英语修辞学考试试题
i、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每题2分，共40分）
choose the best answer from the choices given：
1. in the end ， he __________. [ ]
a. got invited
b. gets invited
c. was invited
d. was to be invited
2. he wore dark glasses to avoid __________. [ ]
a. having been spotted
b. to be spotted
c. spotted
d. being spotted
3. a new theory __________ before it can be put into practice. [ ]
a. must be tested
b. be tested
c. can be tested
d. to be tested
4. sooner than __________ for others， she started her own business. [ ]
a. working
b. worked
c. to work
d. work
5. i can‘t afford as __________ car as this one. [ ]
a. expensive a
b. an expensive
c. a more expensive
d. a most expensive？
6. do what i tell you -__________！ [ ]
a. or else
b. or so
c. and that
d. and do
7. this is the house __________ windows were broken. [ ]
a. whose
b. which
c. its
d. of which
8. a hot shower， a cup of milk， a bag of potato chips， and then
a good sleep __________ the luxury that he needed after the examination. [ ]
a. are
b. was
c. were
d. is？
9. every drop of tears， every moan out of pain and every cry for help then __________ like knife cutting deep into his heart. [ ]
a. was
b. are
c. were
d. is
10. i expect all the letters __________ promptly. [ ]
a. being typed
b. to be typed
c. having been typed
d. to have been typed
11. the information was later admitted __________ from unreliable sources. [ ]
a. to be obtained
b. to have been obtained
c. that it has been obtained
d. that it was obtained
12. for a child to give up less mature idea for a more sophisticate one， it requires that the child_____________ psychologically ready for the new idea. [ ]
a. is
b. be
c. were
d. would be
13. we still have a lot of problems __________. [ ]
a. unsolved
b. unsolving
c. unsolve
d. to be unsolved
14. he regretted __________ her the truth. [ ]
a. having told
b. to have told
c. had told
d. to tell
15. domestic-made tv sets are not __________ imported ones at all. [ ]
a. more inferior than
b. inferior to
c. inferior than
d. more inferior as
16. __________ by accident __________ by design， he arrived too late to help us. [ ]
a. not only……but also
b. neither……nor
c. whether……or
d. both……and
17.__________ ， he managed to remain among the top 5% of his class. [ ]
a. to work hard as he did
b. working hard as he did
c. work hard as he did
d. worked hard as he did？
18. they left the door open __________ to hear the baby. [ ]
a. so as for me
b. so that me
c. in order for me
d. and for me
19. new machinery __________ arriving tomorrow. [ ]
a. will be
b. is
c. are
d. shall be
20. the family __________ able to come to a unanimous consent that the child must be operated on as quickly as possible. [ ]
a. were
b. is
c. are
d. was
ii.多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每题2分，共10分）
fill in the blanks with one of the items given below：
21. from __________ time we learned to count， __________ of us knew how old we‘d be in the year 2000.
the， a， every， none， all
22. the winter olympics did not prove especially popular among americans this year. first， the weather was __________ historical disaster from the beginning of the events. __________ snow began falling the very first day.
a， the， any， some， all
23. __________ of us decides what to take into the future and what to leave behind. that‘s why__________ arrival of the year 2000 has become such a personal moment.
each， every， all， the， a
24. i __________ coffee， give me some tea.
will go， have gone， go， through， off， on
25. put the food where the cat__________ it.
didn‘t come， has come，can’t come， at ， around， with
iii.填空题（本大题共20小题，每题2分，共40分）
26. a __________ of coughing
27. a __________ of lightning
28. a __________ of bees
29. a __________ of advice
fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb or verb phrase given：
30. jane appears as though she __________（know） the secret.
31. two players __________（send） off the field during last saturday‘s match.
32. i‘ve forgotten to return the key of the safe. people __________（must look） everywhere for it.
fill in the blank with an appropriate coordinator or subordinator：
33. it was an island __________ name i have forgotten.
34. he carried his luggage all the way home， __________ was actually unnecessary.
35. he soon made it clear __________ he had asked for a meeting.
36. the police arrived， after __________ the situation became calmer.
fill in the blank with an appropriate conjunct：
37. we visited nimes ad arles， __________ ， two ancient cities.
