Fundamentals of Management, 8e (Robbins et al.)
Chapter 5 Basic Organizational Structure and Design
I True or false
Organizational design is the process in which managers change or develop an organization's structure. There are four basic elements in organizational structure.
The original ideas about organizational design formulated by Fayol and Weber are now largely obsolete. When work specialization originally began to be implemented early in the twentieth century, employee productivity initially rose.
Today, most managers see work specialization as a source of ever-increasing productivity.
The advantage of work specialization is that it tends to result in high employee motivation and high productivity.
Departmentalization is how jobs are grouped.
Staff authority is the ability to direct the work of any employee who does not have a higher rank in the organization.
Grouping jobs on the basis of major product areas is termed customer departmentalization.
Line authority can be exerted only after a manager checks with his or her superior.
Unity of command prevents an employee from trying to follow two conflicting commands at once. Power is a right that a manager has when he or she has a higher rank in an organization.
When decisions tend to be made at lower levels in an organization, the organization is said to be centralized.
Traditional organizations are structured in a pyramid, with the power and authority located in the pyramid's broad base.
The two prevalent organization structure models in today's world are the organic organization and the inorganic organization.
A mechanistic organization is bureaucratic and hierarchical.
An organic organization tends to be flexible and have few formal rules.
Innovators need the efficiency, stability, and tight controls of a mechanistic structure rather than an organic structure.
The relationship between organizational size and structure tends to be linear.
Joan Woodward attempted to view organizational structure from a technological perspective. Woodward concluded that mass production worked best with an organic organization structure.
The stability of a mechanistic structure seems to work best in today's dynamic and uncertain business environment.
The strength of a simple structure is that everything depends on a single person.
A strength of a functional structure is that it avoids duplication.
A weakness of the divisional structure is that duplication tends to occur.
In a team structure, team members are not held responsible for their decisions.
In a team structure, there is a clear line of managerial authority from top to bottom.
Employees in an organization with a matrix design can have two bosses for the same job.
A significant advantage of the matrix structure is the clear chain of command from top to bottom of the organization.
When employees in a matrix structure finish a project, they go back to their functional department. When employees in a project structure finish a project, they go back to their original department. Vertical boundaries separate employees by their rank in an organization.
Horizontal boundaries separate employees by the amount of power they have in an organization.
A virtual organization relies on freelancers who have no permanent status or position in the
organization.
Managers want to eliminate boundaries in organizations primarily to increase stability and reduce flexibility.
Horizontal boundaries separate employees by the specialization of their job.
A virtual organization may disintegrate after it finishes its task.
All learning organizations share a distinct structure.
The biggest issue in workers working at home or off-site involves fairness.
A learning organization puts an enormous amount of effort on making sure that all of its employees are enrolled in some kind of university level class.
When you call JetBlue you are likely to speak to an agent in a large office in India.
Contingent workers may make up to 40 percent of the workforce by the end of the decade.
II. Choose the best answers
43) Organizational design requires a manager to ________.
A) organize groups within an organization
B) change the culture of an organization
C) change or develop the structure of an organization
D) change the logo of an organization
44) All of the following are part of the process of organizational design EXCEPT ________.
A) deciding how specialized jobs should be
B) determining rules for employee behavior
C) determining the level at which decisions are made
D) determining goals for the organization
45) Which of the following are NOT basic elements of organizational structure?
A) work specialization, span of control
B) chain of command, line authority
C) centralization, decentralization
D) departmentalization, formalization
46) Which of the following is synonymous with work specialization?
A) division of labor
B) job discrimination
C) chain of command
D) job preference
47) Which statement accurately defines work specialization?
A) It is the degree to which tasks are grouped together.
B) Individual employees specialize in doing part of an activity rather than the entire activity.
C) Jobs are ranked relative only to their worth or value to the businesses.
D) Work specialization clarifies who reports to whom.
48) Early supporters of work specialization saw it as ________.
A) a reliable way to increase productivity
B) a good way to increase employee morale
C) a source of innovation
D) an immoral way to coerce workers into greater productivity
49) Early users of work specialization in the early twentieth century found that the practice ultimately resulted in ________.
A) higher profits and better employee morale
B) bored workers with low morale
C) huge and permanent productivity gains
D) better communication among employees
50) Today, managers favor this approach instead of work specialization.
A) All tasks are performed by all employees.
B) Partners switch jobs every half hour.
C) Employees perform a broad range of tasks.
D) Monotonous tasks are shared by all employees.
51) Functional departmentalization groups jobs by ________.
A) tasks they perform
B) territories they serve
C) products or services they manufacture or produce
D) type of customer they serve
52) ________ departmentalization is based on territory or the physical location of employees or customers.
A) Functional
B) Product
C) Geographic
D) Matrix
53) A soap company that features a bath soap department, a laundry detergent department, and a dish soap department is using which of the following?
A) process departmentalization
B) functional departmentalization
C) product departmentalization
D) customer departmentalization
54) What kind of departmentalization would be in place in a government agency in which there are separate departments that provide services for employers, employed workers, unemployed workers, and the disabled?
