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guidelines on the implementation of safety management system

guidelines on the implementation of safety management system
guidelines on the implementation of safety management system

Contents

Introduction1 Element-1Safety policy & organisation2 Element-2Safe work procedures3 Element-3Safety training4 Element-4Group meetings5 Element-5Accident & incident investigation and analysis6 Element-6In-house safety rules & regulations8 Element-7Safety promotion9 Element-8Evaluation, selection and control of contractors10 Element-9Safety inspection11 Element-10Maintenance regime13 Element-11Hazard analysis14 Element-12Use of hazardous materials15 Element-13Occupational health programme16 Element-14Emergency preparedness18 Element-15Document control and review19 References20

INTRODUCTION

These guidelines were developed by special project sub-committee of the Metalworking Industry Safety Promotion Committee (MISPC).

The members from MISPC comprises mainly safety professionals from the metalworking factories and representatives from Occupational Safety Department and Occupational Safety & Health (Training & Promotion) Centre of the Ministry of Manpower,

The objective of these guidelines is to assist the metalworking factories to implement an effective Safety Management System, which is a requirement under section 71B of the Factories (Amendment) Act 2000.

This SMS guide provides a simplified format that is easy to understand, on the implementation of the 14 elements in the Safety Management System specified in the Thirteenth Schedule of the Factories (Amendment) Act 2000. Metalworking factories should make reference to this guide in their establishment and implementation of the safety management system.

ELEMENT 1SAFETY POLICY AND ORGANISATION

1.1Objective

To establish a written policy in safety and health, which illustrates clearly the management’s commitment and approach in providing and maintaining a safe and healthy work environment.

1.2Contents

1.2.1 The policy shall include:

a) a statement, which clearly articulates the company’s safety objective and goals

and management’s commitment to achieve these objective and goals;

b) a clear description of duties and responsibilities of employees at all levels in

promoting and ensuring occupational safety and health in the organization;

c) Acknowledgement that employees are an important resource.

1.2.2 A safety organisation shall be established to clearly define the roles, duties,

responsibilities and accountabilities of every individual in the organisation.

1.2.3 The policy must be endorsed by the Chief Executive Officer or the most senior

management staff of the company to demonstrate commitment of top management.

1.2.4 The policy must be well publicized, made known, understood and accepted by all

levels of personnel and contractors.

1.2.5 The policy must be reviewed and revised (if necessary) on a regular basis and the

date(s) of review and revised stated.

ELEMENT 2SAFE WORK PRACTICES

2.1Objective

To establish relevant Safe Work Practices (SWP) so that all works are carried out safely and the risks of injury to workers and property/equipment damage are eliminated or minimized. 2.2Contents

2.2.1 The factory shall establish and maintain all relevant Safe Work Practices as specified

in the Twelve Schedule of the Factories Act.

2.2.2 Additional Safe Work Practices shall also be established for other hazardous work

or/and work processes.

2.2.3 All Safe Work Practices must be clearly written in an easy-to-understand format and

effectively communicated. Relevant persons must receive adequate briefing and training on these SWPs. All SWPs must be readily available to workers concerned.

2.2.4 All Safe Work Practices are reviewed and evaluated regularly to ensure its relevance

and effectiveness.

2.2.5 A job hazard analysis or risk assessment shall be conducted before a specific Safe

Work Practice is established. This is to ensure that all potential hazards are being identified for control.

2.2.6 Safe Work Practice must include the potential energies that may be stored or

released during work or/and in the work process, such as:-

a) Electrical.

b) Pneumatic.

c) Hydraulic.

d) Thermal.

e) Mechanical - compression/tension.

f) Gravitational.

g) Noise.

h) Radiation.

2.2.7 Where work is to be carried on machinery capable of releasing any energy sources,

the Lockout procedure must be established. In addition, a Start-up procedure should also be established.

2.2.8 A permit-to-work system shall be incorporated for specialized work processes such

as work in confined spaces, work involving hot work and work at height.

2.2.9 A system should be established to assist the factory to implement the Management

of Change procedure and to re-examine the need to review existing SWPs as a result of introduction of new equipment or altered work process.

ELEMENT 3SAFETY TRAINING

3.1Objective

To provide and equip all employees with the required skills, knowledge and all safety related information related to the operations, work processes and maintenance of facilities and equipment to enable them to carry out their jobs safely and efficiently.