38. he has not paid his debts and， __________ ， he has no intention of paying.
39. they‘ll be back in an hour. __________ ， we could play chess.
fill in the blank with an appropriate pronoun：
40. the only thing __________ impresses me is her directness.
41. he is a top student at school， __________ his brother never was.
42. i hid my gun __________ the pillow.
43. i don‘t go __________ men of his type.
fill in the blank with an appropriate form of the word given：
44. jane is hardly __________（smart） than mrs. white.
45. she is the __________（tall） of the two.
iv.改错题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）
correct errors in the following sentences：
46. we must hurry， other wise the meeting will begin when we get there.
47. i think the students see too many love stories these days to be realistic.
48. the company has promised a rise to salary for ages， but nothing has happened yet.
49. he suddenly saw the answer to the problem that has occupied his mind for the last two years.
50. please do not smoke until after the plane takes off.
英语修辞学试题参考答案
i. 单项选择题（每小题2分，共40分）
1、a
2、d
3、a
4、d
5、a
6、a
7、a
8、c
9、a
10、b 11、b 12、b 13、a 14、a 15、b 16、c 17、b
18、c 19、b 20、a
ii. 多项选择填空题（每小题2分，共10分，）
21. the ， all （共2分，一格1分）
22. a， some （共2分，一格1分）
23. each， the （共2分，一格1分）
24. have gone off （共2分，一格1分）
25. can‘t come at （共2分，一格1分）
iii. 填空题（每题2分，共40分）
26. fit 27. flash 28. swarm？29. piece？30. had known
31. were sent 32. must have been looking 33. whose
34. which 35. why 36. which 37. that is 38. worse still
39. meanwhile 40. that （用 which应看作错误）41. which （用 who应看作错误）42. under 43. for 44. smarter 45. taller
iv. 改错题（每小题2分，共10分）
correct errors in the following sentences：
46. we must hurry， otherwise the meeting will have begun when we get there.
47. i think the students are seeing too many love stories these days to be realistic.
48. the company has been promising a rise to salary for ages， but nothing has happened yet.
49. he suddenly saw the answer to the problems that had occupied his mind for the last two years.
50. please do not smoke until after the plane has taken off.
《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲 一、教师或教学团队信息 教师姓名职称办公室电话电子信箱徐桦副教授 本教师教授过的本科课程有：综合英语、英语泛读、英语视听说、英语写作、商务英语写作、英语语言风格、英语修辞学、英语词汇学等。所教授的英语写作获得2014年度学院“精彩课堂”奖；所教授的英语写作、英语词汇学、英语修辞学等课程获得学生评教高分。 本教师主要研究方向为英语课程论和英语写作教学。参加编写过多种英语词典、英语专业课本、和英语教辅书籍，其中参与编写的《英语语言学与教学丛书·写作教程系列》获2008年度上海师范大学教学成果三等奖。撰写和发表重要专业论文十余篇。担任2006-2008年度上海师范大学精品课程建设项目“中级英语写作”项目以及2009-2011年度上海市教委重点课程“英语写作基础”系列课程项目负责人。 二、课程基本信息 课程名称（中文）：英语修辞学 课程名称（英文）：English Rhetoric 课程类别：□通识必修课□通识选修课□专业必修课专业方向课 □专业拓展课□实践性环节 课程性质*：学术知识性方法技能性□研究探索性□实践体验性 课程代码： 周学时：2总学时：32 *2 学分: 4 先修课程：英语写作，英语语法 授课对象：英语（师范）专业本科三年级（5+6学期） 三、课程简介 本课程作为一门选修课程，向具备英语写作基础的学生介绍现代英语修辞学的研究内容、方法和主要修辞手段的运用；教学内容涉及词法、句法和段篇的修
