2015年职称英语理工类新增文章及翻译
第四部分阅读理解 (106)
第九篇 An Essential Scientific Process (122)
* 第二十二篇 Real-World Robots (147)
第五部分补全短文 (207)
第五篇 A Record-Breaking Rover (212)
* 第九篇 Lightening Strikes (218)
+ 第十三篇 Affectionate Androids (224)
第九篇An Essential Scientific Process
All life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.
The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.
If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere wo uld no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.
词汇：
nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止
注释：1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。
练习：
1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means
A heavy.
B extra.
C green.
D liquid.
2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata?
A Carbon dioxide.
B Water vapor.
C Oxygen.
D Food.
3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to
A photosynthesis.
B the formation of glucose.
C global warming.
D water getting to the roots of plants.
4．This passage is primarily developed by
A explaining a process .
B telling a story.
C comparing and contrasting.
D convincing the reader of plants’ importance. 5．Another good title for this passage would be
A Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.
B Plants and Their Roots.
C How Photosynthesis Works.
D Why Our Earth Needs Water.
答案与题解：
1．B前文讲到，植物产生的氧气一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，因此可以推测这句话的意思应该是剩余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。excess在句中的意思是“超额的”，与extra“额外的”意思相近。
2．D从第三段的第一、二句得知，二氧化碳、氧气和水蒸气都能从气孔中通过，唯一一个没有提到的是food“养分、食物”，因此该题选D项。
3．A文章通篇都在讲Photosynthesis，即光合作頌钠作用和重要性，文章结尾又重申了Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet，因此选A项。B项是光合作用的一个部分，C、D项则毫不相干。
4．A文章先是介绍了进行光合作用所需的原料和组织，又介绍了光合作用的过程，因此整个逻辑应该是解释过程，而不是讲故事或比较对比。D项是“向读者说明植物的重要性”，这确实是文章的一个目的，但不是文章的组织方式。
5．C文章的主题是光合作用的基本原理，因此选项C。A、B项在文中有提及，但不是主旨，D项与本文无关。
*第二十二篇Real World Robots
When you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerou s functions usually performed by humans. T oday’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a
computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.
A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjust s the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.
词汇：envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读
artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线incline v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的
注释：1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路……
2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。
练习：
1．Another good title for this passage would be
A Robots: Taking the Place of Humans.
B Artificial Intelligence Programs.
C Today’s Robots and How They Function.
D Modern-Day Sensors.
2．Artificial intelligence is
A the unnatural way in which robots move.
B a voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks.
C sensors such as antennae and a gyroscope.
D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.
3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be
A more humanlike in behavior and actions.
B more like automatic machines.
C better able to move on inclines.
D better equipped with laser light sensors. 4．The writer begins the passage by comparing
A the shape of a human being with a box.
B a modem robot with a fictional robot.
C an imaginary machine with a human.
D a computer program with artificial intelligence. 5．The word humanoid means
A lacking human characteristics.
B anything having the appearance of a humanoid.
C being void or vacant.
D having a human form or characteristics.
答案与题解：
1．C从文中得知，文章主要介绍了机器人和它们的运行方式，因此选择C选项。
2．D Artificial是“人工”的意思，intelligence是“智能”的意思。另外从文中得知，机器人使用artificial intelligence能够进行与人类类似的推理分析等活动，因此可知它是一种类似人类智能的计算机程序。
3．A最后一段讲机器人的发展方向是更加智能，能够自己判断并修正行为，而不仅仅是完成重复性的工作。
4．B文章开头的时候作者让读者描述他们脑海中的机器人概念，并随后介绍了实际的机器人是怎样的，因此选择B选项。
5．D从humanoid的词根human可看出这个词是形容与人类有关的特征。另外根据文章对这个词的描述可以得出这个词是表示和人类类似的特征，不管是外形上，还是行为方式上。第五篇 A Record-Breaking Rover
NASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. ____1____
On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.
