1 From VOA Learning English, this is the Agriculture Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语农业报道。
On World Environment Day in June, the United Nations reported at least one third of all food produced is wasted. The report came at a time when many people are concerned about how to feed a growing world population.
联合国在6月的世界环境日报告声称生产出来的食物至少有三分之一被浪费。报告出台之际正值许多人都在关注如何养活日益增长的世界人口。
In the United States, Farmers who are struggling to earn money find the situation difficult to deal with. The United States Department of Agriculture found that more than half of the small farms in California do not make a profit.
在美国，竭力赚钱的农民发现这一情况很难处理。美国农业部发现，加利福尼亚州一半以上的小型农场赚不到钱。
One California farm family is using social media in an effort to change the situation and reduce wasted food. Nick Papadopoulos is general manager of Bloomfield Farms in Sonoma County. It was difficult for him to watch his employees returning from several weekend farmer's markets with top quality unsold produce.
加利福尼亚州一个农场家庭正使用社交媒体，以试图改变这一状况并减少食品浪费。尼克·帕帕多普洛斯是索诺玛县布卢姆菲尔德农场的总经理。看到员工从几个周末农贸市场带回未售出的高品质农产品，他就头疼。
Mr Papadopoulos said he would find boxes of leafy greens, herbs and carrots left in a storage yard. The vegetables would go bad before the next market day. As a result, Mr Papadopoulos came up with a plan to offer the food at a low price by advertising it on the farm's Facebook status page on Sunday nights.?
帕帕多普洛斯表示，在堆货场他会发现有成箱的绿叶蔬菜、香草和胡萝卜被剩下。这些蔬菜到下个农贸市场交易日前会坏掉。帕帕多普洛斯想出了一个方案，通过周日晚上在农场的Facebook状态页面做广告，把这些食物以低价卖出。
The deals were open to anyone using the social media website. One week, several homeowners in a neighboring community bought the vegetables. Another week, the buyers were a group of friends.
该交易向所有社交媒体的用户开放。有一个星期，几个邻近社区的房主买走了这些蔬菜。另一个星期，买家是一群朋友。
Nick Papadopoulos began using social media after he went to work on a farm belonging to his wife's father. One night, he began thinking about the issue of wasted food, when he could not find a place to donate 32 cases of organic broccoli. He ended up giving some of the food to chickens and using the rest to make fertilizer.
帕帕多普洛斯到他岳父农场工作后开始使用社交媒体。某晚，在他找不到地方捐出32箱有机西兰花时，他开始思考食品浪费的问题。最终他将一些食品
喂鸡，剩下的做了肥料。
"I don't believe we should let it go to waste, I believe we should share it, donate it, whatever it takes. And if possible, as farmers, we would like to recover a small portion of our costs."
他说，“我认为不应该让它们浪费掉，而应该分享出来，捐出来。如果有可能，作为农民，我们希望能收回一部分成本。”
After his success using Facebook, Mr Papadopoulos helped to set up a website called https://www.doczj.com/doc/8615661261.html,, it is a place where people involved with food production, feeding the hungry. And those who want to buy locally grow food can find surplus produce.
在他成功使用Facebook后，帕帕多普洛斯帮助建立了一个名为https://www.doczj.com/doc/8615661261.html,的网站。在这里，人们参与食品生产，帮助食不果腹之人。想购买本地生长的食品可以在这里找到剩下的农产品。
Since March, the website has prevented more than 20,000 kilograms of food from going to waste.
三月份以来，该网站已经防止了2万多公斤食品被浪费掉。
2 From VOA Learning English, this is the Technology Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语科技报道。
What is a place where you could find old pictures of camels carrying people to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and also books about ancient Aztecs in Mexico? It is all found in the World Digital Library(WDL). Its collection is available on the Internet.
有没有一个地方能让你找到骆驼驮着人前往沙特阿拉伯麦加的老图片，以及有关墨西哥古阿兹台克人的书籍？这些都能在世界数字图书馆（简称WDL）被找到。该馆的馆藏被放到了互联网上。
The library has 8,000 items from whole books to ancient writings, to music and photographs. There are 170 partners in 79 countries sending material to the World Digital Library. Partners include national or university libraries, museums and other cultural organizations.
该馆拥有8000个条目，范围从整本书籍到古代著作、音乐和照片。来自79个国家的170位合作伙伴为世界数字图书馆提供素材。其合作伙伴包括国家、大学图书馆，博物馆和其它文化机构。
The librarian of the United States Congress James Billington launched the WDL in 2009. John Van Oudenaren is the director of the library. He says Mr Billington wanted it to include items that are both interesting and important.?
