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Quantifying the spatial distribution of soil mass wasting processes after the 2008 earthquake in Wen

Quantifying the spatial distribution of soil mass wasting processes after the 2008 earthquake in Wen
Quantifying the spatial distribution of soil mass wasting processes after the 2008 earthquake in Wen

The beautiful Longmenshan area is one of the main tourist attractions in Sichuan Province, China. The epicenter of a catastrophic earthquake measured at 8.0 Ms (China Seismological Bureau), occurred within this area at Wenchuan (31°01′16″N, 103°22′01″E) at 14:28 May 12, 2008 (Beijing time). The earthquake triggered numerous types of landslide transport and hazards, including soil and debris avalanches, rockfalls, slumps, debris flows, creation of barrier lakes and slope flattenings. This paper examines the landslide hazards in the Longmenshan area caused by the earthquake using remotely sensed images, mainly Beijing-1 Microsatellite data before and after the earthquake, compared to digital elevation maps and slope gradient maps, land use and vegetation cover maps. Areas of erosion and loss of vegetation were compared from pre- and post-earthquake data, from which were calculated changes in vegetated areas, bare slopes, and mass movement during the earthquake. These events occurred over altitudes from 1000 to 4000 m and on slope angles between 25 and 55°. The results show that the total area of erosion and land movement due to the earthquake increased by 86.3 km2 (19.2% of the study area). Compared with pre-earthquake, the areas of very low intensity soil erosion and moderate intensity soil erosion were respectively reduced by 3.6 km2, 24.3 km2 and 30.9 km2. On the other hand, the areas of severe and very severe intensity soil erosion were substantially increased by 45.8 km2 and 99.2 km2. In the post-earthquake stage, the bare areas (vegetation cover < 15%) have increased by 65.8 km2. Without vegetation, the denuded earthquake damaged slopes and other high risk sites have become severe erosion problems. Thus, it is essential to continue long-term monitoring of mass wasting in the denuded areas and evaluate potential risk sites for future landslides and debris flows. We anticipate that these results will be helpful in decision making and policy planning for recovery and reconstruction in the earthquake-affected area.

Environmental attitudes of stakeholders and their perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts: A case study in China

Large numbers of people living in and around protected areas are highly dependent on the natural resources. However, simply excluding them from the area management has always inevitably resulted in conflicts. We conducted a case study of the Protected Area of Jinyun Mountain (PJM) in China to evaluate social context variables, environmental attitudes, and perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys administered to four stakeholder groups (i.e. local farmers, government staff, business persons, and tourists). A total of 112 questionnaires were completed in December 2008, after the Sichuan Earthquake. The questionnaire consisted of three parts, social context (gender, race, age, income, and education level), protected area-community conflicts, and environmental attitudes. The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scores, which were employed to evaluate environmental attitudes, differed significantly among the stakeholder groups (P < 0.01). Specifically, government staff reported the highest and business persons did the lowest. Among the five items evaluated, anti-exemptionalism received the lowest score, while nature’s balance did the highest. Evaluation of the protected area-community relationship indicated that harmony and conflict both exist in the PJM, but have different forms among different stakeholders, and seem to be opposite between government staff and local farmers. Among the indexes, tourism primarily contributed to the harmonious aspect, while collection of NTFPs did to the conflicting one. Conflict scores were positively related to age and negatively related to education level. Respondents with higher NEP

scores were more partial to the park management. Besides, the respondents with higher annual incomes tended to support the policy of harmonizing the relationship and lessening the harm of local communities to the area. To promote proenvironmental attitudes and alleviate the protected area-community conflicts, we recommend improving environmental education, establishing community co-management, and launching substitute sources of cash for traditional cultivation.