3.2Contents

3.2.1 The factory shall analyse the occupational safety and health training needs on safety

and health for all workers, including contractors.

3.2.2 A comprehensive safety-training programme shall be established in the organization.

This programme shall include:

?New employee orientation

?Refresher training

?Skills and functional training

?Safe awareness training

?Manager training (e.g. auditing and accident investigation techniques)

?Contractor briefing and training

3.2.3 Statutory training requirements stipulated under the Factories Act and its subsidiary

legislation must be provided to ensure that relevant personnel receive the necessary training.

3.2.4 The line managers and supervisors must be adequately trained so that they can

effectively supervise and control workers’ behaviour at the workplace. They should also be responsible for identifying the types of safety training for their workers.

3.2.5 All new employees and contractors must be adequately inducted and orientated.

Training provided should also equip workers with the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their safety roles and discharge their responsibilities at the workplace.

Structured “On-the-job” training should also be provided.

3.2.6 Safety training shall be conducted using appropriate training methods and a

language understood by trainees.

3.2.7 All training conducted must be properly documented. Where applicable, certificates

should be issued to trainees who have successfully completed the training.

3.2.8 The safety-training programme shall be reviewed periodically and updated when

necessary.

ELEMENT 4GROUP MEETINGS

4.1Objective

To provide adequate facilities and effective means for effective communication of safety and health message, information and knowledge to all employees, including contractors. The factory should also motivate employees at all levels to participate in the discussion of safety and health issues arising from the workplace.

4.2Contents

4.2.1 The factory shall establish an effective safety committee for purpose of improving,

promoting and reviewing of all matters relating to the safety and health of employees.

4.2.2 The safety committee shall have a clearly defined charter with prescribed functions

and responsibilities. The composition, functions and duties of the safety committee shall be in accordance with the Factories Act and the Factories (Safety Committees) Regulations.

4.2.3 Matters discussed in the safety committee meetings must be minuted and

communicated to all departmental heads for their information and/or necessary action.

4.2.4 Relevant information must be communicated to all employees and contractors via an

effective communication channel.

4.2.5 Where possible, the following small group meetings should be carried out to support

the work of the safety committee as well as to improve communication and promote participation in occupational safety and health activities among employees:

4.2.

5.1 Safety sub-committee meetings

Safety sub-committees should be established for factories with a large

number of employees and many different work stations/production

departments.

In these safety sub-committees, safety engineers and supervisors can be

appointed to assist the committee to address occupational safety and health

issues concurrently.

These safety sub-committees will conduct their own periodic safety

inspections and meetings where prompt remedial actions on unsafe

occurrences can be taken by themselves or the respective department

heads.

4.2.

5.2 Tool-box meetings

These meetings should be organised at the shift or section levels where

shift-supervisors or section leaders disseminate production and safety and

health information.

Safety reminders and warnings, safety precautions, dos & don’ts and/or

other relevant safety rules & regulations should be issued to workers.

4.2.

5.3 Safety Improvement Teams (SIT)

Teams of workmen (5 to 8 persons per team) from the same departments

(production, maintenance, planning, other relevant personnel) should be

established to work on specific projects to improve their work environment

and processes in the interest of occupational safety and health.

Management must support these formal project teams and appropriate

incentives, rewards or recognition should be given to the teams that perform

well.

ELEMENT 5INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS

5.1Objective

To establish procedures for ensuring that all incidents (accidents and near misses) occurring in the factory is investigated promptly and effective and practical remedial measures are taken to prevent recurrence.

5.2Contents

5.2.1 The factory shall establish a system to ensure that all incidents are reported promptly

and responsible personnel are informed as soon as possible to facilitate

investigation.

5.2.2 The factory shall establish written procedures for the investigation into incidents. The

procedures shall include the criteria for the type and degree of seriousness of incidents to be formally investigated. All incident investigations should determine the root causes, circumstances and other contributing factors leading to the incidents.

5.2.3 The following personnel shall be involved in the investigation:

a) line managers

b) immediate supervisors

c) safety personnel

d) safety committee members

e) Other authorised personnel

5.2.4 A system shall established to ensure that the recommendations of the investigations

are effectively and promptly followed through and implemented.

5.2.5 Procedures shall be established to disseminate information (including the causes,

remedial actions, lessons learnt and other relevant information) to all personnel in the workplace.

