Strong economic growth in Asia has lifted millions of people out of poor economic conditions. But some environmental activists say it has also hurt the area?s environment. The International Union for Conservation of Nature met in Bangkok, Thailand recently for three days.
The group urged Asian countries to work together to protect the environment. It warned that, if they fail to do so, many plants and animals will become extinct.
Asia produces about 40 percent of global economic activity and two thirds of global growth. About 60 percent of the world?s population lives in Asia. Experts predict 3.3 billion people will live in Asian cities by 2050. About 1.9 billion live in the urban areas of Asia now.
Asia?s economic development has hurt its environment. Experts say more than 1,400 plants and animals in the area are critically endangered. In other words, they could soon no longer exist. About 95 per cent of Southeast Asia?s coral reefs are at ri sk. And, wetlands that once covered tens of thousands of kilometers of shorelines are disappearing faster in Asia than anywhere else in the world.
Zhang Xinsheng is president of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. He says the planet?s ecosy stems are stressed and need new efforts by governments to limit losses.
“Can we (be) sustainable with this production pattern? Can we sustain with this consumption? So now it needs political will; it needs general awareness, but it needs also (a) change of values. We must review, we must reflect, we have to change the production pattern, we have to change the consumption model, we have to build inclusive societies.”
At the end of its meeting in Bangkok, the group urged governments, businesses and non-government groups to work together to help the environment.
Yeshey Dorji is the Minister for Agriculture and Forests in Bhutan. He says it will not be easy to convince people to consider the long-term effects of their actions on the planet.
“It?s mainly the peop le going for short-term economic gains," he says. "I think that is the biggest challenge for conservation, like poaching, illegal trade -- this is for short-term economic gains which are actually the main driving force.”
Officials with the International Union for Conservation of Nature say 2015 is a turning point for Asia. The Asia Regional director of the IUCN, Aban Marker Kabraji, says an urgent effort is needed. He says Asian countries need to take the energy that fueled 50 years of economic growth and use it to secure the well-being of both nature and humans.
This is the VOA Special English Health Report.
Researchers say more than half of young people who use MySpace often discuss high-risk behaviors. Two studies of the social networking site recently appeared in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine.
In one study, researchers examined the pages of five hundred eighteen-year-olds from the United States. They found that forty-one percent of the profiles chosen at random included information about alcohol or drug use. Twenty-four percent discussed sexual behavior. And fourteen percent included discussion of violence.
Young people who said they were active in religious groups, sports or other interests were less likely to discuss risky behaviors.
In the second study, the researchers read the MySpace profiles of about one hundred ninety individuals. All said they were eighteen to twenty years old. Each person discussed high-risk behaviors.
One of the researchers was Megan Moreno, now at the University of Wisconsin. Doctor Moreno sent a message to half the young people. Her e-mail suggested that they change their profiles. She also warned them about the risk of sharing personal information.
About fourteen percent of those receiving the e-mail removed information on sexual behavior. Among individuals who did not receive a message, about five percent later removed such information.
In the United States, about half of all young people use social networking sites like MySpace and Facebook.
Doctor Dimitri Christakis at Seattle Children's Hospital worked on the research. He says parents have a responsibility to know what their children are doing on the Internet.
On February third, the top law enforcement officials in Connecticut and North Carolina announced some news about MySpace. MySpace told them it has identified and removed about ninety thousand registered sex offenders from its site in the last two years. These people were found guilty of crimes that require them to be publicly
listed as sex offenders. The number is forty thousand more than MySpace has reported in the past.
The officials in Connecticut and North Carolina lead a group of state attorneys general who are seeking to make social networks safer. Connecticut's Richard Blumenthal said many other offenders may be using sites under false names and ages.
A spokeswoman for North Carolina's Roy Cooper, Noelle Talley, says Facebook has not yet answered a demand for information.
And that's the VOA Special English Health Report. I'm Steve Ember.
Many areas of cropland in Bangladesh are becoming unfit for farming. The land is becoming salty. It is a big problem for the small country. More than 155 million people live in Bangladesh. Growing crops is the most common way Bangladeshis support themselves.
Farmers in the country are learning to grow vegetables in so-called “vertical gardens.” The soil in these gardens is better because heavy rains have removed much of the salt.
The village of Chandipur is in southwestern Bangladesh. Pumpkins and other gourds grow on vines on top of small homes. The vegetables get the food they need from soil placed in containers on the ground.
Shobitha Debna is a 35-year-old farmer in the village. Her garden space is very small. But she is able to grow hundreds of kilograms of vegetables each season.
She says she grows gourds, including pumpkin, as well as green beans, red amaranth, beets, carrots, cauliflower and more.
Ms. Debna depends on the vegetables to earn money. She makes a few dollars a day.
This kind of farming is new in Chandipur. But it may spread across the country.Most of Bangladesh is at or below sea level. Rising seawaters linked to climate change has severely affected the country. High water from storms in coastal areas also add salt to soil. High salt content makes crops less productive.
The flow of seawater from storms like Cyclone Aila in 2009 damage much of the soil in farm areas. The salty water flows into rivers, which then flood Chandipur and other villages. Vegetable crops fail. For three years now, hundreds of villagers have grown crops in vertical gardens. The international non-profit group WorldFish Center brought vertical gardens to Bangladesh.
Dr. Craig Meisner is the South Asia country director for WorldFish Center. He told VOA, “there is no coun try with such population density where natural resources are stretched to their very limits.”
He says if climate change adaptation fails in Bangladesh, it is sure to fail in many other countries. However, he says, if it succeeds “it gives hope for the world?s future.”
From July to October, about 1.5 meters of rain falls in Bangladesh. The seasonal rains remove salt from the soil. At the end of the rainy season, villagers collect the cleaned soil and place it in large containers. They use that soil to grow vegetables.
WorldFish Center has trained about 200 villagers in southwestern Bangladesh to make vertical gardens. Over the next two years, the center will train about 5,000 people.
There are some people who are not part of the WorldFish Center program. But they are still using vertical gardens. They made them after seeing their neighbors? designs.
Nurun Nabi is a program officer at WorldFish Center. He says two farmers stopped him last year on a village road to talk about the vertical gardens. He said they demanded to be part of the training group.
A vertical garden is easy to make. Villagers fill containers with good soil and natural fertilizers. They put the containers on bricks so they are off the ground. They add pieces of the bricks to the soil to help water flow and drain.
The farmers cut small holes into the sides of the containers. This permits vegetables with short roots a place to grow. Vegetables with long roots grow on top of the container. One bag of soil can produce up to eight kilograms of vegetables in one season.
Villagers also grow vegetables in containers made from large, thin pieces of plastic supported by bamboo. This “vertical tower” measures more than a meter wide. Each of these towers can produce more than 100 kilograms of vegetables. It costs about $12-$13 to build.
From VOA Learning English, this is the Health and Lifestyle report.
The World Health Organization says the use of surgical childbirth is growing worldwide. Surgical childbirth is when a woman gives birth with the help of a surgical operation, also called a Caesarean section. WHO officials say the operation is becoming especially popular in what they call high- and middle-income countries.
Doctors may advise a Caesarean birth, known as a C-section, when normal childbirth would put the health of the mother or the baby at risk. But the United Nations agency says it is concerned about the possible abuse of this life-saving surgery.