美国国会图书馆馆长詹姆斯·比林顿（James Billington）于2009年创办了世界数字图书馆。约翰·范奥德纳（John Van Oudenaren）是该馆的负责人。他表示，比林顿先生希望该馆能够囊括既有趣又重要的条目。
"So we are looking for things that from each country, each culture, each civilization. Things that are unique and important and help to tell the story of that place."
他说，“所以我们一直在寻找来自每个国家，每种文化，每种文明的素材，寻找这些独特、重要并且能够讲述该地历史
的素材。”
Every item is explained in the 6 official languages of the United Nations: English, Arabic, French, Spanish, Chinese, Russian plus Portuguese.
每个条目都用英语、法语、西班牙语、汉语、俄语和葡萄牙语这六种联合国官方语言加以解释。
?
Since 2009, 25 million people have visited the website from 250 places. The greatest number is from Spanish-speaking countries. Mr Van Oudenaren says users include schools, researchers and anyone interested.
自2009年以来，已经有来自全球250个地区的2500万人访问了该网站。访问人数最多的是西班牙语国家。范奥德纳先生表示，网站用户包括学校、科研人员和其它感兴趣者。
?
"People say this is what the Internet should be about. And that kind warms my heart."?
他说，“人们说网络就应该是这样的，这温暖了我的心。”
He was especially happy to hear from one teacher in New York City.?
听到来自纽约市一位教师的评价让他尤为开心。
"And she said it was really wonderful to have a site where every kid in the class, no matter what country they were from or where their parents were from could search and find something about that country that was interesting and important."??
他说，“那位教师说，有这么一个网站可以让班里所有的孩子，不管他来自那个国家或他们的父母来自哪里，他们都能在这个网站搜寻一些有关该国的有趣的、重要的东西，这太好了。”
???
Mussa Maravl is a researcher for the WDL from Sudan. He works with all the materials that are in Arabic. He recently published rare photographs of Mecca from 1885.
穆萨·玛拉威尔（Mussa Maravl）是世界图书馆的一位研究员，他来自苏丹，负责所有阿拉伯语的素材。最近他发布了来自1885年的一些有关麦加的珍贵照片。
"These camels were , you know, lying their heads on the ground, which is very unusual for a camel. It means these camels have travelled so far， so long， and half of those camels were very thin, too, meaning they have exhausted all the fat they have stored there."
他说，“这些骆驼把头放到地上，这对骆驼来说非比寻常。这意味着它们走了很久、很远。而且半数骆驼都很瘦弱，说明它们耗光了储存在驼峰中的脂肪。”
Mussa Maravl believes the library provides tools for understanding, especially among Arabs, Muslims and United States. He says the WDL is posting many items about important developments in Arabic and Islamic science.?
玛拉威尔认为世界数字图书馆有助于相互理解，特别是阿拉伯人、穆斯林和美国之间的相互理解。他表示，世界数字图书馆正在发布很多有关阿拉伯和伊斯兰科学重大发展的条目。
"The kind of cultural heritage you are promoting is exactly, I believe, what the world need to choose. Basically all these cultures contribute together to promote unders
tanding throughout humanity in general."
他说，“我认为，我们正在宣传的文化遗传实际上是世界必须选取的，基本上所有这些文化共同促进了整个人类的普遍理解。”
Anyone may search the World Digital Library by subject, time period, kind of document or area of the world. The website is https://www.doczj.com/doc/8615661261.html,.
任何人都可以通过标题、时间段、文件类型或地区搜索世界数字图书馆。该馆的网址是https://www.doczj.com/doc/8615661261.html,。
3 From VOA Learning English, this is the Technology Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语科技报道。
Britain's Queen Elizabeth presented her first ever Prize for Engineering, doing a ceremony in late June at Buckingham Palace. Some hope the new award will become the engineering equivalent of the Nobel Prize for scientific achievement.
英国伊丽莎白女王推出了她的首个工程奖，并于六月下旬在白金汉宫举行了颁奖仪式。一些人希望这一新的奖项能够成为诺贝尔科学成就奖的工程类等同奖项。
The award includes a prize of one million British pounds, or about $1.5 million. It was presented to five men who invented the Internet and developed the ways one third of the world's population uses it.
该奖项包括了100万英镑的奖金，相当于150万美元。它被颁给发明互联网以及开发出互联网使用方式供世界1/3人口使用的五名男子。
Americans Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf, and Frenchman Louis Pouzin invented the Internet's basic protocols.? They shared the award with Britain's Tim Berners-Lee, who created the Worldwide Web and American Marc Andreesen, who invented the first web browsing software.
美国人罗伯特·卡恩（Robert Kahn）、文森特·瑟夫（Vinton Cerf）和法国人路易斯·普赞（Louis Pouzin）开发了互联网文本协议。他们同英国创造了万维网的蒂姆·伯纳斯 - 李（Tim Berners-Lee），以及美国开发首个网页浏览器软件的马克·安德森(Marc Andreessen)共同获得了这一奖项。
The morning after they received the award, three of the winners spoke to hundreds of students from London schools.
