Chapter 19 Share-Based Compensation and Earnings Per Share
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW OF KEY TOPICS
Question 19-1
Restricted stock refers to shares actually awarded in the name of an employee, although the employer might retain physical possession of the shares. Typically, the employee has all rights of a shareholder, but the shares are subject to certain restrictions or forfeiture. Usually the employee is not free to sell the shares during the restriction period. Restricted shares usually are subject to forfeiture by the employee if employment is terminated between the date of grant and a specified vesting date. Restrictions provide the employee incentive to remain with the company.
Compensation cost is the fair value of the restricted stock at the grant date and is equal to the market price of unrestricted shares of the same stock. The fair value of shares awarded under a restricted stock award plan is accrued to compensation expense over the service period for which participants receive the shares. This usually is the period from the date of grant to when restrictions are lifted (the vesting date).
Question 19-2
The fair value of a stock option is determined by employing a recognized option pricing model. The option pricing model should take into account the (1) exercise price of the option, (2) expected term of the option, (3) current market price of the stock, (4) expected dividends, (5) expected risk-free rate of return during the term of the option, and (6) expected volatility of the stock.
Question 19-3
The recipient pays no tax at the time of the grant or the exercise of the options under an incentive plan. Instead, the tax on the difference between the option price and the market price at the exercise date is paid on the date any shares acquired are subsequently sold. The employer gets no tax deduction at all.
The employee cannot delay paying tax under a nonqualified plan. The tax that could be deferred until the shares are sold under an incentive plan must be paid at the exercise date under a nonqualified plan. On the other hand, the employer is allowed to deduct the difference between the option price and the market price on the exercise date. Thus, a nonqualified plan offers favorable tax treatment to the employer, while an incentive plan offers favorable tax treatment to the employee.
Answers to Questions (continued)
Question 19-4
For performance-based options initial estimates of compensation cost as well as subsequent revisions of that estimate take into account the likelihood of both forfeitures and achieving performance targets. If it is probable that the performance target will be met, we recognize compensation over the vesting period at fair value. If achieving the target is not probable, no compensation is recorded. Probability is reassessed each period.
If the award contains a market condition (e.g., a share option with an exercisability requirement based on the stock price reaching a specified level), then no special accounting is required. The fair value estimate of the share option already implicitly reflects market conditions due to the nature of share option pricing models. Thus, we recognize compensation expense regardless of when, if ever, the market condition is met.
Question 19-5
A firm has a simple capital structure if it has no potential common shares outstanding. These are securities that are not yet common stock, but might become common stock if exercised or converted. Thus, they could potentially dilute (meaning reduce) earnings per share.
For a firm with a simple capital structure, EPS is simply earnings available to common shareholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Question 19-6
There is a fundamental difference between the increase in shares caused by stock dividends and stock splits and an increase from selling new shares. When additional shares are sold, both the assets of the firm and shareholders’ equity are increased by an additional investment by owners. On the other hand, stock dividends or stock splits me rely increase the number of shares without affecting the firm’s assets. As a consequence, the same ―pie‖ is divided into more pieces resulting in a larger number of less valuable shares. Shares outstanding prior to a stock dividend or stock split are retroactively restated to reflect the increase in shares, as if the distribution occurred at the beginning of the period. On the other hand, any new shares issued are ―time-weighted’ by the fraction of the period they were outstanding and then added to the number of shares outstanding for the entire period.
Answers to Questions (continued)
Question 19-7
The weighted-average number of shares for calculating EPS would be 104,500 determined as follows:
100,000 (1.05) – 1,200 (5/12) = 104,500 shares
shares stock treasury
at Jan. 1 dividend shares
adjustment
The 1,200 shares retired are weighted by (5/12) to reflect the fact they were not outstanding the last five months of the year. Purchases of shares that occur after a stock dividend or split are not affected by the distribution.
Question 19-8
Preferred dividends are deducted from the numerator in the EPS fraction so that ―earnings available to common shareholders‖ will be divided by the weighted-average number of common shares. An exception would be when the preferred stock is noncumulative and no dividends were declared in the reporting period. Another time the deduction is not made is when the preferred stock is convertible and the calculation of EPS assumes the preferred stock has been converted and therefore no dividends are paid.
Question 19-9
Basic EPS does not reflect the dilutive effect of potential common shares. On the other hand, diluted EPS incorporates the dilutive effect of all potential common shares, if the effect is not antidilutive.
Question 19-10
When calculating diluted EPS, we assume that the shares specified by stock options, warrants, and rights are issued at the exercise price and that the hypothetical proceeds are used to buy back as treasury stock as many of those shares as could be acquired at the average market price. Question 19-11
The potentially dilutive effect of convertible bonds is reflected in diluted EPS calculations by assuming the bonds were converted into common stock. The conversion is assumed to have occurred at the beginning of the period, or at the time the convertible bonds were issued, if later. When conversion is assumed, the additional common shares that would have been issued upon conversion are added to the denominator of the EPS fraction. The numerator is increased by the after-tax interest that would have been avoided if the bonds really had not been outstanding. This effect is reflected in diluted EPS calculations only if the effect is dilutive.