Necessary vs. unnecessary C-Sections
The World Health Organization is a strong supporter of Caesarean sections when they are justified medically. The WHO notes that such operations can save lives. But it says mothers and their babies are put at risk of health problems when a Caesarean section is performed without a medical need.
Since 1985, health experts have set what they call the ideal rate for C-sections at between 10 and 15 percent of all births. New studies show when the rates go below 10 percent, more mothers and babies die because they are unable to get this life-saving treatment. These findings are confirmed by estimates from Africa. They show a link between low C-section numbers and high mortality rates during childbirth.
Yet studies show there is no evidence that death rates improve when the rate rises above 10 percent. In fact, Caesarean sections sometimes can have serious effects on the mother and her child.
Marleen Temmerman is the director of the WHO's Department of Reproductive Health and Research. She told VOA that a C-section is generally a safe operation. But, she adds, health risks do exist.
"The chance of a complication is not that high, but the risk ... the mortality can be very serious. You have like life threatening complications due to bleedings, most of them."
Dr. Temmerman says a C-section is advisable when a traditional vaginal delivery puts the mother or baby in danger.
C-sections are convenient for doctors and hospitals
Dr. Temmerman is concerned about the increase in the number of unnecessary Caesarean sections being performed in both developed and developing countries. She says changing opinions and other lifestyle issues generally are the reason for what she calls an epidemic of C-sections. These operations, she adds, are easier for gynecologists and hospitals.
She says C-sections help doctors to get more control of day-to-day planning. With Caesareans there are no calls in the middle of the night and no emergencies.
"For a gynecologist actually, it is easier to do a Caesarean section sometimes because you can plan your life. You call all your patients in, so to speak, for Caesareans. Every day you do two Caesareans - one at nine, one at 10 in the theater ... no stress, no night duties, no call in emergencies or fetal distress or bleedings or whatever. So, you have a better life."
Dr. Temmerman says C-sections also are better for hospitals because they are able to organize their work force. As for the women, she says many choose a C-section over a vaginal birth because they do not want the pain of childbirth or may be afraid of the physical after-effects.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that in 2013, 2,642,892 women gave birth through vaginal deliveries. That same year, 1,284,339 women chose a Caesarean section. The percentage of all U.S. births by C-section was 32.7%.
And that's the Health and Lifestyle report.
I'm Anna Matteo.
If you have any comments or questions, please write them in the comments section.
Lisa Schlein wrote this story for VOA News in Geneva. Anna Matteo adapted it for Learning English. George Grow was the editor.
Blowdrying. Curling. Straightening. Heat has been used to control hair for hundreds of years.
But how much is too much? If you?ve ever opened a very hot oven, you know that heat can burn your eyebrows off your face very quickly.
A scientist from Purdue University in Indiana is trying to find a scientific answer on how hot is too hot when it comes to your hair.
Many women and some men are very particular about their hair. Some people who have naturally curly hair prefer to have it straightened.
Others with straight hair want to have curls.
Tahira Reid is one of those people. As an African-American woman, she is familiar with the challenges of maintaining curly, coil or tightly curled hair.
Putting her mechanical engineering training to work, Tahira Reid and other researchers at Purdue University are studying how heat treatment interacts with different types of hair and how to prevent damage.
At What Temperature Will Your Hair Fry?
"It is kind of like the way I see the world, like the lens through which I see the world and I always was wondering about how we can think about this from a mechanical engineering perspective."
Hair irons can take many shapes but are essentially clips or rods with heated surfaces.
Amy Marconnet is assistant professor of mechanical engineering. She says the team is seeing how heat and temperature relates to their research.
"If you go to the mall right now you see a whole aisle full of straightening irons, and they have terms like ion technology and tourmaline."
In a Purdue University lab, team members designed a hair straightener tool -- a flat iron with ceramic plates and temperature control. They attached it to a robotic arm that moved over pieces of hair. They monitored the temperature while the device straightened hair.
What did they find? Their study found that the heat weakens or breaks a protein called keratin, responsible for the hair's shape, and temporarily changes it. But nobody knows exactly at what level the heat can actually cause permanent damage. Again, Tahira Reid.
"If we understand the onset at which that happens than we might be able to intervene before or give some suggestions before you get to that point."
Researchers say early results are a bit inconclusive. It turns out that everyone's hair is different and that there's no exact temperature where hair straightening becomes hair damage. For example, people with naturally curly hair can suffer more damage from heat irons than those with straight hair.
Ms. Reid says they will continue their research in the hopes of finding what works best without damaging the hair.
I?m Marsha James.
American businesses have begun to explore how they can sell their goods and services in Iran. For many years, restrictions on trade have stopped many companies from doing business in the country. The United States government was a major supporter of economic sanctions against Iran. The sanctions were meant to punish Iran for ignoring United Nations resolutions on its nuclear activities.
But those restrictions may soon change. This month, Iran signed an agreement with world powers to limit its nuclear program. The deal calls for the international community to lift the sanctions.
The agreement sets limits on Iran's nuclear development for 10 years. In exchange, the international community will end sanctions and trade limits, which have hurt
Iran's economy. But experts say Iran has much to do before foreign businesses invest in the country and sell their products there.
Suzanne Dimaggio is director of the Iran Initiative at New America, a public policy group. She says the country has 80 million highly-educated consumers who want to buy products and services from U.S. companies. But she says it will take some time for large American companies to, in her words, "feel comfortable enough to start investing in Iran."
"They'll need to see that Iran is working through this agreement, is complying with it. They also will want to see that there is some stability there."
Iran has some of the largest oil and natural gas reserves in the world. But economic sanctions have limited the country's ability to fully-develop those reserves.
"But make no mistake about it, Iran will be a major player in the oil sector. I think this has other countries like Saudi Arabia worried -- what will that do to the market that is already so far down."
Paul Wachtel teaches economics at New York University. He notes that the sanctions will not be cancelled immediately. But he says when they are, the global economy will benefit.
"It will be good for world trade generally. It would be good for many American industries, consumer goods, producer's goods, airplane industry, oil equipment, lots of American industry."
The United States' job market has millions of unfilled jobs. Many of those jobs require technical skills. However, employers say many of those jobs are vacant because they cannot find people with the right skills to do the work. Labor experts call this paradox the "skills gap." A number of efforts have been launched to better understand and solve it.
Rethinking training
Nicholas Wyman wrote a book called, "Job U: How to Find Wealth and Success by Developing the Skills Companies Actually Need." He calls the skills gap, "a labor market mismatch -- people without jobs and jobs without people."
In the United States, the cost of a traditional four-year college can be very high. U.S. colleges and universities produce many graduates every year. Yet unemployment rates among new graduates are high.
Nicholas Wyman says a combination of technical classes and on-the-job training -- an apprenticeship --would be a better choice for many people. He notes that, "An apprenticeship is where you learn from a specialist, you are provided mentoring, you learn in an on the job environment, the old cliche is that you are actually paid to earn and learn."
Mr. Wyman once served as an apprentice himself. He says apprenticeships are misunderstood in the United States, where "success" is often defined as attending a four-year college. But he notes that is changing as on-the-job training has spread outside traditional areas, like construction and manufacturing. He says apprenticeship possibilities are growing in some manufacturing jobs.
Mr. Wyman also says it is vital to get technical skills that are of immediate value to an employer. He adds that it is important to get transferrable skills -- those that can be used in more than one job. This is because technology and the nature of the workplace are changing at a faster rate than before.
