =++?是Newton-cotes 公式，则1 A =，具有代数精度= 10. f(x)=7x 7+6x 6+…+x ，f[20,21,22….,28]= 11. 0.40.200.5A ??= ???，1 k k A ∞=∑= 12.f(0)=1,f(1)=-1,f(2)=1,f(3)=19,请问对该节点进行插值后最高次的系数= 还有2空没有回忆出来，但是比上面题目还简单，因此不用担心。 二、121232352A -?? ?=-- ? ?--??，121b ?? ? = ? ?-?? （1）计算LU 分解 （2）利用LU 求逆矩阵 （3）写出G-S 格式（12分）
2015职称英语综合类B级真题答案(词汇选项) 第1部分词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定一个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D .sensible 2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. accept B. control C. observe D. regulate 3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A limit B. fear C. power D. fool 4. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. destiny D. refusal 5. She's extremely competent and industrious. A. hardworking B. honest C. objective D. independent 6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A. hide B .handle C. disclose D. establish 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. clear B. share C. gather D. spare 8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. punishment C. guilt D. obligation 9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A. flexible B. terrible C. reasonable D. serious
2015港校招生政策最新解读 招生类型 港校内地招生分为两大类：一类港校是通过高考统一招生，包括：香港城市大学、香港中文大学，这类学校的报考和内地众多大学的报考流程一样，考生只需要在高考后上网填报志愿即可，高考前并不需要再另外填写申请表。 另一类港校则是通过自主招生录取，包括：香港科技大学，岭南大学，香港大学，香港公开大学，香港教育学院，香港浸会大学，香港理工大学，香港树仁大学，香港演艺学院，香港珠海学院。这类学校要求，申请人除了参加高考以外，高考前，考生还需要在学校规定的时间段内，向学校提出额外的报名申请。 报考香港城市大学及香港中文大学不需要参加面试环节，而除了这两所港校，其他大多数港校都将设立面试环节，且从各个方面考察学生的综合素质，难度不小，建议考生提前准备。 招生计划 部分港校已明确提出招生名额要求，其中香港科技大学以择优方式录取，并非采取计划招生，各省市招生名额不设上下限。2015年招生名额约150人； 2015 年香港城市大学在31 个省市区的本科招生总数为208 名。分省分学院招生计划以及相关说明将分别由高招办或考试院统一向社会公布； 香港大学2015年度内地本科生入学计划预计招收不超过300名学生，各省市不设名额上限，择优录取； 香港理工大学2015-16年度在内地的招生名额约为290名。 香港高校招收内地本科生始于1998年。目前，香港招收内地自费本科生（全日制）的院校有12所：香港大学、香港中文大学、香港理工大学、香港科技大学、香港城市大学、香港浸会大学、岭南大学、香港教育学院、香港公开大学、香港演艺学院、香港树仁大学、珠海学院，招生流程分为两种：港校自主招生录取流程与统招提前批次录取流程。 港校自主招生录取流程 包括香港大学、香港理工大学、香港科技大学在内的多所港校，采用港校自主招生方式，面向内地录取本科学生。港校自主招生过程独立于统招，不会影响统招志愿的填报与录取。 第一步报考这些院校学生，须到相应港校官方网站进行在线报名，并缴纳申请费。报名通常截止于六月初，有意报考港校的考生和家长一定注意不要错过报名时间。 第二步此类港校内地招生需参考高考成绩，因此报名之后学生需按时参加内地高考，然后集中准备港校面试，静待面试通知。在得知高考成绩之后，报考香港理工大学和香港科技大学的考生，须登入港校网上入学申请系统，自行输入高考成绩。 第三步多数港校录取过程设有面试环节，考察考生的综合素质。各大港校将于六月中、