在他们获得奖项后的第二天早上，三名获奖者对数百名来自伦敦各校的学生发表了讲话。
Robert Kahn said the Internet is so much a part of people's lives, they don't really think about it.
卡恩说，互联网是人们生活中如此重要的一部分，他们真没这么想过。
"To me, it's all about the protocols for making things work together - to link together networks, computers, application programs - which a lot of people didn't think was a particularly good idea when we first started out on it. But it's turned out to be pretty impactful worldwide."
他说，“对我来说，互联网只是将网络、电脑和应用程序连接到一起的协议。当我们初次着手它时，很多人根本不认为这是个好主意。但它被证明在全球具有相当的影响力。”
Many of
the students carry devices much more powerful than the computers the men used to develop the Internet. They were joined by students in Swaziland who took part in the event by way of the Internet.
许多学生携带了比他们用于开发互联网更为强大的设备。斯威士兰的学生们也通过互联网参加了他们的活动。
Vinton Cerf, partner with Robert Kahn in developing the TCP/IP protocol that makes Internet traffic possible. He is now a vice president of Google.
瑟夫和卡恩合伙开发了TCP/IP协议，该协议使得互联网通讯成为可能。他现在是谷歌公司副总裁。
"The significance is not the winning. The significance is the existence of the prize at all, especially with Her Majesty's name attached to it. It elevates engineering to the same level of visibility and recognition as the Nobel Prizes."
他说，“意义不在于获奖，而在于该奖项的存在。特别是冠以女王的名字。它将工程奖提升到了诺贝尔奖同等的知名度和认可度。”
Both men say their satisfaction comes from the wide use of the Internet and the fact that their basic technical architecture is still a main part of it.
两人都表示，他们的满足来自于互联网的广泛使用，以及他们的基本技术架构仍是互联网重要组成部分的这一事实。
But they noted the privacy and security issues the Internet has created, these issues raised concern most recently with news about U.S. government surveillance programs designed to fight terrorism.
但他们注意到了互联网造成的隐私和安全问题，由于有关美国政府旨在打击恐怖主义的监视项目的新闻，这些问题最近引发了的关注。
(Cerf:) "We are still in the middle of this rapid evolution of the Internet and its applications. And we are going to have to learn, as a society, which things are acceptable and which things are not, what we should prohibit, and what things we should punish people for doing."
瑟夫说，“我们仍然处于互联网及其应用快速演化的中间阶段。作为一个社会，我们将不得不学习，什么东西可以接受什么东西不能接受，我们应该禁止什么，以及人们做了什么我们要惩罚他们。”
(Kahn:) "Those are not tensions that are just easily resolved - check the box and proceed this way or that way. They require constant attention, especially in democratic societies."
卡恩说，“这些不是很容易解决的紧张情况 -- 勾选后继续这样或那样的进行。它们需要持续的关注，尤其是在民主社会。”
Robert Kahn says technologies have always had "plusses and minuses," he says the Internet is no different. But he also says that even after 40 years, there is no foreseeable end to the demand for the technology that he and his co-winners developed.
卡恩表示，科技总会有好的一面和坏的一面，互联网也不例外。但他也表示，即使过去40年，对他和这些
共同获奖者开发的技术的需求仍然没有可预见的终结。
4 rom VOA Learning English, this is the Health Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语健康报道。
Malaria kills about 200,000 newborn babies and 10,000 new mothers every year. Most of these death are in Africa. Malaria can also cause mothers to lose their babies before they are born, or cause a baby to be born early. These are low cost ways to prevent malaria infection. But a new study find that many pregnant women do not receive this intervention.?
疟疾每年造成20万名新生儿和1万名新妈妈死亡，其中大部分死亡案例在非洲。疟疾还会导致胎儿死亡或者早产。现在有低费用的办法可以防止疟疾感染。但一项新的研究发现，许多孕妇未接受到这些干预措施。
For example, for the past 20 years, the World Health Organization (WHO) has advised pregnant women in areas with high rates of malaria to sleep on the bed nets treated with insecticide.
例如，在过去20年，世界卫生组织建议疟疾高发区域的孕妇睡觉时使用经过杀虫剂处理的蚊帐。
The WHO also advised them to get what is known as intermittent preventive treatment, or IPT. This treatment involves take in a low cost anti-malaria drug at certain times in the pregnancy in an effort to prevent the disease. The WHO recommends that pregnant women receive the medicine usually around 4 times during visits to a clinic.?
