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rfc2799.Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers 2700-2799

Network Working Group S. Ginoza Request for Comments: 2799 ISI Category: Informational September 2000 Request for Comments Summary

RFC Numbers 2700-2799

Status of This Memo

This RFC is a slightly annotated list of the 100 RFCs from RFC 2700

through RFCs 2799. This is a status report on these RFCs. This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is

unlimited.

Note

Many RFCs, but not all, are Proposed Standards, Draft Standards, or

Standards. Since the status of these RFCs may change during the

standards processing, we note here only that they are on the

standards track. Please see the latest edition of "Internet Official Protocol Standards" for the current state and status of these RFCs.

In the following, RFCs on the standards track are marked [STANDARDS- TRACK].

RFC Author Date Title

--- ------ ---- -----

2799 Ginoza Request for Comments Summary

This memo.

2798 Smith Apr 2000 Definition of the

inetOrgPerson LDAP Object

Class

We define a new object class called inetOrgPerson for use in LDAP and X.500 directory services that extends the X.521 standard organizationalPerson class to meet these needs. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

Ginoza Informational [Page 1]

2797 Myers Apr 2000 Certificate Management

Messages over CMS

This document defines a Certificate Management protocol using CMS (CMC). [STANDARDS TRACK]

2796 Bates Apr 2000 BGP Route Reflection - An

Alternative to Full Mesh IBGP This document describes the use and design of a method known as "Route Reflection" to alleviate the the need for "full mesh" IBGP. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2795 Christey Mar 2000 The Infinite Monkey Protocol

Suite (IMPS)

This memo describes a protocol suite which supports an infinite number

of monkeys that sit at an infinite number of typewriters in order to determine when they have either produced the entire works of William Shakespeare or a good television show. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2794 Calhoun Mar 2000 Mobile IP Network Access

Identifier Extension for IPv4 Our proposal defines a way for the mobile node to identify itself, by including the NAI along with the Mobile IP Registration Request. This memo also updates RFC 2290 which specifies the Mobile-IPv4 Configuration option for IPCP, by allowing the Mobile Node’s Home Address field of

this option to be zero. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2793 Hellstrom May 2000 RTP Payload for Text

Conversation

This memo describes how to carry text conversation session contents in RTP packets. Text conversation session contents are specified in ITU-T Recommendation T.140. [STANDARDS TRACK]

Ginoza Informational [Page 2]

2792 Blaze Mar 2000 DSA and RSA Key and Signature

Encoding for the KeyNote Trust

Management System

This memo describes RSA and DSA key and signature encoding, and binary key encoding for version 2 of the KeyNote trust-management system. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2791 Yu Jul 2000 Scalable Routing Design

Principles

This document identifies major factors affecting routing scalability as well as basic principles of designing scalable routing for large networks. This memo provides information for the Internet community. 2790 Waldbusser Mar 2000 Host Resources MIB

This memo obsoletes RFC 1514, the "Host Resources MIB". This memo extends that specification by clarifying changes based on implementation and deployment experience and documenting the Host Resources MIB in

SMIv2 format while remaining semantically identical to the existing

SMIv1-based MIB. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2789 Freed Mar 2000 Mail Monitoring MIB

This memo defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in the Internet community. Specifically, this memo extends the basic Network Services Monitoring MIB defined in RFC 2788 [16] to allow monitoring of Message Transfer Agents (MTAs). It may also be used to monitor MTA components within gateways. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2788 Freed Mar 2000 Network Services Monitoring

MIB

This document defines a MIB which contains the elements common to the monitoring of any network service application. [STANDARDS TRACK]

Ginoza Informational [Page 3]

2787 Jewell Mar 2000 Definitions of Managed Objects

for the Virtual Router

Redundancy Protocol

This specification defines an extension to the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with SNMP-based network management. In particular,

it defines objects for configuring, monitoring, and controlling routers that employ the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP). [STANDARDS TRACK]

2786 St. Johns Mar 2000 Diffie-Helman USM Key

Management Information

Base and Textual Convention

This memo defines an experimental portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols the Internet community. In particular, it defines a textual convention for doing Diffie-Helman key agreement key exchanges an set of objects which extend the usmUserTable to permit the use of DH key exchange in addition to the key change method. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.

2785 Zuccherato Mar 2000 Methods for Avoiding the

"Small-Subgroup" Attacks on

the Diffie-Hellman Key

Agreement Method for S/MIME

This document will describe the situations relevant to implementations

of S/MIME version 3 in which protection is necessary and the methods

that can be used to prevent these attacks. This memo provides

information for the Internet community.

