第四套试题
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(10 points)
All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common, including the sky god, the lord of storms, and the morning and evening star.__1__the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility, love, and war, she was evidently lower__2__status than the male gods, indicating that in a more urbanized society the__3__that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had__4__. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and __5__, and one’s life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that__6__were created to enable the gods to__7__ up working. Each city moreover had its own god, who was considered to__8__ the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.__9__the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the__10__ of the economic produce of the city were favored__11__ their supernatural and material functions __12__. When, after 3,000 B. C., growing warfare among the cities made military leadership__13__, the head of the army who became king assumed a(n)__14__position between the god, whose agent he was, and the priestly class, whom he had both to use and to __15__. Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.__16__them were the scribes, the secular attendants of the temple, who__17__every aspect of the city’s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.__18__the temple officials, society was divided among an elite or__19__ group of large landowners and military leaders; a mixed group of merchants, artisans, and craftsmen, free peasants who__20__ the majority of the population; and slaves.
1. ［A］Unless ［B］As ［C］Lest ［D］Although
2. ［A］on ［B］in ［C］with ［D］about
3. ［A］worship ［B］reverence ［C］admiration ［D］gratitude
4. ［A］vanished ［B］recovered ［C］declined ［D］attained
5. ［A］unpredictable［B］unforgivable［C］unlimited ［D］unlikely
6. ［A］creatures ［B］animals ［C］men ［D］mortals
7. ［A］use ［B］turn ［C］give ［D］back
8. ［A］inhabit ［B］live ［C］reside ［D］lodge
9. ［A］Hence ［B］Thereafter ［C］Somehow ［D］Incidentally
10. ［A］introduction［B］transaction ［C］distribution［D］provision
11. ［A］as ［B］for ［C］under ［D］of
12. ［A］along ［B］anyway ［C］afterwards ［D］alike
13. ［A］additional ［B］vital ［C］singular ［D］exceptional
14. ［A］alternative ［B］secondary ［C］intermediate［D］fundamental
15. ［A］pacify ［B］tempt ［C］suppress ［D］manipulate
16. ［A］Beside ［B］Beyond ［C］Below ［D］Before
17. ［A］supervised ［B］held ［C］managed ［D］presided
18. ［A］Around ［B］Under ［C］Above ［D］Outside
19. ［A］leading ［B］noble ［C］controlling ［D］principal
20. ［A］consist ［B］compose ［C］compile ［D］consume
答案
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. D
7.C
8.A
9. A 10. C
11. B 12. D 13.B 14.C 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything：two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters” in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable. The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government’s Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.
Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), that both sides had won (kind of) and that the hostilities were resolved (for the time being).
No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon—the “finish lines” each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, “first drafts” rather than the definitive versi on. And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they’re been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.
The conflict blew up, this February when Britain’s Wellcome Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP’s complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do.”But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors,”Venter told Newsweek in March, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.”At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other’s approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday’s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hosti lities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.” With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.
1. The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of _____.
［A］the enthusiasm in scientific research
［B］the significance of the space race
［C］the public versus private conflict
［D］the prospect of the completion of DNA sequence
2. The tone of the author in reporting the joint press conference this Monday is _____.
［A］astonished ［B］enthusiastic ［C］disappointed ［D］objective
3. It is implied in the third paragraph that _____.
［A］the “finish lines”refers to completion of DNA research.
［B］former Genome Warriors will never fight again.
［C］the former warriors are now collaborators
［D］both sides will still work on independently
4. The word “thaw”(Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means _____ .
［A］aggravation of tension
［B］improvement in relation
［C］intensification in attacks
［D］ending of coordination
5. The critical issue facing the scientists is to _____.
［A］apply the newly-found knowledge to the benefit of mankind
［B］end their horse race for the success of science
［C］get down to their genome research
［D］set their differences aside
答案
1.C
2.D
3.D
4.B
5.A
Text 2
At the start of the year, The Independent on Sunday argued that there were three over-whelming reasons why Iraq should not be invaded: there was no proof that Saddam posed an imminent threat; Iraq would be even more unstable as a result of its liberation; and a conflict would increase the threat posed by terrorists. What we did not know was that Tony Blair had received intelligence and advice that raised the very same points.