辞特色、组织安排及表达手段。教学目的是让学生了解英语语言较深层次的表达特点和规律，辨别英汉修辞技巧的异同，能够利用修辞知识分析英语读物，提高欣赏水平和语言修养，并恰当地使用修辞手段，提高语言交际效果。 本课程对于高年级的英语语言文学专业的学生是不可或缺的学习领域及环节，它集理论性和实践性为一身，具备较高的实用价值，对于提升学生的专业水平具有重要帮助。 四、课程目标 英语修辞学的教学内容涉及词法、句法和段篇的修辞特色、组织安排及表达手段；通过修辞中的美学和非美学两套标准，系统传授英语修辞学的相关理论及实践技巧。教学目的是让学生了解英语语言较深层次的表达特点和规律，辨别英汉文化及修辞技巧的异同，能够利用修辞知识分析英语读物，提高欣赏水平和语言修养，并恰当地使用修辞手段，提高笔头及口头的语言表达效果。总之，本课程旨在培养学生针对不同目的、场景、对象，使用相应风格的英语交际能力，以及一定的研究英语语言有效表达的学术素养。 五、教学内容与进度安排*（满足对应课程标准的第2条） 本课程内容分三个大方面，第一方面为现代修辞学的研究对象、内容和方法，英语修辞活动的层次；第二方面为不同句法的修辞特色，短篇组织安排，文章写作和修改；第三方面为一些专题研究内容以及常用修辞格。
英语修辞学-亚里士多德的三种说服方式
亚里士多德的三种说服方式 亚里士多德认为修辞演讲就是对听众的一种说服，让听众形成某种判断，认同、赞成并采纳自己所持的观点或采取某种行动，因而修辞学的目标就是研究如何能够达到最大的劝说效果。亚里士多德在《修辞学》第一卷第2章和第二卷18至26章中就如何取得说服的成功作了较为全面系统的阐述。他认为演说取得成功有两种手段，一类是不属于技术范围的或“非人工的”手段(inarti ficial proofs) ，如证据、证人、法律条文等这些已经存在无须演说者提供只需要恰当地加以利用即可的条件，另一类是属于技术范围的或“人工的”手段( artificial proofs) ，即需要演讲者凭借修辞方法达成的说服论证。亚里士 多德提出了属于技术范围的三种基本说服方式——人品诉求（et hos）、情感诉求(pathos)和理性诉求(logos)。 人品诉求是指修辞者的道德品质、人格威信，亚里士多德称人品诉求是“最有效的说服手段”，所以演讲者必须具备聪慧、美德、善意等能够使听众觉得可信的品质，因为“人格对于说服几乎可以说是起支配作用的因素”(Kenn edy 1991: 38) 。“当演说者的话令人相信的时候，他是凭他的性格来说服人，因为我们在任何事情上一般都更相信好人”（亚里士多德 1991：29）。一位成功的演说家在演讲中“除了设法使受众成员进入最有利于说服工作获得成功的感情状态以及向他们‘摆事实，讲道理’之外，还必须展示出一种能赢得他们尊重和信赖，对他们具有感召力的人格，并利用这一人格所具有的威信来影响他们的决定”(刘亚猛 2004：165) 。人品诉求不仅仅是演讲者与听众建立可信性的桥梁，同时也是对雅典人所认为的可信人群品质的研究。 情感诉求是指通过对听众心理的了解来诉诸他们的感情，用言辞去打动听众，即我们通常所说的“动之以情”。它是通过调动听众情感以产生说服的效力，或者说是一种“情绪论证”(pathetic proofs) ，主要依靠使听众处于某种心情而产生。演讲者通过带有倾向性或暗示性的语句向听众施加某种信仰和情感来激起感情并最终促使他们产生行动，可以说，“对情感诉求的研究是一
《英语修辞学》教学大纲 （学分 2 ，总学时36 ）一、课程的性质与任务 本课程是英语专业本科学生的知识深化课程之一，系统介绍英语修辞学的基本原理和实践。本课程的任务是通过介绍修辞的基本概念、语言各个层面的修辞规律及修辞手法，帮助学生从语言角度对使用英语过程中所接触的修辞现象进行归纳整理，拓展学生的视野，提高进一步使用英语的能力。 二、课程讲授内容、基本要求与学时分配 （一）导论2学时 1. 了解英语中“rhetoric”的意义 2. 掌握现代修辞学的定义，了解其研究对象 （二）影响修辞活动的要素2学时 1. 掌握信息与使用场合、与受话者之间的关系 2. 理解语气如何反映其间的关系 （三）词汇的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语选字遣词的修辞规律，包括词汇的恰当性、精确性和选用简洁的表达方式 2. 掌握其应用 （四）句子的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语连词组句的修辞规律，包括句子的清晰性、统一性、连贯性、强调性和多样性 2. 掌握其应用 （五）段落的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语段落构成的修辞规律，包括段落的统一性、连贯性和段落的展开 2. 掌握其应用 （六）语篇的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语语篇构成的修辞规律，包括语篇的目的、内容、统一性、连贯性和强调性 2. 掌握其应用 （七）语体2学时 1. 了解各种语体的特点，包括日常交际语体、新闻语体、广告语体、科技语体、文学语体 2. 掌握其应用 （八）修辞手段4学时 1. 了解修辞布局和辞格的规律，包括词的修辞布局和结构的修辞布局以及辞格 2. 掌握其应用 三、课程实践内容、基本要求与学时 课程实践形式：课程论文课程实践学时：10学时（第11 周到第15 周） （一）课程论文的目的与任务 1．目的 （1）培养学生综合运用所学知识的能力。 （2）提高学生的理论分析、论文写作、查阅文献资料等方面的能力。 2．任务 根据任课教师每一讲所给思考题拟定课程论文题目并撰写成文。 （二）课程论文的基本要求 本课程论文的撰写主要是检验学生所学语言学知识水平，重视和培养学生学术素养和专业思维能力，是开展研究性学习的重要举措。 1．选题要求：符合教学大纲要求，使学生理论联系实际得到全面的综合训练，题目难度应适合
英语修辞学考试试题 i、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每题2分，共40分) choose the best answer from the choices given: 1. in the end ， he __________. [ ] a. got invited b. gets invited c. was invited d. was to be invited 2. he wore dark glasses to avoid __________. [ ] a. having been spotted b. to be spotted c. spotted d. being spotted 3. a new theory __________ before it can be put into practice. [ ] a. must be tested b. be tested c. can be tested d. to be tested 4. sooner than __________ for others， she started her own business. [ ] a. working b. worked c. to work d. work 5. i can‘t afford as __________ car as this one. [ ] a. expensive a b. an expensive c. a more expensive d. a most expensive, 6. do what i tell you -__________～ [ ] a. or else b. or so c. and that d. and do 7. this is the house __________ windows were broken. [ ] a. whose b. which c. its d. of which 8. a hot shower， a cup of milk， a bag of potato chips， and then a good sleep __________ the luxury that he needed after the examination. [ ] a. are b. was c. were d. is,
Comparison B etween “S imile”and “明喻” 西方语言学院 英教一班 2012061037 朱晶
Compariso n Between “Simile”and “明喻” Abstract : I write this paper to describe the comparison between “simile”and “明喻”. Firstly , I describe the use of simile . And then tell you the use of 明喻. At last , I compare “simile” with “明喻” and tell the differences between them . Key words : simile ,明喻，difference , compare The words “simile”derives from a Latin word “similis”, meaning “like” . In rhetoric , simile is a figure of speech by which two concepts or two dissimilar things are imaginatively and descriptively compared because they have at least one quality or characteristic in common or in resemblance . As one of the commonest figures of speech in English , its main function is to draw sharp pictures in the mind through comparisons , to give deeper insight into things , persons and ideas through suggestive association , or to explain abstract , complicated ideas in simple , concrete imagery . Firstly , a simile should have the comparative words such as “like” , “as” , or “as if” and so on . Secondly , there should be two things involved in comparison --- the primary term ( tenor ) and the secondary term (vehicle ) . Then , the two things must be substantially different . Last but not the least , the two things should be similar in at least one quality . Eg : (1)He is as cunning as a fox. (2)The tiger is as brave as the lion. A simile can be divided into three kinds : descriptive , illuminative and illustrative . Descriptive means that pure description of persons, things, natural scenery, and action has always been the chief use to which similes have been put. A good descriptive simile can draw sharper pictures in the mind than could possibly be done by any other means, and with much more brevity. Eg : The moon was like a slender shaving thrown up from a bar of gold . While the descriptive simile attempts to draw images of people, things, etc., through figurative comparison, the illuminative simile tries to give deeper insight into persons, things, ideas, even problems, through suggestive association; to throw light, as it were, onto what would otherwise be inconceivable to ordinary people. Eg: He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. Illustrative similes are relatively easy to understand as compared with the illuminative ones . They are often used in scientific , and technological writing .