There are questions about the definition, size, and nature of the skills gap in the labor force. Iowa State University researchers studied some of these questions recently. They examined employment, education and population information, and found the evidence of a skills gap is weak.
Iowa State's Liesl Eathington noted that many policymakers and employers say there is opportunity in "middle skills" areas, like machining. Yet she said the most recent recession hit some of those job areas hard. She said students should be on guard because "our economy really isn't adding that many jobs that require the middle skills or middle educated territory."
She said employers could get more well-qualified applicants if they offered higher wages. She noted that graduates of two-year training programs still generally make less money than graduates of four-year colleges.
The question of finding the right person for the right job remains a difficult one. The Department of Labor says 8.7 million Americans are unemployed and another 6.7 million can find only part-time work.
The winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences studies how people spend their money. He also has explored how spending can affect both living conditions and poverty.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is presenting the Economics Prize to Professor Angus Deaton of Princeton University in New Jersey. The Nobel committee says his research has mainly dealt with three questions: How do consumers distribute their spending among different goods? How much of society's wealth is spent and how much is saved? And, how do we best measure and study well-being and poverty?
Angus Deaton speaks at a gathering at Princeton University after he was named Nobel prize winner for economics.
Mr. Deaton usedhousehold surveys to collect detailed information about how families spend their money. For example in one study, the Princeton professor examined the relationship between poverty and the amount of calories in the food people ate.
The Nobel committee said Mr. Deaton's research has shown "how the clever use of household data can shed light on issues such as the relationship between income and calorie intake, and the extent of gender discrimination with the family."
The Princeton professor was asked why he paid so much attention to household information. Mr. Deaton said that his studies were mainly about people and their behavior.
"Well, you know, it's individually... it's about people in the end, and if you don't understand... you have to understand what makes people tick, and you have to understand, you know, what's good for them. And for me it's always been about trying to understand behavior and to try to infer from that behavior, you know, how people are doing." Visit the website https://www.doczj.com/doc/8c12978201.html, to get more information!
The Nobel committee also praised Mr. Deaton's work because it used detailed information about real people, not theoretical ideas. Subjects of his research have included happiness, well-being and aging.
At a press conference this week, the Nobel Prize winner said he was pleased that his work had been recognized. He told reporters he believed poverty would decrease. "I
think we've had a remarkable decrease for the past 20 to 30 years. I do expect that to continue," he said.
Mr. Deaton is a citizen of both the United States and Britain. He was born in Scotland. He has served as a Professor of Economics and International Affairs at Princeton since 1983. The Economics Prize has been offered by Sweden's central bank in memory of Alfred Nobel since 1969. It is valued this year at $978,000.
The dry conditions in California are good for people who like to swim in the Pacific Ocean. Because of the drought, there is less water runoff from citiesinto the ocean. As a result,the ocean water is cleaner.But pollution remains a problem in otherareas, including popular beaches.Angelo Bellomo works for the Los Angeles CountyDepartment of Public Health.
“When we have runoff from the urban environment,it could be carrying with it contamination dueto animal waste (and) sewage overflows; and if those enter the beaches through the normal pipesthat terminate in the ocean, you want to avoid contact with water during those periods.”
He adds that people could become infected with a number of diseases from swimming in pollutedocean water. Public health officials are looking for a fast way to identify water quality levels along the Californiacoast. Currently, they use laboratory tests. If the tests show the quality is poor, warning signs areplaced along the coastline. But because lab workers need more than a day to test the water, theinformation on the sign can be outdated.
Leslie Griffin works for an environmental group called “Heal the Bay.” She says the current warningsystem is not very helpful.
“Right now it takes 18 to 24 hours to get those water quality results, but we think that that is alittle ridiculous because we want people to know the day of when they are going in the waterwhether or not they can be getting sick.”
Until lab tests can be completed faster, researchers in California are using what they call a “predictive modeling system.” The s ystem makes an educated guess about water quality. Heal theBay says the system can make a prediction about water quality in as little as 15 minutes.
Researchers use computers to gather information about the environment. The data includes windspeed and direction, information about ocean waves and recent bacterial contamination. Becauseeach beach is different, computer models are created for each one. The researchers then use thedata to predict the possible quality of the water that day. The process is called “Nowcasting.”
Angelo Bellomo says the predictive modeling system looks promising.
“We think that the modeling that we have seen so far is general ly more accurate than the testingthat we are doing, and the reason for that is that even though it is a model and its predictingwater quality, it is more timely.”
Hong Kong and the American state of Ohio have similar methods of predicting water quality.
If you learned about grammar in school, you were probably taught to think about “correct” and “incorrect” ways of using a language. Maybe you had to “unlearn” some grammar patterns that you heard at home because your teacher said they were wrong.
Prescriptive Grammar The traditional way of teaching grammar in school is called prescriptive grammar. Grammar is seen as a set of rules to follow. The rules are passed from one generation to another. Those who do not follow the rules are looked down upon as being careless or poorly educated.
In America, the style of grammar used in academic, government, and professional situations is called Standard American English. There is no official government agency in the United States that makes rules for the English language. In fact, the United States does not even have an official language.
Teachers usually rely on tradition and popular style guides to decide what proper grammar is. Descriptive Grammar Descriptive grammar takes a different approach. Descriptive grammarians observe and analyze language as it is used in different communities. They look for rules and patterns that people follow. In descriptive grammar, there is no correct or incorrect way of using grammar.
For example, a prescriptive grammarian might say, “Don?t use a double negative because it is illogical.” A descriptive grammarian might say, “Some communities use double negatives and some do not. Why is that?” We?ll talk more about double negatives later.
Dr. Richard Epstein is a linguist at Rutgers University in Camden, New Jersey. Dr. Epstein says that most people do not understand the social and political processes behind grammar rules.
“Nobody knows why we should not use …ain?t? or why we should not use double negatives because the teachers teach these things as if they were simply rules that came down from some higher power, authority, maybe God, and there?s no rhyme or reason taught for the reason what the reason is for the existence of these rules. So it seems quite boring and totally arbitrary.”
The Case of the Double Negative Dr. Epstein says grammar rules have nothing to do with logic. Instead, they are based on social fashions, politics, and power. He gives
the example of the double negative.
As we mentioned on an episode of Everyday Grammar, certain types of double negative words are not allowed in Standard American English. For example, “I don?t know nothing.” The two words “don?t” and nothing” are both negative. Most Americans were taught that double negatives are illogical.
In math, two negativ es equal a positive. But is this true in language? Does “I don?t know nothing” mean “I know something.”? Of course not. It just makes a stronger negative. The rule against the double negative does not come from math; it comes from Robert Lowth, the bishop of London.
Robert Lowth?s book A Short Introduction to English Grammar, first published in 1762, prohibited the double negative. Dr. Epstein says that random grammar rules were a way for the upper classes of London to protect themselves from a rising middle class.
“The upper classes became concerned that people below them were getting educated and getting access to sources of power. So to protect their own status and authority people started to prescribe rules for grammar. And if you couldn?t follow thos e rules then you didn?t have access to power and authority like the rich people of the day.”
Ain?t …ain?t? a word? Here's another example. American children are taught that “ain?t” is not a word. However, many Americans say “ain?t” in place of “is not” or “are not.” Listen to this song by Bob Dylan.