Last week’s report from the Intelligence and Security Committee included the revelation that some of the intelligence had warned that a war against Iraq risked an increased threat of terrorism. Why did Mr. Blair not make this evidence available to the public in the way that so much of the alarmist intelligence on Saddam’s weapons was published? Why did he choose to ignore the intelligence and argue instead that the war was necessary, precisely because of the threat posed by international terrorism?
There have been two parliamentary investigations into this war and the Hutton inquiry reopens tomorrow. In their different ways they have been illuminating, but none of them has addressed the main issues relating to the war. The Foreign Affairs Committee had the scope to range widely, but chose to become entangled in the dispute between the Government and the BBC. The Intelligence Committee reached the conclusion that the Government’s file on Saddam’s weapons was not mixed up, but failed to explain why the intelligence was so hopelessly wrong. The Hutton inquiry is investigating the death of Dr. David Kelly, a personal tragedy of marginal relevance to the war against Iraq.
Tony Blair has still to come under close examination about his conduct in the building-up to war. Instead, the Defence Secretary, Geoff Hoon, is being fingered as if he were master-minding the war behind everyone’s backs from the Ministry of Defence. Mr. Hoon is not a minister who dares to think without consulting Downing Street first. At all times he would have been dancing to Downing Street’s tunes. Mr. Blair would be wrong to assume that he can draw a line under all of this by making Mr. Hoon the fall-guy. It was Mr. Blair who decided to take Britain to war, and a Cabinet of largely skeptical ministers that backed him. It was Mr. Blair who told MPs that unless Saddam was removed, terrorists would pose a greater global threat —even though he had received intelligence that suggested a war would lead to an increase in terrorism.
Parliament should be the forum in which the Prime Minister is called more fully to account, but Iain Duncan Smith’s support for the war has neutered an already inept opposition. In the absence of proper parliamentary scrutiny, it is left to newspapers like this one to keep asking the most important questions until the Prime Minister answers them.
1. We learn from the first two paragraphs that _____.
［A］the evidence should have been made available to the Parliament
［B］the necessity of war has been exaggerated by the Committee
［C］Blair had purposely ignored some of the intelligence he received
［D］it was The Independent that first revealed the intelligence
2. The author thinks that the Hutton enquiry is _____.
［A］also beside the mark ［B］hopelessly wrong
［C］illuminating in its way ［D］wide in scope
3. By “chose to become entangled” (Line 4,Paragraph 3), the author implies that _____.
［A］the dispute between the Government and the BBC was unnecessary
［B］the Foreign Affairs Committee had mixed up the argument
［C］it was entirely wrong to carry out such investigations
［D］the Intelligence Committee shouldn’t mix up with the affair
4. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that _____.
［A］most ministers were suspicious of Hoon’s conduct
［B］Hoon will not do anything without consulting Blair
［C］Blair should not divert his responsibility to his Cabinet
［D］MPs think that it is Blair who drags the country into the war
5. What is the author’s attitude towards the Parliament?
［A］Indignant. ［B］Skeptical. ［C］Inquisitive. ［D］Critical.
答案
1.C
2.A
3.A
4.B
5.D
Text 3
Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.
The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.
This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroёs. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroёs maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.
As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.
1. With the Scholastics, the search for new knowledge _____.
［A］stopped completely
［B］slowed down
［C］advanced rapidly
［D］awaked gradually
2. Which of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and revelation?
［A］They are simply identical.
［B］Revelation guides reason.
［C］They are occasionally contradictory.
［D］Reason is used to perfect revelation.
3. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that _____.
［A］the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted
［B］religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy
［C］philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselves
［D］philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice
4. Averroёs held that _____.
［A］Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophy
［B］religious truth was nothing but imaginative fantasy
［C］real truth was inaccessible to many common people
［D］imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion
5. Which of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part succeeding this text?
［A］Relations of St. T. Aquinas’ achievements to previous efforts.
［B］How St. T. Aquinas worked out in the balance in discussion.
［C］Other endeavors on the relationship of reason and revelation.
［D］Outstanding features of the mature period of Scholasticism.
答案
1. A
2.B
3.D
4.C
5.C
Text 4
Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child’s individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting t o life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.
There is some relationship between age and children’s characteristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection.
Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially grea ter on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls’adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often
resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents’ fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.
1. Temperamental, irritable kids have difficulty adapting to parental divorce because_____.
［A］they care too much about the life change
［B］the great stress of their families diminishes their ability
［C］they tend to lose temper easily and are sensitive to the life change
［D］they are faced with more parents’ fights than the relaxed, easygoing children
2. The following statements are true EXCEPT_____.
［A］divorce is usually caused by more than one reason
［B］ a six-year-old boy may fear being deserted by his parents
［C］as the kids grow older, they have a better understanding of divorce
［D］ a young girl may feel more shameful on parental divorce than an older boy
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the impact of divorce_____.
［A］on kids of different sexes will probably change as they grow older
［B］may cause most kids’ difficulties in communicating with others
［C］on an irritable girl is greater than a noncompliant boy
［D］is always greater on boys than on girls
4. According to the author, the reason why parental divorce has greater effect on boys than on girls is that_____.
［A］all cultures encourage male aggression and noncompliance
［B］boys are always involved in their parents’ fights
［C］males are usually viewed as the models in self-control and strong will
［D］boys are basically more self-disciplined than girls
5. What is the main idea of the passage?
［A］Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their life.
［B］The impact of parental divorce on children varies in personality, age and gender.
［C］Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted families.
［D］Kids of different ages behave differently on parental divorce.
答案
1. A
2.D
3.A
4.C
5.B
Part B
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Until about two million years ago Africa’s vegetation had always been controlled by the interactions of climate; geology, soil, and groundwater conditions; and the activities of animals. The addition of humans to the latter group, however, has increasingly rendered unreal the concept of a fully developed “natural”vegetation—i.e., one approximating the ideal of a
vegetational climax. (41). Early attempts at mapping and classifying Africa’s vegetation stressed this relationship: sometimes the names of plant zones were derived directly from climates. In this discussion the idea of zones is retained only in a broad descriptive sense.
(42). In addition, over time more floral regions of varying shape and size have been recognized. Many schemes have arisen successively, all of which have had to take views on two important aspects: the general scale of treatment to be adopted, and the degree to which human modification is to be comprehended or discounted.
(43). Quite the opposite assumption is now frequently advanced. An intimate combination of many species—in complex associations and related to localized soils, slopes, and drainage—has been detailed in many studies of the African tropics. In a few square miles there may be a visible succession from swamp with papyrus, the grass of which the ancient Egyptians made paper and from which the word “paper”originated, through swampy grassland and broad-leaved woodland and grass to a patch of forest on richer hillside soil, and finally to juicy fleshy plants on a nearly naked rock summit.
(44). Correspondingly, classifications have differed greatly in their principles for naming, grouping, and describing formations: some have chosen terms such as forest, woodland, thorn-bush, thicket, and shrub for much of the same broad tracts that others have grouped as wooded savanna (treeless grassy plain) and steppe (grassy plain with few trees). This is best seen in the nomenclature, naming of plants, adopted by two of the most comprehensive and authoritative maps of Africa’s vegetation that have been published: R. W. J. Keay’s Vegetation Map of Africa South of the Tropic of Cancer and its more widely based successor, The Vegetation Map of Africa, compiled by Frank White. In the Keay map the terms “savanna”and “steppe”were adopted as precise definition of formations, based on the herb layer and the coverage of woody vegetation; the White map, however, discarded these two categories as specific classifications. Yet any rapid absence of savanna as in its popular and more general sense is doubtful.
(45). However, some 100 specific types of vegetation identified on the source map have been compressed into 14 broader classifications.
［A］As more has become known of the many thousands of African plant species and their complex ecology, naming, classification, and mapping have also become more particular, stressing what was actually present rather than postulating about climatic potential.
［B］In regions of higher rainfall, such as eastern Africa, savanna vegetation is maintained by periodic fires. Consuming dry grass at the end of the rainy season, the fires burn back the forest vegetation, check the invasion of trees and shrubs, and stimulate new grass growth.
［C］Once, as with the scientific treatment of African soils, a much greater uniformity was attributed to the vegetation than would have been generally accepted in the same period for treatments of the lands of western Europe or the United States.
［D］The vegetational map of Africa and general vegetation groupings used here follow the White map and its extensive annotations.