Rhetorical options *1、What is rhetoric?( Definitions of rhetoric) the art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline, esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. (Longman Modern English Dictionary) 2、What’s the purpose of rhetoric?（两种说法） ①The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently. ②“to enlighten the understanding , to please the imagination, to move the passion ,or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” (18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell） *3、What is discussed in rhetoric?（contents of rhetorical） Rhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem of rhetoric, while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively. rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things, including structure, diction. Rhythm, tone, style, and anything related to the effective use of language. 4、The Highest Principles of Rhetoric the highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation, that is, “adaptability”or “appropriateness”. Sentence（syntactic device） 1、What is sentence？ A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally, an effective sentence must possess five essential qualities: correctness, clearness, unity, coherence and emphasis.(正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调） 2、句子的组成 A sentence must contain a subject and a verb (although one may be implied). ①words ②correct grammar ③meaning
《英语修辞学》教学大纲 修订单位: 韩山师范学院外语系 执笔人: 张若兰 一. 课程基本信息 1. 课程中文名称：英语修辞学 2. 课程英文名称：English Rhetoric 3. 课程类别：任选 4. 适应专业：英语（师范类）本科 5. 总学时：36 6. 总学分：2 二．本课程在教学计划中的地位、作用和任务 《英语修辞学》是为英语专业高年级学生开设的一门专业任意选修课。该课程通过系统的讲授，使学生掌握英语修辞的基本原理及其应用，从而达到写作时语言更加贴切，意义更加清晰，表达更加生动；阅读时更加准确地理解作者的写作意图、文体风格和写作技巧，从本质上了解英语，掌握英语，提高阅读能力、写作能力和文学欣赏水平和语言修养。 三．教学内容与教学基本要求 教学内容: Chapter One：Syntactic Devices (句法辞格) (6课时) 本章内容包括： 1．长句和短句(Long and short sentences)； 2．简单句(The simple sentence)； 3．复合句(The compound sentence)； 4．分枝句(Branching sentences)； 5．主动和被动句(The active and the passive voiced sentences)； 6．平衡句(Syntactic schemes of balance)----排比句(parallelism)；对偶句(antithesis)；逆转反复句(chiasmus)； 7．倒装句(Syntactic scheme of inversion)----省略句(ellipsis)；局部省略句(fragmentary elliptical sentence)；连词省略/散珠(asyndeton)；跳脱(aposiopesis)； 8．添加句（Syntactic scheme of addition or insertion）----连词叠用(polysyndeton)；修正法/换语(epanorthosis)；注释法(exegesis)；扩充法(exergasia) ；并列法(apposition) ；插入法(parenthesis)； 9．反复句(Syntactic scheme of repetition)---二项式(binomials)；三项式(trinomials)；多项式(catalogues)；首语重复(syntactic anaphora)；尾语重复(syntactic epiphorea)；首尾语重复(syntactic framing)； 10．层进与突降(Syntactic scheme of climax and anticlimax)----(climax)；(anticlimax or bathos) 11．修辞问句(Rhetoric question)； 12．顿呼(Apostrophe)。 重点：掌握各种句法辞格的概念和应用。 难点：平衡句、倒装句、添加句三类句子的理解。 Chapter Two：Lexical Devices (词法辞格)（8课时） 本章包括两部分：词汇选择和词的反复。 1．词汇选择(Lexical options)：长词或短词(short words or long words)；普通词或学究词(common words or learned words)；正规、非正规或口语词(formal, informal or colloquial