5.2.6 All incident statistics must be promptly analysed to identify major problematic areas

so that appropriate recommendations/measures can be taken quickly. The analysis of incident trends and statistics shall be used for planning of promotion and training programmes.

ELEMENT 6IN-HOUSE SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS

6.1Objective

To establish written safety rules & regulations that are relevant to the organisation, in addition to the legal requirements. This involves inculcating in workmen, including contractors, their roles and responsibilities in safety whilst performing their work in the factory.

6.2Contents

6.2.1 In addition to the legal requirements under the Factories Act and its subsidiary

legislation, the factory shall establish a set of safety rules and regulations that is suitable and practical.

In the process of formulating the in-house safety rules and regulations, reference shall be made to the relevant Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice published by Singapore Productivity and Standards Board (PSB) on safety and health.

6.2.2 A safety demerit point system should be incorporated into the safety rules and

regulations so that appropriate disciplinary action/s can be taken for non-compliance of the relevant safety rules and regulations.

6.2.3 Top management must endorse the safety rules and regulations with agreement from

the Employees’ Union (if applicable) to ensure its relevance and effectiveness.

6.2.4 The in-house safety rules and regulations must be effective communicated and made

readily available to all personnel including the contractors in the factory.

6.2.5 A scheme shall be established to enforce compliance of the rules and regulations

6.2.6 The safety rules and regulations should be reviewed periodically and revised when

necessary,

(* Enforcement has to be carried out by line supervision, not ONLY the safety personnel. Safety personnel should not assume the role of “policemen”)

ELEMENT 7SAFETY PROMOTION

7.1Objective

To develop and maintain safety & health interest and awareness amongst the workforce, and to instill a positive attitude and behaviour towards safety and health amongst all personnel at the workplace, and to help creating a caring safety culture in the factory.

7.2Contents

7.2.1 The management shall develop and establish promotional programmes that clearly

demonstrate the strong commitment and devotion towards providing and maintaining

a safe and healthy work environment.

7.2.2The promotional activities should be organized at regular intervals and should include

the following:

a) Display of the factory safety policy at various strategic locations in the factory

premises,

b) Display of industrial accident/incident statistics,

c) Display of safety posters, signs, safety bulletins, newspaper cuttings or other

types of safety related materials aimed at raising awareness or to emphasize a

particular safety matter,

d) Conduct safety talks, lectures and screenings of safety related videos,

e) Issuance of safety handbooks, brochures or guides to all employees,

f) Conduct emergency response drills,

g) Organise special in-house safety campaigns,

h) Formation of safety improvement teams,

i) Setting up safety bulletin/notice boards in each department for effective

dissemination of safety information in the plant.

7.2.3All employees including contractors should be encouraged to participate in all the

promotional activities organized and making positive suggestions in improving the safety and health at work.

7.2.4 An incentive scheme should be set up to recognize and acknowledge good safety

performance or recommendations by an individual or a group. Top management should formally present such rewards and commendations.

ELEMENT 8EVALUATION, SELECTION AND CONTROL OF CONTRACTORS 8.1Objective

To establish a system or procedures to evaluate, select and control of contractors’ working in the workplace and before any work is being awarded so as to ensure that they are aware of and meet their safety obligations.

8.2Contents

8.2.1 The factory shall establish and document a system for the assessment and

evaluation of contractors to ensure that only competent and qualified contractors are selected and permitted to carry out contracted works in the factory.

8.2.2 The selection criteria shall consist of safety performance indicators such as safety

management system, safety track records, safety training records and competency in handling the job and safe working procedures.

8.2.3 The selection system shall incorporate a pre-approval of contractors’ procedures for

major or specialized work in the factory. New contractors who are not in the pre-approved list will have to be subjected to an evaluation and selection process.

Existing and new contractors who do not meet the selection criteria shall be posted in the disqualified list.

8.2.4 All written contracts shall clearly spell out the safety, health and environmental

responsibilities and obligations that the contractors have to comply with.

8.2.5 Prior to commence work in the factory, safety induction shall be conducted for

contractors who are entering the factory for the first time. The induction shall cover basic safety requirement of the factory including emergency response, permit to work, and dos & don’t, etc.

8.2.6 Prior to commencement of any new area/item of work in the factory, the workers shall

be briefed on the safe work practices, the work’s potential hazards and the safety control measures.