世界卫生组织还建议他们接受所谓的间歇性预防治疗。这种治疗包括在特定时间服用低费用的抗疟疾药物，以防止疟疾感染。世界卫生组织建议孕妇一般每去一次诊所服用4次药物。
Many pregnant women and new mothers go to medical clinics in sub-saharan Africa. Yet researchers say only about 21 percent receive intermittent preventive treatment during their pregnancy, and less than 40 percent are given protective bed nets.
撒哈拉以南非洲的许多孕妇和新妈妈都去医疗诊所。然而研究人员表示，只有21%的人在怀孕期间接受了间歇性预防治疗，低于40%的人得到防护蚊帐。
Jenny Hill from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine is program manager for a research partnership called the Malaria and Pregnancy Consortium.??
来自利物浦热带医学院的珍妮·希尔（Jenny Hill）是疟疾和妊娠联盟的项目经理。
Miss Hill says a review of 98 studies found a number of barriers to malaria prevention, these included unclear policy and guidance from government ministers and health care officials. Other problems include drug shortages, a lack of clean water, and confusion about how to administer IPT.
希尔女士表示，对98项研究审核后发现了疟疾预防的一些障碍，其中包括来自政府部长和卫生保健官员们的政策和指导不清晰。其它问题还包括药物短缺、缺乏清洁水以及如何进行间歇性预防治疗方面的混乱。
"They were unclear on w
hen to give it whether it could be given to women on an empty stomach, whether it should be given under observation in clinics, and so on and so forth."
她说，“何时服用，是否可以让女性空腹服用，服用时是否应该在诊所进行观察等都未明确。”
Miss Hill says free intermittent preventive treatment is the policy in 37 countries across the region. But the researchers found that antenatal clinic or ANCs may charge fees, that can keep some preganat women from returning.
希尔女士表示，该地区37个国家都有免费的间歇性预防治疗。但研究人员发现，胎前检查所可能会收取费用，这使得一些孕妇不会再来。
Miss Hill says countries can reduce the number of deaths and early births due to malaria by following the WHO policy on intermittent preventive treatment. She says governments should also provide more money in their budgets for anti-malaria drug, so there are no shortages. Also they should publicize the importance of malaria prevention among women at highest risk for the disease.
希尔女士表示，各国可以通过遵循世界卫生组织在间歇性预防治疗方面的政策，降低疟疾导致的死亡和早产人数。她表示，各国政府还应该在抗疟疾药物上提供更多财政预算这样药物就不会短缺。他们还应该在疟疾高风险妇女当中宣传疟疾预防的重要性。
The journal PLoS Medicine published the analysis of maternal and infant malaria prevention measures.
美国科学公共图书馆(PLoS)期刊发表了母婴疟疾预防措施的分析结果。(https://www.doczj.com/doc/8615661261.html,对本文翻译保留全部权利，未经授权请勿转载，违者必究！)
5 From VOA Learning English, this is the Health Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语健康报道。
A new report says nearly four-billion people have major tooth decay, or cavities. That number represents more than half of the world's population. Health officials are warning that failure to repair cavities can lead to social and emotional problems.
一份新的报告称，近40亿人有严重蛀牙。这一数字占到了世界人口的一半以上。卫生官员警告说，不修复蛀牙会导致社会和情感问题。
Wagner Marcenes is with the Institute of Dentistry at Queen Mary, University of London. He led a team of researchers as part of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. About 500 researchers attempt to collect and examine studies about all major diseases. They used the information to estimate rates of the infection.
Wagner Marcenes就职于伦敦大学玛丽皇后学院牙科研究所。他领导了一批研究人员参与了《2010年全球疾病负担研究》。大约500名研究人员试图收集和调查有关所有重大疾病的研究。他们使用这些信息来估算感染率。
The report says untreated tooth decay is the most common of all 291 major diseases and injuries. Professor Marcenes says cavities or holes? in permanent teeth are also kn
own as caries.
该报告表示，未治疗的蛀牙是291种重大疾病和伤害中最常见的一种。Marcenes教授表示，恒牙中的空腔或小孔也被称为龋齿。
"Caries is a chronic disease that shares the same risk factors as cancer, cardiovascular disease. What we're having now is an increase in disease from highly developed countries happening in sub-Saharan Africa and probably it will be in other areas of Africa, too."
他说，“龋齿是一种慢性病，和癌症、心血管疾病有着同样的风险因素。高度发达国家面临的疾病增长目前在撒哈拉以南非洲也发生了，可能在非洲其他地区也会发生。”
He says an increase in tooth decay in Africa could be a result of developing countries becoming more like Western nations.
他表示，非洲蛀牙增长可能是因为发展中国家变得越来越像西方国家。
"It is likely to be related to a change in diet. Our industrialized diet leads to chronic disease, which includes caries. And that may be the main explanation."