2015年高考重庆理综化学试题解析 1．中华民族有着光辉灿烂的发明史，下列发明创造不涉及化学反应的是 A．用胆矾炼铜B．用铁矿石炼铁 C．烧结粘土制陶瓷D．打磨磁石制指南针 D 解析：考察化学变化与物理变化的概念。打磨磁石制指南针，没有新物质生成，是物理变化。选择D。 2．下列说法正确的是 A．I的原子半径大于Br，HI比HBr的热稳定性强 B．P的非金属性强于Si，H3PO4比H2SiO3的酸性强 C．Al2O3和MgO均可与NaOH溶液反应 D．SO2和SO3混合气体通入Ba(NO3)2溶液可得到BaSO3和BaSO4 B 解析：考察元素周期律与元素及其化合物知识。A，稳定性：HBr>HI；B，P、Si同周期，酸性：H3PO4>H2SiO3；C，MgO不与NaOH溶液反应；D，考虑，硝酸氧化二氧化硫，只产生BaSO4沉淀。选择B。 3．下列说法正确的是 A．稀醋酸中加入少量醋酸钠能增大醋酸的电离程度 B．25℃时，等体积等浓度的硝酸与氨水混合后，溶液pH=7 C．25℃时，0.1mol·L－1的硫化氢溶液比等浓度的硫化钠溶液的导电能力弱 D．0. 1mol AgCl和0.1molAgI混合后加入1L水中，所得溶液中c(Cl－)=c(I－) C 解析：考察离子平衡。A，醋酸属于弱酸，加入少量醋酸钠抑制了醋酸的电离，错误；B，恰好反应生成硝酸铵，属于强酸弱碱盐，溶液PH<7,错误；C，硫化氢属于弱酸，硫化钠属于强电解质，等浓度的硫化氢溶液比等浓度的硫化钠溶液中离子浓度小，导电能力弱，正确；D，AgCl和AgI的K sp不相等，c(Cl－)不等于c(I－)，错误；选择C。 4．下列实验中，所使用的装置(夹持装置略)、试剂和操作方法都正确的是
作业 10 稳恒磁场四 1. 载流长直螺线管内充满相对磁导率为 r 的均匀抗磁质，则螺线管内中部的磁感应强度B 和磁场强度 H 的关系是 [ ] 。 A. B 0 H B. B r H C. B 0H D. B 0 H 答案：【 D 】 解：对于非铁磁质，电磁感应强度与磁场强度成正比关系 B r H 抗磁质： r 1，所以， B H 2. 在稳恒磁场中，关于磁场强度 H 的下列几种说法中正确的是 [] 。 A. H 仅与传导电流有关。 B. 若闭合曲线内没有包围传导电流，则曲线上各点的 H 必为零。 C.若闭合曲线上各点 H 均为零，则该曲线所包围传导电流的代数和为零。 D.以闭合曲线 L 为边界的任意曲面的 H 通量相等。 答案：【 C 】 解：安培环路定理 H dl I 0 ，是说：磁场强度 H 的闭合回路的线积分只与传导电流 L 有关，并不是说：磁场强度 H 本身只与传导电流有关。 A 错。 闭合曲线内没有包围传导电流，只能得到：磁场强度 H 的闭合回路的线积分为零。并 不能说：磁场强度 H 本身在曲线上各点必为零。 B 错。 高斯定理 B dS 0 ，是说：穿过闭合曲面，场感应强度 B 的通量为零，或者说， . S 以闭合曲线 L 为边界的任意曲面的 B 通量相等。对于磁场强度 H ，没有这样的高斯定理。 不能说，穿过闭合曲面，场感应强度 H 的通量为零。 D 错。 安培环路定理 H dl I 0 ，是说：磁场强度 H 的闭合回路的线积分等于闭合回路 L 包围的电流的代数和。 C 正确。 抗磁质和铁磁质的 B H 曲线，则 Oa 表示 3. 图 11-1 种三条曲线分别为顺磁质、 ； Ob 表示 ； Oc 表示 。 答案：铁磁质；顺磁质； 抗磁质。 4. 某铁磁质的磁滞回线如图 11-2 所示，则 图中 Ob （或 Ob ' ）表示 ； Oc （或 Oc ' ）表示 。 答案：剩磁；矫顽力。
2015职称英语综合类C真题及答案(完整版)第1部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词语或短语画有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1 Railways are the most important mode of transport for the economy. A way B factor C objective D source 2 The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A message B punishment C guilt D obligation 3 He said some harsh words about his brother. A proper B normal C unclear D unkind 4 I am going as a favor to Ann because I have to. A partner B help C drive D guide 5 We need to identify the potential problem. A man B possible C immediate D common 6 When did you first encounter these difficulties? A create B experience C present D resolve 7 Don’ｔ tempt thieves by leaving valuable clearly visible. A attract B alarm C catch D spot 8 There is a need for radical changes in education.