8.2.7 An effective communication chain shall be established to update all contractors of

any change that has made to the existing safety and health management system. 8.2.8 A system shall be established to monitor and assess the contractor’s safety

performance throughout the progress of the work. A demerit point system can be used to record all non-conformances. The records shall be used as a criterion for future selection.

8.2.9 A system shall be established to control and ensure that only equipment, tools and

machines that are certified to be of sound operating condition are allowed in the factory.

8.2.10 A system shall be established to inspect tools, equipment and machines that are

brought in and in use in the factory. The inspections shall be carried out periodically by competent persons.

ELEMENT 9SAFETY INSPECTION

9.1Objective

To establish an effective programme to carry out periodic inspection to spot-check and correct unsafe/undesirable work practices and conditions.

9.2Contents

9.2.1 The factory shall establish a formal written programme for carrying out regular safety

inspections by appointed competent persons.

9.2.2 The inspection programme shall include safety observation and safety sampling of

the unsafe behaviours at work. This is for the purpose of inculcating positive safety attitudes and behaviours amongst the workforce.

9.2.3 The inspection programme shall encourage employees’ participation in their daily

routine checking of their work areas and workstations.

9.2.4 All levels of management should conduct inspections that focus on the behaviour

and work practices of personnel.

9.2.5 Daily routine inspections, surprise spot-checks, housekeeping inspections and other

relevant inspections should be carried out.

9.2.6 The findings of the inspection shall be recorded and appropriate recommendations

shall be put up to respective department heads for the necessary remedial measures.

The inspection findings, recommendations and their follow-up actions taken shall be properly documented.

9.2.7 Where applicable, checklists shall be generated to assist the inspection team in

identifying and classifying potential hazards.

9.2.8 The checklists and the inspection-report-action procedure shall be reviewed to

ensure their relevance.

ELEMENT 10MAINTENANCE REGIME

10.1Objective

To establish an effective and practical maintenance regime for all statutory equipment, machineries, equipment and tools used in the factory so as to prevent occurrence of accidents because of failure of such equipment and machinery.

10.2Contents

10.2.1 The factory shall implement a maintenance programme which shall include the

following:-

a) A master checklist of all hand tools, plant, machineries and equipment;

b) An inspection and maintenance schedule. Responsibilities of the members of

the inspection teams should be listed and relevant follow up inspection should

be established.

c) Checklists could be developed for the various inspection teams to carry out

their inspections. Specific items could be listed for the inspection teams to

take note when carrying out their inspections.

d) Inspection reports should be forwarded to the relevant supervisors and

managers for immediate corrective actions.

10.2.2The management should evaluate the operational compliance and adequacy of

such checklists at least once a year.

10.2.3All inspections and maintenance must be carried out by competent/approved

persons.

ELEMENT 11HAZARD ANALYSIS

11.1Objective

To establish systematic procedures for identification, evaluation and control of hazards in the workplace.

11.2Contents

11.2.1 The factory shall conduct hazard analysis for the followings:

a) Routine and non-routine work activities, including those carried out by

contractors and their employees;

b) Facilities and equipment.

11.2.2 The evaluation process shall include:

a) Consideration of probable hazardous incident/s (including the worst case

scenario), and the impacts on the factory, its activities as well as the workers.

b) The activities or work processes should be broken up into steps where specific

hazards can be identified.

c) Development of counter measures to eliminate these hazards should be

included.

d) The implementation of the measures recommended shall be tested, where

possible.

e) Documentation of the above process should be carried out and incorporated

into ‘Safe Work Practices’.

11.2.3 Hazard analysis shall be reviewed whenever there are change(s) in conditions or any

modification of equipment or processes or any introduction of new materials.

The ‘Safe Work Practices’ developed from the previous hazard analysis must also be reviewed and revised accordingly.

ELEMENT 12CONTROL OF MOVEMENT AND USE OF HAZARDOUS

SUBSTANCES

12.1Objective

To establish a system for the identification and management of all hazardous substances through the establishment of well defined procedures for the receipt, issuance, storage, handling and use of hazardous substances in the factory.