Someone to open each and every doorBut it ain?t me, babeNo, no, no it ain?t me, babe It ain?t me you?re looking for, babe American school teachers told children to stop using the word “ain?t” in the 1800s. But long ago, the word “ain?t” was the proper negative contraction for “I am not.” Ironically, the British upper classes continued to use “ain?t” after the Americans banned it. Dr. Epstein explains.
“Knowing that regular folks used …ain?t? but the upper class es of the United States didn?t, they created this sort of fake rule that you shouldn?t use …ain?t? because it
didn?t make sense. Of course it makes perfect sense to anybody who says it. But now we have this rule.”
So who makes the grammar rules? In America, the grammar patterns of rich white men are the basis of Standard American English, Epstein says. Nobody will go to jail for ignoring grammar rules. But they will have difficulty getting into the best schools and finding good jobs.
You ain?t seen nothin? yet…B-b-b-baby you just ain?t seen nothin? yetI?m Adam Brock.
Rethinking Grammar: Who Makes the Rules?
一、判断题（要求：只判断正误） 1. 中国特色社会主义理论体系是当代的马克思主义，具体包括毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表重要思想”和科学发展观。（错误） 2. 马克思主义的学风是理论联系实际。（正确） 3. 马克思主义是关于人类思想成果和社会实践经验的科学总结。（正确） 4. 马克思主义哲学是19世纪中叶创立的学说，今天早已过时。（错误） 5. 世界统一于物质。（正确） 6. 一个完整的认识过程是概念——判断——推理（错误） 二、简答题 1.谈谈在人工智能飞速发展的条件下，如何认识物质与意识的关系。 答：（1）物质决定意识，意思依赖于物质并反作用于物质。意识是特殊的物质，是人脑的机能和属性，是客观世界的主观印象。人工智能，它的“意识”就基于他所处的躯壳以及其中的代码，这决定了它的“意识”。 （2）意识对物质具有反作用。这种反作用是意识的能动作用。人工智能的“意识”发展到一定的程度便有可能突破人类的限制而产生积极认识世界和改造世界的能力和活动。 （3）要想正确认识和把握物质的决定作用和意识的反作用，必须处理好主观能动性和客观规律性的关系
2. 为什么说真理既是绝对的又是相对的？把握这一观点对于坚持和发展马克思主义有什么重要意义？ 答：（1）真理是绝对的,是针对它的客观性而言.真理有客观的特性,它的追求完全符合事实,这就是真理绝对的一面。 （2）人的认识是有限的,难以确保自己的认识完全符合客观事实,由此会产生真理的相对性。 （3）对有限数量的人在有限的时空里,认识的真理是有一定相对性的,但是放到无限的时空有无限智慧的凝结,又可以使人类不断接近绝对的真理。 （4）认识到真理有绝对性,是我们要坚持马克思主义的根本,因为我们需要真理,正是源自它的客观性造成的绝对性. 认识到真理的相对性,说明我们还必须发展马克思主义,因为我们的认识具有局限性,马克思主义也只是相对真理,需要不断补充新的认识来加强它,更重要的是要符合新时代的呼唤。 3. 结合我国科学技术的重大成就，如高铁、大飞机以及"天宫""蛟龙""天眼""悟空""墨子"等，谈谈对科学技术在社会发展中的作用的认识。 答：（1）科学技术推动现代生产力发展和社会变革中重要因素和重要力量。 因为科学技术的不断进步才使得社会有如此大的变革。 （2）科学技术是现代生产力发展和经济增长的第一要素。 过去,生产力发展和经济增长主要靠劳动力、资本和自然资源的
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程(汉译英Unit1-15) Unit 1 B. 1. 她计划自己创业。 She plans to set up her own business 2. 态度也很重要。 Attitude also matters. 3. 她在客人们到达之前把所有家具都擦亮了. She had polished all the furniture before the gusts arrived. 4. 有些经理不知道如何与人打交道handle Some managers have no idea how to handle people. 5.我们完成那项工程的时间打破了记录(record) We finished the work in record time. 6. 她喜欢东西都摆好以后再开始工作。She likes everything to be in place before she starts working. 7. 她常常一天工作12小时。（put in） She often puts in 12 hours’ work a day. 8. 他是从报纸上得到这一信息的.（acquire） He acquired the information from the newspapers. 9. 我们部门有一个助理的职位空缺. ( Associate professor 副教授lecturer 讲师) There’s an opening for an assistant in our department. 10. 该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊. The organization works to promote friendship between nations. Unit2 B. 1. 今晚她很可能给我打电话。（likely） She is very likely to ring me tonight. 2. 我看不懂这篇文章（beyond） Understanding this article is beyond my capacity. 3. 新刷的一层油漆可使房间焕然一新（transform） A fresh coat of paint can transform a room. 4. 做事不先考虑总会导致失败。（result in） Acting before thinking always results in failure. 5. 他估计那项工作需要三个月。（estimate） He estimated that the work would take three months. 6. 我们相信这个协议将会积极地促进两国之间的贸易。 We believe that this agreement will positively promote the trade between our two countries. 7. 新机场必将推动这个地区的旅行业。 The new airport will certainly push ahead the tourism in this region. 8. 网络经济将对人们的生活产生重要的影响。 Net economy will have significant influence on the people’s life. 9. 在昨天的会议上，他提出了一个新的经济发展计划。 At the yesterday’s meeting, he brought forward a new plan for the economic development.