他说，“这可能和饮食习惯改变有关。我们的工业化饮食导致了慢性疾病，其中就包括蛀牙。这可能是主要原因。”
Western diets are rich in sugar, a leading cause of health problems in the mouth. In western countries, water supplies are treated with the chemical fluoride. Adding fluoride to the water makes teeth resistant to the bacteria that can cause tooth decay.
西方饮食富含糖，这是口腔健康问题的主要成因。在西方国家，供水经过氟化物处理。在水中添加氟化物使得牙齿可以抵抗能够引起蛀牙的细菌。
Wagner Marcenes says oral health problems can have a major effect on a person's quality of life. First, cavities make eating difficult. Second, people may change what they eat. They may eat softer foods that are not hard to chew. However, softer foods are often fattier foods.
Wagner Marcenes表示，口腔健康问题会对人的生活质量产生重大影响。首先，蛀牙使得进食困难。其次，人们可能会改变自己的饮食。他们可能会吃较软的食物，这种食物不难嚼。然而，它通常是脂肪较高的食物。
But professor Marcenes says the biggest issue in tooth decay is both social and mental. He says the researchers found strong evidence that the mouth has a big influence on socialization. He says many people want to hide bad teeth. They smile less and communicate less.
但Marcenes教授表示，蛀牙的最大问题是社会和心理双方面的。他表示，研究人员发现了强有力的证据，口腔对社会化具有很大的影响。他说，很多人都想把蛀牙藏起来，他们就会笑得更少，沟通更少。
Wagner Marcenes is calling for an "urgent, organized, social response" to the widespread lack of oral health. He believes in a natural method to fight tooth decay by having a healthier diet. He is also calling for the development of new and less costl
y dental materials and treatments.
Wagner Marcenes呼吁对口腔卫生的普遍缺乏采取紧急、有组织的、社会化的应对。他认为，对抗蛀牙的天然方法就是健康饮食。他还呼吁发展成本更低的新牙科材料和治疗办法。
6 From VOA Learning English, this is the Health Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语健康报道。
Group cognitive therapy is a form of mental health treatment. A study has found that this form of talk therapy can help rape victims in war-torn countries where there are few trained psychologists. Researchers say the findings show the counselors in a community can be trained to provide group cognitive therapy.
团体认知行为治疗是一种精神治疗方式。一项研究发现，这种谈话治疗可以帮助战乱国家的强奸受害者，这些国家鲜有训练有素的心理医生。研究人员表示，研究结果表明，可以培训社区辅导员来提供团体认知行为治疗。
Judith Bass is a professor of mental health at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland. He says rape victims in war-torn countries, face a series of short and long-term health and psychological problems,?these include depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Sudden sounds or events can trigger memories of the rape.
朱迪思·巴斯（Judith Bass）是约翰霍普金斯大学公共卫生学院的一名教授。该大学位于马里兰州巴尔的摩市。她表示，战乱国家的强奸受害者面临着一系列短期和长期的健康和心理问题，包括抑郁症，焦虑和创伤后应激障碍。突发的声音和事件都会触发强奸的记忆。
Professor Bass says sexual violence affects not just the victims but the whole communities where they live.
巴斯教授说，性暴力不仅会影响受害者，还会影响到他们居住的整个社区。
"This problem of rape and violence against women is not only about the act of violence but it's also becoming, unfortunately, wider spread as it is being used in the arsenal of warring factions to dehumanize and humiliate populations."
她说，“针对女性的强奸和暴力问题不仅是暴力行为本身，不幸的是，它还被交战各派用于羞辱族群而到处扩散。”
Professor Bass says women who are raped often suffer not only from? social stigma in their communities, they also have a fear of returning to the site of the violence, and they worry about whether they can meet the needs of their families.
巴斯教授说，被强奸的妇女不仅在社区中遭受社会歧视，她们还害怕回到暴力现场，担心自己是否能满足家庭的需求。
Cognitive behavioral group therapy has been shown to be effective in wealthier Western countries. Professor Bass and other researchers investigated whether it could help women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) overcome their fears and depression. The DRC has faced more than 30 years of conflict si
nce it's independence from Belgium in 1960.
认知行为疗法在富裕西方国家已被证实有效。巴斯教授和其他研究人员调查了它是否能帮助刚果（金）民主共和国妇女克服她们的恐惧和抑郁。自1960年从比利时独立后，刚果（金）民主共和国经历了三十多年的冲突。
After six months, 42 percent of those in individual counseling who were depressed at the start of the therapy no longer showed signs of depression. By comparison, 70 percent of those who participate in cognitive behavior groups were no longer considered depressed. In these groups, the women discussed goals and learned skills for overcoming their depression and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.?