A) product
B) geographic
C) outcome
D) customer
55) State motor vehicle offices usually use this kind of departmentalization.
A) product
B) functional
C) customer
D) process
56) The line of authority that extends from the upper levels of management to the lowest levels of the organization is termed the ________.
A) chain of responsibility
B) unity of command
C) staff authority
D) chain of command
57) The chain of command answers this question.
A) Where do I go for help?
B) How do I know when the task is complete?
C) What are the rules?
D) Who reports to whom?
58) Authority gives an individual the right to do this.
A) give orders
B) reprimand employees
C) command respect
D) obey orders
59) In the chain of command, each person above you ________.
A) has special privileges
B) receives higher pay
C) has line authority
D) has no right to give you orders
60) Staff managers have authority over ________.
A) special support employees only
B) line managers
C) middle managers
D) the person above them in the chain of command
61) Line authority gives a manager the ability to direct the work of ________.
A) any employee in the firm
B) any subordinate
C) any subordinate, after consulting with the next higher level
D) only subordinates one level down
62) ________ prevents a single employee from getting conflicting orders from two different superiors.
A) Line authority
B) Unity of command
C) Staff authority
D) Chain of command
63) The importance of unity of command has diminished in today's workplace because of its tendency to be ________.
A) inflexible and inefficient
B) ethically questionable
C) chauvinistic and dictatorial
D) too decisive
64) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Power is a right.
B) Authority is one's ability to influence decisions.
C) Authority is a right.
D) Both power and authority are rights.
65) ________ is the obligation or expectation to perform a duty.
A) Responsibility
B) Unity of command
C) Chain of command
D) Span of control
66) The personal secretary of a top manager may have ________.
A) power but not authority
B) authority but not power
C) power and authority
D) line authority but not staff authority
67) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Power is a type of authority.
B) Authority and power are identical.
C) Authority is a type of power.
D) Power is determined by horizontal position in an organization.
68) As represented in a power cone, power is based on ________.
A) vertical position only
B) horizontal position only
C) distance from the center only
D) vertical position and distance from the center
69) As represented in a hierarchical organization diagram, authority is based on ________.
A) vertical position only
B) horizontal position only
C) distance from the center only
D) horizontal and vertical position
70) A construction site supervisor who sees an impending thunderstorm and tells workers to go home is demonstrating ________.
A) line authority
B) staff delegation
C) provisional accountability
D) responsibility
71) ________ is the power that rests on the leader's ability to punish or control.
A) Reward power
B) Coercive power
C) Expert power
D) Referent power
72) A bank manager who passes out bonuses at the end of the year is exercising this.
A) reward power
B) coercive power
C) expert power
D) referent power
73) Your firm's attorney has ________ power when giving legal advice.
A) legitimate
B) status
C) expert
D) coercive
74) ________ is the power that arises when a person is close to another person who has great power and authority.
A) Expert power
B) Referent power
C) Reward power
D) Legitimate power
75) When a top manager decides to hire an individual over the objections of her staff, she is exercising which kind of power?
A) referent
B) expert
C) coercive
D) legitimate
76) The traditional view holds that managers should not directly supervise more than ________ subordinates.
A) three or four
B) five or six
C) seven or eight
D) nine or ten
77) Modern managers find that they can ________ if their employees are experienced, well-trained, and motivated.
A) increase their span of control
B) decrease their span of control
C) eliminate their span of control
D) fluctuate their span of control
78) A traditional "top down" organization is ________ organization.
A) a largely centralized
B) a largely decentralized
C) an absolutely decentralized
D) an absolutely centralized
79) ________ reflects the degree to which decision making is distributed through out the hierarchy rather than concentrated at the top.
A) Centralization
B) Span of control
C) Concentration
D) Decentralization
80) In recent years, organizations have become more ________ to be responsive to a dynamic business environment.
A) centralized
B) decentralized
C) structured
D) mechanistic
81) In today's decentralized business world, ________ the most important strategic decisions.
A) top managers still primarily make
B) middle managers make
C) lower-level managers
D) nonmanagerial employees
82) All of the following are characteristics of a highly formalized organization EXCEPT ________.
A) explicit job descriptions
B) little discretion for employees
C) minimum number of rules
D) a standardized way of doing things
83) Today's managers are moving away from formalization and trying to be this.
A) more rigorous
B) more flexible
C) more strict
D) less permissive
84) Today's managers expect employees to ________.
A) ignore rules for the most part
B) use discretion when it comes to following rules
C) faithfully follow rules even when it may harm the organization
D) make their own rules
85) A(n) ________ organization has a high degree of specialization, formalization, and centralization.
A) organic
B) horizontal
C) learning
D) mechanistic
86) Which of the following would likely be found in mechanistic organizations?
A) wide span of control
B) empowered employees
C) decentralized responsibility
D) standardized jobs
87) A(n) ________ organization is able to change rapidly as needs require.
A) organic
B) hierarchical
C) vertical
D) mechanistic
88) Which term best describes an organic organization?
A) hierarchical
B) pyramid-shaped
C) flexible
D) fixed
89) Which word best characterizes a mechanistic organization?