深圳大学中国语言文学一级学科硕士研究生培养方案 一、培养目标 （一）掌握马克思主义基本理论，坚持党的基本路线，热爱祖国；遵纪守法，具有良好道德修养，积极为社会主义现代化建设服务。 （二）掌握本学科坚实的基础理论和系统的专业知识，具有较宽的知识面；掌握一门外国语，能熟练地运用外语阅读本专业的文献资料，具有中外互译、撰写外文论文摘要和一定的听说能力；具有从事科学研究、教学工作，或独立承担专门技术工作的能力。 （三）培养大中学校教学科研人员，以及新闻采写、编辑出版、高级文秘、文物展览、古籍整理、行政管理、企业策划以及文学创作等方面的专门人才。 二、培养方向
三、学习年限 本学科学制三年。研究生应该在规定的学制年限内完成培养方案要求的课程和学位论文，修满学分，按期毕业。经研究生本人申请、学院同意、研究生院（筹）批准，可延长学习年限，但学习年限最长不超过五年。研究生在完成培养方案要求的前提下，可以申请提前半年或一年毕业，但在学年限不得低于2年。 硕士研究生课程学习与学位（毕业）论文的时间比例一般为1：1。 四、培养方式 （一）实行导师负责制，与指导小组集体培养相结合，课程学习和科学研究相结合。 （二）研究生应完成个人培养计划所列的课程学习任务，承担导师安排的科研工作，完成学位论文。 （三）研究生在课程学习结束后进行中期考核，中期考核参照《深圳大学硕士研究生中期考核筛选办法》执行。 （四）跨学科、专业或以同等学力录取的研究生原则上应补修本学科、专业本科的主干课程，由导师在制定个人培养计划时予以确定。 五、个人培养计划 第一学期结束前，指导教师与所指导研究生根据培养方案要求，共同拟订并提交研究生个人培养计划。个人培养计划纸质文档由学院保存，电子文档上传至研究生院（筹）。
第 1 题(单选): 马克思主义理论从广义上说是（）。 不仅指马克思和恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和学说的体系，也包括继承者对它的发展 无产阶级争取自身解放和整个人类解放的学说体系 关于无产阶级斗争的性质、目的和解放条件的学说 马克思和恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和基本方法构成的科学体系 答案： A 第 2 题(单选): 马克思主义是（）。 马克思和恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和学说的体系，包括其继承者在实践中不断发展着的理论体系马克思和恩格斯创立的哲学和政治经济学的理论体系 马克思和恩格斯创立的科学社会主义和政治经济学的理论体系 马克思和恩格斯创立的政治经济学和哲学的理论体系 答案： A 第 3 题(单选): 马克思主义是（）。 关于人与自然关系的学说 关于无产阶级和人类解放的科学 关于人的本质的科学 关于唯物主义与唯心主义互相斗争的科学 答案： B 第 4 题(单选): 马克思主义诞生于（）。 19世纪20年代 19世纪30年代 19世纪40年代 19世纪50年代 答案： C 第 5 题(单选): 马克思主义诞生的重要标志是（）。 《德意志意识形态》的出版 《资本论》的发表 《反杜林论》的发表 《共产党宣言》的发表 答案： D 第 6 题(单选): 马克思主义最根本的世界观和方法论是（）。 科学社会主义理论 政治经济学理论 辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义 阶级斗争学说 答案： C 第 7 题(单选): 促成马克思列宁主义在中国传播的重大历史事件是（）。 辛亥革命 十月革命 五四运动 中国共产成立 答案： B 第 8 题(单选): 马克思主义中国化的第一个伟大理论成果是（）。 大同思想 三民主义
深圳大学 硕士研究生课程教学大纲 课程名称与编号金融数学（The Mathematics of Finance） 适用专业应用数学 先修课程概率、统计 教学方式讲授
一、课程设置的指导思想 20世纪90年代以来，数学、金融、计算机以及全球经济呈现融合趋势，货币市场中，诸如期权、互换、交叉货币证券等复杂金融工具的交易非常普遍，鉴于金融界被大量丰富的数学工具和模型所困扰，运用金融数学的思想和模式对大量的市场交易活动进行分析、计算、预测就尤显重要。 二、教学的基本要求 通过学习本课程内容，要求读者能够掌握金融期货期权理论的具体运用，能对部分数量的金融产品交易的实例展开分析，并以这些方法为线索展开深入学习和分析研究。 三、教学内容 (可以提出各章节的教学目的或要求) 第1章导言（Introduction） §1.1 金融市场与数学 §1.2 股票及其衍生产品 §1.3 期货合约定价 §1.4 债券市场 §1.5 利率期货 §1.6 外汇 第2章二叉树、资产组合复制和套利 §2.1 衍生产品定价的三种方法 §2.2 博弈论方法 §2.3 资产组合复制 §2.4 概率方法 §2.5 风险 §2.6 多期二叉树和套利 第3章股票与期权的二叉树模型 §3.1 股票价格模型 §3.2 用二叉树模型进行看涨 §3.3 美式期权定价 §3.4 一类奇异期权——敲出期权的定价 §3.5 奇异期权——回望期权定价 §3.6 实证数据下二叉树模型分析 §3.7 N期二叉树模型的定价和对冲风险 第4章用表单计算股票和期权的价格二叉树 §4.1 表单的基本概念 §4.2 计算欧式期权二叉树 §4.3 计算美式期权价格二叉树 §4.4 计算障碍期权二叉树 §4.5 计算N期二叉树
马克思主义基本原理概论配套复习题及（绪论部分） 绪论马克思主义是关于无产阶级和人类解放的科学 一、单项选择题 1、马克思主义理论从狭义上说是（） A、无产阶级争取自身解放和整个人类解放的学说体系 B、关于无产阶级斗争的性质、目的和解放条件的学说 C、马克思和恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和基本方法构成的科学体系 D、关于资本主义转化为社会主义以及社会主义和共产主义发展的普遍规律的学说 2、马克思主义理论从广义上说是（） A、不仅指马克思恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和学说的体系，也包括继承者对它的发展。 B、无产阶级争取自身解放和整个人类解放的学说体系 C、关于无产阶级斗争的性质、目的和解放条件的学说 D、马克思和恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和基本方法构成的科学体系 3、作为中国共产党和社会主义事业指导思想的马克思主义是指（） A、不仅指马克思恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和学说的体系，也包括继承者对它的发展。 B、无产阶级争取自身解放和整个人类解放的学说体系 C、关于无产阶级斗争的性质、目的和解放条件的学说 D、列宁创立的基本理论、基本观点和基本方法构成的科学体系 4、在19世纪三大工人运动中，集中反映工人政治要求的是（） A、法国里昂工人起义 B、英国宪章运动 C、芝加哥工人起义 D、德国西里西亚纺织工人起义 5、马克思主义产生的经济根源是（） A、工业革命 B、资本主义经济危机 C、资本主义社会生产力和生产关系的矛盾运动 D、阶级斗争 6、马克思主义产生的阶级基础和实践基础是（） A、资本主义的剥削和压迫 B、无产阶级作为一支独立的政治力量登上了历史舞台 C、工人罢工和起义 D、工人运动得到了“农民的合唱”
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程课后练习题1-4课 第一课 一、词形填空 1.They made regular visits to the park on the suburbs during the weekends. 2.She was prooted to division manager last year. 3.We tried to walk to the park but ended up taking a taxi there. 4.His handing if these important issues was highly praised. 5.Thomas bought a new hat to repluce the one he had lost. 6.The movie received generally favorable reviews. 7.Thank you for all the time and effort you have put in. 8.Make sure you’re home bu midnight . 9.He was hit by a falling tree and killed on the spot 10.The earthquake survivors are in desperate need of help. 