半年后，在治疗之初表现抑郁的人员中，有42%经过单独辅导治疗者不再显露抑郁迹象。相比之下，参与认知行为团体的人员中，有70%不再被视为抑郁。在这些团体中，妇女们讨论目标并学习技能来克服自己的抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍症状。
Professor Bass says rape victims in villages with few psychologists could be successfully treated by counselors with good listening skills and comparatively little training.
巴斯教授表示，农村缺乏心理医生的强奸受害者能够通过具有良好聆听技能但培训相对较少的辅导员来成功治疗。
"They could do it right and they didn't need to have high levels of education, and the services didn't need to have clinicians available."
她说，“她们可以做得很好，而且她们并不需要具有高学历，这类服务也不需要医生。”
Except to provide training and meet with the therapists from time to time.?
除了提供培训，并不时会见治疗师。
The study appears in the New England Journal of Medicine.?
这项研究发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上。
Professor Bass says she's looking forward to seeing how well the strategy for training low-level counselors works with rape victims in other war-torn countries.
巴斯教授表示，她希望看到培训低层次辅导员帮助其它战乱国家强奸受害者的策划有多好。
Since 2000, the United Nations Security Council has passed nine resolutions denouncing rape during times of war as a human rights abuse.
自2000年以来，联合国安理会已经通过9项决议，谴责战乱时期强奸是侵犯人权。
7、From VOA Learning English, this is the Health Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语健康报道。
The World Health Organization (WHO) says there has been a sharp increase in the number of children in developing countries who weight to much. In Africa countries, the WHO says the number of overweight or obese children is two times as high as it was 20 years ago.
世界卫生组织表示，发展中国家超重儿童数量急剧增加。在非洲国家，超重或肥胖儿童数量是20年前的两倍。
Around the world, about 43 million children under the age of
five were overweight in 2011. Doctors use height, weight and age to measure whether a person is underweight, normal, overweight or obese.
2011年，全球约430万5岁以下儿童超重。医生使用身高、体重和年龄来衡量一个人是体重不足、正常，还是超重或肥胖。
Overweight & obese children are more likely to become overweight & obese adults. The condition can lead to serious health problems like diabetes, heart disease and stroke.
超重及肥胖儿童更容易成为超重及肥胖成年人。这种状况可能会导致严重的健康问题，如糖尿病，心脏病和中风。
Francesco Branca is the director of the WHO Department of Nutrition for Health and Development. He says people are eating manufactured or processed food more often, he says it often has a high sugar, fat and salt content.
弗朗切斯科·布兰卡（Francesco Branca）是世卫组织营养促进健康与发展司司长。他表示，人们更频繁地食用加工食品，这些食品通常含有很高的糖、脂肪和盐含量。
The WHO also says people are gaining weight because of city lifestyles. They travel in cars or other vehicles more than on foot, and they are less physical activity in general.
世卫组织还表示，人们因为城市生活方式而体重增加。他们更多地乘坐汽车和其它交通工具，而不是步行。同时他们一般都很少体育锻炼。
The WHO says it is common to find poor nutrition and obesity in the same country, the same community and even in the same family.
世卫组织说，在同一个国家、同一个社区甚至同一个家庭发现营养不良和肥胖非常常见。
And experts say lowering obesity rates is especially complex in countries that also deal with higher rate of infectious disease.
同时专家表示，降低肥胖率对那些传染病比率也很高的国家来说特别复杂。
The WHO has some basic solutions for individuals and countries. The organization says to lower your in-take of fat, sugar, salt and processed food. It says eat more fruit and vegetables, and increase physical activity. The WHO says these actions are especially important for children.
世卫组织为个人和国家提供了一些基本解决方案。该组织称，为了降低脂肪、糖、盐和加工食品的摄入量，人们要多吃水果和蔬菜，并加强体育锻炼。
And WHO experts say mothers should breastfeed their babies for at least the first six months of life if possible.
同时世卫组织专家表示，如果有可能，妈妈们应该至少在最初的六个月用母乳喂养自己的孩子。
WHO official Francesco Branca says government should consider providing vitamin for children. He says educational campaigns about problems linked to obesity would also help. And he says government policies should deal with how food is marketed to children.
世卫组织官员布兰卡表示，政府应当考虑为儿童提供维生素。他说，和肥胖问题相
关的教育活动也会有帮助。他还表示，政府的政策应该处理食品如何被销售给儿童。
Mr Branca says food manufactures must balance quality and taste with the dangers of sugar, fat and salt. He also said reducing the number of overweight children will not be easy. He says the goal is difficult to meet even in wealthy countries.
布兰卡先生表示，食品生产应该平衡质量、口味以及糖、脂肪和盐等危险性。他还表示，减少超重儿童数量将不太容易，即使是在富裕国家也难以达成这一目标。
The currently goal of the WHO's World Health Assembly is to prevent an increase in the percentage of overweight children during the next twelve years.