2784 Farinacci Mar 2000 Generic Routing Encapsulation

(GRE)

This document specifies a protocol for encapsulation of an arbitrary network layer protocol over another arbitrary network layer protocol. [STANDARDS TRACK]

Ginoza Informational [Page 4]

2783 Mogul Mar 2000 Pulse-Per-Second API for

UNIX-like Operating Systems,

Version 1.0

RFC 1589 did not define an API for managing the PPS facility, leaving implementors without a portable means for using PPS sources. This document specifies such an API. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2782 Gulbrandsen Feb 2000 A DNS RR for specifying the

location of services (DNS SRV) This document describes a DNS RR which specifies the location of the server(s) for a specific protocol and domain. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2781 Hoffman Feb 2000 UTF-16, an encoding of ISO

10646

This document describes the UTF-16 encoding of Unicode/ISO-10646, addresses the issues of serializing UTF-16 as an octet stream for transmission over the Internet, discusses MIME charset naming as described in [CHARSET-REG], and contains the registration for three MIME charset parameter values: UTF-16BE (big-endian), UTF-16LE (little-endian), and UTF-16. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2780 Bradner Mar 2000 IANA Allocation Guidelines For

Values In the Internet

Protocol and Related Headers

This memo provides guidance for the IANA to use in assigning parameters for fields in the IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, UDP and TCP protocol headers. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. 2779 Day Feb 2000 Instant Messaging / Presence

Protocol Requirements

This document defines a minimal set of requirements that IMPP must meet. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

Ginoza Informational [Page 5]

2778 Day Feb 2000 A Model for Presence and

Instant Messaging

This document defines an abstract model for a presence and instant messaging system. It defines the various entities involved, defines terminology, and outlines the services provided by the system. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2777 Eastlake Feb 2000 Publicly Verifiable Nomcom

Random Selection

This document describes a method for making random selections in such a way that the unbiased nature of the choice is publicly verifiable. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2776 Handley Feb 2000 Multicast-Scope Zone

Announcement Protocol (MZAP)

This document defines a protocol, the Multicast-Scope Zone Announcement Protocol (MZAP), for discovering the multicast administrative scope zones that are relevant at a particular location. [STANDARDS TRACK] 2775 Carpenter Feb 2000 Internet Transparency

This document describes the current state of the Internet from the architectural viewpoint, concentrating on issues of end-to-end

connectivity and transparency.

2774 Nielsen Feb 2000 An HTTP Extension Framework

This document describes a generic extension mechanism for HTTP, which is designed to address the tension between private agreement and public specification and to accommodate extension of applications using HTTP clients, servers, and proxies. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.

Ginoza Informational [Page 6]

2773 Housley Feb 2000 Encryption using KEA and

SKIPJACK

This document defines a method to encrypt a file transfer using the FTP specification STD 9, RFC 959, "File Transfer Protocol (FTP)", (October 1985) and RFC 2228, "FTP Security Extensions" (October 1997). This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.

2772 Rockell Feb 2000 6Bone Backbone Routing

Guidelines

This document provides a set of guidelines for all 6bone routing equipment operators to use as a reference for efficient and stable deployment of 6bone routing systems. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2771 Finlayson Feb 2000 An Abstract API for Multicast

Address Allocation

This document describes the "abstract service interface" for the dynamic multicast address allocation service, as seen by applications. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2770 Meyer Feb 2000 GLOP Addressing in 233/8

This describes an experimental policy for use of the class D address space using 233/8 as the experimental statically assigned subset of the class D address space. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.

2769 Villamizar Feb 2000 Routing Policy System

Replication

This document addresses the need to distribute data over multiple repositories and delegate authority for data subsets to other

repositories without compromising the authorization model established in Routing Policy System Security RFC. [STANDARDS TRACK]

Ginoza Informational [Page 7]

2768 Aiken Feb 2000 Network Policy and Services:

A Report of a Workshop on

Middleware

An ad hoc middleware workshop was held at the International Center for Advanced Internet Research in December 1998. The need for a more organized framework for middleware R&D was recognized, and a list of specific topics needing further work was identified. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2767 Tsuchiya Feb 2000 Dual Stack Hosts using the

"Bump-In-the-Stack" Technique

(BIS)

This memo proposes a mechanism of dual stack hosts using the technique called "Bump-in-the-Stack" in the IP security area. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2766 Tsirtsis Feb 2000 Network Address Translation -

Protocol Translation (NAT-PT) This document specifies an IPv4-to-IPv6 transition mechanism, in

addition to those already specified. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2765 Nordmark Feb 2000 Stateless IP/ICMP Translation

Algorithm (SIIT)

This document specifies a transition mechanism algorithm in addition to the mechanisms already specified. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2764 Gleeson Feb 2000 A Framework for IP Based

Virtual Private Networks

This document describes a framework for Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) running across IP backbones. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

Ginoza Informational [Page 8]

2763 Shen Feb 2000 Dynamic Hostname Exchange

Mechanism for IS-IS

This document defines a new TLV which allows the IS-IS routers to flood their name to system ID mapping information across the IS-IS network. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2762 Rosenberg Feb 2000 Sampling of the Group

Membership in RTP

This document discusses mechanisms for sampling of this group membership table in order to reduce the memory requirements. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.