二、词形转换 1、Open（n）—opening 2、persist（n）—persistence 3.succeed(n)----success 4.succeed(adj)---successful 5.important(n)----importance 6.promote(n)----promotion 7.depress(n)----depression 8.vlaue(adj)----valuable 9.loyal(n)----loyalty 10.favor(adj)---favorable 三、词换词 1. Obtain----aquire 2. Constant---loyal 3. Famous---noted 4. Frightened---startled 5.blame---responsibility 6. Worth doing---rewarding 7. Sincere----genuine 8.encountered---bumped into 9. Bought----purchased 10. At the end ----eventually 第二课 一、选择正确的词或词组填空 1.Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help foster friendly relations between our two universities. 2.The competition among these companies at the printing market has become very intense in this city. 3.To date, We have not received any replies from them. 4.In this competitive world , it is better for any firm to gain technology superiority . 5.The organization works to promote friendship between nations. 6.It is reported that the Far East area is now on the verge of war again. 7.There is an obvious trend that young people like less formal clothing. 8.We should look at these events which happened two hundred years ago from their historical perspective. 9.The outstanding businessman agreed that the last decade was favorable for the emergence of new and promising enterprises in IT field. 10.The witness proved that the killer was a man of medium height. 二、词性转换 1.significance(adj.)-significant 2.connect(n.)-connection 3.transform(n.)-transformation
深圳大学课程教学大纲 课程编号: 课程名称: 英美法导论 开课院系: 法学院 制订(修订)人: 傅静坤 审核人: 批准人： 2010 年 3 月18 日修订
课程名称:英美法导论 英文名称:An Introduction to Anglo-American Law 总学时: 40 其中:实验课学时 学分:2 先修课程:法学及其他学科 教材:英美法[日]望月礼二郎著，商务印书馆2005年版 参考教材:LEARNING ANGLO-AMERICAN LAW:A THEMATIC INTRODUCTION 授课对象：全校专业各年级 课程性质: □综合必修□专业必修□专业选修□全校公选 教学目标:本课程的教学目标是向学生传授英美法的基本概念和制度。通过本课程的学习，学生将接触到英美法的核心内容和有代表性的案例，从而对英美法有比较深入的理解和认识，为其毕业后从事涉外法律事务以及出国深造打下良好的基础。 课程简介:本课程将综合介绍英美法的司法制度和基本的私法内容，包括英美法的体例、渊源，英美法院构成，英美诉讼程序，美国宪法、英美合同法、侵权法、财产法、公司法、亲属法等。在课时允许的情况下，还将介绍英美刑事法律制度。英美法是以判例法为特征的，因而，上述法律制度的介绍都将通过有关的判例进行。这些判例是英美法系国家通用的判例，在课程中将通过缩略的形式介绍给学生，并将法官的判词择其要点进行介绍及评价。 教学内容： 通过本课程的学习，要求学生了解英美法的基本法律结构和司法
特点，理解英美判例法的形成过程，掌握其中的重点判例及其所确立的原理。其中，学生所应了解的内容包括英美法的渊源、体系、司法程序（包括法院体系和诉讼程序）、私法的基本法律部门等；所应理解的内容包括美国宪法的产生和发展历程，美国宪法修正案的基本内容及其对诉讼程序的影响，英美私法的分类及各私法部门的内容划分；学生所应掌握的内容包括产生现代英美宪法和私法中的重要法律原则的判例，如美国宪法的相关判例、合同法相关判例以及侵权法相关判例等 学时分配：（请填写下表）
21、只有彻底否定传统文化，才能解放思想，适应社会主义现代化建设的需要。 21、答：错误。（3分）（1）辩证的否定是既克服又保留。对传统文化，包括中国和外国的，应其取其精华、弃其糟粕，采取批判继承的态度，而不是彻底否定。（3分）（2）借口解放思想，适应社会主义现代化建设的需要，提出彻底否定传统文化，在理论上是否定一切，从而否定发展的形而上学观点；在实践中是全盘否定中国传统文化的民族虚无主义和全盘肯定西方文化的崇洋媚外思想。（2分） 22、“仁者见仁智者见智”是对客观真理的否定。 22、答：错误。（3分）“仁者见仁，智者见智”是说对同一事物不同的人有不同的见解。这是由于人的认识是主体对客体的能动反映，是主体和客体相互作用的结果。人的认识不仅具有客观性，还具有主观性和差别性。（1分）所谓客观真理是指人的认识中含有不依赖于人的客观内容，是对客观事物及其规律的正确反映。（2分）“仁者见仁，智者见智”表明人的认识的主体差别性，而这些差别的认识是否是真理以及在多大程度上是真理，应由实践来检验。承认人的认识上的主观性和差别性并不等于否定客观真理。（2分） 23、在资本主义条件下，劳动也成了商品。 23、答：错误。（3分）劳动在任何条件下都是劳动力的使用，能够成为商品的只能是劳动力，而不是劳动。（3分）在资本主义条件下，资本家向工人购买的是劳动力。（2分） 21、唯物主义都认为意识具有能动性。错误。（3分）唯物主义一般都认为意识是人脑对客观世界的反映，但只有辩证唯物主义才认为这种反映具有能动性。（3分）形而上学唯物主义或机械唯物主义一般会否认这种能动性。（2分） 22、人的现实本质是由他/她的选择决定的。错误。（3分）人的本质在其现实性上是社会关系的总和，他是什么样的人，取决于他所处的社会关系的体系。（3分）人的选择不是随意的，而是受到一定的社会关系条件的限制，所以人的选择并不能决定自己是什么样的人。（2分） 23、剩余价值不产生在流通领域中。正确。（3分）剩余价值是在生产过程中产生的，它是由雇佣工人创造的被资本家无偿占有的、超过劳动力价值以上的那部分价值。（3分）剩余价值不能在流通领域中产生，因为在商品流通过程中，等价交换只是价值的变换，不等价交换只是对既定的总价值量的重新分配，都不产生剩余价值，但可以实现剩余价值。（2分） 21、矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的关系是整体和部分的关系。错误。（3）矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的关系是共性和个性、一般和个别、绝对和相对的关系。普遍性寓于特殊性之中，特殊性包含普遍性。（3）整体和部分的关系不是一般和个别、共性和个性的关系。整体由部分构成，部分存在于整体之中，且只能作为整体的一部分才能存在。不能把矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的关系与整体和部分的关系相混同。（2） 22、真理没有阶级性。正确。（3分）真理是人们对客观事物及其规律的正确认识，真理的内容是客观的。（3分）因而真理的内容不因任何认识主体的意志和要求而改变，这就是所谓真理没有阶级性。（2分） 23、具体劳动和抽象劳动是两种不同性质的劳动。错误。（3分）按照马克思的劳动二重性理论，具体劳动和抽象劳动乃是同一劳动的两种规定。任何一种劳动，一方面是特殊的具体劳动，另一方面又是一般的抽
Unit 1 我的第一份工作 汽车清洁工 [1] 我从父母那儿获得了很强的工作道德观。他们俩都经历过大萧条时期，对不是按常规工作的人感到难以理解。我曾经告诉我妈妈，西尔堆斯特·史泰龙工作10周挣1200万美元，“那他在一年其余的日子里干什么呢?”她问。 [2] 我把父母的工作道德观带入了我在故乡马萨诸塞州安多佛镇附近的威尔明顿镇福特汽车专营店干的第一份工作。那时我16岁，学期当中我干活干到五、六点，暑假期间则每天干12个小时。我干的是汽车清洁小工的活儿，也就是清洗，抛光等事，并确保纸地板垫的位置合适。还有一项职责是在夜里将汽车轮毂盖取下来以免被偷，第二天再还回原处。这是一项很费劲的工作，因为我们有占大约7英亩地的汽车。 [3] 一天，我抱着一大捧毂盖转过一个角落，几乎与我们新任总经理撞了个满怀。我吓了一跳，结果把毂盖全掉在了地上。他当场就解雇了我。 [4] 我羞愧万分，不愿让父母知道这件事。大约有两周的时间，我每天都忙到晚上，然后我会回家说工作干得很愉快。