世卫组织世界卫生大会当前的目标是防止未来12年超重儿童比例增加。
8 From VOA Learning English, this is the Economics Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语经济报道。
The United Nations is warning that the world is not prepared to deal with the fast growth of cities. The World Economic and Social Survey 2013 calls for new ways to meet the needs of city populations. More than 6.5 billion people are expected to be living in cities by 2050.
联合国警告说，全球尚未做好准备应对城市的快速增长。2013年《世界经济和社会概览》要求寻找新的办法满足城市人口的需求。预计到2050年将有超过65亿人居住在城市。
Most new city dwellers will be in developing countries. The United Nations says the effect on limited resources in many countries will be huge. The World Economic and Social Survey points to the increasing demand for energy, water, sanitation, public services, education and health care.
多数的城市新居民将来自发展中国家。联合国表示，这将对许多国家有限资源的产生巨大的影响。《世界经济和社会概览》指出，全球对能源、水、卫生、公共服务、教育和保健的需求不断增长。
The world population is expected to rise to more than nine billion by 2050, two-thirds of all people are expected to live in cities. The United Nations says about 80 percent of this growing urban population will be found in Africa and Asia.
到2050年，全球人口有望超过90亿。三分之二的人口预计将居住在城市。联合国表示，80%的城市人口增长将会来自非洲和亚洲。
The report says sustainable development of urban areas requires coordination and investments to deal with important issues, these include land-use, food security, job creation and transportation.
该报告声称，城市地区的可持续发展需要协调和投资以处理很多重要问题，这些问题包括土地利用、粮食安全、创造就业机会，以及交通运输。
Willem Van Der Geest is with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, he says cities need to work closely with rural communities, so that food supplies can be secured, and the environment can be protecte
d.
Willem Van Der Geest就职于联合国经济和社会事务部，他表示，城市需要和农村社区紧密合作，这样就能保证粮食供应，并保护环境。
"We need sufficient integration with cities... An integration between the rural and urban economies is absolutely vital for issues of nutrition, food security, and environmental sustainability."
他说，“我们需要充分整合城市。。。农村和城市之间经济的整合对营养、食品安全和环境可持续问题都极其重要。”
The report says development in a sustainable way is important to ending poverty. The report also examines the problem of food insecurity, which affects hundreds of millions of people around the world. One in eight people are still chronically undernourished.
该报告声称，以可持续的方式发展对消除贫困非常重要。报告还探讨了粮食不安全问题，该问题影响着全球数以百万人。全球1/8的人口仍然长期营养不良。
UN officials says somethings are clear. The Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, Shamshad Akhtar, says world food production will have to increase by 70%, that increase will be needed to feed the additional 2.3 billion people expected on the planet by the middle of the century. She says an important part of meeting that need is to waste less food.
联合国官员表示，有些问题非常明确。沙姆沙德·阿赫塔尔（Shamshad Akhtar）是联合国负责经济发展的助理秘书长。她表示，为了养活到本世纪中叶地球上新增的23亿人口，全球粮食产量需要提高70%。她表示，满足这一需求的一个重要部分就是减少食物浪费。
"There has to be efforts to reduce food wastage. Changes will have to take place in the food chain-production, storage, transportation and consumption."
她说，“我们必须努力减少食物浪费。在食物链的生产、储存、运输和消费环节必须有所改变。”
Food and nutrition security are core elements of the sustainable development agenda.
食品和营养安全都是可持续发展议程的核心要素。
9 From VOA Learning English, this is the Economics Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语经济报道。
A new report says China’s demand for food imports will jump in the next few years. The report comes from the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
一份新的报告称，未来几年中国对粮食进口的需求将会大幅提高。该报告来自联合国粮食和农业组织（简称粮农组织，英文缩写FAO）和经济合作与发展组织（简称经合组织，英文缩写OECD）。
Angel Gurria is Secretary-General of the OECD. He says China’s need for food is growing at a time when world food production is decreasing.
安赫尔·古里亚（Angel Gurria）是经合组织秘书长。他表示一面是中国对粮食的需求不断提升，一
面是世界粮食产量不断下降。
"In the last 10 years agriculture grew by 2.1 percent. Now we’re saying the next 10 years its going to grow 1.5 percent.? So about a third less. That’s pretty big.? A third less accumulated over time, that’s a big difference."
他说，“在过去十年里，农业增长了2.1%。我们预测未来十年它将增长1.5%。这大约减少了1/3，它是一个相当巨大的数字。随着时间累积它会造成很大的影响。”
Meat imports to China are expected to grow at yearly rate of three percent to 1.7 million tons by the year 2022. Beef is set to become the fastest growing food import with a expected growth rate of seven percent a year. China’s imports of coarse grains -- crops used to feed animals, are expected to double by 2022, soybean imports are expected to grow 40 percent. And imports of oilseeds, also used in animal feed, are predicted to rise 41 percent over the next ten years.?