2761 Dunn Feb 2000 Terminology for ATM

Benchmarking

This memo discusses and defines terms associated with performance benchmarking tests and the results of these tests in the context of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) based switching devices. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2760 Allman Feb 2000 Ongoing TCP Research Related

to Satellites

This document outlines possible TCP enhancements that may allow TCP to better utilize the available bandwidth provided by networks containing satellite links. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2759 Zorn Jan 2000 Microsoft PPP CHAP Extensions,

Version 2

This document describes version two of Microsoft’s PPP CHAP dialect

(MS-CHAP-V2). MS-CHAP-V2 is similar to, but incompatible with, MS-CHAP version one (MS-CHAP-V1). This memo provides information for the

Internet community.

Ginoza Informational [Page 9]

2758 White Feb 2000 Definitions of Managed Objects

for Service Level Agreements

Performance Monitoring

This memo defines a Management Information Base (MIB) for performance monitoring of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) defined via policy definitions. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the

Internet community.

2757 Montenegro Jan 2000 Long Thin Networks

Our goal is to identify a TCP that works for all users, including users of long thin networks. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2756 Vixie Jan 2000 Hyper Text Caching Protocol

(HTCP/0.0)

This document describes HTCP, a protocol for discovering HTTP caches and cached data, managing sets of HTTP caches, and monitoring cache

activity. This is an experimental protocol, one among several proposals to perform these functions. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.

2755 Chiu Jan 2000 Security Negotiation for

WebNFS

This document describes a protocol for a WebNFS client (RFC2054) to negotiate the desired security mechanism with a WebNFS server (RFC2055) before the WebNFS client falls back to the MOUNT v3 protocol (RFC1813). This document is provided so that people can write compatible implementations. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

Ginoza Informational [Page 10]

2754 Alaettinoglu Jan 2000 RPS IANA Issues

RPS Security requires certain RPSL objects in the IRR to be

hierarchically delegated. The set of objects that are at the root of this hierarchy needs to be created and digitally signed by IANA. This paper presents these seed objects and lists operations required from IANA. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2753 Yavatkar Jan 2000 A Framework for Policy-based

Admission Control

This document is concerned with specifying a framework for providing policy-based control over admission control decisions. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2752 Yadav Jan 2000 Identity Representation for

RSVP

This document describes the representation of identity information in POLICY_DATA object for supporting policy based admission control in RSVP. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2751 Herzog Jan 2000 Signaled Preemption Priority

Policy Element

This document describes a preemption priority policy element for use by signaled policy based admission protocols (such as RSVP and COPS). [STANDARDS TRACK]

2750 Herzog Jan 2000 RSVP Extensions for Policy

Control

This memo presents a set of extensions for supporting generic policy based admission control in RSVP. [STANDARDS TRACK]

Ginoza Informational [Page 11]

2749 Herzog Jan 2000 COPS usage for RSVP

This document describes usage directives for supporting COPS policy services in RSVP environments. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2748 Durham Jan 2000 The COPS (Common Open Policy

Service) Protocol

This document describes a simple client/server model for supporting

policy control over QoS signaling protocols. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2747 Baker Jan 2000 RSVP Cryptographic

Authentication

This document describes the format and use of RSVP’s INTEGRITY object to provide hop-by-hop integrity and authentication of RSVP messages. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2746 Terzis Jan 2000 RSVP Operation Over IP Tunnels This document describes an approach for providing RSVP protocol services over IP tunnels. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2745 Terzis Jan 2000 RSVP Diagnostic Messages

This document specifies the RSVP diagnostic facility, which allows a

user to collect information about the RSVP state along a path. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2744 Wray Jan 2000 Generic Security Service API

Version 2 : C-bindings

This document specifies C language bindings for Version 2, Update 1 of the Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API), which is described at a language-independent conceptual level in RFC 2743. [STANDARDS TRACK]

Ginoza Informational [Page 12]

2743 Linn Jan 2000 Generic Security Service

Application Program Interface

Version 2, Update 1

This memo obsoletes [RFC-2078], making specific, incremental changes in response to implementation experience and liaison requests. It is intended, therefore, that this memo or a successor version thereto will become the basis for subsequent progression of the GSS-API specification on the standards track. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2742 Heintz Jan 2000 Definitions of Managed Objects

for Extensible SNMP Agents

This memo defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in the Internet community. In particular, it describes objects managing SNMP agents that use the Agent Extensibility (AgentX) Protocol. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2741 Daniele Jan 2000 Agent Extensibility (AgentX)

Protocol Version 1

This memo defines a standardized framework for extensible SNMP agents. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2740 Coltun Dec 1999 OSPF for IPv6

This document describes the modifications to OSPF to support version 6

of the Internet Protocol (IPv6). [STANDARDS TRACK]

2739 Small Jan 2000 Calendar Attributes for vCard

and LDAP

This memo defines three mechanisms for obtaining a URI to a user’s calendar and free/busy time. [STANDARDS TRACK]

Ginoza Informational [Page 13]

2738 Klyne Dec 1999 Corrections to "A Syntax for

Describing Media Feature Sets"