12.2Contents

12.2.1 To develop a written hazard communication program or procedure which should

include the following:

a Maintain a register or list of hazardous substances in use in the workplace. The

register should include the inventory and location of use of the hazardous

substances. An appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is made

available for each hazardous substance. A documented system should be

established for obtaining new and revised MSDS.

b Develop appropriate procedures for the receipt, storage, issue, distribution,

transportation, handling and use of the hazardous substances. Procedures

should also identify incompatible materials and potentially hazardous

combinations and conditions that require special preventive or protective

measures. High-risk processes should be identified and special procedures

developed.

c Establish procedures for the use of personal protective equipment for handling,

and use of hazardous substances.

d Appoint a technically competent person to administer th

e control, procurement

and storage of the hazardous substances.

e All containers used for storing the hazardous substances must be labeled, tagged

or marked with the following information:

o Identification of the hazardous chemical(s)

o Name used on MSDS and in chemical list

o Hazard warning and control

12.2.2 Provide designated storage area for the hazardous substances. Small quantities of

chemicals shall be stored in chemical storage cabinets and be segregated by

distance and/or physical barriers from other incompatible substances. Drummed or

bulk chemicals (including fuels and oils) should be stored in an area that provides

secondary containment.

Chemical storage areas should be inspected on a routine basis to ensure integrity of

chemical containers and secondary containment systems.

12.2.3Hazard communication training should be organised for all employees who may be

exposed to the hazardous substances. Special training should be conducted for persons performing non-routine tasks involving hazardous chemicals.

The training should review the hazards of the chemicals, special work procedures, handling rules and precautions, personal protective equipment and spill prevention and containment procedures. Training records should be properly maintained.

12.2.3 Establish procedures for the prevention of spills of the different types of chemicals

used in the workplace. Such procedures should address both small and large spills and their disposal in accordance with the statutory requirements.

ELEMENT 13OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES

13.1Objective

To protect all personnel from the occupational diseases and illness through the identification, evaluation and control of health hazards present in the workplace.

13.2Contents

13.2.1 The factory should identify the potential occupational health hazards related to the

work activities, processes and chemicals used or produced in the processes.

13.2.2 The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be made available for the chemicals

used.

The precautionary measures and safe work procedures for the safe use, handling, transport, storage and disposal for the related chemicals should also be made available.

13.2.3 It should develop relevant occupational health programmes, which shall include noise

conservation, respiratory protection, and industrial hygiene programmes.

These programmes should be made known to all personnel in the factory.

13.2.4 The responsibilities of all individuals ranging from workers to management, pertaining

to the implementation of the health programme shall be clearly defined.

13.2.5 Where applicable, the following methods of control should be used:-

a) Elimination or substitution.

b) Engineering controls, including modification of work process or equipment.

c) Administrative controls.

d) Use of personnel protective equipment supplemented by appropriate medical

examination, training and education.

13.2.6 A system shall be established where responsible personnel are to continuously

monitor the effectiveness of the control measures taken (including the improvement of the work environment as well as the well-being of the affected workmen). Where necessary, the occupational health programme shall be reviewed periodically.

ELEMENT 14EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

14.1Objective

To establish a written response plan to mitigate consequences arising from potential emergency situations and to familiarize employees with the response procedures in the event of an emergency.

14.2Contents

14.2.1The factory shall establish procedures to:

a) Identify emergency situations and assess their impact;

b) Implement the emergency response plan at each level of the organisation, with

clear scope, roles and responsibilities; and

c) Maintain an up-to-date emergency response plan.

14.2.2 The emergency response plan shall cover at least, but not limited to, the following

areas:-

a) Fire and explosion;

b) Toxic gas leakage;

c) Chemical Spill; and

d) Failure and collapse of structure.

14.2.3 The emergency response plan shall include :

a) Establishing an Emergency Team and its responsibilities.

b) Appointment a competent Emergency Scene Controller who shall direct the

execution of emergency procedures in accordance with the situation.

c) Procedures for notification and raising of alarms.

d) Procedures for evacuation and rescue.

e) Procedures and means of rescues and first aids.

f) Means of communication with the relevant government response agencies such

as SCDF, PUB and Police.

14.2.4 The emergency response plans shall be documented and effectively communicated

to all employees in the factory.

14.2.5An emergency response drill shall be conducted at least once every 12 months with

the participation of all personnel in the factory. An evaluation of the drill performance shall be carried out and the necessary improvements made to the plan.

14.2.6The factory shall establish training programmes of drills and exercises for individuals

and integrated emergency response teams on their roles and responsibilities, as defined in the plan. The program shall also assess the preparedness of the team for prompt and effective response to an emergency situation.