Question 19-12
The potentially dilutive effect of convertible preferred stock is reflected in diluted EPS calculations by assuming the preferred stock was converted into common stock, just as is done with convertible bonds. The conversion is assumed to have occurred at the beginning of the period, or at the time the convertible preferred stock was issued, if later.
When conversion is assumed, the additional common shares that would have been issued upon conversion are added to the denominator of the EPS fraction. Since EPS are calculated as if the preferred shares had been converted into common shares, there would be no dividends on the preferred stock; so, earnings available to common shareholders are not decreased by the dividends that otherwise would have been distributed to preferred shareholders. This is similar in concept to after-tax interest being added back to net income if the securities were convertible bonds because in each situation, if there are hypothetically no dividends or no interest to be paid, then net income would reflect earnings hypothetically available to only common shareholders. This effect is reflected in diluted EPS calculations only if the effect is dilutive.
Question 19-13
The order in which convertible securities are included in the dilutive EPS calculation is determined by comparing the incremental effect of their conversion. They should be included in numerical order, beginning with the lowest incremental effect (that is, the most dilutive). Question 19-14
For t he treasury stock method, ―proceeds‖ include (1) the amount, if any, received from the hypothetical exercise of options or vesting of restricted stock, (2) the total compensation from the award that's not yet expensed, and (3) the difference between the eventual tax benefit and the amount recognized in expense.
Question 19-15
Contingently issuable shares are considered outstanding in the computation of diluted EPS when they will later be issued upon the mere passage of time or because of conditions that currently are met. If this year’s operating income were $2.2 million, the additional shares would be considered outstanding in the computation of diluted EPS by simply adding 50,000 additional shares to the denominator of the EPS fraction:
Contingently issuable shares:
no numerator adjustment
———————————
+ 50,000
additional
shares
If conditions specified for issuance are not yet met, the additional shares are ignored in the calculation. This would be the case if this year’s operating income had been $2 million.
Question 19-16
The calculation of diluted EPS assumes convertible bonds had been converted at the beginning of the year (unless they actually were issued later). If they actually had been converted, the actual conversion would cause an actual increase in shares at the conversion date. These additional shares would be time-weighted for the remainder of the year. The numerator would be higher because net income actually would be increased by the after-tax interest saved on the bonds for that period. But the calculation also would assume conversion for the period before the actual conversion date because they were potentially dilutive during that period. The shares assumed outstanding would be time-weighted for the fraction of the year before the conversion, and the numerator would be increased by the after-tax interest assumed saved on the bonds for the same period.
Question 19-17
EPS data (both basic and diluted for a complex capital structure) must be reported on the face of the income statement for income from continuing operations and net income. Per share numbers for discontinued operations and extraordinary items also should be reported either on the face of the income statement or in related disclosure notes when these components of net income are present. Question 19-18
Disclosure notes should include (a) a summary description of the rights and privileges of the company’s various securities and (b) supplemental EPS data for transactions that oc cur after the balance sheet date that result in a material change to the number of shares outstanding at the balance sheet date, and (c) a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the basic EPS computations to the numerator and the denominator used in the diluted EPS computations.
Question 19-19
The fair value of stock options has two essential components: (1) intrinsic value and (2) time value. ―Intrinsic value‖ is the benefit the holder of an option wo uld realize by exercising the option rather than buying the underlying stock directly. For example, an option that allows an employee to buy $13 stock for $8 has an intrinsic value of $5. ―Time value‖ exists so long as time remains before expiration because the market price of the underlying stock may yet rise and create additional intrinsic value. Question 19-20
The accounting treatment of SARs depends on whether the award is considered an equity instrument or a liability. If the employer can choose to settle in shares rather than cash, the award is considered to be equity. If the employee will receive cash or can choose to receive cash, the award is considered to be a liability. This is the case with the LTV plan. As a result, the amount of compensation and related liability is continually adjusted to reflect changes in the fair value of the SARs until the liability is finally settled. The expense each period is the percentage of the total liability earned to date by recipients of the SARs (based on the elapsed percentage of the service period), minus any amounts expensed in prior periods. Both compensation expense and the liability are adjusted each period until the SARs ultimately either are exercised or lapse.
BRIEF EXERCISES
Brief Exercise 19-1
$6 fair value per share
x 8 million shares granted
= $48 million fair value of award
The $48 million total compensation is expensed equally over the three-year
vesting period, reducing earnings by $16 million each year.
Brief Exercise 19-2
$5 fair value per option
x 12 million options granted
= $60 million fair value of award
The $60 million total compensation is expensed equally over the three-year
vesting period, reducing earnings by $20 million each year.
Brief Exercise 19-3
The company should adjust the cumulative amount of compensation expense
recorded to date in the year the estimate changes.
2012
Compensation expense ([$60 x 95% x 2/3] – $20) (18)
Paid-in capital –stock options (18)
2013
Compensation expense ([$60 x 95% x 3/3] – $20 – $18) (19)
Paid-in capital –stock options (19)
Note that this approach is contrary to the usual way companies account for changes in estimates. For instance, assume a company acquires a 3-year depreciable asset having no estimated residual value. The $60 million depreciable cost would be depreciated
straight-line at $20 million over the three-year useful life. If the estimated residual value changes after one year to 5% of cost, the new estimated depreciable cost of $57 would be reduced by the $20 million depreciation recorded the first year, and the remaining $37 million would be depreciated equally, $18.5 million per year, over the remaining two years.