［E］African vegetation zones are closely linked to climatic zones, with the same zones occurring both north and south of the equator in broadly similar patterns. As with climatic zones, differences in the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation constitute the most important influence on the development of vegetation.
［F］Nevertheless, in broad terms, climate remains the dominant control over vegetation. Zonal belts of precipitation, reflection latitude and contrasting exposure to the Atlantic and Indian oceans and their currents, give some reality to relat ed belts of vegetation.
［G］The span of human occupation in Africa is believed to exceed that of any other continent. All the resultant activities have tended, on balance, to reduce tree cover and increase grassland; but there has been considerable dispute among scholars concerning the natural versus human-caused development of most African grasslands at the regional level.
答案
41.F 42.A 43.C 44.G 45.D
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.
Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (47) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.
The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments, (48) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughout the ages. (49) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (50) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.
Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.
答案
46.其他领域的研究也有助于对此的理解：心理学和伦理学试图解释目标是如何形成的，历史记录着人们所追求的目标的变化，社会学则从社会环境的角度来解释人们的行为。
47.第一个领域，价格理论或微观经济学，解释在竞争的市场中供需间的相互作用是怎样导致了大量的个别价格、工资率、利润空间和租金的变化。
48.因为，按照凯恩斯的理论，不充分的总体需求会增加失业，建议的解决方式是企业扩大投资或政府增加开支，继而增加预算赤字。
49.古希腊的亚里士多德和柏图都在著作中谈到财富、财产和贸易问题，两人都对商业持有偏见，认为靠生意来谋生是不足取的。
50.在中世纪，罗马天主教会的经济学思想表达在其教法中，教法谴责从借贷中获利的行为，并认为商业地位劣于农业。
Section ⅢWriting
Part A
51. Directions:
On your way from Beijing to Paris, you lost you luggage carried by the airline. Write a complaint letter to the service center of the Airline. In your letter, you should tell them
1) what happened to your luggage,
2) what your luggage is like,
3) what compensation you expect.
You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming”instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
一、审题与谋篇
本题要求写一封投诉信。写投诉信的目的是表达不满、愤怒等情绪，并希望遇到的问题能够得到解决。投诉的原因多种多样，如：顾客投宿服务或产品的质量差、价格高、没有达到标准；学生投诉食堂的饭菜又贵又难吃；居民投诉附近噪音大等。由于写信的目的主要是希望自己的声音能被听到，问题能够快速得到解决，因此写出恰当而有力的投诉信是非常重要的。写此类信时应尽量保持一种礼貌而坚定的语气，不能恐吓或威胁。注意用简洁而切题的方式把问题陈述清楚，详细描述所投诉的产品或服务，说明给你带来的不便，陈述你希望得到的问题解决方式，可以明确时间的期限。此外，写信时应表示出对得到公正对待的自信，但避免过于情绪化。
指导语中给出的情景是托运行李在航班上丢失，信的内容包括：（1）介绍你的行李所发生的状况；（2）说明行李的具体特征；（3）希望得到的赔偿。
二、参考范文
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing because I need to complain to you about what happened to my luggage carried by your airlines. On Friday, June 2, 2006, I traveled on your airlines from Beijing to Paris. When I went to pick up my luggage in Paris, I was informed that it was missing. The lost luggage is a black suitcase, 50 cm in length and 30 cm in width, in which there are five volumes of valuable research papers. If they cannot be found for me, I am sure that you will agree to pay me ￥1000, the estimated worth of my luggage on my claim ticket, to compensate for my great loss.
I have always enjoyed the good service of your airlines, and I look forward to receiving the same kind of good service in this matter.
Sincerely
Li Ming
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the drawing, 2) interpret its implications, 3) give your comments.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
一、审题谋篇
本题为图画式作文。一篇好的作文首先要中心明确，所以考试中，确定主题也成了我们的第一要务。由于指导语对主题的提示较少，所以本篇作文的关键是看图，尤其是图画的题目。在图画中，我们可以看到一匹抬起前腿，将要
驰骋的骏马，题目为：千里之行，是从第一步开始的。可见，文章主题应围绕“第一步”与“千里之行”的关系展开论述，可以讨论“起步”或“行动”的重要性。
再看指导语可知，文章应以图画展示的内容为主题，（一）描述图画；（二）阐述图画所要表达的含义；（三）发表自己的看法。
二、参考范文
范文一
As we can see in the picture, a horse is starting the first step in his journey vigorously. The prancing horse, together with the line of words beneath that every journey begins with the first step, implies the importance of beginnings, and the necessity of getting off to a right start in anything that one undertakes.