[5] 走投无路之下，我写了一封信给亨利·福特二世，告诉他所发生的事情。我说我们家是福特车的忠实用户，并说我长大成年后打算买一辆野马车。最后，汽车专卖店的店主给我打来了电话。“我不知道你在底特律认识谁，”他说，“但如果你还想要回你原来的工作的话，这工作就归你了。” [6] 后来在大学期间，我想在一家劳斯菜斯(罗尔斯—罗伊斯)的专营店干活，但店主说他们不缺人。即便如此，我还是开始在那儿清洗汽车。当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直干到他雇我。最后他真雇了我。 [7] 成功需要毅力。态度也很重要。我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活别人都赶不上。 出纳员 [1] 第一次与我祖母坐在她位于曼哈顿的药店的现金出纳机后时，我l0岁。不久之后，她就让我一个人坐在那儿。很快我就知道了礼貌对待顾客以及说“谢谢”的重要性。 [2] 起初我的报酬是糖果，后来我每小时得到50美分。每天放学后我都工作，暑假、周末和假期则从上午8点干到下午7点。我父亲帮我在银行立了一个账户。看着存款数增加比我当时本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 [3] 祖母是一位严厉的监工，从不给我任何特殊照顾。她像鹰一样注视着我的一举一动，不过却放手让我应付象在午餐高峰时干活这样压力很大的场面。她的信任教会了我如何对待责任。
马克思主义基本原理概论 ◎单项选择题 1、马克思主义诞生于正确答案：A A、19世纪四十年代 B、19世纪五十年代 C、19世纪六十年代 D、19世纪七十年代 2、马克思主义公开问世的标志性著作是正确答案：A A、《哲学的贫困》和《共产党宣言》 B、《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》和《德意志意识形态》 C、《政治经济学批判》和《资本论》 D、《反杜林论》和《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》 3、马克思主义形成的重要标志是正确答案：D A、《德意志意识形态》的出版 B、《资本论》的出版 C、《反杜林论》的出版 D、《共产党宣言》的公开发表 4、马克思恩格斯批判地继承了前人的思想文化优秀成果，创立了历史唯物主义和剩余价值学说，从而实现了人类思想史上的正确答案：B A、伟大发展 B、伟大革命 C、伟大发现 D、伟大发明 5、马克思主义理论从广义上说是正确答案：A A、不仅指马克思恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和学说的体系，也包括继承者对它的发展 B、无产阶级争取自身解放和整个人类解放的学说体系 C、关于无产阶级斗争的性质、目的和解放条件的学说 D、马克思和恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和基本方法构成的科学体系 6、马克思主义理论从狭义上说是正确答案：C A、无产阶级争取自身解放和整个人类解放的学说体系 B、关于无产阶级斗争的性质、目的和解放条件的学说 C、马克思和恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和基本方法构成的科学体系 D、关于资本主义转化为社会主义以及社会主义和共产主义发展的普遍规律的学说 7、作为中国共产党和社会主义事业指导思想的马克思主义是指正确答案：A A、不仅指马克思恩格斯创立的基本理论、基本观点和学说的体系，也包括继承者对它的发展 B、无产阶级争取自身解放和整个人类解放的学说体系 C、关于无产阶级斗争的性质、目的和解放条件的学说 D、列宁创立的基本理论、基本观点和基本方法构成的科学体系 8、人类进入21世纪，英国广播公司（BBS）在全球范围内进行“千年思想家”网评，名列榜首的是正确答案：A
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程英译汉（Unit 1-10、13、14） Unit 1 1. Two noted Americans explain why it’s not what you earn-it’s what you learn. 两位美国名人解释为什么不是你所挣的而是你所学的更重要。 2. I have never thought I was better than anyone else, but I have always believed I couldn’t be outworked. 我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活儿别人都赶不上。 3. Watching my money grow was more rewarding than anything I could have bought. 看着存款数增加比我当时原本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 4. I took a genuine interest in their questions and was able to translate what they wanted into makeup ideas. 我发自内心地关心她们的问题，并能理解她们的愿望，给她们出些该如何化妆的点子。 5. I ended up selling a record amount of cosmetics. 结果我创下了化妆品销售的最好成绩。 Unit 2 1. With the click of a mouse, information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the extremely fast speed of seven-and-a-half times around the earth per second. 只要用鼠标点击一下，在地球另一端的信息马上就会以每秒钟绕地球七周半的惊人速度传输到你的电脑屏幕上。 2. Besides, if everyone shops on the Net , what will happen to the hundreds and thousands of shopping malls? 此外，如果大家都在网上购物，那么成千上万的购物中心该怎么办呢？ 3. The huge power of electronic commerce (e-commerce) will change the face of trade dramatically. 电子商务的惊人威力会使贸易的局面发生激动人心的巨变。 4. The development of e-commerce may well bring the world into a brand new era of “electronic currency” . 电子商务的发展很可能会把世界带进一个“电子货币”的崭新时代。 5. As the Net pushes the economy ahead rapidly, the economy is also bringing the Net market forward , resulting in the Internet itself becoming the world’s largest emerging market. 在网络化高速地推动经济发展的同时，经济也反过来促进网络市场的发展，其结果是国际互联网本身将成为全球最大的新兴市场。 Unit 3 1. So, if you lose a key species, you might cause a whole flood of other extinctions. 所以，如果失去一个重要的物种，那也许会引起大量其他物种的绝迹。 2. Instead of depending on largely ineffective laws against illegal hunting, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve and animals. 这种办法使当地人们可以为了经济上的原因而去保护动、植物，而不是依靠在很大程度上难以奏效的那些反非法偷 猎的规章制度。 3. With corruption popular in many developing countries, some observers are suspicious that the money will actually reach the people it is intended for. 由于许多发展中国家普遍存在腐败，一些观察家对这些钱财实际上能否到达应该接受这笔财物的人们手中表示怀疑。 4. Sustainable management of forests requires controls on the number of trees which are cut down, as well as investment in replacing them. 森林的可持续管理既需要投资种植新树以取代被砍伐的树木，也需要对被砍伐树木的数量进行控制。 5. In theory, consumers would buy only this wood and so fo rce logging companies to go “green” or go out of business. 理论上讲，消费者只能购买这些获得认可的木材，这将迫使伐木公司开始保护“绿色”，否则将无生意可做。 Unit 4 1. The trend began in earnest in 1995, when the Queen of England admitted that the Maori people of New Zealand had been shamefully treated, when the country was a British colony. 这个潮流是从1995年才真正开始的。当时英国女王承认当新西兰还是英国的殖民地时，新西兰的土著毛利人曾遭