中国肉类进口预计将以每年3%的速度增长，到2022年达到170万吨。牛肉将成为粮食进口中增长最快的项目，预计年增长率为7%。预计到2022年，中国用于喂养牲畜的粗粮的进口将翻番。大豆进口预计将增长40%。另外在未来十年，同样用作动物饲料的油籽进口预计将增长41%。
Angel Gurria says China’s economic growth is fueling its hunger for imports, he says the country already has had a large effect on world food markets.
古里亚表示，中国的经济增长带动了它的进口需求。他说，中国在全球粮食市场已经具有巨大影响。
"You cannot understand the world of agriculture and the production of agriculture if you don’t have China front and center because of their importance in consumption, because of their importance in production, because of their importance in the shifts and the changes in the market."
“如果不把中国放到首要和中心位置，你就没法了解世界农业和农业生产。因为中国在消费和生产，以及市场转移和变化中都极具重要性。”
Jose Graziano Da Silva is the head of the Food and Agriculture Organization, he says reducing the large amount of food that is now wasted would help meet the growing demand for food.
何塞·格拉齐亚诺·达席尔瓦（Jose Graziano Da Silva）是粮农组织负责人。他表示，减少目前巨大的粮食浪费将有助于满足日益增长的粮食需求。
"We are still losing 30 percent to half of what we are producing now. This is unbelievable, and this is a lack of investment in food storage, food transportation, better rural conditions."
他说，“我们目前仍然损失了粮食产量的30%-50%，这是令人难以置信的。这是由于在粮食储备、粮食运输和改善农村条件上都缺少投资。”
The rise in the Chinese demand for food is expected to cause grain and other commodity prices to rise. Businesses have begun taking steps because of China’s influence on w
orld food trade.
中国对粮食需求的增长预计将导致粮食和其它大宗商品价格上涨。由于中国对世界粮食贸易的影响，企业已经开始采取步骤应对。
Last month, The Chinese meat processing company Shuanghui announced a $7 billion offer for the American pork company Smithfield Foods.
上月，中国肉类加工公司双汇宣布对美国猪肉公司史密斯菲尔德食品公司出价70亿美元。
China is already the world’s biggest importer of milk and soybeans. It is expected to become the world’s biggest consumer of pork within ten years. The FAO and OECD say that will cause international pork prices to rise five to eight percent.
中国已经成为全球最大的牛奶和大豆进口国，并有望在10年内成为全球最大的猪肉消费国。粮农组织和经合组织表示，这将导致国际猪肉价格上涨5%到8%。
10 From VOA Learning English, this is the Economics Report in Special English.
The Chinese meat processing company Shuanghui International is planning to buy the American company Smithfield Ham, it would be the biggest purchase of an American company by a Chinese buyer.
Ham and pork are the meat of pigs. Virginia ham is famous around the world and Smithfield Virginia calls itself the ham capital of the world. Larry Santure is the sales manager for Smithfield hams.
"Marco Polo actually brought the basis of curing the Virginia ham to Italy from China, and they thought about how they could make the ham in Italy, and this turned out to be the prosciutto. The settlers brought the formula for making prosciutto with them to the United States."
Native Americans then taught those early European immigrants how to cure the meat.
"The Indians had devices and methods of taking sea water and dehydrating it and producing salt, which is critical to making cured hams."
The salt is rubbed all over the fresh meat where stays for 50 days, then it is salted one more time before it is heated and smoked.
Virginia Wade manages a store that sells Smithfield ham.
"We have the genuine Smithfield ham which is aged a minimum of six months, this is very similar to the Chinese ham.
But before Smithfield ham can be made and sold by the Chinese, the purchase must be approved by the American government and by people who own stock in Smithfield Ham. There have been concerns in the past about Chinese companies doing business in the United States.
However, Gary Hofbaure expects the American Committee on Foreign Investment to approve this purchase. He is with the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington, D.C.
"Are that committee has a mandate to examine takeovers on national security grounds. And it is hard to think of a product which is fruther for national security than pork."
Mr Hofbaure believes the Chinese company is buying the world's good opinion of Smithfield Ham, especially, the quality and safty of its products.
"And that's two big issues in China, so I think this
company hopes by taking over to introduce the Smithfield technology in China, and turn out, you know, a better pork product made from Chinese pigs. In China, better select condition, better discipline and so far, fly down a line, there is a lot of high technology there, believe it or not. And so they are going to get something that way, in fact to get a lot in that way, I think commercially that's a big pay-off."
He also expects those Chinese pork products to be sold in China, not in the United States. We will continue to follow this story next week on the program As It Is.
And that's the Economics Report from Learning English, I'm Karen Leggett.