Brief Exercise 19-4
($ in millions) Cash ($17 exercise price x 12 million shares) (204)
Paid-in capital - stock options (account balance) (60)
Common stock (12 million shares at $1 par per share) (12)
Paid-in capital – excess of par (remainder) (252)
Note: The market price at exercise is irrelevant.
Brief Exercise 19-5
Paid-in capital - stock options (account balance) (60)
Paid-in capital – expiration of stock options (60)
Brief Exercise 19-6
The estimate of the total compensation would be:
100,000 x $6 = $600,000
options fair estimated
expected value total
to vest compensation
One-third of that amount, or $200,000, will be recorded in each of the three years. Brief Exercise 19-7
The new estimate of the total compensation would change to:
0 x $6 = $0
options fair estimated
expected value total
to vest compensation
In that case, Farmer would reverse the $200,000 expensed in 2011 because no compensation can be recognized for options that don’t vest due to performance targets not being met, and that’s the new expectation.
Brief Exercise 19-8
In that case, in 2012, the revised estimate of the total compensation would change to $600,000:
100,000 x $6 = $600,000
options fair estimated
expected value total
to vest compensation
Farmer would reflect the cumulative effect on compensation in 2012 earnings and record compensation thereafter:
2012
Compensation expense ([$600,000 x 2/3] - $0) 400,000
Paid-in capital –stock options ................. 400,000
2013
Compensation expense ([$600,000 x 3/3] - $400,000) 200,000
Paid-in capital –stock options ................. 200,000
Brief Exercise 19-9
If an award contains a market condition such as the stock price reaching a specified level, then no special accounting is required. The fair value estimate of the share option ($6) already implicitly reflects market conditions due to the nature of share option pricing models. So, Farmer recognizes compensation expense regardless of when, if ever, the market condition is met. The estimate of the total compensation would be: 100,000 x $6 = $600,000
options fair estimated
expected value total
to vest compensation
One-third of that amount, or $200,000, will be recorded in each of the three years.
Brief Exercise 19-10
(amounts in millions, except per share amount)
net Earnings
income Per Share
$741 $741 ——————————————————————— = ——= $1.30 544 + 36 (10/12) – 6 (8/12) 570
shares new shares
at Jan. 1 shares retired
Brief Exercise 19-11
(amounts in millions, except per share amount)
net preferred
income dividends Earnings
$426 – $16 $410 Per Share
—————————————————— = —— = $.50
820 820
common
shares
Since the preferred stock is cumulative, the dividends (8% x $200 million = $16 million) are deducted even though no dividends were declared. There are no potential common shares, so a single calculation of EPS is appropriate.
24,000 shares – 20,000 shares* = 4,000 shares
*Purchase of treasury shares
24,000 shares
x $50 (exercise price)
$1,200,000
÷ $60 (average market price)
20,000 shares
Brief Exercise 19-13
(amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
Basic EPS
net preferred
income dividends
$1,500 – $60 $1,440————————————————— = ———= $1.80
800 800
shares
at Jan. 1
Diluted EPS
net
income
$1,500 $1,500 ———————————————— = ———= $1.50
800 + 200 1,000
shares conversion*
at Jan. 1 of preferred
shares
The preferred shares are considered converted when calculating diluted EPS. If converted, there would be no preferred dividends.
The total compensation for the award is $45 million ($5 market price per share x 9 million shares). Because the stock award vests over three years, it is expensed as $15 million each year for three years. At the end of 2011, the second year, $30 million has been expensed and $15 million remains unexpensed, so $15 million would be the assumed proceeds in an EPS calculation. If the market price averages $5, the $15 million will buy back 3 million shares and we would add to the denominator of diluted EPS 6 million common shares:
No adjustment to the numerator
9 million – 3* million = 6 million
*Assumed purchase of treasury shares
$15 million
÷ $5 (average market price)
3 million shares
Note: The proceeds also must be increased (or decreased) by any tax benefits that would be added to (or deducted from) paid-in capital when the eventual tax deduction differs from the amount expensed, the ―excess tax benefit.‖ Since that occurs when the stock price at vesting differs from the stock price at the grant date, the fact that the market price remained at $5 avoided that issue.
Exercises
Exercise 19-1
Requirement 1
$5 fair value per share
x 16 million shares granted
= $80 million fair value of award Requirement 2
December 31, 2011 ($ in millions) Compensation expense ($80 million ÷ 2 years) (40)
Paid-in capital – restricted stock (40)
December 31, 2012
Compensation expense ($80 million ÷ 2 years) (40)
Paid-in capital – restricted stock (40)
Paid-in capital – restricted stock (80)
Common stock (16 million shares x $1 par) (16)
Paid-in capital – excess of par (remainder) (64)
Requirement 1
$2.50 fair value per share
x 12 million shares granted
= $30 million fair value of award Requirement 2
no entry Requirement 3
($ in millions) Compensation expense ($30 million ÷ 3 years) (10)
Paid-in capital – restricted stock (10)
Requirement 4
Compensation expense ($30 million ÷ 3 years) (10)
Paid-in capital – restricted stock (10)
Requirement 5
Compensation expense ($30 million ÷ 3 years) (10)
Paid-in capital – restricted stock (10)
Requirement 6
Paid-in capital – restricted stock (30)
Common stock (12 million shares x $1 par) (12)
Paid-in capital – excess of par (remainder) (18)
Requirement 1
$3,000,000 111,540 shares = $26.90
Requirement 2
The $3,000,000 total compensation is expensed over the three-year vesting period, $1,000,000 each year. During the first year, the expense is the appropriate portion of $1,000,000, depending on the date the shares were issued. For instance, if the shares were issued three months before the end of the year, the expense would be 3/12 x $1,000,000 = $250,000. The expense is the full $1,000,000 in the year following the year in which the stock was issued.