2020年马克思主义基本原理考试题库310题[含参考 答案] 一、单选题 1．最基本的社会关系是B A.政治关系 B.生产关系 C.家庭关系 D.宗教关系 2．资本主义生产过程是(C） A.劳动过程和使用价值生产过程的统一 B.劳动过程和价值形成过程的统一 C.劳动过程和价值增殖过程的统一 D.价值形成和价值增殖过程的统一 3．资本主义基本矛盾是(D） A.生产与需要的矛盾 B.无产阶级和资产阶级的矛盾 C.生产力和上层建筑的矛盾 D.生产社会化和生产资料资本主义私人占有的矛盾 4．生产关系的基础是 A A.生产资料所有制 B.产品分配关系 C.产品交换关系 D.人们在生产中的地位 5．社会革命最深刻的根源在于B A.剥削阶级和被剥削阶级之间的矛盾 B.生产力和生产关系之间的矛盾尖锐化 C.产品分配不公、收入差距加大 D.不同地区、不同部门之间经济发展不平衡 6．人类社会发展最基本的规律是B A.社会存在决定社会意识的规律 B.生产关系必须适合生产力性质的规律
C.阶级斗争推动社会发展的规律 D.社会形态由低级到高级依次更替的规律 7．物质资料生产方式是D A.主体与客体的统一 B.自然与社会的统一 C.生产与消费的统一 D.生产力与生产关系的统一 8．地理环境对社会发展的作用主要通过 D A.对人的生理结构的影响来实现 B.对人的心理素质的影响来实现 C.对民族气质的影响来实现 D.对生产过程的影响来实现 9．改革开放以来，我党制定的一系列正确的路线、方针、政策促进了我国经济的迅猛发展，这说明C A.经济基础发展的道路是由上层建筑决定的 B.上层建筑的发展决定经济基础的发展方向 C.上层建筑对经济基础具有积极的能动作用 D.社会主义社会的发展不受经济基础决定上层建筑规律的制约 10．“蒸汽、电力和自动纺织机甚至是比巴尔贝斯、拉斯拜尔和布朗基诸位公民更危险万分的革命家。”这一经典论断的含义是C A.科技革命对统治阶级有极大威胁 B.科技革命可以直接变革社会制度 C.科技革命可以促进社会政治革命 D.滥用科技成果会对人类造成“危险” 11．生产关系是指人与人之间的 B A.道德关系 B.经济关系 C.政治关系 D.思想关系 12．从本质上看，认识是(D） A.主体心灵的主观创造 B.主体心灵对客体的直觉 C.主体对客体的直接反映 D.主体对客体的能动反映
Unit1 从能力到责任 当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。 最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合? 毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难? 核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。 类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。像地方的区域规划，学校种族隔离制的废除，排水系统的问题，公共交通的治理，以及申请获得正在相互竞争的有线电视公司的许可证等这些曾经看起来只是一些地方性事务的事情，现在也需要专家采解决。这些专家的辩论充满着技术术语，常常使问题变得让人迷惑不解而不会使问题云开雾散，清晰明了。公共生活的复杂性，要求更多＼而非更少的信息资料；需要更积极＼而非越来越消极的公众的参与。 对于那些关心“民治政府”的人，公众理解程度的每况愈下是无法接受的。当今世界，人类生存问题吉凶未卜，无知是不可取的。那些目光短浅的专家们制定措施时一手遮天，这也是不可容忍的。作为公民，我们只有找到更好的教育方法，只有提出更棘手的问题，并得到满意的答案，才能在关键的决策时刻承担风险，运用我们所学的知识做出重大决定，否则，我们只能基于盲目地相信一个或几个所谓的专家做出决策。 我们的民主社会需要一批受过良好教育关心他人的年轻人群策群力，本着共同的信念，团结在一起，相互学习，参与到社会民主的建设之中。 民主的社会需要关心民主社会的公众，需要他们成为善于发问的民主参与者，成为知道怎样提出恰如其份的问题的人，知道公共政策的决策形成过程，并能够对那些影响深远的问题做出敏锐的，有见地的判断。诚然，没有哪个社会机构能独立培养我们所需的领导人才，但我们深信，如果“民治政府’’要有生命力的话，大学相对子其他机构来说，更有责任去培养我们国家所急需的具有宏畴伟略的领导人。 为了完成这个迫切的使命，年轻人的目光不能仅仅停留在国内，还必须放眼世界。现在的学生不但要对本国的人民与文化了如指掌，而且也应该熟知本国以外的文明。人类的势力范围已涉及到太空，一切变得都很明了，我们都是同一个星球的守护者。在过去的半个世纪中，我们的地球变得越来越拥挤，相互依赖性越来越强，同时也更加变化莫测。如果学生只一味自以为是，不能更好地理解自己在芸芸众生中的地位，那么他们对生活的社会所应承担的责任的能力将慢慢被消磨殆尽，及至危险的境地。 世界或许还没有变成一个小村庄。但可以肯定的是，我们的邻里意识必须加以扩展。当旱灾席卷撒哈拉沙漠，当印度支那战争带来难民潮时，我们的同情心，我们富于分析的智慧都不再受缚于地图上的政治分界线。我们开始知道，饥荒和人权已如同武器＼条约一样，对人类团结起着决定性的影响。最令人担心的是，蘑菇云已在人类意识里投下了不祥的阴影。这些业已存在的事实及其带来的后果都必须让每个学生了解。
深圳大学研究生奖励办法 【深大（2011）211号】 为全面贯彻党和国家的教育方针，培养造就信念执著、品德优良、知识丰富、本领过硬的高素质人才，树立先进典型，鼓励广大研究生积极进取、开拓创新，根据教育部2005年颁发的有关文件精神，结合我校实际情况，制定本办法。 一、奖励类别、方式及参评资格 （一）奖励类别： 1、优秀研究生奖 2、优秀研究生干部奖 3、优秀毕业研究生奖 （二）奖励方式： 1、颁发获奖证书 2、发放奖金 （三）参评资格 1、在校学习满一年的全日制研究生（延期毕业或业余时间授课的专业学位研究生除外）； 2、坚持四项基本原则，道德品质好，关心集体，团结同学； 3、遵纪守法，在校期间无处分记录； 4、学业成绩优异、科研成果突出，积极参加专业实习和社会实践活动。 二、评选细则 （一）优秀研究生奖 1、奖励金额及获奖比例： 优秀研究生奖分三个等级发放。一等奖奖金3000元，获奖比例不超过本学院具备参评资格人数的5%；二等奖奖金2000元，获奖比例不超过本学院具备参评资格人数的10%；三等奖奖金1000元，获奖比例不超过本学院具备参评资格人数的15%。 2、基本条件： （1）学业要求：上一学年所修必修课程加权平均成绩排名在本年级本专业的前30%，所修课程全部通过。 （2）科研要求：一等奖要求上一年度在本专业核心期刊上发表学术论文不少于2篇；二等奖要求上一学年在本专业核心期刊上发表学术论文不少于1篇；三等奖要求在本专业公开发行的刊物上发表发表学术论文不少于1篇。
3、补充说明： （1）必修课加权平均成绩＝∑（必修课程考核成绩×该必修课程学分）∕ ∑必修课程学分 （2）非统一考核的必修课成绩不列入必修课加权平均成绩计算范畴。 （3）参评论文均指参评人为第一作者（若为第二作者，则第一作者必须是其指导教师）。 （4）凡上一学年无必修课成绩，但有本专业学术论文发表的三年级研究生，视其成绩符合要求。 （5）无科研成果的二年级研究生可申请三等奖，但除满足学业要求外，上一学年所修必修课程单科应不低于75分。 （6）核心期刊认定范围参考当年度“广东省南粤优秀研究生”相关评选条例，并以学校公布的年度优秀研究生、优秀研究生干部评奖通知为准。 （7）上一年度有突出科研成果或社会贡献者，经学院评委会认定，研究生管理部门审批，可破格申请评奖或适当提高参评等级。 （8）同等条件下，学院评委会应根据参评者科研成果的学术水平、刊物等级、论文篇数等因素综合评定。 （二）优秀研究生干部奖 1、奖励金额及获奖比例 优秀研究生干部奖奖金2000元。各学院优秀研究生干部由学院组织评选，获奖比例不超过各学院具有参评资格人数的 2.5%。校研究生会优秀干部由研究生管理部门组织评选，获奖比例不超过全校具有参评资格人数的0.5%。 2、基本条件： （1）担任校、院级研究生干部或学校社团组织负责人累计满一年；任职期间，工作表现出色（须提供个人典型材料）。 （2）学习态度端正，上一学年所修必修课加权平均排名在本年级本专业的前50%，所修课程全部通过。 （三）优秀毕业研究生奖 1、奖励金额及获奖比例 优秀毕业研究生奖金为2000元，获奖比例不超过本学院当年毕业生总人数的10％。 2、基本条件：符合以下条件之一者可申请优秀毕业研究生 （1）研究生在校期间连续两年获得“优秀研究生奖”二等奖以上（含二等奖）或“优秀研究生干部”称号。