“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,” s ays John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.
____2____ “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”OPPORTUNITY
The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. ____3____
Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks. During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. ____4____
MARATHON ROVER
The rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. ____5____ Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Oppor tunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.
词汇：Mars rover n. 火星车panoramic adj. 全景的
odometer n. 里程计rack up v. 积累microscopic adj. 微观的
注释1．could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment：含有与火星早期环境有关的线索。
练习：
A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.
B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.
D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.
E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.
F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.
答案与题解：
1．F前文讲“机遇号”在距离上比之前的任何漫游车行进的距离都长，因此接下来应该讨论关于行进距离的问题。
2．B前文引入了一个新人物John Callas，而后文是他说的一些话，因此这里应该填写的内容是对这个人的进一步介绍。
3．E前文讲了同时被送入太空的两台漫游车“机遇号”和“勇气号”，因此下文应该对它们的情况进行介绍，而关于发射目的的介绍在这里是合适的。
4．A前文讲到“机遇号”给地面传回了许多照片，而选项A中讲到它还给地面传回了许多其他信息，在这里是一致的。
5．C前文讲漫游车在行进到26.2英里的时候会到达一个地点，而后文提到了马拉松谷这个地方，因此这里应该是关于这个地点的介绍。
第九篇Lightening Strikes
Three years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling th e terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1____ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.
Lightnin g is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2____ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.
____3____ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.
Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ____4____ The best place to be is inside a car!
The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.
Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. ____5____
Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.
词汇：bolt n. （闪电）道sheer adj. 绝对的resuscitate v. 使复苏flock n. 群
rubble n. 碎石spire n. 尖顶，尖塔instantaneously adv. 即刻，突如其来地
注释：1．she has been a strictly fair weather golfer：她变成了一个只在晴朗天气才打高尔夫的人。2．Animals are victims of lightning too：动物也会受到雷击的伤害。
练习：
A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.
B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.
C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.
D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.
E Occasionally there are warning signs.
F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.
答案与题解：
1．D前文讲到“我”被爆炸击中，因此后文要讲被击昏然后醒来之后的事，D项符合。2．A前文讲闪电是大自然绝对力量最可怕的展现方式之一，而宙斯在古希腊是力量的化身，古希腊人认为雷电产生的原因是宙斯发怒并投掷闪电。
3．E后文讲到闪电来临之前的一些征兆，还讲到有一种产品可以预告闪电。此处要填的是该段的主题句，即闪电到来之前会有一些征兆。
4．B前面讲到在高尔夫球场上被雷击的一个事例，后文讲闪电来临之时最安全的地方是汽车里，因此要填的句子应该是讲在高尔夫球场不安全。
5．F前文讲Harold因为雷击丧失了感受温度的能力，F选项中关于他再也不怕冬天的寒冷的描述符合要求。
+第十三篇Affectionate Androids
Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. ____1____Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2____ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3____ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.____4____ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person
and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. ____5____People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.
词汇：affectionate adj. 深情的；dexterity n. 灵巧，敏捷；anthropomorphize v. 赋于人性，人格化；grumpy adj. 脾气暴躁的；cyber adj. 计算机的；tend v. 照料；bot n. 机器人；subservient adj. 屈从的，奉承的；
注释：1．Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn：计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。
练习：
A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.
B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.
C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.
D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.
E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.
F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.