Requirement 1
$22.50 fair value per share
x 4 million shares granted
= $90 million fair value of award
Requirement 2
no entry Requirement 3
($ in millions) Compensation expense ($90 million ÷ 3 years) (30)
Paid-in capital – restricted stock (30)
Requirement 4
$22.50 fair value per share
x 4 million shares granted
x 90% 100% – 10% forfeiture rate
= $81 million fair value of award
Requirement 1
$3 fair value per option
x 4 million options granted
= $12 million total compensation Requirement 2
no entry
Requirement 3
($ in millions) Compensation expense ($12 million ÷ 2 years) (6)
Paid-in capital – stock options (6)
Requirement 4
Compensation expense ($12 million ÷ 2 years) (6)
Paid-in capital – stock options (6)
Requirement 1
At January 1, 2011, the estimated value of the award is:
$3 estimated fair value per option
x 25 million options granted
= $75 million total compensation
Requirement 2
($ in millions) Compensation expense ($75 million ÷ 3 years) ............................ 25.0
Paid-in capital – stock options ............................................ 25.0 Requirement 3
Adams-Meneke should adjust the cumulative amount of compensation expense recorded to date in the year the estimate changes.
2012
Compensation expense ([$75 x 94% x 2/3] – $25) (22)
Paid-in capital –stock options (22)
2013
Compensation expense ([$75 x 94% x 3/3] – $25 – $22) ....... 23.5
Paid-in capital –stock options ............................................. 23.5
Note that this approach is contrary to the usual way companies account for
changes in estimates. For instance, assume a company acquires a 3-year
depreciable asset having no estimated residual value. The $75 million
depreciable cost would be depreciated straight-line at $25 million over the
three-year useful life. If the estimated residual value changes after one year to 6% of cost, the new estimated depreciable cost of $70.5 would be reduced by the $25 million depreciation recorded the first year, and the remaining $45.5 million
would be depreciated equally, $22.75 million per year, over the remaining two years.
Requirement 1
At January 1, 2011, the estimated value of the award is:
$1 estimated fair value per option
x 40 million options granted
= $40 million fair value of award
Requirement 2
($ in millions) Compensation expense ($40 million ÷ 2 years) (20)
Paid-in capital – stock options (20)
Requirement 3
Compensation expense ($40 million ÷ 2 years) (20)
Paid-in capital – stock options (20)
Requirement 4
Cash ($8 exercise price x 30 million shares) (240)
Paid-in capital - stock options
(3/4 account balance of $40 million) (30)
Common stock (30 million shares at $1 par per share) (30)
Paid-in capital – excess of par (remainder) (240)
Note: The market price at exercise is irrelevant.
Requirement 5
Paid-in capital – stock options ($40 -30 million) (10)
Paid-in capital – expiration of stock options (10)
Requirement 1
At January 1, 2011, the total compensation is measured as: $ 3 fair value per option
x 12 million options granted
= $36 million fair value of award
Requirement 2
December 31, 2011, 2012, 2013
($ in millions) Compensation expense ($36 million ÷ 3 years) (12)
Paid-in capital – stock options (12)
Requirement 3
Cash ($11 exercise price x 12 million shares) (132)
Paid-in capital - stock options ($12 million x 3 years) (36)
Common stock(12 million shares at $1 par per share) (12)
Paid-in capital – excess of par (to balance) (156)
Note: The market price at exercise is irrelevant.