In RFC 2533, "A Syntax for Describing Media Feature Sets", an expression format is presented for describing media feature capabilities using simple media feature tags. This memo contains two corrections to that specification: one fixes an error in the formal syntax specification, and the other fixes an error in the rules for reducing feature

comparison predicates. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2737 McCloghrie Dec 1999 Entity MIB (Version 2)

This memo defines a portion of the Management Information Base (M for use with network management protocols in the Internet communi In particular, it describes managed objects used for managing multiple logical and physical entities managed by a single SNMP agent. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2736 Handley Dec 1999 Guidelines for Writers of RTP

Payload Format Specifications This document provides general guidelines aimed at assisting the authors of RTP Payload Format specifications in deciding on good formats. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.

2735 Fox Dec 1999 NHRP Support for Virtual

Private Networks

The NBMA Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) is used to determine the NBMA subnetwork addresses of the "NBMA next hop" towards a public internetworking layer address. This document describes the enhancements necessary to enable NHRP to perform the same function for private internetworking layer addresses available within the framework of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) service on a shared NBMA network. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2734 Johansson Dec 1999 IPv4 over IEEE 1394

This document specifies how to use IEEE Std 1394-1995, Standard for a High Performance Serial Bus (and its supplements), for the transport of Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) datagrams; it defines the necessary methods, data structures and codes for that purpose. [STANDARDS TRACK] Ginoza Informational [Page 14]

2733 Rosenberg Dec 1999 An RTP Payload Format for

Generic Forward Error

Correction

This document specifies a payload format for generic forward error correction of media encapsulated in RTP. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2732 Hinden Dec 1999 Format for Literal IPv6

Addresses in URL’s

This document defines the format for literal IPv6 Addresses in URL’s for implementation in World Wide Web browsers. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2731 Kunze Dec 1999 Encoding Dublin Core Metadata

in HTML

The Dublin Core is a small set of metadata elements for describing information resources. This document explains how these elements are expressed using the META and LINK tags of HTML. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2730 Hanna Dec 1999 Multicast Address Dynamic

Client Allocation Protocol

(MADCAP)

This document defines a protocol, Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol (MADCAP), that allows hosts to request multicast addresses from multicast address allocation servers. [STANDARDS TRACK] 2729 Bagnall Dec 1999 Taxonomy of Communication

Requirements for Large-scale

Multicast Applications

The intention of this memo is to define a classification system for the communication requirements of any large-scale multicast application (LSMA). This memo provides information for the Internet community. Ginoza Informational [Page 15]

2728 Panabaker Nov 1999 The Transmission of IP Over

the Vertical Blanking Interval

of a Television Signal

This document describes a method for broadcasting IP data in a unidirectional manner using the vertical blanking interval of television signals. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2727 Galvin Feb 2000 IAB and IESG Selection,

Confirmation, and Recall

Process: Operation of the

Nominating and Recall

Committees

The process by which the members of the IAB and IESG are selected, confirmed, and recalled is specified. This document is a self-consistent, organized compilation of the process as it was known at the time of publication. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.

2726 Zsako Dec 1999 PGP Authentication for RIPE

Database Updates

This document presents the proposal for a stronger authentication method of the updates of the RIPE database based on digital signatures. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2725 Villamizar Dec 1999 Routing Policy System Security The implementation and deployment of a routing policy system must maintain some degree of integrity to be of any operational use. This document addresses the need to assure integrity of the data by providing an authentication and authorization model. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2724 Handelman Oct 1999 RTFM: New Attributes for

Traffic Flow Measurement

This document discusses RTFM flows and the attributes which they can have, so as to provide a logical framework for extending the

architecture by adding new attributes. This memo defines an

Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.

Ginoza Informational [Page 16]

2723 Brownlee Oct 1999 SRL: A Language for Describing

Traffic Flows and Specifying

Actions for Flow Groups

This document describes a language for specifying rulesets, i.e. configuration files which may be loaded into a traffic flow meter so as to specify which traffic flows are measured by the meter, and the information it will store for each flow. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2722 Brownlee Oct 1999 Traffic Flow Measurement:

Architecture

This document provides a general framework for describing network

traffic flows, presents an architecture for traffic flow measurement and reporting, discusses how this relates to an overall network traffic flow architecture and indicates how it can be used within the Internet. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2721 Brownlee Oct 1999 RTFM: Applicability Statement This document provides an overview covering all aspects of Realtime Traffic Flow Measurement, including its area of applicability and its limitations. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2720 Brownlee Oct 1999 Traffic Flow Measurement:

Meter MIB

This document defines a Management Information Base (MIB) for use in controlling an RTFM Traffic Meter, in particular for specifying the

flows to be measured. It also provides an efficient mechanism for retrieving flow data from the meter using SNMP. Security issues concerning the operation of traffic meters are summarised. [STANDARDS TRACK]

2719 Ong Oct 1999 Framework Architecture for

Signaling Transport

This document defines an architecture framework and functional requirements for transport of signaling information over IP. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

Ginoza Informational [Page 17]

2718 Masinter Nov 1999 Guidelines for new URL Schemes This document provides guidelines for the definition of new URL schemes. This memo provides information for the Internet community.