ELEMENT 15DOCUMENT CONTROL AND REVIEW

15.1Objective

To establish an effective system to document & record the establishment and maintenance of the 14 elements in the Safety Management System. This is to facilitate easy and effective retrieval of relevant documents and also enhance the effectiveness of the system reviewing process.

15.2Contents

15.2.1 All relevant documents shall be maintained and updated, with controlled reference-

numbers.

15.2.2 A master list shall be generated, which includes checklists, controlled documents

register and distribution list.

15.2.3 Documents should be easily available for personnel who require them.

15.2.4 Obsolete, invalid and cancelled documents should be promptly removed.

15.2.5 All revisions of documents should be properly recorded and authorised by the

management prior to distribution. The following document control should be followed:-

a) An identifier (controlled reference-number)

b) Date of issue or review

c) Revision number

d) Descriptive title

e) Authorised signatory

15.2.6 Review of Safety Management System

The purpose of reviewing is to evaluate the relevancy of the existing Safety Management System and its elements in respect to the organisation.

a)The management shall conduct internal safety audits to verify whether the

safety & health activities and programmes comply with the SMS.

b) Personnel conducting the audit should be competent and independent of the

areas being audited.

c) An external independent Safety Auditor shall audit the SMS annually.

d) The results of the safety audit and review should be distributed to all personnel

responsible in the area involved.

e) The management should ensure that all appropriate corrective actions are

taken.

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黄自艺术歌曲钢琴伴奏及艺术成就

【摘要】黄自先生是我国杰出的音乐家,他以艺术歌曲的创作最为代表。而黄自先生特别强调了钢琴伴奏对于艺术歌曲组成的重要性。本文是以黄自先生创作的具有爱国主义和人道主义的艺术歌曲《天伦歌》为研究对象,通过对作品分析,归纳钢琴伴奏的弹奏方法与特点,并总结黄自先生的艺术成就与贡献。 【关键词】艺术歌曲;和声;伴奏织体;弹奏技巧 一、黄自艺术歌曲《天伦歌》的分析 (一)《天伦歌》的人文及创作背景。黄自的艺术歌曲《天伦歌》是一首具有教育意义和人道主义精神的作品。同时,它也具有民族性的特点。这首作品是根据联华公司的影片《天伦》而创作的主题曲,也是我国近代音乐史上第一首为电影谱写的艺术歌曲。作品创作于我国政治动荡、经济不稳定的30年代,这个时期,这种文化思潮冲击着我国各个领域,连音乐艺术领域也未幸免――以《毛毛雨》为代表的黄色歌曲流传广泛,对人民大众,尤其是青少年的不良影响极其深刻,黄自为此担忧,创作了大量艺术修养和文化水平较高的艺术歌曲。《天伦歌》就是在这样的历史背景下创作的,作品以孤儿失去亲人的苦痛为起点,发展到人民的发愤图强,最后升华到博爱、奋起的民族志向,对青少年的爱国主义教育有着重要的影响。 (二)《天伦歌》曲式与和声。《天伦歌》是并列三部曲式,为a+b+c,最后扩充并达到全曲的高潮。作品中引子和coda所使用的音乐材料相同,前后呼应,合头合尾。这首艺术歌曲结构规整,乐句进行的较为清晰,所使用的节拍韵律符合歌词的特点,如三连音紧密连接,为突出歌词中号召的力量等。 和声上,充分体现了中西方作曲技法融合的创作特性。使用了很多七和弦。其中,一部分是西方的和声,一部分是将我国传统的五声调式中的五个音纵向的结合,构成五声性和弦。与前两首作品相比,《天伦歌》的民族性因素增强,这也与它本身的歌词内容和要弘扬的爱国主义精神相对应。 (三)《天伦歌》的伴奏织体分析。《天伦歌》的前奏使用了a段进唱的旋律发展而来的,具有五声调性特点,增添了民族性的色彩。在作品的第10小节转调入近关系调,调性的转换使歌曲增添抒情的情绪。这时的伴奏加强和弦力度,采用切分节奏,节拍重音突出,与a段形成强弱的明显对比,突出悲壮情绪。 c段的伴奏采用进行曲的风格,右手以和弦为主,表现铿锵有力的进行。右手为上行进行,把全曲推向最高潮。左手仍以柱式和弦为主,保持节奏稳定。在作品的扩展乐段,左手的节拍低音上行与右手的八度和弦与音程对应,推动音乐朝向宏伟、壮丽的方向进行。coda 处,与引子材料相同,首尾呼应。 二、《天伦歌》实践研究 《天伦歌》是具有很强民族性因素的作品。所谓民族性,体现在所使用的五声性和声、传统歌词韵律以及歌曲段落发展等方面上。 作品的整个发展过程可以用伤感――悲壮――兴奋――宏达四个过程来表述。在钢琴伴奏弹奏的时候,要以演唱者的歌唱状态为中心,选择合适的伴奏音量、音色和音质来配合,做到对演唱者的演唱同步,并起到连接、补充、修饰等辅助作用。 作品分为三段,即a+b+c+扩充段落。第一段以五声音阶的进行为主,表现儿童失去父母的悲伤和痛苦,前奏进入时要弹奏的使用稍凄楚的音色,左手低音重复进行,在弹奏完第一个低音后,要迅速的找到下一个跨音区的音符;右手弹奏的要有棱角,在前奏结束的时候第四小节的t方向的延音处,要给演唱者留有准备。演唱者进入后,左手整体的踏板使用的要连贯。随着作品发展,伴奏与旋律声部出现轮唱的形式,要弹奏的流动性强,稍突出一些。后以mf力度出现的具有转调性质的琶音奏法,要弹奏的如流水般连贯。在重复段落,即“小