电化学知识专题 高考重要考点 1、原电池、电解池的原理； 2、电化学的应用（电镀池、氯碱工业、粗铜精炼、金属的电化学防护等） 一、原电池、电解池、电镀池的比较 二、原电池正负极的判断 1、由组成原电池两极的电极材料判断，如果两极是由活泼性不同的金属作电极时，一般情况下相对活泼 的金属是负极，活泼性较弱的金属是正极（注：此判定为默许规则，一定要注意实际情况，如：Mg—Al—NaOH，Al才是负极；Al—Cu—浓硝酸，Cu才是负极）；如果是由金属和非金属导体(或金属氧化物导体)作电极，金属是负极，非金属导体(或金属氧化物导体)是正极。 2、根据氧化反应、还原反应发生的位置判定，发生氧化反应的极(或在该极处失电子)为负极，即（负失氧)； 发生还原反应的极(或在该极处得电子)为正极，即（正得还）。 3、根据电子流出或电流流入的电极为负极，相反为正极。 4、根据原电池里电解质溶液内离子流动方向判断：阳离子移向的极为正极，阴离子移向的极为负极。 5、根据原电池的两极发生的现象判断。溶解或质量减轻的电极为负极，有气体或金属析出的电极为正极。 三、常见的几类电池 1、锌—锰干电池，以NH4Cl为电解质溶液的电极反应式： 负极：Zn —2e- ＝Zn2+正极：2MnO2 ＋2NH4+ ＋2e- ＝Mn2O3＋2NH3↑＋H2O 总反应：Zn ＋2MnO2 ＋2NH4+ ＝Zn2+ ＋Mn2O3 ＋2NH3 ↑＋H2O 2、碱性电池具有容量大、放电电流大的特点，因而得到广泛应用。锌—锰碱性电池以氢氧化钾溶液为电解液， 电池总反应式为：Zn(s)＋2MnO2(s)＋H2O(l)＝Zn(OH)2(s)＋Mn2O3(s) 则下列说法错误的是( ) A.电池工作时，锌失去电子，电极反应式为：Zn ＋2OH－—2e- ＝Zn(OH)2(s) B.电池正极的电极反应式为：2MnO2(s) ＋H2O(l) ＋2e-＝Mn2O3(s)＋2OH－（aq) C.电池工作时，电子由正极通过外电路流向负极 D.外电路中每通过0.2 mol电子，锌的质量理论上减小6.5 g
2015年职称英语考试综合类B 级试题及参考答案
2015职称英语综合类B级真题答案(词汇选项) 第1部分词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定一个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D .sensible 2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. accept B. control C. observe D. regulate 3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A limit B. fear C. power D. fool 4. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. destiny D. refusal 5. She's extremely competent and industrious. A. hardworking B. honest C. objective D. independent 6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A. hide B .handle C. disclose D. establish 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. clear B. share C. gather D. spare 8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. punishment C. guilt D. obligation 9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A. flexible B. terrible C. reasonable D. serious
海淀区高三年级第一学期期末练习 化 学 2015．1.22 本试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分，共8页。满分100分。考 试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡和答题纸上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束时，将本试卷、答题卡和答题纸一并交回。 可能用到的相对原子质量：H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Cl 35.5 Ag 108 第I 卷（选择题，共42分） 本卷共14道小题，每小题3分，共42分。请在每小题列出的4个选项中，选出符合题目 要求的1个选项。 1．下列与金属腐蚀有关的说法中，不．正确．． 的是 A ．钢铁在潮湿空气中生锈属于电化学腐蚀 B ．电化学腐蚀一般可分为吸氧腐蚀和析氢腐蚀 C ．金属腐蚀的本质是金属原子失去电子被氧化的过程 D ．铝具有很强的抗腐蚀能力，是因为其不易与氧气发生反应 2．下列关于材料的说法中，正确的是 A ．光导纤维是信息社会必不可少的有机合成材料 B ．棉布、羊毛和涤纶燃烧后都只生成二氧化碳和水 C ．航天飞机上的陶瓷防护片属于新型无机非金属材料 D ．食品保鲜膜、塑料水杯等生活用品的主要成分是聚氯乙烯 3．下列说法正确的是 A ．2-甲基丙烷的一氯取代物有两种 B ．OH 和CH 2OH 互为同系物 C ．顺-2-丁烯与反-2-丁烯与氢气加成的产物不相同 D ．CH 3CH CH CH 332H 5的名称为2-甲基-3-乙基丁烷 4．下列变化必须加入氧化剂才能实现的是 A ．Cr 2O 72- → CrO 42- B ．HNO 3 → NO 2 C ．SiO 2 → Si D ．CH 3CH 2OH → CH 3CHO 5．下列事实对应的化学用语正确的是 A ．金属钠加入滴有酚酞的水中，溶液变红：Na + 2H 2O === Na + + 2OH - + H 2↑ B ．用NaOH 溶液吸收多余的氯气：Cl 2 + 2OH - === Cl - + ClO -+ H 2O C ．将NaHCO 3溶液和过量Ca(OH)2溶液混合有白色沉淀： 2HCO 3- + Ca 2+ + 2OH - === CaCO 3↓ + 2H 2O + CO 32- D ．将醋酸溶液滴到大理石上有气泡产生：2H + + CaCO 3 === CO 2↑+ Ca 2+ + H 2O