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amortized cost应摊成本 annuities年金 applied cost已分配成本 applied expense已分配费用 applied manufacturing expense己分配制造费用apportioned charge摊派费用 appreciation涨价 article of association公司章程 assessment课税 assets资产 attorney fee律师费 audit审计 auditor审计员 average平均数 average cost平均成本 bad debt坏账 balance余额 balance sheet资产负债表 bank account银行账户 bank balance银行结存 bank charge银行手续费
bank deposit银行存款 bank discount银行贴现bank draft银行汇票 bank loan银行借款 bank overdraft银行透支bankers acceptance银行承兑bankruptcy破产 bearer持票人 beneficiary受益人 bequest遗产 bill票据 bill of exchange汇票 bill of lading提单 bills discounted贴现票据bills payable应付票据 bills receivable应收票据board of directors董事会bonds债券 bonus红利 book value账面价值bookkeeper簿记员
植物花卉中英文对照、花卉英文名大全 金橘－－－－－－－－－－－－－－kumquat 米仔兰(米兰）－－－－－－－－－ milan tree 变叶木－－－－－－－－－－－－－croton 一品红－－－－－－－－－－－－－poinsettia 扶桑－－－－－－－－－－－－－－Chinese hibiscus 吊灯花－－－－－－－－－－－－－fringed hibiscus 马拉巴栗（发财树)－－－－－－－ Guiana chestnut 山茶－－－－－－－－－－－－－－camellia 云南山茶－－－－－－－－－－－－Yunnan camellia 金花茶－－－－－－－－－－－－－golden camellia 瑞香－－－－－－－－－－－－－－daphne 结香－－－－－－－－－－－－－－paper bush 倒挂金钟－－－－－－－－－－－－fuchsia 八角金盘－－－－－－－－－－－－Japan fatsia 常春藤－－－－－－－－－－－－－ivy 鹅掌柴－－－－－－－－－－－－－umbrella tree 杜鹃花－－－－－－－－－－－－－rhododendron 茉莉花－－－－－－－－－－－－－jasmine 桂花－－－－－－－－－－－－－－sweet osmanthus 夹竹桃－－－－－－－－－－－－－sweet-scented oleander 黄花夹竹桃－－－－－－－－－－－lucky-nut-thevetia 鸡蛋花－－－－－－－－－－－－－frangipani 龙吐珠－－－－－－－－－－－－－bleeding-heart glorybower 夜香树（木本夜来香）－－－－－－night jasmine 鸳鸯茉莉－－－－－－－－－－－－broadleaf raintree 栀子花－－－－－－－－－－－－－cape jasmine 蝴蝶兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－moth orchid 卡特兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－cattleya 石斛－－－－－－－－－－－－－－dendrobium 兜兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－－lady slipper 兰花－－－－－－－－－－－－－－orchid 春兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－－goering cymbidium
会计专业专业术语中英文对照 一、会计与会计理论 会计 accounting 决策人 Decision Maker 投资人 Investor 股东 Shareholder 债权人 Creditor 财务会计 Financial Accounting 管理会计 Management Accounting 成本会计 Cost Accounting 私业会计 Private Accounting 公众会计 Public Accounting 注册会计师 CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会 IASC 美国注册会计师协会 AICPA 财务会计准则委员会 FASB 管理会计协会 IMA 美国会计学会 AAA 税务稽核署 IRS 独资企业 Proprietorship 合伙人企业 Partnership 公司 Corporation
会计目标 Accounting Objectives 会计假设 Accounting Assumptions 会计要素 Accounting Elements 会计原则 Accounting Principles 会计实务过程 Accounting Procedures 财务报表 Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设 Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设 Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设 Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设 Time-period Assumption 资产 Asset 负债 Liability 业主权益 Owner's Equity 收入 Revenue 费用 Expense 收益 Income 亏损 Loss 历史成本原则 Cost Principle 收入实现原则 Revenue Principle 配比原则 Matching Principle
iris 蝴蝶花hon eysuckle 金银花 chrysanthemum 菊花 carnation 康乃馨 orchid 兰花 canna 美人蕉 jasmine 茉莉花 daffodil 水仙花 peony 牡丹 begonia 秋海棠 cactus 仙人掌 christmas flower 圣诞花/一品红 poppy 罂粟 tulip 郁金香 chi nese rose 月 季 violet 紫罗兰 peach flower 桃花 aloe 芦荟 mimosa 含羞草 dandelion 蒲公英 plum bolssom 梅花中国水仙new year lily
石榴pomegranate 月桂victor's laurel 报春花polyanthus 木棉cotton tree 紫丁香lilac 吊钟lady's eardrops 紫荆Chinese redbud 百合lily 紫罗兰wall flower 桃花peach 紫藤wisteria 杜鹃azalea 铃兰lily-of-the-valley 牡丹tree peony 银杏ginkgo 芍药peony 蝴蝶兰moth orchid 辛夷violet magnolia 蟹爪仙人掌Christmas cactus 玫瑰rose 郁金香tulip
非洲堇African violet 栀子花cape jasmine 木槿rose of Sharon 风信子hyacinth 百子莲African lily 牵牛花morning glory 君子兰kefir lily 荷包花lady's pocketbook 含笑花bana shrub 非洲菊African daisy 含羞草sensitive plant 茉莉Arabian jasmine 猪笼草pitcher plant 凌霄花creeper 树兰orchid tree 康乃馨coronation 荷花lotus 鸢萝cypress vine 菩提botree 大理花dahlia