2717 Petke Nov 1999 Registration Procedures for

URL Scheme Names

This document defines the process by which new URL scheme names are registered. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.

2716 Aboba Oct 1999 PPP EAP TLS Authentication

Protocol

The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links.The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is a PPP extension that

provides support for additional authentication methods within PPP. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.

2715 Thaler Oct 1999 Interoperability Rules for

Multicast Routing Protocols

The rules described in this document will allow efficient interoperation among multiple independent multicast routing domains. This memo

provides information for the Internet community.

2714 Ryan Oct 1999 Schema for Representing CORBA

Object References in an LDAP

初中英语介词用法总结

初中英语介词用法总结介词(preposition)：也叫前置词。在英语里，它的搭配能力最强。但不能单独做句子成分需要和名词或代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句）构成介词短语，才能在句中充当成分。介词是一种虚词，不能独立充当句子成分，需与动词、形容词和名词搭配，才能在句子中充当成分。介词是用于名词或代词之前，表示词与词之间关系的词类，介词常与动词、形容词和名词搭配表示不同意义。介词短语中介词后接名词、代词或可以替代名词的词（如：动名词v-ing）.介词后的代词永远为宾格形式。介词的种类：（1）简单介词：about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, but, by, down, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, near, round, since, to, under, up, with等等。（2）合成介词：inside, into, outside, throughout, upon, without, within （3）短语介词：according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, owing to, up to, with reguard to （4）分词介词：considering, reguarding, including, concerning 介词短语：构成介词+名词We go to school from Monday to Saturday. 介词+代词Could you look for it instead of me? 介词+动名词He insisted on staying home. 介词+连接代/副词I was thinking of how we could get there. 介词+不定式/从句He gives us some advice on how to finish it. 介词的用法：一、介词to的常见用法 1.动词+to a)动词+ to adjust to适应, attend to处理；照料, agree to赞同,

超全的英语介词用法归纳总结

超全的英语介词用法归纳总结常用介词基本用法辨析表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。 Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。 Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。 Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at 表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。 It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for 表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。 He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。

3. by 表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位。 They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of 成品仍可看出原料。 This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from 成品已看不出原料。 Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in 表示用某种材料或语言。 Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈。表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1. by 用某种方式，多用于交通。 I went there by bus. 我坐公共汽车去那儿。 2. with表示“用某种工具”。 He broke the window with a stone. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。注意：with表示用某种工具时，必须用冠词或物主代词。

批处理命令行for语句

for语句可以在命令行提示符中使用，也可以在批处理文件中使用。这两种情况下唯一的区别是%和%%，参加下文说明。一、for语句的格式： for [参数] 变量in (集合) do 命令[命令的参数] 二、for语句的作用：对集合内的元素逐一执行后面的命令。 1、如：for %%i in (你好) do echo %%i 将在屏幕上显示“你好”2个字。这里集合是“你好”，执行的命令是“echo”。由于集合中只有1个元素，因此循环只运行一次。如果改成for %%i in (你好朋友) do echo %%i 将会显示2行文字，第一行为“你好”，第二行为“朋友”。因为2个词之间有空格，因此集合中就有了2个元素，循环将运行2次。 2、注意：以上for语句的运行方式是新建一个批处理文件，即扩展名为“.bat”的文件，内容为上面的命令，然后运行。为了批处理执行完不退出，可在最后加上一条pause>null命令，这样能看到执行的结果。要想通过cmd命令行执行的话，必须将%%换成%，即去掉一个%，如下： for %i in (你好) do echo %i 3、以下所有例子都是这样，若要在命令行提示符下执行，请将所有的%%改成一个%。三、for语句详细说明：上面语句格式中有的加了中括号[]，表示这个语句元素不是必须的，只在需要时使用。像刚才显示“你好”的命令中就没有使用[参数]这

个语句元素。所有语句元素间用空格隔开。各语句元素的写法：for、in、do这3个符号是固定不变的 1、[参数]的种类：只有4种，分别是/d、/r、/l、/f（即目录Directory、递归recursion、序列list、文件file），他们用于对后面的集合的含义做出解释，请与下面的集合解释结合来看。这4个参数不区分大小写，可以联合使用，即一条for语句可以出现多个参数。 2、变量：除10个数字外（0－9）的所有符号（因为0－9往往作为形参使用，为了与此区别），变量名一般用单个字母表示即可，而且变量名区分大小写，即A和a是两个不同的变量。变量名前面必须是%，当在命令提示符下执行时，只用一个%；而在批处理程序中，必须用%%。一行语句中，一般只需定义一个变量。使用/f参数中的tokens 选项可以将集合中的元素分解成多个值，并自动定义新的变量对应这些值。这时语句中可以使用多个变量，通常按字母顺序命名，即第一个是%%a，那么后一个就用%%b。如果第一个是%%i，后一个就用%%j。依此类推。具体看后面的相关内容。变量可以直接在do后面的命令中使用。每次使用的变量总数不超过52个。 3、集合：集合必须放在括号里。集合是一行文本，这行文本可能有几种类型，如“你好”只是一串字符；“c:\boot.ini”是一个文件；“dir /b”是一个命令。（1）如果for语句中没有使用任何参数，对待集合文本的处理方式是：

(完整版)介词for用法归纳

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Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者 She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用for： He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词for：他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。误：They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth=为卖出某物而打广告;advertise for sth=为寻找某物而打广告advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语为的影响，而此处误加了介词for。类似地，汉语中的为人民服务，说成英语是serve the people，而不是serve for the people，为某人的死报仇，说成英语是avenge sb s death，而不是avenge for sb s death，等等。用法3：(介词for表用途)用于，用来 Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。

介词for用法完全归纳

用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做? That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了? He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。【用法说明】在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如：他去那儿看他叔叔。误：He went there for seeing his uncle. 正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you? 你想要我什么? We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗? Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如：

批处理命令for语句基本用法

批处理命令for语句的基本用法 [系列教程]批处理for语句从入门到精通[20101225更新] ____________________________版主提醒 ____________________________ 文档来自于网络搜索为了避免影响技术讨论、提高看帖的舒适性，请大家不要在此帖下跟无实质内容的口水帖，特别是纯顶、纯支持、纯感谢、路过之类的帖子，管理人员将不定期清理此类回帖，请大家多参与讨论少灌水，与人方便，终将给自己带来方便，谢谢合作。 ________________________________________________________________ 文档来自于网络搜索批处理是一门简单的脚本语言，虽然不能独当一面，但是，若作为工作中的辅助工具，绝对会让大家有随用随写、称心如意的畅快感。文档来自于网络搜索和其他语言相比，批处理语言有其先天性的优势： 1、系统自带，无需另行安装； 2、命令少，语句简洁，上手非常快； 3、编写出来的脚本小巧玲珑，随写随用；但是，因为它以命令行方式工作，操作多有不便，在图形界面大行其道的windows世界里，多多少少会让大众望而却步；就算是对命令行有好感的新手，面对微软有如天书的帮助文件，很多人也会败下阵来，因此，论坛里很多会员也发出了编写系统的批处理教程的呼声。

文档来自于网络搜索编写系统的批处理新手教程，一直是论坛管理层讨论的热点问题，但是，各位管理人员大多都有工作在身，而系统的教程涉及的面是如此之广，面对如此浩大的工程，仅凭一两个人的力量，是难以做好的，因此，本人退而求其次，此次发布的教程，以专题的形式编写，日后人手渐多之后，再考虑组织人力编写全面的教程。文档来自于网络搜索之所以选择最难的for，一是觉得for最为强大，是大多数人最希望掌握的；二是若写其他命令教程，如果没有for的基础，展开来讲解会无从下手；三是for也是批处理中最复杂最难掌握的语句，把它攻克了，批处理的学习将会一片坦途。文档来自于网络搜索这次的for语句系列教程，打算按照for语句的5种句式逐一展开，在讲解for/f的时候，会穿插讲解批处理中一个最为关键、也是新手最容易犯错的概念：变量延迟，大纲如下：文档来自于网络搜索一前言二for语句的基本用法三for /f（含变量延迟）四for /r 五for /d 六for /l 遵照yibantiaokuan的建议，在顶楼放出此教程的txt版本、word版本和pdf版本，以方便那些离线浏览的会员。文档来自于网络搜索[本帖最后由namejm于2010-12-26 02:36编辑]

for的用法完全归纳

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批处理命令格式

批处理命令格式.txt人永远不知道谁哪次不经意的跟你说了再见之后就真的再也不见了。一分钟有多长？这要看你是蹲在厕所里面，还是等在厕所外面……echo 表示显示此命令后的字符 echo off 表示在此语句后所有运行的命令都不显示命令行本身 @与echo off相象，但它是加在每个命令行的最前面，表示运行时不显示这一行的命令行（只能影响当前行）。 call 调用另一个批处理文件（如果不用call而直接调用别的批处理文件，那么执行完那个批处理文件后将无法返回当前文件并执行当前文件的后续命令）。 pause 运行此句会暂停批处理的执行并在屏幕上显示Press any key to continue...的提示，等待用户按任意键后继续 rem 表示此命令后的字符为解释行（注释），不执行，只是给自己今后参考用的（相当于程序中的注释）。例1：用edit编辑a.bat文件，输入下列内容后存盘为c: a.bat，执行该批处理文件后可实现：将根目录中所有文件写入 a.txt中，启动UCDOS，进入WPS等功能。批处理文件的内容为: 命令注释： @echo off 不显示后续命令行及当前命令行 dir c: *.* >a.txt 将c盘文件列表写入a.txt call c: ucdos ucdos.bat 调用ucdos echo 你好显示"你好" pause 暂停,等待按键继续 rem 准备运行wps 注释：准备运行wps cd ucdos 进入ucdos目录 wps 运行wps 批处理文件的参数批处理文件还可以像C语言的函数一样使用参数（相当于DOS命令的命令行参数），这需要用到一个参数表示符“%”。 %[1-9]表示参数，参数是指在运行批处理文件时在文件名后加的以空格（或者Tab）分隔的字符串。变量可以从%0到%9，%0表示批处理命令本身，其它参数字符串用%1到%9顺序表示。例2：C:根目录下有一批处理文件名为f.bat，内容为： @echo off format %1 如果执行C: >f a: 那么在执行f.bat时，%1就表示a:，这样format %1就相当于format a:，于是上面的命令运行时实际执行的是format a: 例3：C:根目录下一批处理文件名为t.bat，内容为: @echo off type %1 type %2 那么运行C: >t a.txt b.txt %1 : 表示a.txt %2 : 表示b.txt 于是上面的命令将顺序地显示a.txt和b.txt文件的内容。特殊命令 if goto choice for是批处理文件中比较高级的命令，如果这几个你用得很熟练，你就是批

介词for 的常见用法归纳

介词for 的常见用法归纳贵州省黔东南州黎平县黎平一中英语组廖钟雁介词for 用法灵活并且搭配能力很强，是一个使用频率非常高的词，也是高考必考的重要词汇，现将其常见用法归纳如下，供参考。 1.表时间、距离或数量等。 ①意为“在特定时间，定于，安排在约定时间”。如： The meeting is arranged for 9 o’clock. 会议安排在九点进行。 ②意为“持续达”，常于last、stay 、wait等持续性动词连用，表动作持续的时间，有时可以省略。如： He stayed for a long time. 他逗留了很久。 The meeting lasted （for）three hours. 会议持续了三小时。 ③意为“（距离或数量）计、达”。例如： He walked for two miles. 他走了两英里。 The shop sent me a bill for $100.商店给我送来了100美元的账单。 2. 表方向。意为“向、朝、开往、前往”。常与head、leave 、set off、start 等动词连用。如： Tomorrow Tom will leave for Beijing. 明天汤姆要去北京。 He put on his coat and headed for the door他穿上大衣向门口走去。介词to也可表示方向，但往往与come、drive 、fly、get、go、lead、march、move、return、ride、travel、walk等动词连用。 3.表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。常与thank、famous、reason 、sake 等词连用。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 For several reasons, I’d rather not meet him. 由于种种原因，我宁可不见他。 The West Lake is famous for its beautiful scenery.西湖因美景而闻名。 4.表示目的,意为“为了、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 He plays the piano for pleasure. 他弹钢琴是为了消遣。 There is no need for anyone to know. 没必要让任何人知道。 5.表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给、为、对于”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。

英语介词的用法总结

介词的用法 1.表示地点位置的介词 1)at ,in, on, to，for at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边” in (1)表示在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”。 to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到……” 2)above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与below相对； over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk. 3)below, under 在……下面 under表示在…正下方 below表示在……下，不一定在正下方 There is a cat under the table. Please write your name below the line. 4)in front [frant]of, in the front of在……前面 in front of…意思是“在……前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在……的后面）。There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。) in the front of 意思是“在…..的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of…（在……范围内的后部）。 There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. 我们的教室前边有一块黑板。 Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom. 我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里) 5）beside，behind beside 表示在……旁边 behind 表示在……后面 2.表示时间的介词 1)in , on，at 在……时 in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。如in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。 on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas，at night, at noon, at this moment等。注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day. 2)in, after 在……之后 “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后； “after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后； “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。 3)from, since 自从…… from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久；