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采购合同 (Purchasing Contract) 合同编号(Contract NO.): 合同签订地点(Signed At):东营 签订时间(Date):年月日出卖人(Seller): 买受人(Buyer): 鉴于:根据【中华人民共和国合同法】及相关法律法规,本着平等自愿、等价有偿、诚实诚信的原则,经双方协商一致,订立本合同。 According to the Contract law of the People's Republic of China and relevant laws and regulations,we conclude the contract on the basis of equality, voluntariness,compensation of equal value and sincerity. 第一条标的、数量、价款及交(提)货时间 Item 1 (object)Quantity Price and Delivery time 物资编码名称及规格型号Commodity code and type 生产厂家 Manufacture r 计量单位 Unit 数量 Quantity 单价(元) Unit Price 总金额(元) Total Amount 备注 Note 不含税总金额(人民币) Total Amount (V AT excluded) 交提货时间、数量:年月日至年月日全部交货。 Delivery time: From to 第二条质量标准:标准代号、编号和标准名称:GB150-98. Item 2 Quality standard: standard code,serial number and standard name:GB150-98. 第三条出卖人对质量负责的条件及期限 Item 3 Conditions and time limits that Sellers shall be held responsibility for 1. 质量负责条件和期限按正常运行12个月止执行。 1. Quality responsible conditions and time limits shall not be valid until the product has been functioning properly for 12 months 2. 出卖人对标的物的质量负责,产品均附质检报告单,质量保证书。如果出卖人知道或 者应当知道所处卖产品存在质量缺陷,所承担的质量保证期限不受前款质量负责期限的约束,应依法承担相应责任。 2. Sellers shall be responsible for the quality of the marks.The products should include the Quality Inspection Report and Quality Guarantee.If the sellers know or should know the products they sell with defects in quality,the quality assurance time limits should not be subject to the previous quality responsibility deadline and they should be held due responsibility for it. 第四条包装标准:标准包装,产品所需包装由出卖人合理包装,适合水运和长途内陆运输,防潮,防湿,防锈,防震。 Item 4 Packaging standard: Standard packaging, the sellers should package the products properly, it should be suitable for shipment and long distance inland transportation. The packaging of the products should be resistant of dampness, moisture, rust and shock. 第五条随机的必备品、配件、技术资料、工具数量及供应方法:随设备交货一起交齐。 Item 5 The accompanied necessary materia l, accessories, technical information ,quantity of

Removed_气象要素和物理量定义

气象要素和物理量定义(搬自师姐处) lats4d -i your_input_file.nc -ftype sdf -o your_outpu_file -format grads_grib 1. 海平面气压P sea单位:百帕(hPa) 2. 等压面高度H 单位:位势米 3. 温度T 单位:摄氏度(?C);绝对温度(?K) 4. 东西风U单位:米/秒(m/s), 通常正值为西风,负值为东风。 5. 南北风V单位:米/秒(m/s),通常正值为南风,负值为北风。 6.垂直速度ω 单位:百帕/秒(hPa·s-1),天气尺度的量级一般为10-3。 ●物理意义ω=dP/dT为P坐标里的垂直速度,负值表示上升运动,正 值表示下沉运动 ●应用 一定强度的上升运动是形成降水的条件之一,通常是诊断预报大 雪、暴雨、强对流等天气的物理量之一。 7.散度D 常用的是水平风散度,D=?u/?x+?v/?y,单位:/秒(s-1)。 ●物理意义由于水平风的不均匀造成空气在单位时间单位面积上的相对膨胀率。 ●应用 在诊断降水预报中有很重要的作用,低空辐合高空辐散是构成 上升运动的充分和必要条件,此外水汽的汇合主要也是靠低空流场的辐 合。 8.涡度ζ常用的是p坐标中的水平风的涡度,也就是涡度的垂直分量 ζ=?v/?x-?u/?y。 ●物理意义单位面积内空气旋转速率的平均情况。ζ>0表示气旋式旋 转,ζ<0表示反气旋式旋转。单位:/秒(s-1),天气尺度的量级为

10-5。 ●应用 通常用来表征天气系统涡旋度之强度。 9.比湿q ●定义单位质量湿空气实际含有的水汽质量。单位:g/kg(克/千克)。 10.相对湿度RH ●定义实际空气的湿度与在同一温度下达到饱和状况时的湿度之比值。单位:% 11.水汽通量用来表示水汽水平输送的强度。 ●物理意义每秒钟对于垂直于风向的、一厘米宽、一百帕高的截面所 流过的水汽克数,它是一个向量,方向与风速相同。单位:克/厘米·百 帕·秒(g/cm·hPa·s)。 ●应用 通常用来判断水汽来源,水气的输送方向和强度以及与环流系 统的关系等。 12.水汽通量散度? ●定义单位时间、单位体积内辐合或辐散的水气量。单位:克/厘米 2·百帕·秒(g/cm2·hPa·s)。天气尺度量级为10-7-10-6。 ●应用 通常用来定量地判断水汽在某些地区的汇聚与辐合,是诊断降 水的条件之一。 13.假相当位温θse ●定义 空气微团绝热上升,将所含的水汽全部凝结放出,再干绝热下 降到1000百帕时的温度。单位:绝对温度(°K)。 ●应用 θse随高度的分布能反映气层对流性稳定的情况。当?θse /?z>0 时,气层上干下湿,呈对流性不稳定;当?θse /?z<0时,气层为上湿下干,呈对流性稳定。 14.涡度平流即涡度的水平输送, =-(uζ?/?x+vζ?/?y)。 ●物理意义表示相对涡度在水平方向上不均匀时,由于空气的水平运 动所引起的涡度局地变化。涡度平流的符号决定于涡度与风的水平分 布,其强度与涡度梯度和垂直于等涡度线的风速成正比。