Accounting system 会计系统 American Accounting Association 美国会计协会American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会 Audit 审计 Balance sheet 资产负债表 Bookkeepking 簿记 Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测 Certificate in Internal Auditing 内部审计证书 Certificate in Management Accounting 管理会计证书Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师 Cost accounting 成本会计 External users 外部使用者 Financial accounting 财务会计 Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会Financial forecast 财务预测 Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则General-purpose information 通用目的信息Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室 Income statement 损益表 Institute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协会 Institute of Management Accountants 管理会计师协会Integrity 整合性 Internal auditing 内部审计 Internal control structure 内部控制结构 Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署 Internal users 内部使用者 Management accounting 管理会计 Return of investment 投资回报 Return on investment 投资报酬 Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会Statement of cash flow 现金流量表 Statement of financial position 财务状况表 Tax accounting 税务会计 Accounting equation 会计等式 Articulation 勾稽关系 Assets 资产 Business entity 企业个体 Capital stock 股本 Corporation 公司 Cost principle 成本原则 Creditor 债权人 Deflation 通货紧缩 Disclosure 批露 Expenses 费用
会计方面专业术语的英文翻译 acceptance 承兑 account 账户 accountant 会计员 accounting 会计 accounting system 会计制度 accounts payable 应付账款 accounts receivable 应收账款 accumulated profits 累积利益 adjusting entry 调整记录 adjustment 调整 administration expense 管理费用 advances 预付 advertising expense 广告费 agency 代理 agent 代理人 agreement 契约 allotments 分配数 allowance 津贴 amalgamation 合并 amortization 摊销 amortized cost 应摊成本 annuities 年金 applied cost 已分配成本 applied expense 已分配费用 applied manufacturing expense 己分配制造费用apportioned charge 摊派费用 appreciation 涨价 article of association 公司章程 assessment 课税 assets 资产 attorney fee 律师费 audit 审计 auditor 审计员 average 平均数 average cost 平均成本 bad debt 坏账 balance 余额
balance sheet 资产负债表 bank account 银行账户 bank balance 银行结存 bank charge 银行手续费 bank deposit 银行存款 bank discount 银行贴现 bank draft 银行汇票 bank loan 银行借款 bank overdraft 银行透支 bankers acceptance 银行承兑 bankruptcy 破产 bearer 持票人 beneficiary 受益人 bequest 遗产 bill 票据 bill of exchange 汇票 bill of lading 提单 bills discounted 贴现票据 bills payable 应付票据 bills receivable 应收票据 board of directors 董事会 bonds 债券 bonus 红利 book value 账面价值 bookkeeper 簿记员 bookkeeping 簿记 branch office general ledger 支店往来账户broker 经纪人 brought down 接前 brought forward 接上页 budget 预算 by-product 副产品 by-product sales 副产品销售 capital 股本 capital income 资本收益 capital outlay 资本支出 capital stock 股本 capital stock certificate 股票 carried down 移后 carried forward 移下页 cash 现金 cash account 现金账户 cash in bank 存银行现金 cash on delivery 交货收款
常见花的英文单词 中国水仙new year lily 石榴pomegranate 月桂victor's laurel 报春花polyanthus 木棉cotton tree 紫丁香lilac 吊钟lady's eardrops 紫荆Chinese redbud 百合lily 紫罗兰wall flower 桃花peach 紫藤wisteria 杜鹃azalea 铃兰lily-of-the-valley 牡丹tree peony 银杏ginkgo 芍药peony 蝴蝶兰moth orchid 辛夷violet magnolia 蟹爪仙人掌Christmas cactus 玫瑰rose 郁金香tulip 茶花common camellia 千日红common globe-amaranth 非洲堇African violet 栀子花cape jasmine 木槿rose of Sharon 风信子hyacinth 百子莲African lily 牵牛花morning glory 君子兰kefir lily 荷包花lady's pocketbook 含笑花banana shrub 非洲菊African daisy 含羞草sensitive plant 茉莉Arabian jasmine 猪笼草pitcher plant 凌霄花creeper 树兰orchid tree 康乃馨coronation 鸡冠花cockscomb
荷花lotus 鸢萝cypress vine 菩提botree 大理花dahlia 圣诞百合Christmas bell 一串红scarlet sage 紫薇crape myrtle 勿忘我forget-me-not 睡莲water lily 文心兰dancing lady 吊兰spider plant 白头翁pappy anemone 向日葵sunflower 矢车菊cornflower 竹bamboo 金鱼草snapdragon 夹竹桃oleander 金盏花pot marigold 月季花china rose 金银花honeysuckle 长春花old maid 金莲花garden nasturtium 秋海棠begonia 非洲凤仙African touch-me-not 美人蕉canna 曼陀罗angel's trumpet 晚香玉tuberose 梅花flowering apricot 野姜花ginger lily 圣诞红common poinsettia 菊花chrysanthemum 虞美人Iceland poppy 昙花epiphyllum 鸢尾iris 龙胆royal blue 腊梅winter sweet 麒麟花crown of thorns 木芙蓉cotton rose 九重葛paper flower 火鹤花flamingo flower 三色堇tricolor viola 嘉德丽亚兰cattleya