基础英语教学大纲 一、课程性质与目的 本课程是英语专业本科一、二年的一门学科必修课。开设本课程的目的在于训练学生综合英语技能，培养其运用语言的能力及学习方法，达到掌握英语语言并能胜任与英语相关的工作。 二、课程基本要求 １．系统地传播给学生所必须掌握的英语基础知识及语言点，训练基本的语言技能及运用能力，为今后学生的英语从教及实际运用打下良好的 基础。 ２．培养学生分析和解决问题的能力，培养良好的听、说、写能力，培养逻辑思维和交际能力，培养独立解决中学英语教学等能力。 ３．在该阶段掌握词汇６０００个左右，并能进行系统的语法，词汇辨析。 ４．能独立阅读，听懂各种体裁文章，能写出较高的文章。 三、教学内容及学时分配 本课程总学时：276学时。 １．在阅读技能方面，对课文，要求学生把握主题，归纳主旨，划分段落，掌握修辞，写作。在读与教材等同水平的文学故事方面，要求学生 每分钟读１００个字符。对于与教材等同水平的各类文章，要求学生掌 握要点、情节。对于简写小说，要求学生理解８０％以上。对程度相当 的报刊，要求学生理解７０％以上。80学时。 ２．在听力技能方面，在辩音上，要求学生掌握６０００以上单词。在词组掌握上，要求学生分辨相似词组含义。在句子方面，要求学生所懂 句子结构，含义及语法。在段落上，要求学生理解９５％以上中心主题。 在短文上，要求理解９０％以上中心主题。对于难度相当的文章，要求 理解７０％－８０％，并要求归纳出中心思想。对于难度相当的录象，
要求掌握６０％，并要求归纳主题。对于中速ＶＯＡ、ＢＢＣ，要求听 懂７０％以上的段落及大意。48学时。 ３．在表达能力方面：在日常会话上，要求流利，熟练使用３０００－４０００单词。值日生报告要求主题清晰，会复用约３０００个单词复 述课文要求概况性强，要点准确、全面。发表观点要求观点鲜明，清晰，有一定词汇量。概况主题要求简明扼要，语法准确。口头作文要求语流 顺畅、主题明确。１0０学时。 ４．在词汇训练方面，对构词法，要求掌握基本规则，能够较好地运用。 对于同义反义词要求掌握２００个以上，会辩异，会运用。对同音异意 词要求能分辨５００以上，并熟练掌握。对于词根，前后缀，要求掌握 ５００－１０００左右，并熟练运用。对于复合词，要求掌握并 分辨１０００－２０００左右，并熟练运用。40学时。 四、考核方式 本课程采取笔试考核方式，其中期中考试总分的占30%，期末考试占总分的70%。 五、教材及参考书目 教材： 《现代大学英语》１－４册杨立民等，外语教学与研究出版社 参考书目： 2．《新编英语教程》１－４册李观仪，上海教育出版社 3．《英语文体学》王佐良外语教学与研究出版社 4．《英语修辞学》香港宏图图书公司出版
英语修辞学作文 When I was a little boy ,I lost my heart and one dollar in my way home(Syllepsis一语双叙法).I walked my worried way back（Transferred Epithet移位修饰法）.As I arrived at home , my mom was listening delicious music (Synesthesia 通感),the mistaken person in me made me stand up trembly,(Synecdoche 提喻)as if mom outguessed my mind, she took off the headphone and a pleasant mood. And seriously said to me:”why did you looklike an anxious dog?(simile 明喻)”“ mom, I was wrong.”M y voice had sunk to whisper(Onomatopoeia 拟声法). To my surprise, my mom didn’t criticized me alot，she said gently:”our purse was embarrassed,but I woudn’t allow you had to be a lying one for only one dollar.”(Metonymy 转喻)”“mom,how did you know it?”I wound be cried to death.(Hyperbole 夸张法)，unexpect she had known this thing.“because of the dollar were in my hand now.”mom said,”I saw it in your trousers’pocket.,my dear child,even if you were wrong, it was a comma of a sentence of your life,yourwere my supreme love!(Metaphor 隐喻)”I danced and delight after listening.(Hendiadys 重言法) 划线并且用序号以及英文标注出来
1明喻(simile)明喻是用来表达两种不同事物之间的相似关系,一般用like或as连接。 如: (1) O my luve is like a red,red rose That’s newly sprung in June, O my luve is like a melody That’s sweetly played in tune. (Robert Burns) (2) The young hunter was as strong as a lion and as keen-eycd as an eagle. 类似as…as的用法很普遍,有的成了习惯用语,如: as timid as a mouse as white as snow as black as pitch as busy as a bee Eg.The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2暗喻(metaphor)又称隐喻,暗喻的结构不同于明喻,没有as或like之类的比较关系词,它 是隐含的比较。英语词义通过暗喻方式可以产生转义: When the curtain fell,there was a storm of applause. He was so angry that he stormed about the house. 暗喻多用to be结构来联系相比较的两个不同事物的: The society was his college. The guest is God of us. He is one of the dogs of the rich. Children are flowers of the motherland. Eg.He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 3拟人(personification)比喻可以使无生命的事物具有生命,或者赋予动物以人性,从而造 成某种意象或抒发某种情感。