答案与题解：1．C前文讲到David在书中认为人与机器人的关系在几十年后将变得普遍，因此接下来应该继续讲这种普遍性是怎样的。2．F前文讲在圣地亚哥的一个实验，研究人员将机器人放在儿童游乐园里，要填的句子应该是介绍这个机器人。3．E前文提了几个问题，是关于我们对人与机器人关系的看法，而后文讲“他们”会乐于接受，因此要填的句子应该是两类人的对比。E项讲我们这一代人可能会反对，但下一代人就不一定了，符合意思。4．B前文讲有人和宠物发展深厚关系，后面讲的是与机器人发展深厚关系的吸引人之处，因此这里应该讲机器人做伴侣的好处。5．D前文讲好朋友会在你犯错的时候指出来，这里应该是表示对比——机器人不会这么做。
2015年职称英语理工类B级考试真题 第一部分：词汇选项 1.The organization was bold enough to face the press. A.pleased B.powerful C.brave D.sensible 参考答案：C 2.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A.accept B.control C.observe D.regulate 参考答案：A 3.I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A.limit B.fear C.power D.fool 参考答案：B 4.Most people find rejection hard to accept. A.excuse B.client C.destiny D.refusal 参考答案：D 5.She's extremely competent and industrious. A.hardworking B.honest C.objective D.independent 参考答案：A 6.The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A.hide B.handle C.disclose D.establish 参考答案：C 7.He tried to assemble his thoughts. A.clear B.share C.gather D.spare 参考答案：C
8.The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A.message B.punishment C.guilt D.obligation 参考答案：B 9.Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A.flexible B.terrible C.reasonable D.serious 参考答案：B 10.These products are inferior to those we brought last year. A.poorer than B.narrower than https://www.doczj.com/doc/9f2473359.html,rger than D.richer than 参考答案：A 11.The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. A.improved B.changed C.worsened D.developed 参考答案：C 12.There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. A.coexisting B.fair C.full D.pubic 参考答案：A 13.They're petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport. A.requesting B.planning C.preparing D.looking 参考答案：A 14.He said some harsh words about his brother. A.unkind B.proper C.normal D.unclear 参考答案：A 15.We were attracted by the lure of quick money. A.amount
2019年中石油职称英语新版选读文章系列(26) The Moon-Riddle from the Past月球-来自远古之谜 1. Spacecraft from the United States and from Russia have been to the moon,and men have walked upon its surface. Rock and soil samples and information of many other kinds have become available in recent years. Yet with all we know about the moon,there is even more that we don't know. 1、美国和俄国的宇宙飞船都已经到达过月球，而且人类也在它的表面上行走过。月球上的岩石和土壤的样本，以及很多其它类型的信息，近些年来已经为人们所知所用了。不过除了我们所知道的关于月球的那些外，还有更多是我们不知道的。 2. Following the end of the Apollo space program,the National Geographic Society published an excellent set of articles about the moon. Here,in shorter form,are some questions and answers from one of these articles. For the full story,see the September,1973,issue of National Geographic. 2、在阿波罗太空计划结束后，国家地理协会出版了一组相关月球的极好文章。这里，以简短的形式截取了其中一篇文章重的部分问答。完整的内容，请见1973年九月发行的《国家地理》。 Were scientists right about what the moon would be like? 科学家关于“月球外貌”的描述是准确的吗? 3. Many were,of course,but many were mistaken. One said there was no lava on the moon. Another said that the moon material would explode as soon as an astronaut's boot touched it. One said there would certainly be water on the moon. Many
2015年全国职称英语考试理工类新增文章汇总 word版全网独一份 注：押题皇后王霞老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌 握。 2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
理工C阅读理解新增文章 第九篇An Essential Scientific Process All life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live. The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose. Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops. If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet. 词汇： nutrient n.营养物 organism n.生物体，有机体 carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳 chloroplast n.叶绿体 molecule n.分子 vapor n.水蒸气 oxygen n.氧气 photosynthesis n.光合作用 chlorophyll n.叶绿素 glucose n.葡萄糖 cease v.停止 注释： 1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。 练习： 1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means Aheavy. Bextra. Cgreen. Dliquid.