房屋租赁合同中英文对照范本

房屋租赁合同LEASE CONTRACT-中英文对照 发布时间:2010-12-19 11:18:55 http: 本合同双方当事人 出租方(甲方): 承租方(乙方): 根据国家有关法律、法规和本市有关规定,甲、乙双方在平等自愿的基础上,经友好协商一致,就甲方将其合法拥有的房屋出租给乙方使用,乙方承租使用甲方房屋事宜,订立本合同。 一、建物地址 甲方将其所有的位于上海市区的房屋及其附属设施在良好状态下出租给乙方使用。 LEASE CONTRACT Lessor (hereinafter referred to as Party A): Lessee (hereinafter referred to as Party B): Party A and B have reached an agreement through friendly consultation to conclude thefollowing contract. 1.Location of the premises Party A will lease to Party B the premises and attached facilities owned by itself which is located at and in good condition for .

二、房屋面积 出租房屋的登记面积为平方米(建筑面积)。 三、租赁期限 租赁期限自____年__月__日起至____年__月__日止,为期年,甲方应于年月日将房屋腾空并交付乙方使用。 2.Size of the premises The registered size of the leased premises is __squaremeters (Gross size)。 3.Lease term The lease termwill be from(month)(day)(year) to_(month)___(day)___(year)。Party A will clear the premises and provide it to Party B for use before ___(month) ___(day)___(year)。 四、租金 1.数额: 双方商定租金为每月___元整(含管理费)。乙方以___形式支付给甲方. 2.租金按___月为壹期支付;第一期租金于___年___月___日以前付清;以后每期租金于每月的___日以前缴纳,先付后住(若乙方以汇款形式支付租金,则以汇出日为支付日,汇费由汇出方承担);甲方收到租金后予书面签收。 3.如乙方逾期支付租金超过七天,则每天以月租金的 0.3%支付滞纳金;如乙方逾期支付租金超过十天,则视为乙方自动退租,构成违约,甲方有权收回房屋,并追究乙方违约责任。 4.Rental

印尼环境法律和法规(英文版)

AMCHAM INDONESIA World Trade Center, 11th Floor Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav. 29-31, Jakarta 12920, Indonesia Tel: (62-21) 526-2860 Fax: (62-21) 526-2861 Email: info@amcham.or.id Website: www.amcham.or.id Clarification Brief/Working Paper Environmental Laws and Regulations Issue Summary Producing and distributing goods and services in an environmentally responsible manner is the primary objective of U.S. companies operating in Indonesia. American companies have a track record in effectively operating in complex and diverse regulatory environments and take pride in such leadership roles. Over the last 18 months, the Indonesian parliament has enacted several laws that impact how companies’ environmental performance shall be characterized, monitored and managed by regulatory bodies at the national, provincial and municipal levels. These laws, although good in their intent, raise a number of questions regarding their interpretation and implementation. The passing of Law 32/2009 (Environmental Protection and Management) and Law 18/2008 (Municipal Waste Management Act) brings about a number of implementing regulations, which are expected to provide guidance and clarity. This Clarification Brief/Working Paper (CB/WP) seeks clarification on the timing and format of consultation related to implementing regulations for Laws 32/2009 and 18/2008. More importantly, this CB/WP suggests clarification points to be inserted into such consultations, so key stakeholders engage in fruitful discussions that contribute to a greater understanding of and compliance with the law. Since AmCham represents a broad scope of industry sectors, the organization looks forward to the opportunity for engagement to ensure stakeholder concerns are considered. Objective In an effort to find a balance between environmental and social responsibility, economic development and operational efficiency, and under the provisions set forth by Law 32/2009 and Law 18/2008, AmCham seeks to work with the Indonesian government and other key stakeholders to develop a set of implementing regulations that support the intent of these laws within proposed guiding principles and objectives. Ultimately, AmCham seeks to contribute to regulations that promote clarity, transparency, consistency, efficiency and competitiveness. Position AmCham expresses the following concerns and hopes to work closely with relevant government authorities to address these concerns during development of the respective implementing regulations:

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