如:an angry sky;the grave yawned;killing half-an-hour;the shoulder of the hill;the foot of the mountain;the dancing daffodils; the thirsty crops. Money talked as sweetly in Athens as it had in Chicago in the old days.(John Dos Passos) My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 The wind whistled through the trees. 风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作响。 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化） 2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化） 转喻(metonymy) 转喻反映两个密切相关的事物的现实关系,转喻与明喻、暗喻不同,不需要两个事物相比,而是借用一个相关的事物代表本体。因此,转喻是一种用另外一种事物的名
卷号：（A ） （2013年6月） 绝密 湖北师范学院期末考试试卷 英语修辞学（2011辅修班） 考试范围 所学全部内容 命题人 赵艺红 院系 外院英语系 考试形式 开卷 课程类别 选修 学 期 20131 专业 英语 （注意：请用16开纸作答！写明专业、班级、学号和姓名。） I. Explain the following terms and then give each an example. （6’*5=30’） 1. Synaesthesia 2. Polysyndeton 3. Rhetorical question 4. Euphemism 5. Climax II. Answer the following question. (40%) 1. What is a simile? Is "Jim looks like his brother Billy" a simile? Why or why not? 2. Study the following two paragraphs and decide which one is formal and which one is informal. Analyze what makes for the difference in formality. 1） "I 've gotta be in court at nine on Tuesday morning. For sure I won't be back in time for Walker's bio test. Hope the old guy lets me take a makeup." 2） “Excuse me, sir. I have to be in court next Tuesday and so I must be absent from the biology test. Would it be possible for me t o take it at some later time?” III. Paragraph writing.（30%） Narrative ties ideas to real sensory, day-to-day experience: it binds the abstract to the concrete. That ’s why narration helps make all kinds of writing more interesting and meaningful. You are required to write a paragraph of about 100-150 words describing a classroom. Use specific details to convey one of the following emotions: peace, anxiety, depression, boredom, anticipation, suspense, joy. (Give the paragraph a title. Don ’t name the emotion in your description. Figures of speech are necessary to amuse your readers.)
English Rhetoric 英语修辞学 I. Connotation of Rhetoric：rhetoric的含义 1. Rhetoric may be used as an ordinary（普通用词）word and a technical term（专业术语）. 1) As an ordinary word, rhetoric in a derogatory sense means “skilful argumentation”（巧辩）and “empty or exaggerated eloquence”（虚夸的话）. e.g. the exaggerated rhetoric of presidential campaigns（总统竞选期间唱 的高调）；the empty rhetoric of the politicians（政客们的花言巧语）; flowery rhetoric（华丽的辞藻） Rhetoric also means (1) “language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience”（言语，辞令）, e.g. employ stirring rhetoric; soothing rhetoric; glowing rhetoric (2) “a rtistic language”（艺术语言）, e.g. the rhetoric of fiction（小说的艺术语言）; the rhetoric of film(电影语言); body rhetoric(肢体语言) 2) As a technical term, rhetoric has several senses. In America, the writing course or the writing textbook is entitled “rhetoric”. Apart from the above senses, rhetoric also has the following important senses: (1) Speaking rhetoric（演讲修辞）: the art of speaking (2) Compositional rhetoric（写作修辞）: the art of writing (3) Stylistic rhetoric（风格修辞，文体修辞）: the style of writing 2. Rhetoric may also be subdivided into the following:
1，如何理解“修辞”的含义 一、“修辞”的古代内涵 “修辞”一词最早出现于战国时期的《易传·文言》：“修辞立其诚，所以居业也”。（居业：创造、治理、经营事业。） “修辞”者，修理文教也！ “立诚”者，见真言、祛虚妄也！修辞的古义还有 ?1、作文。（清）顾炎武《春雨》诗：“平生好修辞，著集逾十卷。” ?2、指文辞。（唐）殷璠《河岳英灵集·李颀》：“颀诗发调既清，修辞亦绣，杂歌咸善，玄理最长。” 二、“修辞”的现代内涵 修辞：为了增强语言表达效果，对语言要素进行的选择、加工和调整。 “修辞”术语的三个含义 运用语言的方法、技巧和规律。 说话和写作中积极调整语言的行为——修辞活动。 以加强表达效果的方法、规律为研究对象的修辞学科或修辞著作 2，如何理解“修辞立其诚”的意义内涵 “修辞立其诚” 首先：要求我们在撰文著书（立言）时要有诚心，说心里话、真心话，心里怎样想就怎样写，落在纸上的文字一定是自己心里的真实想法，不作伪说假话、不写谎言。 “修辞立其诚”的反面就是“修辞立其伪”。其次，要求撰文著书（立言）时求真理、立真理。孟子：“诚者，天之道也；思诚者，人之道也。”朱熹：“诚者，天道之本然也（客观存在的规律、法则、真理）。”“人之道”在于思“天之道”。 3，语言的表现风格一般分为哪些类？十类五组 表现风格：运用语言的各种表现方法和修辞手法所形成的语言风貌格调。 表现风格主要有10类，构成对立统一、两两相对的5组。 （1）繁丰与简洁 繁丰——语言铺陈，运用浓墨重彩充分铺叙，描写细腻，虚实结合，唯恐不详，多用长句、复句，运用多种辞格，尤其是常用比喻、比拟、反复、排比等辞格。 简洁——语言简练，干净利落，言简意丰，多用白描，所用句子大多结构简单，少用修饰成分，形象性的辞格也运用较少。 （2）藻丽与平实 藻丽——词藻绚丽，丰富多彩，多用形容词和具有形象色彩的词语，运用带描绘性的修饰语，句式富于变化，同时多用具有形象效果，有助于描绘和抒情的比喻、比拟、夸张、摹状、排比、对偶、移就、通感等辞格 平实——语言朴实无华，一般不加修饰，多用白描，通常不变异运用词语，通用词、口语词运用较多，且多用短句、陈述句等，句式较少变化，具有描绘性的辞格也运用较少。（3）明快与含蓄 明快——开门见山，用词显豁，语气利落，明朗晓畅，无论叙事、抒情还是议论，都是直言不讳，一语道破，听读者很容易理解。 含蓄——委婉曲折，格调深沉厚重，语言含而不露，欲语还休，常用婉曲、双关、反语等辞格，言尽而意无穷，耐人寻味。 （4）庄重与诙谐 庄重——庄严郑重，常规运用词语，句式严整，语气郑重，表意明确清晰，不用双关、反语、仿拟、飞白等具幽默效果的辞格。
英语修辞学 Ⅰ. Phonetic figure of speech 语音修辞 1.Alliteration 押头韵 Bread not bombs. Cut crimes with jobs not jails. Time and tide waits for no man. 2.Assonance 押元音 Let us help you extend yourself. Could anything ever replace the taste of old grape and apple juice. Haste makes waste. Spend dime save your time. 3.Consonance Women don’t angonize,organize. Farms not arms. 4.Aposiopesis 中间间断法 Another step forward,you will… 5.Pun 双关 To Engla nd I will steal,and there I’ll steal. If we don’t hang together,we hang separately. On Sunday they pray for you,on Monday they prey on you. You earn your living.You urn your dead. Ⅱ.Syntactic figure of speech句法修辞 1. Repetition 重复 There is no,no,no,life. 2. Anaphora 句首重复 I want to know,I want to know who is the girl. 3.Epiphora 句尾重复 Reading makes a full man,conference a ready man and writing an exact man. 4.Simploce 首尾重复 Those who are toil to death,those who are worried to death,those who are bored to death. 5.Parallelism 平行结构 It was not anger,nor surprise,nor disapproval,nor horror,nor any of emotions that she has been prepared for. Kind hearts are the gardens,kind thoughts are the roots,kind words are the flowers,kind deeds are the fruits. 6.Antithesis 对照 It was the season of light,it was the season of darkness;it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair. When poverty comes in at the door,love flies out of at the window. 7.Climax 高潮 I came，I saw, I conquer. I was born American,I live American,I shall die American. 8.Anticlimax 反高潮突降法