2015职称英语综合类B级真题答案(词汇选项) 第1部分词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定一个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D .sensible 2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. accept B. control C. observe D. regulate 3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A limit B. fear C. power D. fool 4. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. destiny D. refusal 5. She's extremely competent and industrious. A. hardworking B. honest C. objective D. independent 6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A. hide B .handle C. disclose D. establish 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. clear B. share C. gather D. spare 8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. punishment C. guilt D. obligation 9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A. flexible B. terrible C. reasonable D. serious
第三部分短文翻译参考译文 、级翻译 ：科研方法不过是人类思维活动必要方式的表达，只是对一切现象进行推理并给予精确严谨解释的方式。你们都多次听说过，科学家在工作中使用的是归纳法和演绎法。在某种意义上说，他们借助于这些方法设法从自然界中找出某些大协作规律，并根据这些规律建立起自己的理论。 ：创造性的思想不仅能产生出适合时代和环境要求而自身生存的因素，而且在环境改变的压力下，可以由新的形式取代旧的形式。例如，民主作为一种思想起源于古希腊，并从那里传播至西欧和美洲。但民主并没有保留古希腊的形式，而是经历了数次改革过程。实质上民主是动态发展的，且根据不同地区需求而改变。因此，民主政府在形式上各不相同。 ：在雇员经常变换工作的新时代，劳务市场上的新成员可望每十年变换一个职业，变换工作的频率甚至更高。这种遍及西方商界的劳动力的模式和流动形式，是一个新的发展趋势。其部分原因在于中间管理层逐步取消，致使越来越多的式人自己负责个人的发展。让工人承担自我发展的责任也许颇具戏剧性，但如今已成了准则。 ：由于工业发展水平和获取食物及原料能力的不同，各国政府对于人口增长的态度也不相同。在发展中国家，人口急剧膨胀对有限的食物、
空间和自然资源带来极大压力，因此，政府首先关注的是人口控制。在高度工业化的国家里，由于人口减少会导致市场萎缩和失业，政府很可能更愿看到人口缓慢增长。 ：谈判包括说服和妥协，但是为了参与其中任何一项活动，谈判者必须懂得如何在谈判的文化背景下说服对方和达成妥协，。导致跨文化误解的两个突出特点是美国谈判者的直截了当和缺乏耐心。他们经常打坚持实现短期目标。外国的谈判者可能会珍视与对手建立的联系，愿意投入时间，获取长期利益。 ：曾几何时，有人对计算机、未来和“无纸化办公”做过大胆的预测。然而，实际情况明显反映出计算机不仅没有减少纸张数量，相反却使之增加。目前由于高速打印机和复印机的出现，制作高质量纸张文档已变得极为容易。尽管诸如电子邮件那样的不以纸张形式出现的文档数量还在迅猛增长，但人们对纸张的需求却并没有因此减少，因此，人们认为至少在不久的将来，在即将到来的几十年中，纸将继续在办公室中扮演重要角色。 ：工作本身是复杂、有趣并具有挑战性的，但它并不局限于一个或几个生产线、市场、买方类型、市场管理技能或职能的专业化。你必须获取多方面的商业活动的知识，理解国内外政府的法律、政策和规章，敏锐地洞穴国际贸易行为，至少要深刻理解商法的几个组成部分。 ：如果生活中有一个导致成功的因素的话，那就是从挫折中吸取教训的能力。据我所知，一切成功的取得，都是因为当事人能够分析挫折，并在下一次的事业中实际地得益于上次的挫折。如果把挫折与失败混同
职称英语新增文章一 职称英语文章一 1. On the night of August 17, 1959, at about 20 minutes before midnight, the ground in the vicinity of Yellowstone National Park began shaking violently. At the time there was a rumbling sound, something like a huge truck would make. Both the heaving of the ground and the noise were very frightening but lasted not quite 45 seconds. 1、1959年8月17日的晚上，大约午夜前20分钟，黄石国家公园附近大地开始猛烈 摇动。同时，大地发出如同重型卡车发出的轰响。大地的升降和啸叫都令人非常害怕，但 是一切不超过45秒。 2. What was even more frightening was the sound of huge boulders which began rolling down the steep mountain. In one part of the upper reaches of the Madison River, a whole mountain began shifting, then came crashing down to fill the deep valley and dam the great river with millions of tons rock and trees. 2、更令人害怕的是巨石开始从陡峭的山上滚下来的声音。在麦迪生河上游的一条支 流处，一整座山开始移动，之后，它崩塌下来填满深深的山谷，上百万吨岩石和大树如坝 般阻挡住大河。 3. A dozen or more campers along the river were buried deep beneath the great landslide. Others were able to climb to safety, some of them badly hurt, but were trapped by the slide. Finally these people were saved, many of them by helicopter. 3、十几个，或许更多沿河的露营者被深埋在大滑坡下。幸存的野营者开始爬向较安 全的地方，其中一些人伤得很重，仍然不时陷入滑坡。最后这些人都获救了，其中多人得 救于直升飞机。 4. This earthquake near Yellowstone Park was just one of nearly a million that happen every year all over the world. And as bad as this quake was, many have been worse. Earthquake experts say that the Yellowstone quake of 1959 was about as bad as the one which hit San Francisco in 1906.But the San Francisco quake caused more damage because it struck in a place where there were so many people living. In San Francisco 700 person lost their lives. An earthquake in Japan in 1923 took 160,000 lives. In china in 1920 an earthquake took 200,000 lives. It is easy to understand why earthquake are so feared.