一、会计与会计理论 会计accounting 决策人Decision Maker 投资人Investor 股东Shareholder 债权人Creditor 财务会计Financial Accounting 管理会计Management Accounting 成本会计Cost Accounting 私业会计Private Accounting 公众会计Public Accounting 注册会计师CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会IASC 美国注册会计师协会AICPA 财务会计准则委员会FASB 管理会计协会IMA 美国会计学会AAA 税务稽核署IRS 独资企业Proprietorship 合伙人企业Partnership 公司Corporation 会计目标Accounting Objectives 会计假设Accounting Assumptions 会计要素Accounting Elements 会计原则Accounting Principles 会计实务过程Accounting Procedures 财务报表Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设Time-period Assumption 资产Asset 负债Liability 业主权益Owner's Equity 收入Revenue 费用Expense 收益Income
亚洲常见花卉英文译名Abutilon pictum / Thomsonii风铃花 Abutilon Hybriden金铃花 Acacia dealbata银栲皮树 Acaena / New Zealand burr无瓣蔷薇(纽西兰球果属植物) Acanthus叶蓟属植物 Acer palmatum掌叶槭 Achillea / Yarrow丽纹锯草(蓍草属植物) Achimenes / Cupid's bower / hot water plant长筒花Actinidia狝猴桃<--攀缘植物 Adenium obesum沙漠玫瑰(天宝花) Adiantum capilus-veneris / True maidenhair fern铁线蕨Aegopodium podagraia 'Variegata'斑叶羊角芹 African daisy非洲菊 Agapanthus / African lily百子莲 Agastache藿香 Agave龙舌兰属植物 Ageratum houstonianum紫花霍香蓟 Agrostemma githago / Corn cockle麦仙翁 Ajuga reptans匍筋骨草 Akebia木通(别名:巧克力藤蔓) <--攀缘植物
Alcea rosea / Hollyhock蜀葵 Alchemilla / Lady's mantle斗篷草 Allium葱属 Aloe芦荟属植物 Alyssum香荠属植物 Amaranthus苋属植物 Ampelopsis山葡萄<--攀缘植物 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata蛇白蔹 Anchusa capensis / Alkanet非洲勿忘草Androsace carnea / Rock jasmine铜钱花Anethu, graveolens / Dill莳萝 Annual phlox福禄考 Antennaria dioica山荻 Anthemis西洋甘菊 Anthemis punctata subsp cupaniana春黄菊Antirrhinum majus / Snapdragon金鱼草 Arabis / Rock cress南芥菜(岩水芹) Aralia elata黃斑高? Arbutus野草莓樹 Arctotis Fastuosa / Monarch of the veldt南非雛菊Arenaria balearica蚤綴
一些有用的会计术语 A: A share Ａ股；甲类股份 abatement of tax 减税；减扣免税额 ABN AMRO Bank N.V. 荷兰银行 above-the-line expenditure 线上项目支出；经常预算支出above-the-line receipt 线上项目收入；经常预算收入ABSA Asia Limited 南非联合亚洲有限公司 absolute change 绝对数值变更 absolute expenditure 实际开支 absolute guideline figure 绝对准则数字 absolute interest 绝对权益 absolute order of discharge 绝对破产解除令 absolute profit margin 绝对利润幅度 absolute value 实值；绝对值 absolutely vested interest 绝对既得权益 absorbed cost 已吸收成本；已分摊成本 absorption 吸收；分摊；合并 absorption rate 吸收率；摊配率；分摊率 ACB Finance Limited 亚洲商业财务有限公司acceptable form of reciprocity 合理的互惠条件acceptable rate 适当利率；适当汇率
acceptance agreement 承兑协议 acceptance for honour 参加承兑 acceptor 承兑人；接受人；受票人 acceptor for honour 参加承兑人 accident insurance 意外保险 Accident Insurance Association of Hong Kong 香港意外保险公会accident insurance scheme 意外保险计划 accident year basis 意外年度基准 accommodation 通融；贷款 accommodation bill 通融票据；空头票据 accommodation party 汇票代发人 account balance 帐户余额；帐户结余 account book 帐簿 account collected in advance 预收款项 account current book 往来帐簿 account of after-acquired property 事后取得的财产报告account of defaulter 拖欠帐目 account payable 应付帐款 account payee only [A/C payee only] 只可转帐；存入收款人帐户account receivable 应收帐款 account receivable report 应收帐款报表 account statement 结单；帐单；会计财务报表 account title 帐户名称；会计科目
A (1)ABC 作业基础成本计算 A (2)absorbed overhead 已汲取制造费用 A (3)absorption costing 汲取成本计算 A (4)account 帐户,报表 A (5)accounting postulate 会计假设 A (6)accounting series release 会计公告文件 A (7)accounting valuation 会计计价 A (8)account sale 承销清单 A (9)accountability concept 经营责任概念 A (10)accountancy 会计职业 A (11)accountant 会计师 A (12)accounting 会计 A (13)agency cost 代理成本 A (14)accounting bases 会计基础 A (15)accounting manual 会计手册 A (16)accounting period 会计期间 A (17)accounting policies 会计方针 A (18)accounting rate of return 会计酬劳率 A (19)accounting reference date 会计参照日 A (20)accounting reference period 会计参照期间A (21)accrual concept 应计概念 A (22)accrual expenses 应计费用
A (23)acid test ration 速动比率(酸性测试比率) A (24)acquisition 购置 A (25)acquisition accounting 收购会计 A (26)activity based accounting 作业基础成本计算A (27)adjusting events 调整事项 A (28)administrative expenses 行政治理费 A (29)advice note 发货通知 A (30)amortization 摊销 A (31)analytical review 分析性检查 A (32)annual equivalent cost 年度等量成本法 A (33)annual report and accounts 年度报告和报表A (34)appraisal cost 检验成本 A (35)appropriation account 盈余分配帐户 A (36)articles of association 公司章程细则 A (37)assets 资产 A (38)assets cover 资产保障 A (39)asset value per share 每股资产价值 A (40)associated company 联营公司 A (41)attainable standard 可达标准 A (42)attributable profit 可归属利润 A (43)audit 审计 A (44)audit report 审计报告