As we all know, the foundations of a building must be strong, or else the whole structure will fall down someday. The pioneering of any enterprise always contains the soul of it, in which is wrapped the whole motive, purpose and plan of the venture. The success of autumn crops depends on the initial steps taken in the spring. Therefore, it seems that the beginning point is dynamic and alive and often more important than any other point in the journey. When asked about the ke y to success, a successful author replied that the most helpful thing was to start writing. Without taking the first step, potenti al genius will contents itself with mediocrity. Only by trying, the first can produce the second, the second the third, and so on to the very goal.
In sum, there is a magic potential in the first step taken toward a successful end in view.
范文二
As we can see in the picture, a horse is taking his first step of a journey. This beginning seems to be hard and painstaking，but every journey begins with the first step. No matter what we are going to do, we should start with our action.
Though planning and dreaming is important, action is essential for our success. Maybe after all the efforts we still can’t accomplish our aims, but taking no action can get us nowhere. For example, some students often complain about their bad luck when getting low marks in an exam; however, the reason for their failure is that most of them don’t listen carefully in class nor review their lessons after class. By contrast, those who get high marks have devoted much time and effort to learning. The most accomplished people in the world always have a history of making perseverant efforts, as Madam Cury and Edison did as scientists, Beethoven and Bach did as musicians, Marx and Confucius did as philosophers.
In short, no pains no gains. Let us put our plans and aims into action. Only after great effort can we get what we want and live an accomplished life; otherwise, our life will be full of failure and disappointment, which is surely no one’s choice.
考研英语真题 2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as ―a bodily exercise precious to health.‖ But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. 6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth – thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1.[A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like 2.[A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce 3.[A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining 4.[A]transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe 5.[A] measurable[B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable 6.[A]In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief 7.[A] opposite [B] impossible [C] average [D] expected 8.[A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D] relaxes 9.[A] aggravate [B] generate [C] moderate [D] enhance 10.[A] physical [B] mental [C] subconscious [D] internal
2011年考研英语(二)考试真题及参考答案完型填空试题： "The Internet affords anonymity to its users—a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has1across the Web. Can privacy be preserved2bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3? Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nation’s cyberczar,offered the Obama government a 4to make the Web a safer place—a“voluntary identify”system that would be the high-tech 5of a physical key,fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled6one.The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential7to a specific computer,and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to8a federation of private online identify https://www.doczj.com/doc/8115838922.html,ers could9which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to11just once but use many different services. 12,the approach would create a“walled garden”in safe“neighborhoods”and bright “streetlights”to establish a sense of community. Mr.Schmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem”in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with14,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs15.'" Still,the administration’s plan has16privacy rights activists.Some applaud the approach;others are concerned.It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would17be a license”mentality.