第五篇Tracking Down HIV In the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear. It was Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling and exhaustion. In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doctor had a T-cell count taken of the patient’s blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells. By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death toll was 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnormalities. People who had received blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July 1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), had been reported; 184 people had died. In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer, responsible for2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An international panel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected through blood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV through blood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.
2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案第一部分：词汇选项 1. The weather last summer was awful. A. bad B. fair C. dry D. hot 参考答案：A 2. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. guilt C. obligation D. punishment 参考答案：D 3. My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher. A. definitely B. generally C. certainly D. greatly 参考答案：D 4. There is a need for radical changes in education.
A. revolutionary B. long-term C. short-term D. systematic 参考答案：A 5. It frustrates me that I‘m not able to put any of my ideas into practice. A. discourages B. shows C. surprises D. frightens 参考答案：A 6. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A. limit B. fear C. power D. fool 参考答案：B 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. gather B. clear C. share D. spare
2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第六篇 第六篇 The Apgar Test The baby was bom at 3：36 p. m. At 3：37，she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At 3：41，she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad. Another baby, bom at 8：24 p. m.，scored 3 out of 10 on his first test He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8：34 and scored 5. 1 He called for help1. These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors diagnose problems. 2 Most babies take two tests. The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is less than 6，the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth. The Apgar t est is not an intelligence test. It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right after it is bom. The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate, and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0，1，or 2. 3
2015年职称英语考试综合类B 级试题及参考答案
2015职称英语综合类B级真题答案(词汇选项) 第1部分词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定一个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D .sensible 2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. accept B. control C. observe D. regulate 3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A limit B. fear C. power D. fool 4. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. destiny D. refusal 5. She's extremely competent and industrious. A. hardworking B. honest C. objective D. independent 6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A. hide B .handle C. disclose D. establish 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. clear B. share C. gather D. spare 8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. punishment C. guilt D. obligation 9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A. flexible B. terrible C. reasonable D. serious
2010年职称英语等级考试用书（理工类） 新增文章参考译文 第四部分阅读理解 第三篇 公民科学家 理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件——花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。 气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面——鸟儿、树木、花开等等——并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样，公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出几分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。 一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。“物候学”就是科学家们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。 其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们——这一计划对所有人开放——把他们的观察记录在花季追踪计划网站上。 “人们不需要是植物学家——他们仅仅需要环视四周看看周围有什么。”Jennifer
Schwartz说，她是这项计划的教育顾问。“通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有怎样的影响。” 第六篇 北极冰山融化 地球的北极和南极都以冰冷闻名。但是，去年北冰洋上的冰含量跌到了历史最低点。 正常情况下，每年冬天在北极附近的北冰洋开始结冰，并在夏天缩减。但是多年以来，在夏天结束时冰的含量在下降。 自从1979年以来，每l0年在夏季末的冰覆盖量都下降11.4％。在1981到2000年之间，北极冰的厚度下降了22％——变成了l.13米这么薄。 去年，北极的冰雪覆盖达到了最薄的程度。在2007年夏天快结束的时候，冰层已经缩减到只覆盖四百二十万平方公里。这比那年的平均覆盖面积少38％，比两年前最低记录少23％。这个持续的趋势令科学家们万分担忧。 冰雪融化有许多原因，话雅图华盛顿大学的海洋学家张金伦说，有许多原因导致了冰层融化。极不寻常的强风去年刮过大西洋，风把大西洋中部的冰散去，留下大面积的薄冰和没有冰覆盖的海面。 科学家们还怀疑在大西洋上空有比过去越来越少的云层。晴朗的天空使更多的阳光照射大西洋。升高的温度使水和空气都变温暖。在去年大西洋的部分海域，表面温度比平均温度高3.5摄氏度，比历史最高点还高l.5摄氏度。 由于空气和水都变暖，冰从上面和下面都开始融化。在波弗特海的部分海域，阿拉斯加的北部和加拿大的西部，夏天开始时冰的厚度为3.3米，但到了季末仅仅为50厘米。 新的测量表明，情况远远比科学家们仅仅从表面上看到的要严重得多，新罕布什尔州汉