A) hierarchical
B) collaborative
C) adaptable
D) informal
90) Strategy, size, technology, and the degree of uncertainty in the environment together make up what are called ________.
A) contingency variables
B) control factors
C) structure variables
D) probable factors
91) Together, contingency variables determine the ________.
A) success of an organization
B) culture of an organization
C) structure of an organization
D) size of an organization
92) A company that is pursuing a cost leadership strategy would be most likely to have this kind of structure.
A) mechanistic
B) virtual
C) team
D) matrix-project
93) A company that is trying to be a leader in innovation within its industry would be most likely to have this kind of structure.
A) mechanistic
B) organic
C) simple
D) functional
94) Larger organizations tend to have ________ than smaller organizations.
A) more specialization
B) less departmentalization
C) less centralization
D) fewer rules and regulations
95) As an organization grows to a size of over 2,000 employees, it finds it hard to avoid becoming more ________.
A) mechanistic
B) organic
C) informal
D) adaptable
96) Joan Woodward conducted pioneering studies on how this affected the structure of companies.
A) ethics
B) technology
C) values
D) corporate culture
97) Woodward found that if horizontal differentiation in an organization were low, this structure worked best.
A) mechanistic
B) traditional
C) inorganic
D) organic
98) Woodward concluded that a mechanistic structure worked best for a firm that used ________.
A) unit production
B) mass production
C) process production
D) quality production
99) In Woodward's study, this type of production combined high vertical differentiation and low horizontal differentiation.
A) unit production
B) mass production
C) process production
D) technological production
100) The greater the environmental uncertainty, the more an organization needs to become ________.
A) organic
B) mechanistic
C) stable
D) high-tech
101) Global competition forces firms to ________.
A) become lean, fast, and flexible
B) build up enormous cash reserves
C) think locally
D) become more hierarchical
102) Traditional organizational designs tend to be more mechanistic and include ________.
A) simple, complex, and divisional structures
B) simple, functional, and dysfunctional structures
C) functional, divisional, and vertical structures
D) simple, functional, and divisional structures
103) A simple structure is ________ like a mechanistic organization, but ________ like an organic organization.
A) centralized; informal
B) informal; decentralized
C) decentralized; formal
D) centralized; formal
104) What is a strength of a simple structure?
A) Employees are grouped with others who have similar tasks.
B) Power and authority are widely distributed.
C) Accountability is clear.
D) There are cost-saving advantages from specialization.
105) What is a weakness of a simple structure?
A) Duplication of activities and resources increases costs and reduces efficiency.
B) Functional specialists become insulated and have little understanding of what other units are doing.
C) Pursuit of functional goals can cause managers to lose sight of what is best for the overall organization.
D) Reliance on a single person is risky.
106) This is a key characteristic in an organization with a functional structure.
A) adaptability
B) departmentalization
C) flexibility
D) little specialization
107) This is a weakness of a functional structure.
A) favoring functional goals over organizational goals
B) favoring organizational goals over functional goals
C) failing to attain functional goals
D) overemphasizing organizational goals
108) Avoiding redundancy is a strength of which structure?
A) simple
B) divisional
C) functional
D) corporate
109) In a ________ structure each business unit has complete autonomy to reach its goals.
A) simple
B) functional
C) divisional
D) matrix
110) A media company that has separate, autonomous companies for movies, TV, Internet, and print journalism is most likely a ________ structure.
A) divisional
B) functional
C) simple
D) matrix
111) Having separate payroll departments in each division of a divisional structure is an example of which of the following?
A) efficiency, because payroll departments compete
B) duplication, because a single payroll department could do the job
C) effectiveness, because separate payroll departments create jobs
D) efficiency, because separate payroll departments can share methods of operation
Answer: B
112) As the number of employees in an organization grows, structure tends to become more ________.
A) bureaucratic
B) informal
C) decentralized
D) relaxed
113) Looking for ways to make their organization more flexible and innovative, today's managers may choose this kind of structure.
A) simple
B) divisional
C) functional
D) team
114) In a team structure, ________.
A) there is a clear line of managerial authority
B) there is no clear line of managerial authority
C) authority comes from top managers only
D) no one has the authority to make decisions
115) In a team structure, team members ________.
A) are subject to decisions made by their supervisors
B) can influence decisions made by top managers
C) make decisions and are accountable for their decisions
D) make decisions only after first checking with management
116) All of the following are necessary for successful team structure EXCEPT ________.
A) well-trained team members
B) team members with cross-functional skills
C) team members with years of management experience
D) a fair and well-run team-based pay plan
117) In a ________, employees are recruited from functional departments to work on a specific project for a limited time period.
A) team structure
B) divisional structure
C) product structure
D) matrix structure
118) In a matrix structure, a group member will typically report to ________.
A) a project manager only
B) both a project manager and functional department head
C) a functional department head only
D) Group members are fully autonomous in a matrix structure, so they don't report to anyone.
119) When a group member in a matrix structure finishes a project, he or she ________.
A) returns to his or her functional department
B) stays with the group to take on a new project
C) enters a pool of available employees from the entire organization
D) starts looking for a new job
120) By giving employees two direct superiors, a matrix structure violates this key element of organizational design.