它们的静电能之间的关系是[ ]。 .A 球体的静电能等于球面的静电能 .B 球体的静电能大于球面的静电能 .C 球体的静电能小于面的静电能 .D 球体内的静电能大于球面内的静电能，球体外的静电能小于球面外的静电能 答案：【B 】 解：设带电量为Q 、半径为R ，球体的电荷体密度为ρ。 由高斯定理，可以求得两种电荷分布的电场强度分布 02 2επQ E r S d E S ==??? ，2 002r Q E επ= 对于球体电荷分布： 03223402 03 1>==ερεπρ πr r r E ，（R r <）；2022r Q E επ=，（R r >）。 对于球壳电荷分布： 0/1=E ，（R r <）；2 0/ 22r Q E επ= ，（R r >）。 可见，球外：两种电荷分布下，电场强度相等；球内：球体电荷分布，有电场，球壳电荷分 布无电场。 静电场能量密度202 1 E εω= 两球外面的场强相同，分布区域相同，故外面静电能相同；而球体(并不是导体)内部也有电荷分布，也是场分布，故也有静电能。所以球体电荷分布时，球内的静电场能量，大于球面电荷分布时，球内的静电场能量；球体电荷分布时，球外的静电场能量，等于球面电荷分布时，球外的静电场能量。 2．1C 和2C 两空气电容器串联起来接上电源充电，然后将电源断开，再把一电介质板插入1C 中，如图6-1所示，则[ ]。 .A 1C 两端电势差减少，2C 两端电势差增大 .B 1C 两端电势差减少，2C 两端电势差不变 .C 1C 两端电势差增大，2C 两端电势差减小 .D 1C 两端电势差增大，2C 两端电势差不变 答案：【B 】 解：电源接通时，给两个串联的电容器充电。充电量是相同的，是为Q 。则两个电容器的电压分别为 11C Q U = ，2 2C Q U = 电源断开后，1C 插入电介质，两个电容器的电量不变，仍然都是Q 。但1C 的电容增大，因此1C 两端的电压降低；而2C 不变，因此，2C 两端的电压不变。 3．一平行板电容器，板间相距d ，两板间电势差为U ，一个质量为m ，电荷为e -的电子，从负极板由静止开始向正极板运动，它所需的时间为[ ]。
大连理工大学软件学院数据库 Intermediate SQL-2 上机答案 你的下载是我上传的动力,请不要吝啬一个财富值 Intermediate SQL-2 Using the university schema that you have write the following queries. In some cases you might need to insert extra data to show the effect of a particular feature. Recommendation: With clause is strongly recommended for simplifying the query. 1. Find the courses which have been offered for 2 years at least and have sections in spring, 2010. For each course as such, information displayed should involve: * Identifier of course(i.e. the primary key for section) * Title of the course * Number of instructors who in charge of teaching the course in spring ,2010 * Total salary all over the instructors who in charge of teaching the course in spring ,2010 * Total credit hours performed per week( Note: 1 credit hour equals to 50 minutes). 2. USE outer join to construct the following query Find all information for student registration and course offered.
2015年职称英语《综合类A级》真题及答案 第一部分：词汇选项(第1-15题。每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1.This was disaster on a comic scale. A.medest https://www.doczj.com/doc/9e3302517.html,mercial C.huge D.national 【参考答案】C 2.New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity. A.amazing B.depressing C.predictable D.dull 【参考答案】D 3.A person's wealth is ofen in inverse proportion to their happiness. A.equal B.certain https://www.doczj.com/doc/9e3302517.html,rge D.oppsite 【参考答案】D 4.His professional career spanned 16years. A.started B.changed https://www.doczj.com/doc/9e3302517.html,sted