AICPA财务英语中英文对照表 A account 账户 account payable 应付账款 accounting system 会计系统 Accounting Principle Board (APB) （美国）会计准则委员会 accrual basis 权责发生制（应计制） accumulated depreciation 累计折旧 account FORMat 账户格式 accrue 应计 accounting cycle 会计循环 accounts receivable 应收账款 accounts receivable turnover 应收账款周转率 accelerated depreciation 加速折旧 adjusting entries 调整分录 adjustment 调整 aging of accounts receivable 应收账款账龄分析法 allowance for bad debts 坏账准备 allowance for doubtful accounts 坏账准备 allowance for uncollectible 坏账准备 allowance method 备抵法 allowance for depreciation 折旧备抵账户 amortization 摊销 annual report 年度报告 annuity 年金 assets 资产
audit 审计 auditor’s opinion 审计意见书 auditor 审计师 audit committee 审计委员会 average collection period 平均收账期AICPA 美国注册会计师协会 APB Opinions 会计准则委员会意见书B balance 余额 bad debt recoveries 坏账收回 bad debts 坏账 bad debts expense 坏账费用 balance sheet 资产负债表 balance sheet equation 资产负债表等式basket purchase 一揽子采购 betterment 改造投资，改造工程投资bearer instrument 不记名票据 bonds 债券 book of original entry 原始分录账簿 book value 账面价值 C capital 资本 capital stock certificate 股本证明书 cash basis 收付实现制（现金收付制）cash dividends 现金股利 cash flow statement 现金流量表 carrying amount 账面价值 carrying value 账面价值 callable bonds 可赎债券，可提前兑回债券
流动资产CURRENT ASSETS： 现金Cash on hand 银行存款Cash in bank 有价证券Marketable securitiea 应收票据Notes receivable 应收帐款Accounts receivable 坏帐准备Provision for bad debts 预付帐款Advances to suppliers 其他应收款Other receivables 待摊费用Deferred and prepaid expenses 存货Inventories 存货变现损失准备Provision for loss on realization of inventory 一年内到期的长期债券投资Long-term investments maturing within one year 其他流动资产Other current assets 长期投资Long-term in vestments 一年以上的应收款项Receivables collectable after one year 固定资产：FIXED ASSETS: 固定资产原价Fixed assets-cost 累计折旧Accumulated depreciation 固定资产净值Fixed assets-net value 固定资产清理Disposal of fixed assets 在建工程Construction in progress 无形资产INTANGIBLE ASSETS: 场地使用权Land occupancy right 工业产权及专有技术Proprietary technology and patents 其他无形资产Other intangibles assets 其他资产：OTHER ASSETS 开办费Organization expenses 筹建期间汇兑损失Exchange loss during start-up peried 递延投资损失Deferred loss on investments 递延税款借项Deferred taxes debit 其他递延支出Other deferred expenses 待转销汇兑损失Unamortized cxehange loss 流动负债CURRENT LIABILITIES: 短期借款Short term loans 应付票据Notes payable 应付帐款Accounts payable 应付工资Accrued payroll 应交税金Taxes payable 应付利润Dividends payable 预收货款Advances from customers 其他应付款Other payables
一、资产类 Assets 流动资产 Current assets 货币资金 Cash and cash equivalents 1001现金 Cash 1002 银行存款 Cash in bank 1009 其他货币资金 Other cash and cash equivalents '100901 外埠存款 Other city Cash in bank '100902 银行本票 Cashier's cheque '100903 银行汇票 Bank draft '100904 信用卡 Credit card '100905 信用证保证金 L/C Guarantee deposits '100906 存出投资款 Refundable deposits 1101 短期投资 Short-term investments '110101 股票 Short-term investments - stock '110102 债券 Short-term investments - corporate bonds '110103 基金 Short-term investments - corporate funds '110110 其他 Short-term investments - other 1102 短期投资跌价准备 Short-term investments falling price reserves 应收款 Account receivable 1111 应收票据 Note receivable 银行承兑汇票 Bank acceptance 商业承兑汇票 Trade acceptance 1121 应收股利 Dividend receivable 1122 应收利息 Interest receivable 1131 应收账款 Account receivable 1133 其他应收款 Other notes receivable 1141 坏账准备 Bad debt reserves 1151 预付账款 Advance money 1161 应收补贴款 Cover deficit by state subsidies of receivable 库存资产 Inventories 1201 物资采购 Supplies purchasing 1211 原材料 Raw materials 1221 包装物 Wrappage 1231 低值易耗品 Low-value consumption goods 1232 材料成本差异 Materials cost variance 1241 自制半成品 Semi-Finished goods 1243 库存商品 Finished goods 1244 商品进销差价 Differences between purchasing and selling price 1251 委托加工物资 Work in process - outsourced 1261 委托代销商品 Trust to and sell the goods on a commission basis 1271 受托代销商品 Commissioned and sell the goods on a commission basis 1281 存货跌价准备 Inventory falling price reserves 1291 分期收款发出商品 Collect money and send out the goods by stages