A) unity of command
B) chain of command
C) span of management
D) decentralization
121) A key difference between a team structure and a matrix structure is that a team structure ________
while a matrix structure does not.
A) empowers group members
B) works on projects
C) has fairly permanent groups or teams
D) holds group members accountable
122) In a project structure, when employees finish a project they ________.
A) return to their department
B) return to a different division
C) move on to another project
D) return to their regular work
123) In an orchestra, a horizontal boundary exists between which of the following?
A) the string section and the horn section
B) the string section and the conductor
C) the conductor and the audience
D) the string section and the audience
124) In an orchestra, a vertical boundary exists between which of the following?
A) the string section and the horn section
B) the string section and the conductor
C) the horn section and the percussion section
D) the percussion section and the string section
125) Boundaryless organizations try to eliminate ________ within their organization.
A) horizontal specialization and vertical hierarchy
B) horizontal specialization only
C) vertical hierarchy only
D) vertical specialization only
126) A virtual organization is essentially ________ who come together for a particular project.
A) a group of employees from a single company
B) a group of free agents
C) a team of employees from different departments of a company
D) a group of top managers and CEOs
127) How does a virtual organization save on costs?
A) by hiring people who specialize in what they do
B) by hiring fewer people than they need and making them work much longer hours
C) by eliminating all administrative duties
D) by keeping only a small permanent staff for administrative purposes only
128) A ________ subcontracts part of a project to outside suppliers.
A) virtual organization
B) boundary organization
C) matrix structure
D) network organization
129) A building contractor follows the network organization model when he does which of the following?
A) does the framing and tiling by himself
B) hires three workers to help with framing
C) gives orders to workers
D) farms out the plumbing to a plumbing firm
130) A learning organization develops the capability to ________.
A) add new training programs to keep employees up to date
B) accept the conventional wisdom of the industry
C) continuously learn, adapt, and change
D) attract new employees who have special knowledge
131) A learning organization requires employees to ________.
A) encode information to prevent competitors from stealing ideas
B) collaborate with competitors
C) make all ideas public
D) share information and collaborate with one another
132) All of the following are characteristic of learning organizations EXCEPT ________.
A) a strong sense of community
B) a collaborative environment
C) managers who serve as facilitators
D) fear of making mistakes
133) Organizational learning can't take place without ________.
A) complete privacy for employees
B) a clear chain of command
C) a shared vision of the future
D) a stable structure or hierarchy
134) In a learning organization, it is important that all employees _______.
A) collaborate