D.moved 【参考答案】C 5.The symptoms of the disease manfested themselves ten days later. A.eased B.improved C.relieved D.appeared 【参考答案】D 6.The group does not advocate the use of violence A.limit B.support C.regulate D.oppose 【参考答案】B 7.She tell that she had done her good deed for the day. A.act B.homework C.jusuce D.model 【参考答案】A 8.Some of the larget bieds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes. A.motionless B.sitent C.seated D.true
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第1部分：词汇选项（第1?15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. control B. observe C. regulate D. accept 2.She showed a natural aptitude for the work. A. sense B. talent C. flavor D. taste 3. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. refusal D. destiny 4. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D. sensible 5.They were locked in mortal combat. A. deadly B. open C. actual D. active 6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money. A. amount B. supply C. tempt D. sum 7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent. A. clear B. necessary C. special D. correct 8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling. A. service B. danger C. disorder D. threat 9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish. A. survive B. last C. die D. move 10.There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. A. fair B. full C. coexisting D. public 11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture. A. policy B. value C. equality D. integration 12. A salesman?s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers. A. principal B. official C. simple D. legal 13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A. silence B. praise C. assure D. complain 14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fear. A. emotional B. nervous C. terrible D. continuous 15.The starving children were a pathetic sight. A. common B. unexpected C. unforgettable D. pitiful 第2部分：阅读判断（第16?22题，每题1分，共7分） 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 Cities “Worse to Live in Than 20 Years Ago One thousand people were surveyed about a range of issues which affect cities, and the remarkable findings show that life in today?s mega-cities is so stressful that at least two-thirds of those currently living in big cities would like to relocate to the countryside or a small town. The stress of the getting from A to B in big cities is at the top of the list of problems. For many people, the daily commute (通勤）to work is a source of frustration. 40% of the people in the survey have suffered from road rage while stuck in traffic on the way to work. The cost of public