考研英语模拟试题一及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter. In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 . "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty." Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology. 1．[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout 2．[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior 3．[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host 4．[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep 5．[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D] affecting 6．[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on 7．[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted 8．[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out 9．[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined
2018考研英语模拟试题一及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter. In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 . "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty." Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology. 1．[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout 2．[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior 3．[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host 4．[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep 5．[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D] affecting 6．[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on 7．[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted 8．[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out 9．[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined
考研英语（二）模拟试卷152 (总分：136.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00) 1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ Any sufficiently advanced technology, noted Arthur C. Clarke, a British science-fiction writer, is indistinguishable from magic. The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his 【C1】______Using it is just like casting a spell: say a few words into the air, and a nearby device can【C2】______your wish. The Amazon Echo, a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa, can【C3】______music tracks and radio stations, tell jokes, answer trivia questions and control smart【C4】______; even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4% of American households. Voice assistants are【C5】______in smartphones, too: Apple's Siri【C6】______over 2 billion commands a week, and 20% of Google【C7】______on Android powered handsets in America are input by voice. Dictating e-mails and text messages now works 【C8】______enough to be useful. Why type when you can talk? This is a huge shift. Simple【C9】______it may seem, voice has the power to transform computing, by providing a natural means of interaction. Windows, icons and menus, and then touchscreens, were welcomed as more【C10】 ______ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard【C11】______But being able to talk to computers【C12】______the need for the abstraction of a "user interface" at all.【C13】______mobile phones were more than existing phones without wires, and cars were more than carriages without horses, so computers without screens and keyboards have the【C14】______to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today. Voice will not wholly【C15】______other forms of input and output. Sometimes it will remain more【C16】______to converse with a machine by typing rather than talking. But voice is destined to【C17】______a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them, from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assistants in corporate call-centres.【C18】______, to reach its full potential, the technology requires【C19】______breakthroughs—and a resolution of the【C20】______questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.（分数：40.00） (1).【C1】（分数：2.00） A.spot B.notice C.point D.note (2).【C2】（分数：2.00） A.make B.allow C.reach D.grant (3).【C3】（分数：2.00） A.call up B.make up C.show up D.take up (4).【C4】（分数：2.00） A.implements B.appliances
2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) 1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like 2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce 3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining 4.[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe 5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable 6.[A]In turn[B]In fact[C]In addition[D]In brief 7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected 8.[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes 9.[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance 10.[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal
11.[A]Except for[B]According to[C]Due to[D]As for 12.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at 13.[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because 14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses 15.[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond 16.[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold 17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent 18.[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted 19.[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing 20.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points) Text1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the20th century.These recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
2011年考研英语一试题及参考答案 SectionⅠ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily ex ercise precious to health.” But _____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. ____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the ____, studies dati ng back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter. muscles, Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ______feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow. Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz. 1. [A] among [B] except [C]despite [D] like 2. [A] reflect [B]demend [C]indicate [D]produce 3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining 4. [A] transmit [B]sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe 5. [A] measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable
Part B Directions:(7选5) In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), cho ose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. Ther e are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on AN SWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald?s, which sponsors the youth coach ing scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “in ducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said. Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If chi ldren are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can ha rm, at least information is available up front.” He also urged councils to impose “fast -food-free zones” around school and hospitals -a reas within which takeaways cannot open. A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for pub lic health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This include s creating a new …responsibility deal? with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we wil l achieve this.” The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoki ng over the last decade.
2012年考研英语模拟测试题及参考答案一 Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co. ltd., one of the six companies, created out of the privatized national railway system. In an industry lacking exciting growth__1__, its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations__2__is drawing interest. In a plan called “Station Renaissance”that it__3__in November, JR East said that it would__4__using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants, extending them to__5__more suitable for the information age. It wants train stations as pick-up__6__for such goods as books, flowers and groceries__7__over the Internet. In a country where city__8__depend heavily on trains__9__commuting, about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway, the company __10__. So, picking up commodities at train stations__11__consumers extra travel and missed home deliveries. JR East already has been using its station__12__stores for this purpose, but it plans to create__13__spaces for the delivery of Internet goods. The company also plans to introduce __14__cards—known in Japan as IC cards because they use integrated circuit for__15__information__16__ train tickets and commuter passes__17__the magnetic ones used today, integrating them into a/an __18__pass. This will save the company money, because__19__for IC cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. Increased use of IC cards should also__20__the space needed for ticket vending. 1.［A］perspectives ［B］outlooks ［C］prospects ［D］spectacles 2.［A］creatively ［B］originally ［C］authentically ［D］initially 3.［A］displayed ［B］demonstrated ［C］embarked ［D］unveiled 4.［A］go beyond ［B］set out ［C］come around ［D］spread over 5.［A］applications ［B］enterprises ［C］functions ［D］performances 6.［A］districts ［B］vicinities ［C］resorts ［D］locations 7.［A］acquired ［B］purchased ［C］presided ［D］attained 8.［A］lodgers ［B］tenants ［C］dwellers ［D］boarders 9.［A］for ［B］in ［C］of ［D］as 10.［A］figures ［B］exhibits ［C］convinces ［D］speculates 11.［A］deprives ［B］retrieves ［C］spares ［D］exempts