B) study each night
C) have a strong sense of leadership
D) share the same vision for the organization
135) The jobs of assembly-line employees are to be changed to allow more tasks to be done by individual workers. This is a reduction in ________.
A) work specialization
B) departmentalization
C) chain of command
D) centralization
136) Eric, who is trained as an engineer, is now in a group with production workers and marketing specialists from different departments designing a new product that the company plans to offer. This situation could be described as a(n) ________.
A) alternative assignment
B) collective assignment
C) advanced assignment
D) project assignment
137) Eric is offered a chance to help direct the efforts of some employees assigned to his work group. This is a chance for Eric to experience ________.
A) functional structure
B) divisional structure
C) responsibility
D) authority
138) Eric sees this new assignment as an increase in ________, or an obligation or expectation for him to perform at a new level.
A) functional structure
B) divisional structure
C) responsibility
D) authority
华南农业大学期末考试试卷（A 卷） 2013-2014学年第 一 学期 考试科目： 离散结构 考试类型：（闭卷）考试 考试时间： 120 分钟 学号 姓名 年级专业 ①本试题分为试卷与答卷2部分。试卷有四大题，共6页。 ②所有解答必须写在答卷上，写在试卷上不得分。 一、选择题（本大题共 25 小题，每小题 2 分，共 50 分） 1、下面语句是简单命题的为_____。 A 、3不是偶数 B 、李平既聪明又用功 C 、李平学过英语或日语 D 、李平和张三是同学 2、设 p:他主修计算机科学, q:他是新生，r:他可以在宿舍使用电脑，下列命题“除非他不是新生，否则只有他主修计算机科学才可以在宿舍使用电脑。”可以符号化为______。 A 、r q p →?∧? B 、r q p ?→∧? C 、r q p →?∧ D 、r q p ∧→ 3、下列谓词公式不是命题公式P →Q 的代换实例的是______。 A 、)()(y G x F → B 、),(),(y x yG y x xF ?→? C 、))()((x G x F x →? D 、)()(x G x xF →? 4、设个体域为整数集，下列公式中其值为 1的是_____。 A 、)0(=+??y x y x B 、)0(=+??y x x y C 、)0(=+??y x y x D 、)0(=+???y x y x
2 5、下列哪个表达式错误_____。 A 、 B x xA B x A x ∧??∧?)())(( B 、B x xA B x A x ∨??∨?)())(( C 、B x xA B x A x →??→?)())(( D 、)())((x xA B x A B x ?→?→? 6、下述结论错误的是____。 A 、存在这样的关系，它可以既满足对称性，又满足反对称性 B 、存在这样的关系，它可以既不满足对称性，又不满足反对称性 C 、存在这样的关系，它可以既满足自反性，又满足反自反性 D 、存在这样的关系，它可以既不满足自反性，又不满足反自反性 7、集合A 上的关系R 为一个等价关系，当且仅当R 具有_____。 A 、自反性、对称性和传递性 B 、自反性、反对称性和传递性 C 、反自反性、对称性和传递性 D 、反自反性、反对称性和传递性 8、下列说法不正确的是：______。 A 、R 是自反的，则2R 一定是自反的 B 、R 是反自反的，则2R 一定是反自反的 C 、R 是对称的，则2R 一定是对称的 D 、R 是传递的，则2R 一定是传递 9、设R 和S 定义在P 上，P 是所有人的集合，=R {x P y x y x ∧∈><,|,是y 的父亲}，=S {x P y x y x ∧∈><,|,是y 的母亲}，则关系{y P y x y x ∧∈><,|,是的x 外祖父}的表达式是：______。 A 、11--R R B 、11--S R C 、11--S S D 、11--R S 10、右图描述的偏序集中，子集},,{f e b 的上界为_____。 A 、c b , B 、b a , C 、b D 、c b a ,, 11、以下整数序列，能成为一个简单图的顶点度数序列的是_____。 A 、1，2，2，3，4，5
Chapter 5 Memory Reading 2 【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟） 一、单项选择 1.— Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick? — John_____. A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is 2. She was ill last week. But she is _____ to go to school today. A. well enough B. enough well C. enough good D. good enough 3. — Hi, Peter, why are you in a hurry? — ______a bus. A. Catch B. To catch C. Catching D. Caught 4. He went to bed after______ his homework last night. A. finish B. finishes C. has finished D. finishing 5. The_____ you are in the exam, the______ mistakes you will make. A. carefully, few B. more careful, fewer C. more carefully, fewer D. more careful, less 6. How noisy the room is! There are so many people______ in