Real World Robots When you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic devi ce having the same general shape as a human being, performin g humanlike functions, and responding to your questions i n a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, bu t in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a r obot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficien tly carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by huma ns. T o d a y’ s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one t ask again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varyin g degrees of artificial intelligence— that is, a robot contains a computer program that tell s it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning,drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience. A robot does not posses s a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A
2015职称英语综合类C真题及答案(完整版) 第1部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词语或短语画有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1 Railways are the most important mode of transport for the economy. A way B factor C objective D source 2 The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A message B punishment C guilt D obligation 3 He said some harsh words about his brother. A proper B normal C unclear D unkind 4 I am going as a favor to Ann because I have to. A partner B help C drive D guide 5 We need to identify the potential problem. A man B possible C immediate D common 6 When did you first encounter these difficulties? A create B experience C present D resolve 7 Don’t tempt thieves by leaving valuable clearly visible. A attract B alarm C catch D spot 8 There is a need for radical changes in education.
2015综合A真题及答案 第一部分词汇选项 1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class a. control b. observe c. regulate d. accept 2 .she showed a natural aptitude for the work. a. sense b. talent c. flavor d. taste 3. most people find rejection hard to accept. a. Excuse b. client c. refusal d. destiny 4. The organization was bold enough to face the press. a. Pleased b. powerful c. brave d. sensible 5. They were locked in mortal combat. a. Deadly b. open c. actual d. active 6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money. a. Amount b. supply c. tempt d. sum 7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent. a. Clear b. necessary c. special d. correct 8. The stock exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling. a. Service b. danger c. disorder d. threat 9 .He believed that Europe must change or it will perish. A. Survive b. last c. die d. move 10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. a. Fair b. full c. coexisting d. public 11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture. a. Policy b. value c. equality d. integration 12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers. a. Principal b. official c. simple d. legal 13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation. a. Silence b. praise c. assure d. complain 14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fear. a. Emotional b. nervous c. terrible d. continuous 15. The starving children were a pathetic sight. a. Common b. unexpected c. unforgettable d. pitiful
2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第十四篇 第十四篇 Primer on Smell In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us? Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are，” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. 1 “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell，，，says Reed. Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble — spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert，，，offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it. With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Let’s say, for example，that the smell is purple petunias. 2 Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor.