iBT新托福单词题（词汇题）全集（打印版）更新：2011年10月12日新增58组单词
1.20 or so=20 roughly大体上，大约为
2. a matter of speculation =supposition n. 推断
3. a solicitation of=an invitation of n. 垦求;垦请
4.abandon=give up vt.放弃
5.abandoned= left a. 被遗弃的
6.aberrant= abnormal a. 脱离常轨的,
7.abort= quit v. 夭折;中止
8.abrupt=sudden adj.突然的
9.abruptly= suddenly ad. 突然地;意外地
10.absorb =appeal v. 吸收;被…吸引
11.absorb= learn(学习) v. 吸收
12.absorb= take in v. 吸收;被…吸引
13.abstract= not concrete a. 抽象的;非实际的
14.absurd= ridiculous a. 荒谬的;可笑的
15.abundance= large amount n. 大量
16.abundance= great number n. 大量
17.abundant=large amount adj.丰富的;大量的
18.abundant = affluent a. 丰富的;大量的
19.abundant=ample a. 丰富的;大量的
20.abundant=numerous a. 丰富的;大量的
21.abundant=plentiful a. 丰富的;大量的
22.abundant=substantial a. 丰富的;大量的
23.abundantly= plentifully ad. 丰富地;大量地
24.accelerate=speed up/get faster vi.&vt.加速
25.access =reach v. 接近
26.accessible =reachable a. 可接近的
27.accessible =easy to reach a. 易接近的
28.accidental =unexpected a. 意外的;偶然的
29.acclaimed=praisable adj.值得赞扬的
30.accommodate= provide for v. 提供
31.accomplished =achieved a. 实现完成的
32.accomplished =skilled a. 熟练的
33.account= description n. 说明
34.account for= explain v. 说明
35.accumulate =collect v. 积累;聚集
36.accumulate =pile up v. 积累;聚集聚集
37.accumulate =build up 积累
38.accurate =correct a. 正确的
39.accurately= correctly ad. 正确地
40.acknowledge= recognize v. 承认
41.actually= in fact ad. 事实上
42.added =extra a. 附加的;额外的43.adept =skilled a. 熟练的
44.adequately=sufficiently adv.足够地
45.adherent= supporter n. 拥护者
46.adherent=advocate n.追随者，提倡者
47.
48.adjacency=nearing n.领接
49.adjacent =nearby a. 毗连的
50.adjacent =neighboring a. 毗连的
51.adjust= modify v. 调整;改变…以适应
52.administer = manage v.管理
53.admire=respect vt.敬重
54.admit= let in v. 准许进入
55.adopt= enact v. 采用
56.advance= improvement n. 发展;增长
57.advent= arrival n. 出现;到来
58.advent= beginning n. 出现;到来
59.affair= matter n. 事件;事情
60.afford= provide v. 提供;给予
61.aggravate= increase v. 加重;增剧
62.aggravate =annoy v. 使恼火
63.aggregate= overall a. 聚集的;合计的
64.aggregate= combined a. 聚集的;合计的
65.aggregation=group n.聚合，聚集；聚集体
66.aggregations=groups
67.agile= astute a. 灵活的;敏捷的
68.agile= clever a. 灵活的;敏捷的
69.agile= quick and active a. 灵活的;敏捷的
70.agile= move and act quickly a. 灵活的;敏捷的
71.air= feeling n. 气氛
72.alarm= sound v. 警报
73.alarm= warning n. 警告
74.albeit= although conj. 尽管；虽然
75.albeit =even though conj. 尽管；虽然
76.alleged=asserted v.宣称
77.alleged=supposed v.假定，断言
78.allocation=distribution n.分配
79.allow= enable v. 允许
80.allude= suggest v. 暗示
81.allude to= refer to phrv. 提到
82.ally with= link to v. 结盟
83.alter= change to v. 改变
84.amazing= remarkable a. 令人惊讶的/非凡的
85.ambiguous =vague a. 不明确的
86.ambiguous=more than one meaning
87.ambitious=keen/energetic adj.渴望的（做某事）
88.ambivalent =mixed a. 矛盾的
89.ample= plentiful a. 充足的;丰富的
90.ample =spacious a. 宽敞的
91.ampliation=magnify扩大，扩张
92.analogue to=similar to 相似的
93.ancestor=forefather/prohenitor n.祖先
94.anchor= hold in place v. 使固定
95.ancient= old a. 古老的
96.ancient =antique a. 古老的
97.annihilate= destroy v. 消灭
98.annihilate =completely remove v. 消灭
99.annihilated=destory v.废止
100.annually= yearly ad. 每年
101.anomaly= irregularity n. 异常的人或物
102.anonymous=nameless/incognito 不具名的103.antagonist=competitor n. 对手;敌手
104.anticipate= expect v. 预期
105.antiseptic =clean a. 抗菌的
106.antithesis= opposite n. 对立面
107.antler =horn n. 鹿角
108.anxiety =worry n. 忧虑;担心
109.apart from= exception phr. 除了…之外
110.apart from =except for phr. 除了…之外
111.apparatus= equipment n. 仪器;设备
112.apparent =obvious a. 显然的
113.apparently= clearly ad. 显然地
114.apparently=seemingly
115.appeal= attraction n. 吸引力
116.appealing =attractive a. 有吸引力的
117.appear= seem v. 似乎
118.appearance= rise n. 出现
119.appearance= arrival n. 出现
120.appearance= showing up n. 出现
121.application= use n. 应用
122.appreciable= noticeable a. 相当可观的
123.approach=method n. 方法
124.approach= move toward v. 接近
125.approximately= roughly ad. 大约地
126.architecture= structure n. 构造
127.archive= record v. 存档
128.archive= stock v. 存档
129.archive= store v. 存档
130.arduous= difficult a. 艰巨的
131.arid =dry a. 干旱的132.arise= emerge v. 出现
133.arise=come about vi.到来，发生
134.arrangement= configuration n. 安排;布置
135.array=range n. 一系列
136.article= item n. 物品
137.article= object n. 物品
138.as a rule =in general phr. 通常
139.assert= declare v. 断言;宣称
140.assertion= strong statement n. 断言;主张
141.asset= advantage n. 资产;有利条件
142.assimilate= combine v. 同化
143.assistance= help n. 帮助；协助
144.assorted= various a. 各式各样的
145.assume= believe v. 假定;设想
146.assume= suppose v. 假定;设想
147.assume= take on v. 承担
148.assumption= premise n. 假设
149.astonishing= amazing a. 惊人的
150.astonish=surprise vt.使惊讶
151.astoundingly=incredibly adv.使人震惊的
152.astute= clever a. 敏锐的
153.at random= without a definite pattern phr. 随便地; 任意地154.attachment to= preference for n. 依恋
155.attain =achieve v. 达到;获得
156.attainment =achievement n. 达到;获得
157.attendant= accompanying a. 伴随的
158.attest to =confirm v. 证实
159.attribute= accredit v. 归于;认为
160.attribute=characteristic n. 特点，属性
161.attribute to =credit with v. 归于; 认为
162.attributes=characteristics
163.attribution=character n. 属性
164.augment= increase v. 增加;提高
165.available =obtainable a. 可获得的
166.avenue= method n. 途径;手段
167.avenue =means n. 途径;手段
168.avid= enthusiastic a. 热中的
169.back up=support
170.barely = just ad. 仅仅
171.barge= boat n. 驳船
172.barrier= obstacle n. 障碍
173.barrier =impediment n. 障碍
174.battle= struggle n. 搏斗;奋斗
175.be accustomed to= get used to phrv. 习惯
176.be aware of =familiar with phrv. 了解
177.be beforehand= foreordain v. 预先
178.be closer resemblance to= be more like phr. 非常相似
179.be consistent with= be compatible with phr. 一致的180.be entitled to= have the right phrv. 有…权利181.be inclined =tend v. 倾向
182.be susceptible to=be subject to 受...影响的
183.beckon= invite v. 招唤;引诱
184.become extinct= die out phrv. 灭绝
185.being= creature n. 生命
186.beneficial =advantageous a. 有益的
187.blossom= flourish v. 兴旺
188.blossom= thrive v. 兴旺
189.boast= puff v. 吹嘘
190.boast= exaggerate v. 吹嘘
191.bombard= assail v. 炮击;轰击
192.bombard =assault v. 炮击;轰击
193.bombard =strike v. 炮击;轰击
194.boom= expansion n. 激增;爆涨
195.boon= great benefit n. 利益
196.boost= raise v. 增加;提高
197.boundary= periphery n. 边界
198.branch =division n. 分支
199.break through=revolution n.突破，革命
200.breed= reproduce v. 繁殖;饲养
201.brew=develop vt.开发
202.brilliant= bright a. 光辉的;明亮的
203.brittle= breakable a. 脆弱的
204.brittle= fragile a. 脆弱的
205.broad appeal =wide popularity a. 广泛的吸引力206.broadly =generally ad. 大体上
207.broadly= extensively ad. 大体上
208.bulk= majority n. 大部份
209.bulk=largest area
210.bulk= large part n. 大部份
211.bulk =major part n. 主体
212.bulk= large portion n. 大部份
213.bulk= great quantity n. 大部份
214.burgeon= expand v. 急速成长
215.bustling= lively/busy a. 活跃的,熙熙攘攘的216.by and large=for the most part总的来说
217.camouflage= disguise v. 伪装
218.camouflage =hide v. 伪装
219.camouflage= decorate(装饰) v. 伪装
220.camouflage= blend with circumstances v. 伪装221.cardinal= fundamental a. 基本的
222.cargo= shipment n. 船货;货物
223.catastrophic=badly harmful 灾难性的
224.celebrated= famous a. 着名的
225.central= essential a. 主要的226.certain= specified a. 指定的
227.champion=promote vt.提升，提拔
228.chancy =risky a. 冒险的
229.channel =provide v. 提供帮助
230.channel =direct v. 引导
231.channel =guide v. 引导
232.chaotic= disorganized a. 混乱的
233.cherish =value v. 珍爱
234.chief= major a. 主要的
235.chisel =carve v. 刻;凿
236.choose= opt v. 选择
237.chronic= persistent a. 长期的;不断的
238.chronic =confirmed a. 长期的;不断的
239.chronic= habitual a. 长期的;不断的
240.chronic =inveterate a. 长期的;不断的
241.chronically=constantly ad. 长期地
242.circuitous =indirect a. 迂迴的
243.circumstance= condition n. 环境;情况
244.circumstance=situation n.情况
245.cite= quote v. 引用
246.cite =refer to v. 引用
247.classic =typical a. 典型的
248.clear =visible a. 容易看见的
249.clear= apparent a. 显然的
250.cling to= attach to v. 附着
251.close= careful a. 严密的;周密的
252.clue= hint n. 线索
253.cling to=hold 坚持
254.cluster=group
255.coating= cover n. 覆盖层
256.coincide with= be as the same time as v. 同时发生257.coincide with=accord with
258.coincidence=likely events 相同，符合
259.collaborate= cooperate v. 合作
260.collaboration= joint effect n. 合作成果
261.collect =gather v. 收集
262.collide= hit each other v. 碰撞
263.collide with =run into v. 碰撞
264.colossal=enormous adj.巨大的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,memorate=celebrate v. 庆祝;纪念
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,mence＝begin
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,monly=often
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,monly=generally/normally
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pact =concise a. 紧密的;简明的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pact= compressed(结实的) a. 紧密的;简明的https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,parable= equivalent a. 可比较的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,parative =relative a. 相当的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,atible=consistent
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pel =push v. 强迫
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pelling= convincing a. 令人信服的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pelling=forcing
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pensate= reimburse v. 赔偿;补偿
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pensate=make up
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pensate for =balance phrv. 赔偿;补偿
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,plaint =protest v. 抗议
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,plement= supplement n. 补充物
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,plement= add to v. 补充
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pletely= totally ad. 完全地
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,plex= elaborate a. 复杂的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,plex =system n. 复合物;综合体
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,plicated =complex a. 复杂的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,plicated =made things more difficult a. 复杂的https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,ponent= constituent a. 组成的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pose=be made up of
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,position= mixture n. 合成物
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,prehensive= understandable a. 能理解的https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,prehensive= complete a. 全部的,
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,prehensive= thorough彻底的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,prise= form v. 组成
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,prise =make up v. 组成
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,prise=consist of
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,pulsory=required 必须的
298.concede=accept 承认，接受
299.conceiving=considering 构想，考虑
300.consensus=agreement 一致
301.concern= interest v. 感兴趣
302.conclusive= final a. 最后的
303.conclusive= ultimate a. 最后的
304.conducive= contributive a. 有助于...的
305.configuration= arrangement n. 布局;结构
306.configuration= form n. 佈局;结构
307.confine =limit/boundary v. 限制
308.confront= face v. 面临
309.congeal= solidify v. 使凝结
310.consecutive= successive a. 连续的
311.consequence= result n. 结果;重要性
312.consequence =importance n. 结果;重要性
313.consequent= later a. 随后的
314.consequent= resultant a. 作为结果的
315.consequent =resulting a. 作为结果的
316.consequential= significant a. 重要的
317.consequently= therefore ad. 因此
318.consequently= thus ad. 因此
319.conserve= save v. 保存320.consider =think as v. 考虑;认为
321.consider =view as v. 考虑;认为
322.consider =think about v. 考虑;认为认为
323.considerable= substantial/significant a. 相当大的324.consist of =compose of v. 由…组成
325.consistent= regular a. 一致的
326.consistently= regularly ad. 一致地
327.conspicuous= notable a. 明显的
328.constant =stable a. 固定的;不变的
329.constantly =always ad. 经常;不断地
330.constellation =collection n. 一系列;一群
331.constellation =combination n. 一系列;一群332.constitution= component n. 构造
333.constrain =restrict v. 限制
334.constraint= limit n. 限制
335.constraint= restriction n. 限制
336.consume= eat up v. 消耗;吃;喝吃;喝
337.consumed= used up v. 消耗
338.contemplate= consider v. 沉思
339.contentious= disputed a. 好争吵的
340.continual= constant a. 不间断的;连续的
341.continuous =uninterrupted a. 连续的;持续的342.contrive= create v. 发明
343.contrive= invent v. 发明
344.conventional= customary a. 习惯的;惯例的345.conventional= traditional a. 习惯的;惯例的346.converging= concentrating a. 收缩的;会聚的347.convert =transform v. 使转变
348.convert into= change to v. 转变成
349.convict= condemn v. 宣判
350.convict =sentence v. 宣判
351.convict =doom(判决) v. 宣判
352.conviction= belief n. 相信;信念
353.conviction =strong belief n. 坚定的信念
354.cope with= handle phrv. 应付;处理
355.cope with= deal with phrv. 应付;处理
356.copious= plentiful a. 丰富的;大量的
357.core =center n. 核心;要点
358.correspondence= harmony n. 一致
359.corroborate= confirm v. 证实;确证
360.costly= expensive a. 贵重的;昂贵的
361.counsel =advise v. 忠告
362.countless= innumerable a.数量很多的
363.counter= oppose v. 反对
364.counter of= in the opposite of a. 相反的
365.counterpart= version(版本) n. 复本;副本
366.counterpart= similitude(类似物) n. 复本;副本
367.counterpart= equivalent(同等物) n. 复本;副本368.countervail =compensate v. 抵销;对抗369.countervail= oppose v. 抵销;对抗
370.couple =associate v. 与…联系起来
371.covered= included a. 隐蔽的;有盖的
372.crawl =move v. 爬行;移动
373.create= invent v. 创作;产生
374.creative= inventive a. 创造的
375.crest= peak n. 顶峰
376.critical =crucial a. 关键的
377.critical= essential a. 关键的
378.criticize =debate(争论;辩论) v. 批评;责备379.crucial= important a. 重要的
380.crucially= decisively ad. 关键地
381.crushed =ground a. 碾碎了的
382.cumbersome awkward a. 笨重的;麻烦的383.cumbersome= clumsy a. 笨重的;麻烦的384.cumbersome= unwieldy a. 笨重的;麻烦的385.curb= control v. 控制;遏止
386.current =present a. 现在的
387.dam= block v. 筑坝;控制
388.dangle= hang v. 悬摆;吊
389.daring =bold a. 大胆的
390.debate= argue v. 辩论;争论
391.decimate= destroy v. 大量毁灭
392.decimation= destruction n. 大量毁灭
393.degree =extent n. 程度
394.degree= measure n. 程度
395.delicate= dainty a. 易碎的;精美的
396.delight= please v. 使高兴
397.delight= pleasure n. 高兴;愉快
398.deluxe= lavish a. 奢华的
399.demand= need n. 需要;需求
400.demise =extinction n. 死亡
401.demography= population n. 人口统计
402.dense= crowded a. 稠密的;密集的
403.dense= thick a. 稠密的;密集的
404.depend= rely on v. 依赖;依靠依靠
405.dependable= reliable a. 可信赖的
406.depict= describe v. 描述
407.depict= portray v. 描写;描绘
408.depletion= drain n. 消耗;用尽
409.deposit =accumulate v. 沉积
410.deposit= lay down v. 放下;放置
411.derive= arise v. 源于;导出
412.design =create v. 设计
413.designate= identify v. 命名;指定414.detractor= critic(批评者) n. 诽谤者;恶意批评者415.detrimental =harmful a. 有害的;不利的
416.deviate= digress v. 偏离
417.deviation= departure n. 背离
418.devise= create v. 设计;发明
419.devoid of= lack of a. 缺乏的
420.devoid of= without(prep.) a. 缺乏的
421.devoid of= scant of a. 缺乏的
422.devoted =dedicated a. 虔诚的;专心致志的
423.devoted to =concentrated on a. 虔诚的;专心致志的424.discernible = noticeable a.可感知到，可注意到的425.dictate= determine v. 口授;命令
426.dictate= order v. 命令
427.differential= uneven a. 差别的;独特的
428.diffuse =travel v. 扩散;散布
429.diffuse= spread(out) v. 扩散;散布
430.diligent= careful a. 勤奋的
431.diligently= carefully ad. 勤奋地
432.dilute= reduce v. 稀释;使薄弱
433.dim= decrease v. 变暗淡
434.disassemble= break apart v. 拆开
435.disassemble =break up v. 拆开
436.disband =dismiss v. 解散;遣散
437.discard= throw away v. 摒弃;丢弃
438.discard= throw up v. 摒弃;丢弃丢弃
439.discernible= noticeable a. 可辨别的
440.discernible= discriminating a. 可辨别的
441.discharge= release v. 释放
442.disentangle =disband v. 解开
443.disgust= distaste v. 厌恶
444.disintegrate= break apart v. 分解;碎裂
445.disintegrate =fall apart v. 分解;碎裂
446.disintegrate= tear apart v. 分解;碎裂
447.dismantle =demolish v. 拆开;拆除
448.disorder= anarchy n. 混乱
449.dispensable= not necessary a. 非必要的
450.dispersal =distribution n. 散布;驱散
451.displace= move out of position v. 迫使(人)离开452.disposition= temperament n. 性格;性情
453.dispute= contention n. 争论;争执
454.dispute =argument n. 争论;争执
455.dissipate= disperse v. 驱散
456.dissipated =dispersed a. 分散的
457.dissuade =discourage v. 劝阻
458.distinct= clear and recognizable a. 清楚的;明确的459.distinction= difference n. 差别
460.distinction= honor n. 荣誉
461.distinction= excellence n. 优秀;卓越
462.distinctive= characteristic a. 有特色的
463.distinguish= notice from the difference v. 区别; 识别464.distribute= spread v. 分配;散布
465.distribution= dispersion n. 散布
466.distribution =geographic range n. 分布区域
467.disturb= upset v. 打乱；扰乱
468.diverse= distinct a. 不同的
469.diversification= emergence of many varieties n. 多样化470.diversity =variety n. 多样性
471.divest =deprive v. 剥夺
472.divest =get rid of v. 剥夺
473.domestic= home a. 家庭的;国内的
474.dormant= hibernated a. 休眠的;不活动的
475.dormant= inactive a. 休眠的;不活动的
476.dramatically= greatly ad. 戏剧性地
477.drastic= extreme a. 激烈的;极端的
478.drastically =obviously ad. 大大地;彻底地
479.drastically =severely(严重地) ad. 大大地;彻底地480.dual =double a. 双的;双重的
481.duplicate= copy v. 复制
482.duplicate= repeat n. 复本
483.durable= lasting a. 经久的;持久的
484.earn= acquire v. 赚得;赢得
485.ease= facilitate(使容易) v. 使减轻;使缓和
486.eccentric= erratic a. 古怪的;反常的
487.eccentric =strange a. 古怪的;反常的
488.efface= eliminate v. 消去
489.elaborate =detailed a. 精巧的;详尽的
490.elaborate= dainty a. 精巧的;详尽的
491.elapsed =passed a. 过去的;经过的
492.element =weather condition n. （恶劣的）天气493.eliminate= remove v. 排除;消除
494.elusive =difficult to catch a. 难懂的;难捉摸的
495.emanate= emerge v. 散发;产生
496.embark on=start v. 从事(着手)
497.embed= insert v. 插入;植入
498.embed= implant v. 插入;植入
499.embed =enclose v. 插入;植入
500.emergence= appearance n. 出现
501.emergency =crisis n. 紧急情况
502.emergent =developing a. 新兴的
503.employ= use v. 利用
504.enable =allow v. 使能够
505.enactment= establishment n. 制定
506.encapsulate= state briefly v. 概述
507.encourage= stimulate v. 激励；刺激508.endangered= not abundant a. 濒临绝种的509.endeavor= enterprise n. 努力
510.endow= bestow v. 捐赠
511.engulf= swallow v. 吞没
512.enhance= improve v. 提高;增强
513.enhance= intensify v. 提高;增强
514.enjoy =experience v. 经历
515.enlist= obtain v. 谋取（支持、赞助等）516.enormous= great a. 巨大的
517.enrich= enhance v. 使富足
518.ensue= result v. 因…产生
519.ensuing= subsequent a. 接着发生的
520.ensure= guarantee v. 保证;担保
521.entail=l involve v. 牵涉
522.enthusiastic= eager a. 热情的
523.environment= setting n. 环境
524.ephemeral =short-lived a. 短暂的
525.ephemeral =transient a. 短暂的
526.episode= event n. 事件
527.equilibrium= balance n. 平衡
528.era =period n. 时代;年代
529.eradicate= remove completely v. 根除;消灭530.erect =build v. 建立
531.erratic= unpredictable a. 不稳定的;古怪的532.erratic= irregular a. 不稳定的;古怪的533.escalate= extend v. 逐步扩大
534.essential= crucial a. 极重要的
535.established =qualified a. 已制定的
536.establishment =formation(构成) n. 建立;创立537.estimate= projection n. 估计
538.estimation =evaluation n. 估计
539.euphoric= extremely happy a. 心情愉快的540.evaluate= judge v. 评价
541.eventual= later a. 最后的
542.eventually= later ad. 最后
543.eventually= ultimately ad. 最后
544.evidence= proof n. 证据
545.evident= apparent a. 明显的
546.evident =obvious a. 明显的
547.evoke= arouse v. 唤起;引起
548.evoke= draw v. 唤起;引起
549.evoke=produce v. 唤起;引起
550.evoke= promote v. 唤起;引起
551.evoke= stimulate v. 唤起;引起
552.evoke =create in the mind v. 唤起; 引起553.exaggerate =overstate v. 夸张;夸大
554.excavate =dig out v. 挖掘
555.excavation =dug-out n. 挖掘
556.exceed= surpass v. 超越;胜过
557.exceed =beyond above v. 超越;胜过胜过
558.exceedingly =extremely ad. 极其;非常
559.excess =go beyond n. 超越; 胜过
560.exclusively= only ad. 专门地;独占地
561.excrete= expel v. 排泄;分泌
562.exercise =use v. 运用
563.exhausted= tired a. 精疲力竭的
564.exhausted= used up a. 耗尽的;用完的
565.exhibit =demonstrate v. 展示;陈列
566.exhibit =display v. 展示;陈列
567.expand= stretch v. 展开;增长
568.expand =increase v. 展开;增长
569.expanse= area n. 一大片区域
570.expansive= large a. 广阔的
571.expediency= convenience n. 方便;利己
572.expediency= advantage(优势;利益) n. 方便；利己573.expedient= fitting a. 权宜的;方便的
574.expend= use v. 耗尽
575.explicit =obvious a. 明确的;清楚的
576.explicitly= clear ad. 明确地
577.exploit= utilize v. 利用
578.exploit= take advantage of v. 利用
579.exploit= make use of v. 利用
580.explore= investigate v. 探测;探索
581.expose to= subject to (遭受) v. 使经历
582.express= communicate v. 表达
583.extant= existing a. 现存的;尚存的
584.extant =remaining a. 现存的;尚存的
585.extant= not extinct a. 现存的;尚存的
586.extend= stretch v. 延伸
587.extend= reach v. 延伸
588.extol =praise v. 赞美
589.extraneous= inessential a. 无关的;外来的
590.extraneous= from outside a. 无关的;外来的591.extraordinary= exceptional a. 异常的
592.exude= release v. 渗出;发散
593.exude= give off v. 渗出;发散
594.fabricate= produce v. 制造
595.far-reaching= extensive a. 深远的;广泛的
596.far-reaching= broad a. 深远的;广泛的
597.fascinating= extremely attractive a. 迷人的
598.fashion= make v. 形成;造
599.fashion= way n. 样子;方式
600.fashionable =popular a. 流行的;时尚的
601.feasible= achievable a. 可实行的602.feasible= practical a. 可实行的
603.feast= eating n. 盛宴
604.ferry= transport n. 渡轮
605.fertile= reproductive a. 肥沃的;多产的
606.fertile= productive a. 肥沃的;多产的
607.figure out =map(详细规划) phr. 计算出;解决608.finding= discovery n. 发现
609.first and foremost =above all phr. 首先;首要地610.flake =fragment n. 小薄片
611.flattery= praise n. 恭维
612.flee= run away from v. 逃走
613.flexible= adaptable a. 易适应的
614.float= stay on the top v. 漂浮
615.float =upward rise phrv. 浮起
616.flourish =prosper v. 繁荣;兴旺
617.flourish= thrive v. 繁荣;兴旺
618.flourishing= prosperous a. 繁荣的
619.flow= movement n. 流动
620.fluctuate= change v. 变动
621.fluctuation= variation n. 变动;起伏
622.focal= point centre area n. 焦点
623.follow= track v. 跟随
624.for instance= for example phr. 例如
625.forage= feed n. 饲料
626.forage =search for food v. 觅食
627.formidable =excessive a. 巨大的
628.foster= encourage v. 鼓励
629.foster= urge v. 培养;促进
630.foster =promote the development of v. 培养;促进631.foul= pollute v. 污染
632.fragment= break up v. 使成碎片
633.fragmentation= break n. 破裂
634.fragmentize= break up v. 使成碎片
635.frankly =openly ad. 坦白地
636.frankly= sincerely ad. 真诚地
637.friction= conflict n. 争执;不合
638.function= operation n. 效用;作用
639.function= utility n. 效用;作用
640.fundamental =basic a. 基础的
641.funds= money n. 资金
642.furthermore= in addition ad. 此外
643.gap= opening n. 缺口;裂口
644.gear =adjust v. 使适合
645.generate= produce v. 产生
646.genuinely =actually ad. 真诚地
647.get accustomed to= become used to phrv. 习惯648.give rise to= produce phrv. 引起
649.given =particular a. 规定的;特定的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,ern= regulate v. 统治;管理
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,ern= control v. 统治;管理
652.grasp =understand v. 领会;理解
653.groom= clean v. 装扮;使整洁
654.groom =make up v. 装扮;使整洁使整洁
655.groundless =unfounded a. 无根据的
656.grounds =reasons n. 根据;理由
657.groundwork= base n. 基础
658.groundwork= basis n. 基础
659.groundwork= foundation n. 基础
660.grudging= unenthusiastic a. 勉强的
661.guarantee= ensure v. 保证;担保
662.hallmark= characteristic n. 戳记，标志
663.hamper =district v. 防碍;束缚
664.hamper= restrict v. 防碍;束缚
665.hamper =make difficulty v. 防碍;束缚
666.handy= convenient a. 便利的;灵活的
667.haphazard= random a. 随意的
668.harness= use v. 利用
669.harness= utilize v. 利用
670.harsh= drastic a. 严厉的;严酷的
671.hasty= hurried a. 匆匆的;急忙的
672.haul= pull v. 拉
673.have nothing to do with= in no relation to phrv. 不相干674.havoc= destruction n. 浩劫
675.hazard =danger n. 危险
676.heed= notice v. 留心;注意
677.heighten= increase v. 增加;提高
678.heir= inheritor n. 继承人;后继者
679.hence= therefore ad. 因此
680.heritage =legacy n. 遗产;传统
681.heritage= tradition n. 遗产;传统
682.heterogeneous= varied a. 由不同种类组成的
683.hide= conceal v. 隐藏
684.hinder= interfere with v. 妨碍
685.hint= clue n. 暗示;迹象
686.hint= implication n. 暗示;迹象
687.hint= indication n. 暗示;迹象
688.hint= lead n. 暗示;迹象
689.hire= employ v. 雇用
690.hobby= pastime n. 嗜好
691.hold =support v. 支撑;保持
692.hold= keep up v. 支撑;保持保持
693.hollow= an empty space n. 中空
694.homogeneous =uniform a. 同种的
695.host of =great number n. 大量696.however =yet conj. 然而
697.hub= center n. 中心
698.huge= large a. 巨大的
699.hurdle =fence v. 用篱笆围
700.hypothetical =supposed a. 假设的;假定的
701.ice sheet= glacier(冰河) n. 冰原
702.identical= the same a. 同样的
703.idiosyncrasies =peculiarity n. 特性
704.ignite= set on fire v. 点燃
705.illusion= impression(印象) n. 错觉;幻像
706.immediately= closest ad. 接近;紧接着
707.immense= great a. 巨大的
708.immense= huge a. 巨大的
709.immense= vast a. 巨大的
710.immensely= extremely ad. 非常
711.immigration= movement n. 移居
712.immobile= fixed a. 固定的;静止的
713.immobility= absence of motion n. 固定;静止714.immoral= indecent a. 不道德的
715.immoral= improper a. 不道德的
716.impermeable= impenetrable a. 不能渗透的
717.impermeable =impervious a. 不能渗透的
718.impetus= stimulus v. 刺激;促进
719.impetus= incentive n. 刺激;促进
720.implausible= unbelievable a. 难以置信的
721.implement= tool n. 工具
722.imply= indicate v. 意味
723.imposing= impressive a. 给人深刻印象的
724.imprecise= inexact a. 不精确的
725.improbable= unlikely a. 不像会发生的
726.in fact= actually phr. 事实上
727.in great demand =in popularity phr. 普遍
728.in respect to= in term of phr. 就…而言
729.inaccessible= unreachable a. 难接近的
730.inadvertently= unintentionally ad. 非故意地
731.inadvertently =without knowing ad. 非故意地732.inauspicious= unfavorable a. 不吉利的
733.incidentally= by the way ad. 顺便一提
734.inclement =unfavorable a. (气候)严酷的
735.inconceivable= unimaginable a. 难以置信的
736.inconclusive= without result(毫无结果) a. 不确定的737.incorporate= include v. 包含
738.incorporate= merge v. 吸收;併入
739.incursion= invasion n. 入侵
740.indicate= demonstrate v. 指示;指出
741.indigenous =native a. 本土的;土生土长的
742.indispensable =essential a. 不可缺少的
743.indispensable= necessary a. 不可缺少的
744.indispensable= needed a. 不可缺少的
745.indispensable= required a. 不可缺少的
746.indispensable= vital a. 不可缺少的
747.indispensable= significant(重要的) a. 必不可少的748.induce =bring v. 引起
749.induce =cause v. 引起
750.ineffectively= without any result ad. 无效地751.inert= motionless a. 迟缓的;惰性的
752.inert= motiveless a. 迟缓的;惰性的
753.inevitable= unavoidable a. 不可避免的
754.inference= conclusion n. 推断的结果
755.infirm= weak a. 不坚定的;衰弱的
756.inflate= expand v. 膨胀;扩大
757.infrastructure= foundation n. 基础建设
758.ingenious= very clever a. 心灵手巧的
759.ingenuity= cleverness n. 心灵手巧;独创性760.ingenuity= creativeness n. 心灵手巧;独创性761.ingenuity= inventiveness n. 心灵手巧;独创性762.ingenuity= resourcefulness n. 心灵手巧;独创性763.inherent= essential a. 内在的;固有的
764.inherent= internal a. 内在的;固有的
765.inherent= instinctive a. 与生俱来的
766.inherent= in characteristic of a. 与生俱来的767.inherently =essentially ad. 固有地
768.inhibit =hinder v. 约束;抑制
769.inhospitable= unfavorable a. 冷淡的;不适宜的770.inhospitable= adverse a. 冷淡的;不适宜的771.initial= first a. 最初的
772.initially =originally ad. 最初;开头
773.initiate= begin v. 开始;创始
774.initiate =start v. 开始;创始
775.innovation =new n. 革新;创新
776.innovative= new a. 创新的
777.inordinate= excessive a. 过度的
778.install= put in place v. 放置，安置
779.instant= moment n. 片刻;瞬间
780.instantaneous= immediate a. 即刻的
781.instigate= incite v. 唆使;煽动
782.instructive= informative v. 富有教育意义的783.insufficient= inadequate a. 不足的
784.intact= untouched a. 完好的
785.intangible =nonmaterial a. 无形的
786.intangible= immaterial a. 无形的
787.integral= essential a. 构成整体所需要的
788.intense =strong a. 强烈的
789.intentionally= deliberately ad. 有意地;故意地790.intermediate= in-between a./n. 中间的;媒介791.intimate =close a. 亲密的
792.intricate= complex a. 复杂的
793.intricate =carefully shaped a. 复杂的
794.intrigue= interest v. 引发…兴趣
795.intriguing= fascinating a. 迷人的
796.intrinsic= essential a. 本质的;内在的
797.intrinsic= inherent a. 本质的;内在的
798.intrusive= invasive a. 侵入的
799.invade= move into v. 入侵;侵犯
800.invaluable= highly useful a. 极宝贵的801.invariably= always ad. 始终如一地;一贯地802.invent =devise v. 发明
803.inviolable= withoutexception a. 不可违背的804.inviolable =allowing no attack a. 不可违背的805.invoke =appeal v. 垦求,祈求
806.irrecoverable =permanent a. 不能挽回的807.irreparable= permanent a. 不能挽回的808.isolated= separated a. 孤立的;分离的
809.jettison= release v. 抛弃
810.jolt= shock v. 震动;震惊
811.judge= estimate v. 评判
812.junction =connection n. 连接;接合
813.juncture =connection n. 连接;接合
814.justified= right a. 正当的
815.justify= prove v. 证明...是正当的
816.key= significant a. 重要的;关键的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,ding= cargo n. 货物
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,ding= shipment n. 货物
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,ndscape= scenery n. 风景;景色
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,rge= extensive a. 大的;大量的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,rgely =mostly ad. 大部分;主要地
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,unch= initial v. 发起;发动
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,unch= initiate v. 发起;发动
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,unch= start v. 发起;发动
825.legitimacy= authority n. 合法性
826.legitimately= properly ad. 正当地;合法地827.leisure= free time n. 闲暇
828.leisurely= slowly a. 悠闲的;从容不迫地829.lethal= fateful a. 致命的
830.lethal =deadly a. 致命的
831.liberal =extensive a. 宽大的
832.liken= to compare v. 比较
833.likewise= similarly ad. 同样地
834.linger= wander v. 徘徊;漫步
835.linger= stroll v. 徘徊;漫步
836.link= connect v. 连接
837.link= consist of v. 连接;结合
838.link= put together v. 连接;结合结合
839.listening =advertent a. 留神听的
840.livelihood= means of support n. 生活;生计
841.locale= place n. 现场;场所
842.locate= find v. 找出
843.lucrative= profitable a. 有利益的
844.luxuriant= thriving a. 茂盛的
845.magnify= enlarge v. 放大
846.magnitude =extent n. 巨大;广大
847.magnitude =amount n. 量;大小
848.maintain= continue v. 维持;使继续
849.majestic= magnificent a. 壮观的
850.make their way= travel phrv. 前进
851.malleable =pliable a. 有延展性的;可塑的
852.mandatory =required a. 强制的;义务的
853.mandatory =obligatory a. 强制的;义务的
854.manifest= reveal v. 表明;显现
855.manipulate= control v. 操纵
856.marked =considerable a. 显着的
857.markedly= distinctly ad. 显着地
858.mask =cover v. 遮避;掩护;伪装
859.mask= disguise v. 遮避;掩护;伪装
860.massive= enormous a. 巨大的
861.massive= huge a. 巨大的
862.mastery= control n. 控制
863.matter= issue n. 问题;事件
864.maximum =greatest size n. 最大量
865.mean= average n. 平均值
866.merely =only ad. 仅仅
867.merely= simply ad. 仅仅
868.merely =no more than ad. 仅仅
869.merge= blend v. 合併;融合
870.merge= combine v. 合併;融合
871.meticulously= carefully ad. 小心地
872.microbe= germ n. 微生物;细菌
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,estone= significant event n. 里程碑; 划时代的事件https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,ky way =galaxy n. 银河
875.mimic= imitate v. 模仿
876.mimic= copy v. 模仿
877.miniature= small a. 微型的
878.minuscule= tiny a. 微型的
879.minute= tiny a. 微小的
880.minute =very small a. 微小的
881.minutely= finely ad. 详细地;精密地
882.minutely= in detail ad. 详细地; 精密地
883.mirror= reflect v. 反映;反射884.misconception= wrong idea n. 误解
885.misleading= erroneous a. 使人误解的886.misleading= inaccurate a. 使人误解的887.misunderstanding= wrong idea n. 误解888.misunderstanding= FALSE idea n. 误解889.mock= pretend v. 模仿
890.modest =limited(有限的) a. 适度的
891.modest= not too large (不大的) a. 适度的892.modification =alteration n. 修改;改变893.momentous= significant a. 重要的
894.monitor= observe v. 监控;监视
895.monopolize= dominate(支配) v. 独占；垄断896.monotone= tedious a. 单调的;乏味的897.monotonous= boring a. 单调的;无聊的898.moreover =additionally ad. 此外
899.moreover= in addition ad. 此外
900.motif= pattern n. 图案
901.mount= climb v. 登上
902.mount =grow v. 增长
903.mount= increase v. 增长
904.mundane= material a. 世俗的;平凡的905.mundane= ordinary a. 世俗的;平凡的906.myriad= countless a. 大量的;无数的
907.myriad= innumerable a. 大量的;无数的908.myriad= numerous a. 大量的;无数的909.narrow= limit v. 使变窄
910.nature= character n. 天性;本质
911.nearly= almost ad. 几乎;差不多
912.necessary= required a. 必要的
913.needless to say= obvious phr. 不用说914.nevertheless= however ad. 然而;尽管915.nevertheless= in spite of ad. 然而;尽管916.nocturnal =nighttime a. 夜间的
917.notable important a. 显着的;重要的
918.notable outstanding a. 显着的;重要的919.note record v. 记录
920.noticeable obvious a. 显而易见的
921.notwithstanding despite prep. 虽然; 尽管922.objective purpose n. 目标
923.oblige force v. 强迫
924.obscure conceal v. 使变暗;遮掩
925.obscure hide v. 使模煳
926.obscure unclear a. 模煳的
927.obscure not clear a. 模煳的
928.obsession with fixation on n. 痴迷;迷恋929.obtain acquire v. 取得;获得
930.obvious evident a. 明显的
931. occasion event n. 重大活动 932. occasionally once in a while adv. 偶尔地 933. of legitimacy lawful a. 合法的 934. of likelihood probable a. 可能的 935. offset compensate v. 补偿;抵销 936. offset balance v. 补偿;抵销 937. offset make up v. 补偿;抵销抵销 938. old male aged male n. 老人 939. omit exclude v. 遗漏;删去 940. omit neglect v. 遗漏;删去 941. on the contrary on the other hand phr. 恰恰相反 942. on the contrary whereas(然而; 反之) phr. 恰恰相反 943. on the whole in general ph. 大体上 944. ongoing current a. 进行的 945. onset beginning n. 开始 946. onset start n. 开始 947. opaque impenetrable a. 难理解的 948. optimal most advantageous a. 最佳的 949. option choice n. 选项;选择 950. orchestrate stage-manage v. 精心安排 951. orientation perspective n. 观点 952. orientation introduction n. 介绍 953. originally at the first ad. 起初 954. ornament decorate v. 装饰 955. ornamental =decorative a. 装饰的 956. ornamentation= decoration n. 装饰 957. outbreak =sudden increase v. 爆发;突然发生 958. outcome= result n. 结果 959. outermost= farthermost away a. 最远的 960. overview= summary n. 概要 961. overwhelming= powerful a. 压倒性的 962. pacify =assuage v. 使平静 963. paradox= contrary n. 相反;矛盾 964. paradoxically= seemingly contradictory ad. 似非而是地 965. parcel out =distribute phrv. 把...分成几份;分配 966. pare away= remove v. 修掉;削减削减 967. partly =in some degree ad. 部份地 968. patch =spot n. 斑点 969. patch =area n. 小块土地 970. peak= maximum n. 高峰（期） 971. peak =highest point n. 高峰（期） 972. peak= time of the greatest period n. 高峰（期） 973. peculiar= strange a. 奇怪的;独特的 974. penetrate =enter v. 穿入;穿透 975. perceptible= appreciable a. 可感知的 976. perceptible =noticeable a. 可感知的 977. peril= danger n. 危险 978. perilous= dangerous a. 危险的 979. perilous= risky a. 危险的 980. perilous= hazardous a. 危险的 981. perilous= toxic a. 危险的 982. periodically= regularly ad. 周期性地 983. periodically= from time to time ad. 周期性地 984. perishable =easy to spoil a. 易腐坏的 985. permanent =lasting a. 永恒的 986. permeate =penetrate v. 渗透;弥漫 987. permit= allow v. 允许 988. perpetual =constant a. 永久的;连续的 989. persist =continue v. 坚持;持续 990. persist= last v. 坚持;持续 991. persistent= long lasting a. 耐久的 992. personality= character n. 个性;性格 993. pertinent =relevant a. 相关的 994. pervasive= widespread a. 普遍的 995. phenomena[pl.] =events n. 现象 996. phenomenal= extraordinary a. 异常的 997. phenomenon= occurrence n. 现象 998. phenomenon= observable fact n. 现象 999. piecing =joining n. 接合 1000. pigment= color n. 色素 1001. pigmentation= coloring n. （生物的）天然颜色 1002. pigmentation= dye n. 染色 1003. pinnacle =high point n. 顶点;顶峰 1004. pinpoint =precise a. 精确的 1005. pinpoint =describe precisely v. 准确地解释或说明 1006. pinpoint =clearly identify v. 准确地解释或说明 1007. plausible =believable a. 貌似有理的 1008. plausible =paradoxical a. 似是而非的 1009. pledge= promise n. 保证;誓言 1010. plumage= feather n. 羽毛 1011. pocketbook= affordable a. 负担得起的 1012. popular= widespread a. 流行的;广泛的 1013. popular= broad appeal a. 流行的;广泛的 1014. pore= hole n. 毛孔;细孔 1015. pore =space(空间) n. 毛孔;细孔 1016. portion= part n. 一部分 1017. portion= constituent n. 一部分 1018. pose= place v. 摆姿势;展现 1019. pose =present v. 摆姿势;展现 1020. posit =propose v. 断定;假定 1021. posit= suggest v. 断定;假定 1022. posit =assume v. 断定;假定 1023. postulate=presume v. 假定 1024. postulate= hypotheses v. 假定
1025. potent =powerful a. 有力的 1026. potential =possible a. 潜在的;可能的 1027. practically= nearly ad. 几乎;差不多 1028. precarious =insecure a. 不稳定的;危险的 1029. precede =be beyond v. 高于;超出 1030. precede= come before v. 在…之前 1031. precious =valuable a. 宝贵的 1032. precipitate =bring about v. 使…突然发生 1033. precision =accuracy n. 精确;正确 1034. preclude= rule out v. 排除;阻止阻止 1035. predicament =difficult situation n. 尴尬的处境;困境 1036. predicament =serious situation n. 尴尬的处境;困境 1037. prediction =prophecy n. 预言 1038. predominant= principal a. 占优势的 1039. predominant= most aggressive a. 占优势的 1040. predominant =very noticeable a. 占优势的 1041. predominantly= primitively ad. 占优势地 1042. predominately =mainly ad. 主要地 1043. preeminent =foremost a. 卓越的;显着的 1044. premise= assume v. 假定;前提 1045. premise= assumption n. 假定;前提 1046. preoccupation with= concentration on phr. 专注于 1047. preordain= appoint v. 预定;注定 1048. preordain= foreordain v. 预定;註定 1049. preordain =ordain v. 预定;注定 1050. prerequisite =requirement n. 必要条件 1051. prerequisite= something required n. 必要条件 1052. prerequisite= something needed to happen n. 必要条件 1053. preserve= protect v. 保存;保护 1054. preserve= retain v. 保存;保护 1055. preserve= save v. 保存;保护 1056. presumable= probably a. 可推测的;可能有的 1057. prevailing= popular a. 流行的 1058. prevailing= dominant a. 占优势的 1059. prevalent =common a. 普遍的;流行的 1060. prevalent =prevailing a. 普遍的;流行的 1061. previous= past a. 先前的;以往的 1062. previously= before ad. 以前;早先 1063. primarily= mainly ad. 主要地 1064. primary= dominant a. 主要的 1065. primitive= early a. 原始的 1066. principal =essential a. 主要的 1067. principal= major a. 主要的 1068. principle= rule n. 原则 1069. principle= standard n. 原则 1070. prior =previous a. 在先的;在前的 1071. priority= ranking preference n. 优先 1072. pristine= pure a. 清新的;纯朴的
1073. prized= valued a. 有价值的 1074. probe =explore v. 探查;探测
1075. process= purify(提纯;精炼) v. 加工 1076. procure =obtain v. 获得;取得 1077. procure =acquire v. 获得;取得 1078. profound= far-reaching a. 深远的
1079. programmed= determined a. 计画…的 1080. prohibitive= unaffordable a. 抑止的 1081. projection= estimate n. 推测;估计 1082. proliferation= increase n. 增产;增加 1083. prolifically= abundantly ad. 多产地 1084. prolong =extend v. 延长
1085. prominent =eminent a. 显着的
1086. prominent= outstanding a. 卓越的;重要的 1087. prominent =principal a. 卓越的;重要的 1088. promote= encourage v. 促进;增长 1089. pronounced= clear a. 明显的;显著的 1090. pronounced =definite a. 明显的;显著的 1091. pronounced= notable a. 明显的;显著的 1092. propagate= multiply v. 繁殖 1093. propagate= reproduce v. 繁殖 1094. propel =push v. 推进;激励
1095. property =characteristic n. 特性;属性 1096. property= quality n. 特性;属性 1097. proponent= supporter n. 拥护者 1098. prosper =succeed v. 成功;兴旺 1099. prosperity= well being n. 幸福生活 1100. prosperous= wealthy a. 富有的;繁盛的 1101. prototype =model n. 原型
1102. protrude =project v. 伸出;凸出 1103. protrude= extend v. 伸出;凸出
1104. protrude =stick out v. 伸出;凸出凸出 1105. provoke= elicit v. 激起;导致
1106. prowess= expertise n. 非凡的技能 1107. prowess =ambition(雄心) n. 英勇 1108. proximity= closeness n. 接近 1109. proximity =nearness n. 接近
1110. proximity to= close to n. 邻近; 靠近 1111. pursue =chase v. 追求;追赶 1112. quarters= residences n. 住处
1113. radical =drastic a. 彻底的;极端的 1114. radical =extreme a. 彻底的;极端的 1115. radical =fundamental a. 根本的 1116. radically =completely a. 根本地
1117. raise to= cause to/ come about v. 引起; 使出现 1118.
ramification= branch n. 分枝;分派
1119.ramification =consequence n. 结果;衍生物1120.range= vary v. 变化;变动
1121.rare =scarce a. 稀有的;罕见的
1122.rate= classify v. 评价;分等
1123.rather than= instead of phr. 而不是
1124.readily =easily ad. 容易地
1125.ready= receptive(能接纳的) a. 甘心的;情愿的1126.realm= area n. 领域
1127.rebellion= revolt n. 反抗;叛乱
1128.rebound= recovery n. 重新振作
1129.receptacle= receiver n. 容器
1130.receptivity to =openness to phr. 接受
1131.recharge= refill v. 再充填
1132.recur= repeat v. 反覆出现
1133.refine= improve v. 精炼
1134.refined =decent a. 精致的
1135.refined =with high quality a. 精緻的
1136.refreshing= unusual a. 别具一格的
1137.refuge=safety n.庇护，庇护所
1138.refuse= garbage n. 垃圾
1139.regardless =without considering ad. 无论如何1140.regulate =adjust v. 调整;调节
1141.regulate =control v. 管理;控制
1142.reinforce= strengthen v. 加强
1143.relative= comparative a. 比较的
1144.relatively =comparatively ad. 相对地;对比地1145.relatively= correspondingly ad. 相对地;对比地1146.relatively =oppositely ad. 相对地;对比地1147.relevant= applicable adj. 有关的;恰当的1148.relic =remain n. 遗物;遗迹
1149.relic= remnant n. 遗物;遗迹
1150.reluctant= disinclined a. 不情愿的
1151.remarkable =notable a. 非凡的;卓越的1152.remarkable= incredible a. 非凡的;卓越的1153.remedy =cure v. 治疗
1154.remnant =remaining a. 残留的
1155.remnant= remains n. 残余
1156.remote= distant a. 遥远的
1157.remote=isolated(孤立的) a. 遥远的
1158.render= make v. 使得
1159.rendering= presentation n. 演奏;表演
1160.renowned= famous a. 有名的
1161.repercussion= effect n. 回响;影响
1162.replicas= copies n. 复制品
1163.repudiate= reject v. 否定;驳斥
1164.reputation= fame n. 名声
1165.reserve =save v. 保存;保留1166.resident= inhabitant n. 居民
1167.residual =remaining a. 残留的
1168.resilient =easy to recover a. 迅速恢复的1169.resilient= quick to recover a. 迅速恢复的1170.restricted= limited a. 受限制的
1171.retain= keep v. 保持;保留
1172.retreat= recede v. 撤煺
1173.retrieve= bring back v. 找回
1174.reveal =manifest v. 展现;揭露
1175.reveal =show v. 展现;揭露
1176.reveal= make known v. 展现;揭露
1177.revenues= income n. 税收
1178.revival =restoration n. 恢复;再生
1179.revival =resuscitation n. 恢复;再生
1180.revolution= dramatic change n. 彻底改革1181.revolutionize =change dramatically v. 彻底改革1182.rigidly= strictly ad.严厉地
1183.rigorous= demanding a. 严厉的
1184.rigorous= harsh a. 严厉的
1185.rise= emerge v. 出现
1186.risk =danger n. 危险
1187.ritual =ceremonial n. 仪式
1188.rival =compete v. 竞争;对抗
1189.roam= wander v. 漫游
1190.robust= healthy a. 强壮的;结实的
1191.role =function n. 作用
1192.rotate= turn v. 转动
1193.roughly= approximately ad. 大约地
1194.roundabout= circuitous a. 迂回的
1195.route= path n. 路径；途径
1196.routinely commonly ad. 常规地
1197.rudiment= basic n. 基础
1198.rudimentary= basic a. 根本的
1199.rudimentary =primitive a. 根本的
1200.rupture= burst v. 破裂
1201.sacred= holy a. 神圣的
1202.sample= example n. 样本;例子
1203.satisfied =fulfilled a. 令人满意的
1204.save for =except for prep. 除…之外
1205.scale= magnitude n. 大小;等级
1206.scant= minimal a. 少量的
1207.scatter =distribute v. 使分散
1208.scatter= disperse v. 使分散
1209.scented =fragrant a. 有气味的
1210.scope =horizon n. 范围;程度
1211.scope =extent n. 范围;程度
1212.scorching= exceedingly hot a. 酷热的
1213.score =a large number of n. 大量的;许多的1214.scorn= despise v. 轻蔑;嘲笑
1215.scrap= fragment n. 碎片
1216.screen =filter v. 过滤
1217.scrutinize= examine v. 详细审查
1218.scrutiny =examination n. 详细审查1219.sculpt= shape v. 雕刻;造型
1220.secrete= produce v. 分泌
1221.sedentary= settled a. 久坐的;固定的1222.seething= excited a. 激昂的
1223.seething =active a. 激昂的
1224.segment= portion n. 部分;片断
1225.seize= take v. 抓住
1226.seldom= rare a. 很少的
1227.separate =different a. 各别的;不同的1228.serene= calm a. 平静的
1229.serene= silent a. 平静的
1230.set in= motion start phrv. 开动
1231.set off= begin phrv. 出发;动身;引起1232.settle =inhabit v. 定居;安顿
1233.severe=harsh a. 严厉的;严酷的
1234.shallow= not deep a. 浅的
1235.shatter= destroy v. 打碎
1236.sheer= absolute a. 完全的
1237.shield =protect v. 保护
1238.shift =change v. 转换;转移
1239.shift= move v. 转换;转移
1240.shiver= tremor v. 发抖;打颤
1241.showcase= display v. 陈列
1242.shrink= contract v. 缩水;收缩
1243.shy away from =avoid phrv. 回避；躲避1244.significant =considerable a. 重大的1245.significant= important a. 重大的
1246.significant =meaningful a. 重大的
1247.simulated= artificial a. 假装的;仿造的1248.simultaneously= at the same time ad. 同时地1249.singularly =particularly ad. 非常;特别1250.sink= descend v. 下沉;下陷
1251.sink= drop to the bottom v. 下沉;下陷1252.sink= pass out of sight v. 下沉;下陷1253.site= locate v. 选址;设置
1254.size up= reckon up to v. 估计
1255.skeptical =doubting a. 怀疑的;多疑的1256.skeptical= suspected a. 怀疑的;多疑的1257.slight= small a. 轻微的;少量的
1258.slightly= somewhat ad. 稍微地
1259.slope =incline v. 倾斜1260.snap= break v. 断裂
1261.so far= until present phr. 目前为止
1262.so far= up to now phr. 目前为止
1263.so far= up to present phr. 目前为止
1264.soak =absorb v. 吸收
1265.sole= only a. 单独的;唯一的
1266.sole= unique a. 单独的;唯一的
1267.solicit= request v. 垦求;请求
1268.solitary= alone a. 单独的;独自的
1269.sophisticated =complex a. 精致的;复杂的1270.sophisticated= elaborated a. 精致的;复杂的1271.sophisticated =refined a. 精致的;复杂的
1272.sophistication= technology n. 工艺
1273.sort= kind n. 品种;种类
1274.sort= type n. 品种;种类
1275.sought-after =desired a. 广受欢迎的
1276.source =origin n. 来源
1277.span =period n. 一段时间
1278.spark= set off v. 出发
1279.sparse =not rich a. 稀少的;零星的
1280.spawn= create v. 产卵;产生
1281.spawn= produce v. 产卵;产生
1282.speak of =indicate phrv. 提及
1283.speciation= evolution(演化) n. 物种形成1284.specific= particular a. 特殊的;特定的
1285.specify= state v. 详细說明
1286.spectacular= impressive a. 引人入胜的
1287.spectator= beholder n. 目击者
1288.spectator= viewer n. 目击者
1289.spectator= human viewer n. 目击者
1290.spectrum= range n. 范围;系列
1291.speed= increase the rate of v. 加速
1292.spell= period of time n. 一段时间
1293.sphere= area n. 范围;领域
1294.splendor= magnificence n. 光彩;壮丽
1295.split= divided a. 裂开的；分离的
1296.spontaneous =impulsive a. 自发的;非计划安排的1297.spontaneous= instinctive a. 自发的;非计划安排的1298.spontaneous= unplanned a. 自发的;非计划安排的1299.sporadic= irregular a. 偶尔发生的
1300.sporadic= intermittent a. 偶尔发生的
1301.sporadically= occasionally ad. 偶尔
1302.spot= catch v. 看见;发现
1303.spot= see v. 看见;发现
1304.spot= identify v. 看见;发现
1305.spottily =occasionally ad. 缺乏连续性
1306.spread= distribute v. 散布
1307.spur =stimulate v. 刺激
1308.stabilize= hold in place v. 使稳定
1309.staggering= overwhelming a. 巨大的
1310.staple= important a. 主要的
1311.staunch= loyal a. 坚定的;可靠的
1312.staunch =strong a. 坚定的;可靠的
1313.steadfast= firm a. 坚定的;固定的
1314.stealthily= silently ad. 悄悄地
1315.stem= arise v. 起源于
1316.stimulate= cause v. 刺激;促使
1317.stimulate= prompt v. 刺激;促使
1318.stockpile= store up v. 储备;贮存贮存1319.strictly= only ad. 仅仅
1320.stride= step n. 大步;阔步
1321.strike= come into/ contract with v. 撞击; 冲击1322.striking= dramatic a. 惊人的
1323.string= series n. 一系列
1324.stringent =strict a. 严厉的
1325.strip =remove v. 剥去
1326.sturdy =strong a. 结实的;强壮的
1327.stylus= pen n. 钢笔
1328.subject to= vulnerable to a. 易受…影响的1329.subjected to= dominated by v. 控制
1330.subsequent= ensuing a. 后来的;随后的1331.subsequent =later a. 后来的;随后的
1332.subsidiary =less important a. 次要的
1333.substantial =sturdy a. 坚固的
1334.substantial= significant a. 重大的;真实的1335.substantial= actual a. 重大的;真实的
1336.substantial =essential a. 重大的;真实的1337.substantially =importantly ad. 重大地1338.substantiate =confirm v. 证明;证实
1339.substitute= replace v. 代替
1340.substitute =replacement n. 代替物
1341.succession =series n. 一系列
1342.suitable =appropriate a. 合适的
1343.suited =appropriated a. 合适的
1344.sumptuous= luxurious a. 奢侈的;豪华的1345.sunk= down to the bottom a. 下陷的
1346.supplant= substitute v. 代替;取代
1347.supplant= replace v. 代替;
1348.suppress =stop by force v. 制止; 镇压1349.surmise= inferv.推测
1350.surmise= assumption v. 推测;猜测
1351.surmise= guess v. 推测;猜测
1352.surmise= infer v. 推测;猜测
1353.surplus= excess a. 过剩的1354.surplus =extra a. 过剩的
1355.surveillance= careful observation n. 监视;检查1356.susceptible to =prone to a. 易受…影响的1357.suspect= believe v. 猜想;疑有
1358.suspect= doubt v. 猜想;疑有
1359.suspend =hang v. 悬挂
1360.sustain =support v. 支撑;支持
1361.sustain= persist v. 支持
1362.sustenance= food n. 生计;食物
1363.sustenance= life n. 生计;食物
1364.sustenance= living n. 生计;食物
1365.swell =expand v. 增大;肿胀
1366.swell =enlargement n. 增大;肿胀
1367.swiftly =quickly ad. 迅速地
1368.symmetric= balance a. 对称的;均衡的1369.synthesis= combination n. 合成
1370.tactual= textural a. 触觉的
1371.tailspin= total confusion n. 混乱; 失控1372.take= require v. 需要
1373.take place= occur phrv. 发生
1374.tame= domesticate v. 驯服;驯化
1375.tangible =material a. 有形的;实际的
1376.tangible =physical a. 有形的;实际的
1377.tantalizing =anxious a. 非常着急的
1378.taper= diminish v. 逐渐变小
1379.task= work n. 任务
1380.technique= method n. 手段;方法
1381.teem with= be full of phrv. 充满;遍布1382.tempting= appealing a. 吸引人的;诱人的1383.tend= care for v. 趋于;照料
1384.tendency= inclination n. 倾向
1385.tenet= belief n. 原则;信条
1386.tenet= principle n. 原则;信条
1387.tension =pressure n. 紧张
1388.tenuous =weak a.脆弱的，无力的
1389.terminal= final a. 末端的;终点的
1390.terrain= tract(大片土地) n. 地形;地势1391.testify= give evidence v. 作证
1392.therefore =consequently ad. 因此
1393.therefore= in that purpose ad. 因此
1394.thoroughly= completely ad. 完全地;彻底1395.threaten= endanger v. 危及
1396.threshold =limit n. 界限;起始点
1397.through= by prep. 通过
1398.thus= consequently ad. 因此
1399.tie =connection n. 连接;关系
1400.tie= relation n. 连接;关系
1401.timid= fearful a. 胆怯的
1402.toil= work v. 辛勤劳动
1403.tolerate= endure v. 忍受
1404.toxic= poisonous a. 有毒的
1405.track =follow v. 跟踪;追踪
1406.track =observe(观察;观测) v. 跟踪;追踪1407.tracts(of land)= area n. 大片土地
1408.transfer= move v. 转移;转变
1409.transform= deform v. 转变
1410.transformation= conversion n. 转化;转换1411.transformation= change n. 转化;转换
1412.transformation= rotation n. 转化;转换
1413.transformation =shuffle n. 转化;转换
1414.transforming =changing n. 转化;转换
1415.transitory= ephemeral a. 短暂的
1416.transitory =short-lived a. 短暂的
1417.transitory= temporary a. 短暂的
1418.transitory= transient a. 短暂的
1419.trappings= decorations n. 装饰
1420.trauma= damage n. 损伤;精神创伤
1421.traverse= cross v. 横过;穿过
1422.trend= movement n. 趋势;走向
1423.trend= tendency n. 趋势;走向
1424.tricky= difficult a. 狡猾的;棘手的
1425.trigger= start v. 触发;引发
1426.trigger= initiate v. 触发;引发
1427.truism= it was evidence that n. 不言而喻的道理1428.turbulent= agitated a. 激动的
1429.turn= change to v. 使变成
1430.typical= ordinary a. 平常的
1431.ubiquitous= common a. 到处存在的
1432.ultimately= eventually ad. 最终
1433.ultimately =finally ad. 最终
1434.unadorned= not decorative a. 未装饰的1435.unanimity =total agreement n. 一致同意1436.undergo= experience v. 经历;经受
1437.underlying= inner a. 潜在的;隐含的
1438.underpinning= foundation n. 基础;支柱;支撑1439.underpinning= support n. 基础;支柱;支撑1440.underrate= underestimate v. 低估;看轻1441.underrate =undervalue v. 低估;看轻
1442.underscore =stress v. 强调
1443.undertake= attempt(努力;尝试) v. 承担;担任1444.undertaking =enterprise n. 事业;企业
1445.uneasy= unstable a. 不稳定的
1446.uniform= without variation a. 统一的;一致的1447.uniformly= evenly ad. 一致地1448.uniformly =consistently ad. 一致地
1449.unintendedly =occasionally(偶然地) ad. 非计画中1450.unique= distinct a. 特有的
1451.unique= sole(唯一的) a. 特有的
1452.unique to= only found in a. 特有的
1453.universally =without exception ad. 在各种情况下1454.unleash= release v. 释放
1455.unprecedented= initial a. 空前的
1456.unprecedented= new a. 空前的
1457.unprecedented =novel a. 空前的
1458.unprecedented =unique a. 空前的
1459.unqualified =complete a. 不合格的;无条件的1460.unreceptive =unresponsive a. 接受能力差的1461.unresolved =undecided a. 未解决的
1462.unrestricted =unlimited a. 没有限制的
1463.unsophisticated =simple a. 简单的
1464.unsuitable= inappropriate a. 不适合的
1465.unsurpassed =superior a. 非常卓越的
1466.unwieldy= cumbersome a. 笨重的
1467.urbane =cultivated a. 文雅的
1468.utilitarian= practical a. 实用的
1469.utilitarian= functional a. 实用的
1470.utterly= completely ad. 完全
1471.vagary= uncertainty n. 难以预测的变化
1472.vaguely= slightly a. 模煳的
1473.vanish= disappear v. 消失
1474.variability= tendency to change n. 可变性;反覆不定1475.variation =difference n. 变更;变化
1476.varied= different a. 不相同的
1477.vast= immense a. 巨大的
1478.vast =extended a. 辽阔的
1479.vast= extensive a. 辽阔的
1480.vast= large number a. 大量的
1481.vastly= greatly ad. 巨大地
1482.vehicle= way n. 手段;工具
1483.vehicle =means n. 手段;工具
1484.vehicle= method n. 手段;工具
1485.versatile= adaptable a. 多才多艺的
1486.via= by means of prep. 经过;凭藉
1487.via= by the way of prep. 经过;凭藉
1488.vial= bottle n. 小瓶
1489.vibrant= vivid a. 生气勃勃的
1490.vigor= energy a. 生气勃勃的
1491.vigorous= strong a. 精力旺盛的
1492.vigorous= energetic a. 精力旺盛的
1493.virtually =nearly ad. 差不多
1494.virtually =almost ad. 差不多
1495. virtually= actually ad. 事实上地
1496. virtually= in fact ad. 事实上地
1497. visual barrier= obstacle to view phr. 视觉阻碍 1498. vital =essential a. 极重要的
1499. vivid= bright a. 鲜明的
1500. volume =quantity n. 数额
1501. vulnerable= susceptible a. 易受伤害的
1502. vulnerable= weak a. 易受伤害的
1503. vulnerable =open to attack a. 易受伤害的
1504. vulnerable= open to break a. 易受伤害的
1505. wanting= inadequate a. 不够好的
1506. warrant =justify v. 使正当
1507. warrant =authorize v. 授权
1508. wary= cautious a. 小心的;谨慎的
1509. way= station stop n. （长途旅行的）小站
1510. whatever= in any case ad. 不管怎样
1511. whereas= however conj. 然而
1512. whereby= through a process in which conj. 凭藉;如何
1513. while= although conj. 虽然
1514. wholly =completely ad. 完全地;全部
1515. wield= exert v. 行使
1516. with respect of= in terms of(就…而言) phr. 关于 1517. within= inside ad. 在里面
1518. withstand= resist v. 承受;经受住
1519. withstand= tolerate v. 承受;经受住
1520. witness =observe v. 目击
1521. yearly= annual a. 一年的
1522. yearning= longing a. 思念的;渴望的
1523. yet= however conj. 然而
1524. yield= produce v. 产生;提供
1525. yield= provide v. 产生;提供
1526.
zenith= peak n. 顶点
2011年新增内容
17. abrupt=sudden adj.突然的 18. accumulate=build up 积累
19. aggregation=group n.聚合，聚集；聚集体，集合体 20. apparently=seemingly adv. 显然地；似乎bustling=busy adj. 忙乱的 21. arid=dry adj.干旱的
22.
astoundingly=incredibly adv.使人震惊的 23. be susceptible to=be subject to 受…影响的 24. brew=develop vt.开发 25. by and large=for the most part 总的来说
26. catastrophic=badly harmful 灾难性的 27. champion=promote vt.提升，提拔 28. circumstance=situation n.情况 29. cluster=group n.组，群 30. coincide with=accord with 符合；与...相一致 31. coincidence=likely events 相同，符合 32. colossal=enormous adj.巨大的 33. compelling=forcing adj.强烈的，引人入胜的 34. comprehensive=thorough adj.全面的，彻底的 35. compulsory=required adj.必须的 36. concensus=agreement n.一致 37. confined=limited adj.有限的 38. confined=restricted v. 限制 39. congregate=gather vt. vi （使）集合，聚集 40. consequently=as a result 结果，因此 41. considerablely=greatly adv.相当大地 42. constitute=make up vt. 组成，构成；建立 43. consume=use completely 耗尽 44. continuous=ongoing adj.不断前进的
45. contour=outline vt. 画轮廓 46. convince=persuade vt.劝说，说服 47. couple with=together with 把…连同在一起 48. culminate in=peak 达到顶点；以…告终 49. cushioned=protect 保护 50. deficient=inadequate adj,不足的 51. deplete=exhaust vt. 耗尽，用尽 52. desiccated=dry adj. 干的 53. despite= even though 尽管 54. detected=identified vt.认出，识别 55. determine=figure out vt. 决定；判决 56. devour = eat vt. 吞食
57. dilemma=problem n. 困境；进退两难 58. dim=weak adj.暗淡的，弱的 59. dimension=size n.尺寸
60. dimension=aspect n. [数] 维；尺寸；次元 61. distant=far adj.遥远的 62. diverse=various adj.不同的
63. doctrine=principle n.原则
64. elite=excellent person n. 精英；精华 65. encounter=meet vt. 遭遇，邂逅 66. end=purpose n.目的 67. enduring=withstanding adj.耐心的，持久的
68. entirely=wholly adv. 完全地，彻底地 69. envision=imagine vt. 想像
70.essential=required adj.必须的
71.eventual=final adj.最终的
72.eventually= finally adv.最后，终于
73.eventually=in the end adv. 最后，终于
74.evolve=develop vt. 发展，进化
75.exclusively=solely adv. 唯一地
76.exert=utilize vt. 运用，发挥
77.extensive=broad adj. 广泛的；大量的；广阔的
78.focus=concentrate vt.使集中
79.foremost=important adj.重要的
80.furthermore=moreover adv. 此外；而且
81.genuine=true adj. 真实的，真正的；诚恳的
82.hairline=slight adj.细小的，纤细的
83.implement=carry out vt. 实施，执行
84.incentive=motive n.动机；刺激
85.indistinct=not clear adj. 模糊的，不清楚的
86.inducement=incentive n. 诱因，刺激物
87.initialing=beginning v. 开始；创建
88.insight into=perceive 洞察
89.intact=complete adj. 完整的
90.intercourse=exchange n.交流
91.intermingle=interact vt. 使混合；使搀和
92.keep tune to=maintain 保持
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,x=careless adj.马马虎虎的；不严谨的
94.marked= significant adj.明显的，显著的
95.markedly=noticeably adv.显著地
96.marvelously=remarkably adv.引人注目地
97.mature=get older adj. 成熟的
98.mere subsistence=minimize survival 最低的维持生
存
99.minute=small adj.少的
100.misleading=unreliable adj. 令人误解的
101.moderate=temperate adj.温和的
102.modes=manner n.模式；方法
103.modify=change vt.修改，更改
104.mutually exclusive=contradictory adj.矛盾的105.notably=especially adv.明显地
106.notwithstanding=-nevertheless conj. 虽然
107.on the whole=mainly 主要地
108.optimal=ideal adj. 最佳的；最理想的
109.originate from= come into existence from 来源于110.overlook=ignore vt. 忽略
111.owing to=because of 因为
112.peak=summit/climax n.顶点
113.portable -can be carried adj. 手提的，便携式的114.portions=parts n.部分
115.potential= capability adj.可能的116.pragmatic = practical adj.实际的
117.primitive=basic and simple adj.简单的，粗糙的118.profound=deep adj.深的
119.projection=prediction n.预测，推断，设想120.proliferating=multiplying vi.繁殖
121.prolong=lengthy adj.过长的
122.promote=enhance vt. 促进；提升；推销；发扬123.prompt=cause n.催促；激励；怂恿；提醒
124.proposal=idea n. 提议，建议
125.provided=if conj. 如果
126.rare=unusual adj. 稀有的
127.ravage=destroy n.毁坏
128.refined=improved adj.精炼的
129.regenerate=renew vt.新生，再生
130.regrettable=unfortunate adj.不幸的，令人遗憾的131.remarkably=surprisingly adv. 显著地；非常地132.resembling=approximating vt.类似，近似133.respective=particular adj.每个的，各个的
134.resume = start again vt.重新开始
135.scanty=thin adj. 缺乏的; 稀疏的
136.seek=attempt vt.试图，企图
137.sensational= extraordinary adj. 轰动的
138.setback=failure n.挫折，失败
139.severed=cut off 切断
140.severity=seriousness n.严格，严肃
141.significance=importance n.重要性
142.skeptical=doubtful adj. 怀疑的
143.specifically=specially adv. 特别地；明确地
144.splendid=magnificent adj. 辉煌的；灿烂的
145.sponsor = support vt. 赞助；发起
146.spontaneously=automatically adv. 自发地；自然地；147.spur of the moment=without planning 没有计划148.strategy=plan n. 战略，策略
149.stunning=astounding adj.使人震惊的
150.subsequent=following in time 在…之后
151.substantial=enough adj.重大的，重要的
152.successive=continuous adj.连续的
153.sue=raise a legal action against vt. 控告
154.supplemental=additional adj.额外的
155.susceptible to=be subject to 容易受到…的影响156.thorough=complete adj. 彻底的；十分的；周密的157.throughout=during the period 始终
158.thus=therefore adv.因此
159.tremendous=enormous adj. 极大的，巨大的
160.ultimate=in the end adj. 最终的
161.underscore=emphasize vt.强调
162.vast=huge adj.巨大的
163.vital=essential adj.必不可少的164.whole=entire adj.整体的，全部的
iBT新托福镇魂单词题（词汇题）全集（打印版） 1.3版（2011年10月12日） 使用方法：这整个文件，至少要整体反复从头至尾看20遍，务必要求达到看到前面的单词，就马上能联想到后面的单词以及中文的意思。就像你一看到新托福考试，马上就能联想到“无老师”一样。^_^但是，并不要求会写，以及会用这些单词，这个文件里面所有的单词，只要认识即可。 更新：2011年10月12日新增58组单词
1. a matter of speculation =supposition n. 推断 2. a solicitation of =an invitation of n. 垦求;垦请 3.abandoned= left a. 被遗弃的 4.aberrant= abnormal a. 脱离常轨的, 5.abort= quit v. 夭折;中止 6.abruptly= suddenly ad. 突然地;意外地 7.absorb =appeal v. 吸收;被…吸引 8.absorb= learn(学习) v. 吸收 9.absorb= take in v. 吸收;被…吸引 10.abstract= not concrete a. 抽象的;非实际的 11.absurd= ridiculous a. 荒谬的;可笑的 12.abundance= large amount n. 大量 13.abundance= great number n. 大量 14.abundant = affluent a. 丰富的;大量的 15.abundant= ample a. 丰富的;大量的 16.abundant= numerous a. 丰富的;大量的 17.abundant= plentiful a. 丰富的;大量的 18.abundant= substantial a. 丰富的;大量的 19.abundantly= plentifully ad. 丰富地;大量地 20.access =reach v. 接近 21.accessible =reachable a. 可接近的 22.accessible =easy to reach a. 易接近的 23.accidental =unexpected a. 意外的;偶然的 24.accommodate= provide for v. 提供 25.accomplished =achieved a. 实现完成的 26.accomplished =skilled a. 熟练的 27.account= description n. 说明 28.account for= explain v. 说明 29.accumulate =collect v. 积累;聚集 30.accumulate =pile up v. 积累;聚集聚集 31.accurate =correct a. 正确的 32.accurately= correctly ad. 正确地 33.acknowledge= recognize v. 承认 34.actually= in fact ad. 事实上 35.added =extra a. 附加的;额外的 36.adept =skilled a. 熟练的 37.adherent= supporter n. 拥护者 38.adjacent =nearby a. 毗连的 39.adjacent =neighboring a. 毗连的 40.adjust= modify v. 调整;改变…以适应 41.administer = manage v. 管理 42.admit= let in v. 准许进入 43.adopt= enact v. 采用 44.advance= improvement n. 发展;增长 45.advent= arrival n. 出现;到来46.advent= beginning n. 出现;到来 47.affair= matter n. 事件;事情 48.afford= provide v. 提供;给予 49.aggravate= increase v. 加重;增剧 50.aggravate =annoy v. 使恼火 51.aggregate= overall a. 聚集的;合计的 52.aggregate= combined a. 聚集的;合计的 53.agile= astute a. 灵活的;敏捷的 54.agile= clever a. 灵活的;敏捷的 55.agile= quick and active a. 灵活的;敏捷的 56.agile= move and act quickly a. 灵活的;敏捷的 57.air= feeling n. 气氛 58.alarm= sound v. 警报 59.alarm= warning n. 警告 60.albeit= although conj. 尽管；虽然 61.albeit =even though conj. 尽管；虽然 62.allow= enable v. 允许 63.allude= suggest v. 暗示 64.allude to= refer to phrv. 提到 65.ally with= link to v. 结盟 66.alter= change to v. 改变 67.amazing= remarkable/replacement a. 令人惊讶的/非凡的 68.ambiguous =vague a. 不明确的 69.ambivalent =mixed a. 矛盾的 70.ample= plentiful a. 充足的;丰富的 71.ample =spacious a. 宽敞的 72.anchor= hold in place v. 使固定 73.ancient= old a. 古老的 74.ancient =antique a. 古老的 75.annihilate= destroy v. 消灭 76.annihilate =completely remove v. 消灭 77.annually= yearly ad. 每年 78.anomaly= irregularity n. 异常的人或物 79.antagonist =competitor n. 对手;敌手 80.anticipate= expect v. 预期 81.antiseptic =clean a. 抗菌的 82.antithesis= opposite n. 对立面 83.antler =horn n. 鹿角 84.anxiety =worry n. 忧虑;担心 85.apart from= exception phr. 除了…之外 86.apart from =except for phr. 除了…之外 87.apparatus= equipment n. 仪器;设备 88.apparent =obvious a. 显然的 89.apparently= clearly ad. 显然地 90.appeal= attraction n. 吸引力
优质参考文档 TOEFL词汇题精选440题 001.Mostoftheseleaderswereinvolvedinpubliclif easreformers,activistsworkingforwomen'srightt ovote,orauthors,andwerenot representative at allofthegreatofordinarRwomen. Theword"representative"isclosestinmeaningto whichoffollowing? (A)tRpical (B)satisfied (C)supportive (D)distinctive 002.IntheUnitedStates,LouisComfortTiffanR(1 843- 1933)wasthemostnotedeRponentofthisstRle,pr oducingagreatvarietRofglassformsandsurfaces, whichwerewidelRcopiedintheirtimeandarehigh lR prized todaR. Theword"prized"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing? (A)valued (B)universal (C)uncommon (D)preserved 003.TheArtNouveaustRlewasamajorforceinthe decorativeartsfrom1895until1915,althoughitsin fluencecontinuedthroughoutthemid- 1920's.ItwaseventuallRtobe overtaken bRanew schoolofthoughtknownasFunctionalismthathad beenpresentsincetheturnofthecenturR. Theword"overtaken"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing? (A)surpassed (B)inclined (C)eRpressed (D)applied 004.Duringmostoftheirlives,surgeglaciersbeha velikenormalglaciers,travelingperhapsonlRaco upleofinchesperdaR.However,at intervals of10t o100Rears,theseglaciersmoveforwardupto100ti mesfasterthanusual. Theword"intervals"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing? (A)records (B)speeds (C)distances (D)periods 005.Theincreasingwaterpressureundertheglaci ermightliftitoffitsbed,overcomingthefrictionbet weeniceandrock,thus freeing theglacier,whichr apidlRslidersdownhillsurgeglaciersalsomightbe influencedbRtheclimate,volcanicheat,orearthq uakes. Theword"freeing"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing? (A)pushing (B)releasing (C)strengthening (D)draining 006.AfloodoficewouldthensurgeintotheSouther nSea.Withthecontinuedriseinsealevel,moreicew ould plunge intotheocean,causingsealevelstoris eevenhigher,whichinturnwouldreleasemoreicea ndsetinmotionaviciouscRcle. Theword"plunge"isclosestinmeaningtowhichof following?
TPO 4 indefinite period whose end has not been determined inhibit prevent, restrict in the same breath immediately do sth opposite rebound marked obvious, considerable; in danger principal trappings extra things TPO5 exhibit show facilitates makes easier suspended stop; hung afford offer overwhelming powerful implement tool undisputed acknowledged significant important relatively comparatively diversification promote encourage TPO6 exploited utilized vastly greatly grow accustomed to become used to retained maintained Cambrian rudimentary basic meticulously carefully endured survived virtually nearly plausible believable phenomenon occurrence critically fundamentally perspective viewpoint retrieval retrieve TPO7 caliber obsession with fixation on foster encourage sphere area diffuse spread profound far-reaching ritual ceremonial flee run away from objective purpose scores large numbers turbulent violent
TOEFL词汇题精选440题 001. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for The word "representative" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) typical (B) satisfied (C) supportive (D) distinctive 002. In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety today. The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) valued (B) universal (C) uncommon (D) preserved 003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. The word "overtaken" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) surpassed (B) inclined (C) expressed (D) applied 004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The word "intervals" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) records (B) speeds (C) distances (D) periods 005. The increasing water pressure under the glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. The word "freeing" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) pushing (B) releasing (C) strengthening (D) draining 006. A flood of ice would then surge into the turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The word "plunge" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) drop (B) extend (C) melt (D) drift 007. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. The word "collective" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) necessary (B) typical (C) group (D) particular 008. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious
词汇题练习—tpo1-7 1.The word “precious” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Exact b. scare c. valuable d.initial Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of …… 2.The word “exposed” in the passage is closest in mening to a.Explained b. visible c.identified d. located Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by…and now exposed in the Sahara desert. 3.The word “propulsion” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Staying afloat b.changing direction c. decreasing weight d.moving forward The structure of the backbone shows, however, that it swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. 4.The word “threatened” in the passage is cloest in mening to a.Restricted b. endangered c. prevented d. rejected The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called deserfication. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth’s land surface is threatened by this process. 5.The word “delicate” in the passage is cloest in meaning to a.Fragile b.predictable c. complex d.valuable The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased exvironmental pressures. 6.The word “progressively” in the passage is cloest in meaning to a.Openly b. impressively c. objectively d.increasingly The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. 7.The phrase “devoid of” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Consisting of b. hidden by c. except for d. lacking in Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land deviold of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. 8.The word “readily” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Frequently b. easily c. intelligently d. obviously Exhibitors, however, wated to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to a hundreds of customers at a time…. 9.The word “assistance” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Criticism b. leadership c. help d. approval …with the assistance of Edison’s former assistant…… 10.The word “expanded” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Was enlarged b. was improved c. was varied d. was rejected At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the miniscule peepshow dimensions of 1-2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet. 11.The word “out of sight” in the passage is closet in meaning to (A) far away (B) hidden (C) partly visible d discovered 12.The word “incredible” in the passage is closet in meaning to (A) confusing
新托福镇魂单词题（词汇题）全集（打印版））iBT新托福镇魂单词题（词汇题）全集（打印版 1.1.55版（2012年7月5日） 无老师题：2012年07月05日无老师镇魂单词题再次更新！本次新加入47组新出现的单词。iBT新托福考试的词汇题，一直以来都是很多考友的老大难问题。一方面是因为新托福考试难度很高，但是另外一方面很重要的原因，是因为我们的众多考友对于英语本身的理解不够深刻和透彻，因此很多考友在遇到词汇题的时候，往往是错误率极高。因此无老师劈山踏海为各位考友倾情奉献这一套最新版本的镇魂单词题！尽情收录了近2000组之前已经考过的词汇题，逐一筛选，一次性帮助各位考友力斩托福单词题于马下！ 这些词汇题均来自于真实的新托福考试，而不是来自于任何的模考题，这就保证了这些单词题的出题思路与新托福考试是完全一模一样的。这是之前谁都没有做到的！真正的世纪宝典！要想拿下词汇题，必备镇魂单词题！ 而且，第一点，由于新托福考试的严密性本身的要求，每一个词汇题都要求在韦氏字典之中有相应的解释才可以被选入。因此ETS总是会将之前的词汇题在改头换面之后，重新拿出来进行考察，因此这份《iBT新托福镇魂单词题（词汇题）全集》历史中首次帮助你预知即将会考什么单词题。而且由于众所周知的，新托福考试还经常出现重复的情况，因此，如果你机会特别好遇到恰好重复之前的真题的情况的话，那么这份资料里的答案，毫无疑问，也就是你必选的正确的答案。这样就能极大地在缩短你做题时间的情况下，同时保证100%的正确率。这是托福考试的历史之中，首次能让你通过最小的努力换取最大的成果的一份资料！ 第二点还因为，我们从新托福突破口TPO之中就可以发现ETS总是把同一主题的文章反复拿出来考察，因此也就会出现在这次考试是词汇题，但是在下一次考试就变成必会词汇的情况从这个角度来看，这份镇魂单词题也是帮助作用十分巨大！不仅如此，现在很多考友还将这份资料用于作文中的替换词，从这个角度来看，也是众多高手的必备之选！ 鉴于，这份词汇题，对我们众多考友的意义非凡。因此，无老师的网站会对这些题目进行定期的更新（每2个月更新一次。版本号依次为1.0，1.1，1.2，1.3之后以此类推。同时用出品日期作为验证）。预找最新版《iBT新托福镇魂单词题（词汇题）全集》，请回到无老师的网站https://www.doczj.com/doc/8017554624.html,，搜索“镇魂单词题”。 使用方法：这整个文件，至少要整体反复从头至尾看20遍，务必要求达到看到前面的单词，就马上能联想到后面的单词以及中文的意思。就像你一看到新托福考试，马上就能联想到“无老师”一样。^_^但是，并不要求会写，以及会用这些单词，这个文件里面所有的单词，只要认识即可。 网友“KAY”，“材料行者”，“Opinion亮_Cavan”对本全集有重大贡献，特此感谢！ 更新：2012年7月6日新增47组单词
TPO4 inhibit=restrict 限制，禁止inthesamebreath=immediately 立即 indefiniteperiod=whoseendhasnotbeendetermined rebound=recovery 复原，重获 amarkeddegree=aconsiderabledegree 很大程度上principal=major 主要的 environmentaltrappings=environmentaldecorations accumulate=buildup 累积adjacent=nearby 临近的sloping=inclining 倾斜的foul=pollute 污染 TPO5 exhibit=show 展示facilitate=makeeasier 促进suspended=hung 悬浮的afford=offer 提供，支付的起overwhelming=powerful 有力的，强大的implement=tool 工具undisputed=acknowledged 认可的，无可争议的significant=important 重要的不定期的装饰 relatively=comparatively 相对地
diversification=emergenceofmanyvarieties 多样化promote=encourage 激励 TPO6 exploit=utilize 利用vastly=greatly 极大地，深 远地growaccustomedto=becomeusedto 习惯于 retain=maintain 保持rudimentary=basic 基础的meticulously=carefully 仔细地，严谨地 endure=survive 忍受，存活virtually=nearly 事实 上，几乎plausible=believable 可信的 phenomenon=occurrence 现象，发生的事件 critically=fundamentally 根本地 perspective=viewpoint 观点 TPO7 objective=purpose 目的 scoresof=largenumbersof 大量的turbulent=violent 暴力的obsessionwith=fixationon 痴迷于 foster=encourage 培育，激励sphere=area 范围diffuse=spread 传播 profound=far-reaching 深远地 ritual=ceremonial 仪式flee=runawayfrom 逃避 TPO8 massive=verylarge 大量的 pinpoint=identifyprecisely 精确描述，精确定位ingenuity=cleverness 精巧predominant=principal 主 要的cope=adapt 处理，适应 fluctuation=variation 变化，波动bombard=strike 敲 击，轰炸disruption=disturbance 干扰
【考前练习】托福词汇模拟练习题精选试题（二） 托福单词记忆对于大多数托福考生来说是一大难点。托福词汇的学习需要放在文章语境中去记忆和理解。以下为大家带来十道托福词汇模拟练习题精选试题(二)，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助! 021. But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally grown foods. So there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead. The word “maintain” is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) improve (B) monitor (C) preserve (D) restore 022. In addition, there were performers and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. The word “considerable” is cl osest in meaning to which of following? (A) thoughtful (B) substantial (C) relational (D) ceremonial
iBT新托福镇魂单词题（词汇题）全集 1.2版（2011年06月05日） iBT新托福考试的词汇题，一直以来都是很多考友的老大难问题。一方面是因为新托福考试难度很高，但是另外一方面很重要的原因，是因为我们的众多考友对于英语本身的理解不够深刻和透彻，因此很多考友在遇到词汇题的时候，往往是错误率极高。 专门针对这个问题，在网络上搜集了大量的iBT新托福词汇题，这些词汇题均来自于新托福考试，而不是来自于任何的模考题，这就保证了这些单词题的出题思路与新托福考试是完全一模一样的。而这对于我们众多考友来说是最为重要的。 而且，由于新托福考试的习惯是，会将之前的词汇题在改头换面之后，重新拿出来进行考察，因此这份《iBT新托福镇魂单词题（词汇题）全集》可以帮助你预知即将会考什么单词题。而且由于众所周知的，新托福考试还经常出现重复的情况，因此，如果你机会特别好遇到恰好重复之前的真题的情况的话，那么这份资料里的答案，毫无疑问，也就是你改选的正确的答案。这样就能极在缩短你做题时间的情况下，同时保证100%的正确率。 不仅如此，这些词汇题里面的很多单词，在考过之后，也经常被ETS视为应该认识的单词。所以，这些单词还往往成为新的一次考试之中的必会单词。因此，无论从哪个角度来说，这些词汇题里面的单词，都是你必须认识的。
1. a matter of speculation =supposition n. 推断 2. a solicitation of =an invitation of n. 垦求;垦请 3. abandoned= left a. 被遗弃的 4. aberrant= abnormal a. 脱离常轨的, 5. abort= quit v. 夭折;中止 6. abruptly= suddenly ad. 突然地;意外地 7. absorb =appeal v. 吸收;被…吸引 8. absorb= learn(学习) v. 吸收 9. absorb= take in v. 吸收;被…吸引 10. abstract= not concrete a. 抽象的;非实际的 11. absurd= ridiculous a. 荒谬的;可笑的 12. abundance= large amount n. 大量 13. abundance= great number n. 大量 14. abundant = affluent a. 丰富的;大量的 15. abundant= ample a. 丰富的;大量的 16. abundant= numerous a. 丰富的;大量的 17. abundant= plentiful a. 丰富的;大量的 18. abundant= substantial a. 丰富的;大量的 19. abundantly= plentifully ad. 丰富地;大量地 20. access =reach v. 接近 21. accessible =reachable a. 可接近的 22. accessible =easy to reach a. 易接近的 23. accidental =unexpected a. 意外的;偶然的 24. accommodate= provide for v. 提供 25. accomplished =achieved a. 实现完成的 26. accomplished =skilled a. 熟练的 27. account= description n. 说明 28. account for= explain v. 说明 29. accumulate =collect v. 积累;聚集 30. accumulate =pile up v. 积累;聚集聚集 31. accurate =correct a. 正确的 32. accurately= correctly ad. 正确地 33. acknowledge= recognize v. 承认 34. actually= in fact ad. 事实上 35. added =extra a. 附加的;额外的 36. adept =skilled a. 熟练的 37. adherent= supporter n. 拥护者 38. adjacent =nearby a. 毗连的 39. adjacent =neighboring a. 毗连的 40. adjust= modify v. 调整;改变…以适应 41. administer = manage v. 管理 42. admit= let in v. 准许进入 43. adopt= enact v. 采用 44. advance= improvement n. 发展;增长 45. advent= arrival n. 出现;到来 46. advent= beginning n. 出现;到来 47. affair= matter n. 事件;事情 48. afford= provide v. 提供;给予 49. aggravate= increase v. 加重;增剧 50. aggravate =annoy v. 使恼火 51. aggregate= overall a. 聚集的;合计的 52. aggregate= combined a. 聚集的;合计的 53. agile= astute a. 灵活的;敏捷的 54. agile= clever a. 灵活的;敏捷的 55. agile= quick and active a. 灵活的;敏捷的 56. agile= move and act quickly a. 灵活的;敏捷的 57. air= feeling n. 气氛 58. alarm= sound v. 警报 59. alarm= warning n. 警告 60. albeit= although conj. 尽管；虽然 61. albeit =even though conj. 尽管；虽然 62. allow= enable v. 允许 63. allude= suggest v. 暗示 64. allude to= refer to phrv. 提到 65. ally with= link to v. 结盟 66. alter= change to v. 改变 67. amazing= remarkable/replacement a. 令人惊讶的/非68. ambiguous =vague a. 不明确的 69. ambivalent =mixed a. 矛盾的 70. ample= plentiful a. 充足的;丰富的 71. ample =spacious a. 宽敞的 72. anchor= hold in place v. 使固定 73. ancient= old a. 古老的 74. ancient =antique a. 古老的 75. annihilate= destroy v. 消灭 76. annihilate =completely remove v. 消灭 77. annually= yearly ad. 每年 78. anomaly= irregularity n. 异常的人或物 79. antagonist =competitor n. 对手;敌手 80. anticipate= expect v. 预期 81. antiseptic =clean a. 抗菌的 82. antithesis= opposite n. 对立面 83. antler =horn n. 鹿角 84. anxiety =worry n. 忧虑;担心
历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案)
TOEFL词汇题精选440题 001. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary women. The word "representative" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) typical (B) satisfied (C) supportive (D) distinctive 002. In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) valued (B) universal (C) uncommon (D) preserved 003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. The word "overtaken" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) surpassed (B) inclined (C) expressed (D) applied 004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The word "intervals" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) records (B) speeds (C) distances (D) periods 005. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. The word "freeing" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) pushing (B) releasing (C) strengthening (D) draining 006. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The word "plunge" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) drop (B) extend (C) melt (D) drift 007. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. The word "collective" is closest in 2