it. A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. song 7. Do you know_____? A. what he happened B. what the matter is with him C. what happened to him D. what did he happened 8. Tom is a hard-working boy, he always keeps_____ English. A. practise speaking B. practicing speak C. practicing speaking D. practise spoken 9. I____ go to bed if my father_____ back. A. will, come B. won’t, doesn’t come C. will, don’t come D. don’t ,comes 10.They arrived_____ Paris _____ a winter evening. A. at, in B. to, on C. in, on D. in, at 11. Could you tell me_____? A. where is the station B. who is he C. how I can get there D. when does the train leave 12. The music____ very_____. A. sounds, cold B. sound, sweet C. sounds, sweet D. sounding, cool 13. A computer can only do_____ you have told to. A. how B. after C. what D. when 14.The twin brothers_______ at the mall now. A. are all B. all are C. are both D. both are 15.I prefer_______ rather than________. A. to be a teacher, be a boss B. to be a teacher, to be a boss C. being a teacher, being a boss D. be a teacher, be a boss 二、用所给单词的适当形式填空 1. I bought this present _________ (especial) for you. 2. He is a _________(politely) little boy who says “Thank you” and “Excuse me” often. 3. Many__________ (foreign) travel to our country every year. 4. We should try our best to make our country more and more ___________(beauty). 5. A ___________(strange) on the street asked for directions to the highway. 三、阅读回答问题 I read in a book that we have a short-term memory and a long-term memory. When people get older, their short-term memory becomes worse, but we can still remember things that happened years ago.
《离散数学》期末复习题 一、填空题（每空2分，共20分） 1、集合A上的偏序关系的三个性质是、 和。 2、一个集合的幂集是指。 3、集合A={b,c}，B={a,b,c,d,e}，则A?B= 。 4、集合A={1,2,3,4}，B={1,3,5,7,9}，则A?B= 。 5、若A是2元集合, 则2A有个元素。 6、集合A={1,2,3｝，A上的二元运算定义为：a* b = a和b两者的最大值，则 2*3= 。 7、设A={a, b,c,d }, 则∣A∣= 。 8、对实数的普通加法和乘法，是加法的幂等元， 是乘法的幂等元。 9、设a,b,c是阿贝尔群
19、代数系统是指由及其上的或 组成的系统。 20、设
SPSS聚类分析过程 聚类的主要过程一般可分为如下四个步骤： 1.数据预处理（标准化） 2.构造关系矩阵（亲疏关系的描述） 3.聚类（根据不同方法进行分类） 4.确定最佳分类（类别数） SPSS软件聚类步骤 1. 数据预处理（标准化） →Analyze →Classify →Hierachical Cluster Analysis →Method 然后从对话框中进行如下选择从Transform Values框中点击向下箭头，此为标准化方法，将出现如下可选项，从中选一即可： 标准化方法解释：None：不进行标准化，这是系统默认值；Z Scores：标准化变换；Range –1 to 1：极差标准化变换（作用：变换后的数据均值为0，极差为1，且|x ij*|<1，消去了量纲的影响；在以后的分析计算中可以减少误差的产生。）；Range 0 to 1（极差正规化变换/ 规格化变换）； 2. 构造关系矩阵 在SPSS中如何选择测度（相似性统计量）: →Analyze →Classify →Hierachical Cluster Analysis →Method 然后从对话框中进行如下选择常用测度（选项说明）：Euclidean distance：欧氏距离（二阶Minkowski距离），用途：聚类分析中用得最广泛的距离；Squared Eucidean distance：平方欧氏距离；Cosine：夹角余弦(相似性测度；Pearson correlation：皮尔逊相关系数； 3. 选择聚类方法 SPSS中如何选择系统聚类法 常用系统聚类方法 a）Between-groups linkage 组间平均距离连接法 方法简述：合并两类的结果使所有的两两项对之间的平均距离最小。（项对的两成员分属不同类）特点：非最大距离，也非最小距离 b）Within-groups linkage 组内平均连接法 方法简述：两类合并为一类后，合并后的类中所有项之间的平均距离最小 C）Nearest neighbor 最近邻法（最短距离法） 方法简述：用两类之间最远点的距离代表两类之间的距离，也称之为完全连接法
Chapter5-6 翻译小练习姓名1、醒醒。 Wake up. 2、他为什么睡觉？ Why is he sleep? 3、Bobo为什么这么累？ Why is Bobo so tired? 4、他每天做什么？ What does he do everyday? 5、Pam正过来探望Bobo。 Pam is visiting Bobo. 6、因为他星期四要画画和涂色。 Because on Thursday he draws and paints. 7、Pam担心Bobo。 Pam is worried about Bobo. 8、星期天我只想睡觉。 I just want to sleep on Sunday. 9、你认为Bobo星期天忙吗？ Do you think Bobo is busy on Sunday? 10、让我们去骑车。 Let’s go cycling. 11、让我们一起去骑车。 Let’s go cycling together. 12、我们一起去骑车好吗？ Shall we go cycling together? 13、明天是星期天。 Tomorrow is Sunday. 14、你每天做什么？ What do you do everyday? 15、每个人都快乐吗？ Is everybody happy? 16、你喜欢滑冰吗？