批处理基础知识

批处理文件基础知识一、单符号message指定让MS-DOS在屏幕上显示的正文 ~ ①在for中表示使用增强的变量扩展。 ②在%var:~n,m%中表示使用扩展环境变量指定位置的字符串。 ③在set/a中表示一元运算符，将操作数按位取反。 ! ①在set /a中一元运算符，表示逻辑非。比如set /a a=!0，这时a就表示逻辑1。 @ ①隐藏命令行本身的回显，常用于批处理中。 % ①在set /a中的二元运算符，表示算术取余。 ②命令行环境下，在for命令in前，后面接一个字符（可以是字母、数字或者一些特定字符），表示指定一个循环或者遍历指标变量。 ③批处理中，后接一个数字表示引用本批处理当前执行时的指定的参数。 ④其它情况下，%将会被脱去（批处理）或保留（命令行） ^ ①取消特定字符的转义作用，比如& | > < ! "等，但不包括%。比如要在屏幕显示一些特殊的字符，比如> >> | ^ &等符号时，就可以在其前面加一个^符号来显示这个^后面的字符了，^^就是显示一个^，^|就是显示一个|字符了; ②在set/a中的二元运算符，表示按位异或。 ③在findstr/r的[]中表示不匹配指定的字符集。 & ①命令连接字符。比如我要在一行文本上同时执行两个命令，就可以用&命令连接这两个命令。 ②在set/a中是按位与。 : ①标签定位符，表示其后的字符串为以标签，可以作为goto命令的作用对象。比如在批处理文件里面定义了一个":begin"标签，用"goto begin"命令就可以转到":begin"标签后面来执行批处理命令了。 ②在%var:string1=string2%中分隔变量名和被替换字串关系。 | ①管道符，就是将上一个命令的输出，作为下一个命令的输入."dir /a/b |more"就可以逐屏的显示dir命令所输出的信息。 ②在set/a中的二元运算符，表示按位或。 ③在帮助文档中表示其前后两个开关、选项或参数是二选一的。 / ①表示其后的字符（串）是命令的功能开关（选项）。比如"dir /s/b/a-d"表示"dir"命令指定的不同的参数。 ②在set/a中表示除法。 > ①命令重定向符，将其前面的命令的输出结果重新定向到其后面的设备中去，后面的设备中的内容被覆盖。比如可以用"dir > lxmxn.txt"将"dir"命令的结果输出到"lxmxn.txt"这个文本文件中去。 ②在findstr/r中表示匹配单词的右边界，需要配合转义字符\使用。 < ①将其后面的文件的内容作为其前面命令的输入。 ②在findstr/r中表示匹配单词的左边界，需要配合转义字符\使用。 . ①在路径的\后紧跟或者单独出现时：

介词的归纳

介词的归纳一、单项选择介词 1．（重庆）Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 ℃ ________ the average. A．below B．on C．at D．above 【答案】D 【解析】【详解】考查介词。句意：去年是有纪录以来最热的一年，全球平均气温上升0.68度。A. below低于；B. on在……之上；C. at在；D. above超过，多于。根据前一句Last year was the warmest year on record推知，温度应该是上升了，故用介词above。【点睛】 with的复合结构中，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词和代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式或分词充当。而本题考查with +名词/代词+介词短语,而介词的使用则根据当时语境的提示来做出相应的变化即句中的the warmest year on record 起重要作用，可知高出平均气温。 2．According to Baidu, the high-quality content of Cloud Music will reach massive users _______ Baidu’s app and video platform. A．in honor of B．in view of C．by virtue of D．by way of 【答案】C 【解析】【详解】考查介词短语。句意：根据百度的说法，云音乐的高质量内容将借助于百度应用和视频平台到达广大用户。A. in honor of向……致敬；B. in view of考虑到；C. by virtue of借助于；D. by way of通过。根据句意可知，此处要表达“借助于”。故选C项。 3．We charge parcels ________ weight, rather than individual units. A．in honor of B．in contact with C．in terms of D．in connection with 【答案】C 【解析】【详解】考查介词短语。句意：我们根据包裹的重量，而不是包裹的件数收费。A. in honor of为了对……表示敬意；B. in contact with与……有联系，接触；C. in terms of根据，在……方面；D. in connection with与……有关，有联系。表示根据什么计费。故选C。【点睛】

介词用法归纳

介词（preposition）又称前置词，是一种虚词。介词不能单独做句子成分。介词后须接宾语，介词与其宾语构成介词短语。一、介词从其构成来看可以分为： 1、简单介词（Simple prepositions）如：at ,by, for, in, from, since, through等； 2、复合介词（Compound prepositions）如：onto, out of, without, towards等； 3、短语介词（phrasal prepositions）如；because of, instead of, on account of, in spite of, in front of等； 4、二重介词（double prepositions）如：from behind, from under, till after等； 5、分词介词（participial prepositions），又可称动词介词（verbal prepositions）如：during, concerning, excepting, considering, past等。二、常见介词的基本用法 1、 about 关于 Do you know something about Tom？ What about this coat？（……怎么样） 2、 after 在……之后 I’m going to see you after supper. Tom looked after his sick mother yesterday.（照看） 3、 across 横过 Can you swim across the river. 4、 against 反对 Are you for or against me? Nothing could make me turn against my country.（背叛） 5、 along 沿着 We walked along the river bank. 6、 before 在……之前 I hope to get there before seven o’clock. It looks as though it will snow before long.（不久） 7、behind 在……后面 The sun is hidden behind the clouds. 8、by 到……时 We had learned ten English songs by the end of last term. 9、during 在……期间 Where are you going during the holiday. 10、except 除了 Everyone except you answered the question correctly. 11、for 为了 The students are studying hard for the people. 12、from 从 I come from Shanghai. 13、in 在……里 on 在……上面 under在……下面 There are two balls in/on/under the desk. 14、near 在……附近 We live near the park. 15、of ……的 Do you know the name of the winner. 16、over 在……正上方 There is a bridge over the river. Tom goes over his English every day.（复习） 17、round/around 围绕 The students stand around the teacher. 18、to 朝……方向 Can you tell me the way to the cinema. 19、towards朝着 The car is traveling towards Beijing.