Do you like ice-skating? 17、Beeno 星期二做什么？ What does Bobo do on Tuesday? 18、我星期六什么也不做。我闲着。 I don’t do anything on Saturday. I am free. 19、当然。 Of course. 20、我扔球或踢球。 I throw or kick the ball. 21、足球也叫soccer。 Football is also called soccer. 22、我用球拍和乒乓球打球。 ` I ply with a bat and a table tennis ball. 23、网球重但是乒乓球轻。 A tennis ball is heavy but a table tennis ball is light. 24、孩子们的运动杂志。 Children’s Sports Magazine. 25、美式足球是什么形状的？ What shape is an American football? 26、Bill和Ben在篮球场拍篮球。 Bill and Ben bounce a basketball on the basketball court. 27、Tim和Tina在乒乓球台上打乒乓球。 Tim and Tina play table tennis on the table tennis table. 28、Sandy和Susie在游泳池里溅水和游泳。 Sandy and Susie splash and swim in the swimming pool. 29、孩子们想和他们的朋友们参加俱乐部。 The children want to join a club with their friends. 30、你用什么打网球和打乒乓球？ What do you hit a tennis ball and a table tennis ball with?
1.常用公式 p ∧(P →Q)=>Q 假言推论 ┐Q ∧(P →Q)=>┐P 拒取式 ┐p ∧(P ∨Q)=>Q 析取三段式 (P →Q) ∧(Q →R)=>P →R 条件三段式 (PQ) ∧(QR)=>PR 双条件三段式 (P →Q)∧(R →S)∧(P ∧R)=>Q →S 合取构造二难 (P →Q)∧(R →S)∧(P ∨R)=>Q ∨S 析取构造二难 (?x)((Ax)∨(Bx)) <=>( ?x)(Ax)∨(?x)(Bx) (?x)((Ax)∧(Bx)) <=>(?x)(Ax)∧(?x)(Bx) —┐(?x)(Ax) <=>(?x)┐(Ax) —┐(?x)(Ax) <=>(?x)┐(Ax) (?x)(A ∨(Bx)) <=>A ∨(?x)(Bx) (?x)(A ∧(Bx)) <=>A ∧(?x)(Bx) (?x)((Ax)→(Bx)) <=>(?x)(Ax)→(?x)(Bx) (?x)(Ax) →B <=>(?x) ((Ax)→B) (?x)(Ax) →B <=>(?x) ((Ax)→B) A →(?x)(Bx) <=>(?x) (A →(Bx)) A →(?x)(Bx) <=>(?x) (A →(Bx)) (?x)(Ax)∨(?x)(Bx) =>(?x)((Ax)∨(Bx)) (?x)((Ax)∧(Bx)) =>(?x)(Ax)∧(?x)(Bx) (?x)(Ax)→(?x)(Bx) =>(?x)((Ax)→(Bx)) 2.命题逻辑 1.→，前键为真，后键为假才为假；<—>，相同为真，不同为假； 2.主析取范式：极小项(m)之和；主合取范式：极大项(M)之积； 3.求极小项时，命题变元的肯定为1，否定为0，求极大项时相反； 4.求极大极小项时，每个变元或变元的否定只能出现一次，求极小项时变元不够合取真，求极大项时变元不够析取假； 5.求范式时，为保证编码不错，命题变元最好按P ,Q,R 的顺序依次写； 6.真值表中值为1的项为极小项，值为0的项为极大项； 7.n 个变元共有n 2个极小项或极大项，这n 2为(0~n 2-1)刚好为化简完后的主析取加主合取； 8.永真式没有主合取范式，永假式没有主析取范式； 9.推证蕴含式的方法(=>)：真值表法；分析法(假定前键为真推出后键为真，假定前键为假推出后键也为假) 10.命题逻辑的推理演算方法：P 规则，T 规则 ①真值表法；②直接证法；③归谬法；④附加前提法； 3.谓词逻辑 1.一元谓词：谓词只有一个个体，一元谓词描述命题的性质； 多元谓词：谓词有n 个个体，多元谓词描述个体之间的关系； 2.全称量词用蕴含→，存在量词用合取^; 3.既有存在又有全称量词时，先消存在量词，再消全称量词； 4.集合 1.N ，表示自然数集，1,2,3……，不包括0； 2.基：集合A 中不同元素的个数，|A|； 3.幂集：给定集合A ，以集合A 的所有子集为元素组成的集合，P(A)； 4.若集合A 有n 个元素，幂集P(A)有n 2个元素，|P(A)|=||2A =n 2； 5.集合的分划：(等价关系) ①每一个分划都是由集合A 的几个子集构成的集合； ②这几个子集相交为空，相并为全(A)； 6.集合的分划与覆盖的比较： 分划：每个元素均应出现且仅出现一次在子集中； 覆盖：只要求每个元素都出现，没有要求只出现一次； 5.关系 1.若集合A 有m 个元素，集合B 有n 个元素，则笛卡尔A ×B 的基数为mn ，A 到B 上可以定义mn 2种不同的关系； 2.若集合A 有n 个元素，则|A ×A|=2n ，A 上有22n 个不同的关系； 3.全关系的性质：自反性，对称性，传递性； 空关系的性质：反自反性，反对称性，传递性； 全封闭环的性质：自反性，对称性，反对称性，传递性； 4.前域(domR)：所有元素x 组成的集合； 后域(ranR)：所有元素y 组成的集合； 5.自反闭包：r(R)=RU Ix ; 对称闭包：s(R)=RU 1-R ; 传递闭包：t(R)=RU 2R U 3R U …… 6.等价关系：集合A 上的二元关系R 满足自反性，对称性和传递性，则R 称为等价关系； 7.偏序关系：集合A 上的关系R 满足自反性，反对称性和传递性，则称R 是A 上的一个偏序关系； 8.covA={
应用多元统计分析第五章聚类分析 主讲：孔幸 组员：杨海生 王晶晶 田艳霞 龚禄娃
第五章聚类分析 习题5.8 试使用系统聚类法和K-均值法分别对这些地区进行聚类分析，并对结果进行比较分析。 将数据导入SPSS，分析得到以下结果： 5.8.1 系统聚类分析（类平均法） 1.系统聚类分析树状图 使用平均联接（组间）的树状图 重新调整距离聚类合并 图5.8-1系统聚类法树状图 如图5.8-1所示，选择的聚类方法为类平均法，计算距离的方法（或相似性的度量方法）为欧氏距离平方。从树状图可见，将16个地区分成4类：第一类：上海，经济相对发达地区，农民每人平均生活消费支出情况的六个经济指标相对于16个地区来说都比较大，说明上海农民的平均生活消费水平在
16个地区中最高的。 第二类：北京和浙江，经济中上等地区，农民每人平均生活消费支出的六个经济指标相对于其他的13个地区（除上海外）都比较高，说明北京和浙江地区农民的平均生活消费水平在16个地区中属于中上等水平。 第三类：天津、江苏、辽宁、福建、江西、安徽、内蒙古、黑龙江和吉林，经济中等地区，这7个地区农民的平均生活消费水平在16个地区中属于中等水平。 第四类：河北、河南、山西和山东，经济中下等地区，这4个地区农民的平均生活消费水平在16个地区中中下等水平，即在16个地区中是相对较低的。 5.8.2 K-均值法 通过上述的系统聚类分析（类平均法）我们发现，16个地区农民的平均生活消费水平可以分成4类，因此，我们运用K-均值法做快速聚类分析时，将16个地区聚成的类数设定为4类。在SPSS中的运行结果解释具体如下： 1.首先分析方差分析表，见表5.8-1 表5.8-1 方差分析表 聚类误差 F Sig. 均方df 均方df 食品5127.237 3 96.784 12 52.976 0.000 衣着100.666 3 28.916 12 3.481 0.050 燃料24.794 3 11.122 12 2.229 0.137 住房3015.542 3 124.862 12 24.151 0.000 交通和通讯341.567 3 60.105 12 5.683 0.012 娱乐教育文化 4.539 3 2.555 12 1.777 0.205 从表5.8-1中可见，聚成的四类在食品、衣着、燃料、住房、交通和通讯以及娱乐教育文化六个经济指标的均值间无差异的原假设下，出现目前值或更极端值的概率分别为0.000、0.050、0.137、0.000、0.012和0.205，故变量食品、衣着、住房以及交通和通讯在分类过程中均在统计学上有显著性意义（P=0.000、0.050、0.000和0.012都小于或等于0.05），而燃料和娱乐教育文化变量无统计学上的显著性意义（P=0.137和0.205大于0.05），因此，有必要在剔除燃料和娱乐教育文化变量后重新做聚类分析。 剔除燃料和娱乐教育文化后重新做的聚类分析结果解释如下： 2.迭代过程分析
朗文5A Chapter Two复习提要 Part A and B New words and phrases （要求：知道中文意思，会读，会拼写。）competition 名词，竞争，比赛，竞赛 (注意发音)。 mark 名词，(考试的)分数，可数。 course 名词，1.科目，课程; 2.一道菜 the main course 主菜(4B)。weight 名词，重量。 hard 它是个多义词，在本课中是个副词，意为“努力地”；比较级harder，更加努力地。 turn over a new leaf 它是英文中的习惯表达，类似汉语中的成语，意 为“重新开始，改过自新，翻开新的一页”。 wishing tree 许愿树 make plans for...为...制定计划 the new school year 新学年 want to do sth. 想要做某事 win the swimming competition赢得游泳比赛 get high marks 取得高分 put on weight发胖，增重 practise swimming harder更加努力地练习游泳 take a Japanese course 攻读一个日语课程 join the Cubs加入幼童军 Sentences （要求：会读，知道其中文意思，会拼，会写，会运用。）本部分学习so作为连词的用法，在句中意为“所以，因此” What do you want to do? 你想要做什么？
I want to win the swimming competition so I’m going to practise swimming harder. 我想要赢得游泳比赛，因此我计划更加努力地练习 游泳。句中用一般现在时描述目标，运用短语want to do sth. so后 面连接计划、打算，用be going to一般现在将来时表达。 2. What do you want to do? I want to improve my English so I’m goi to read more English books. 我想要提高英语，所以我计划读更多英文 书。 3. What do you want to do? I want to keep fit so I’m going to play mo sport. 我想要保持苗条（健康），所以我打算做更多运动。 4. What do you want to do? I want to learn Japanese so I’m going to a Japanese course. 我想要学习日语，所以我打算攻读一个日语课程。 5. What do you want to do? I want to get high marks so I’m going to work hard. 我想要得高分，所以我计划努力学习。 6. What do you want to do? I want to put on weight so I’m going to e more. 我想要增重，所以我打算吃更多(东西)。 7. What do you want to do? I want to make more friends so I’m goin join the Cubs. 我想要交更多朋友，所以我计划加入幼童军。 8. What do you want to do? I want to draw well so I’m going to join th Art Club. 我想要画得好，所以我打算加入艺术俱乐部。 Part C and D New words and phrases （四会） advertisement 名词，广告（注意发音）
一（6%）选择填空题。 (1) 设S = {1，2，3}，R 为S 上的二元关系，其关系图如右图所示，则R 具有（ ）的性质。 A. 自反、对称、传递； B. 反自反、反对称； C. 自反、传递； D. 自反。 (2) 设A = {1, 2, 3, 4}， A 上的等价关系 R = {
(4)没有不犯错的人。 五（10%）在自然推理系统Ｐ中构造下面推理的证明： 如果他是计算机系本科生或者是计算机系研究生，则他一定学过DELPHI语言且学过C++语言。只要他学过DELPHI语言或者Ｃ++语言，那么他就会编程序。因此如果他是计算机系本科生，那么他就会编程序。 六（10%）在自然推理系统中构造下面推理的证明（个体域：人类）： 每个喜欢步行的人都不喜欢坐汽车，每个人或者喜欢坐汽车或者喜欢骑自行车。有的人不喜欢骑自行车，因而有的人不喜欢步行。 七（14%）下图给出了一些偏序集的哈斯图，判断其是否为格，对于不是格的说明理由，对于是格的说明它们是否为分配格、有补格和布尔格（布尔代数）。 八（12%）设S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24}，“ ”为S上整除关系， (1)画出偏序集> ,S的哈斯图； < (2)设B = { 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}，求B的极小元、最小元、极大元、最大元，下界，上界。 九（8%）画一个无向图，使它是： (1)是欧拉图，不是哈密尔顿图； (2)是哈密尔顿图，不是欧拉图； (3)既不是欧拉图，也不是哈密尔顿图； 并且对欧拉图或哈密尔顿图，指出欧拉回路或哈密尔顿回路，对于即不是欧拉图也不是哈密尔顿图的说明理由。 十（8%）设6个字母在通信中出现的频率如下： 12 13 :c :b% 45 :a% % :e% :f 9 5 : d% % 16 用Huffman算法求传输它们的最佳前缀码。要求画出最优树，指出每个字母对应的编码，n个按上述频率出现的字母需要多少个二进制数字。 并指出传输)2 ( n 10≥