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学生造句--Unit 1

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base on的例句

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英语造句大全English sentence 在句子中,更好的记忆单词! 1、(1)、able adj. 能 句子:We are able to live under the sea in the future. (2)、ability n. 能力 句子:Most school care for children of different abilities. (3)、enable v. 使。。。能句子:This pass enables me to travel half-price on trains. 2、(1)、accurate adj. 精确的句子:We must have the accurate calculation. (2)、accurately adv. 精确地 句子:His calculation is accurately. 3、(1)、act v. 扮演 句子:He act the interesting character. (2)、actor n. 演员 句子:He was a famous actor. (3)、actress n. 女演员 句子:She was a famous actress. (4)、active adj. 积极的 句子:He is an active boy. 4、add v. 加 句子:He adds a little sugar in the milk. 5、advantage n. 优势 句子:His advantage is fight. 6、age 年龄n. 句子:His age is 15. 7、amusing 娱人的adj. 句子:This story is amusing. 8、angry 生气的adj. 句子:He is angry. 9、America 美国n.

(完整版)主谓造句

主语+谓语 1. 理解主谓结构 1) The students arrived. The students arrived at the park. 2) They are listening. They are listening to the music. 3) The disaster happened. 2.体会状语的位置 1) Tom always works hard. 2) Sometimes I go to the park at weekends.. 3) The girl cries very often. 4) We seldom come here. The disaster happened to the poor family. 3. 多个状语的排列次序 1) He works. 2) He works hard. 3) He always works hard. 4) He always works hard in the company. 5) He always works hard in the company recently. 6) He always works hard in the company recently because he wants to get promoted. 4. 写作常用不及物动词 1. ache My head aches. I’m aching all over. 2. agree agree with sb. about sth. agree to do sth. 3. apologize to sb. for sth. 4. appear (at the meeting, on the screen) 5. arrive at / in 6. belong to 7. chat with sb. about sth. 8. come (to …) 9. cry 10. dance 11. depend on /upon 12. die 13. fall 14. go to … 15. graduate from 16. … happen 17. laugh 18. listen to... 19. live 20. rise 21. sit 22. smile 23. swim 24. stay (at home / in a hotel) 25. work 26. wait for 汉译英: 1.昨天我去了电影院。 2.我能用英语跟外国人自由交谈。 3.晚上7点我们到达了机场。 4.暑假就要到了。 5.现在很多老人独自居住。 6.老师同意了。 7.刚才发生了一场车祸。 8.课上我们应该认真听讲。9. 我们的态度很重要。 10. 能否成功取决于你的态度。 11. 能取得多大进步取决于你付出多少努力。 12. 这个木桶能盛多少水取决于最短的一块板子的长度。

初中英语造句

【it's time to和it's time for】 ——————这其实是一个句型,只不过后面要跟不同的东西. ——————It's time to跟的是不定式(to do).也就是说,要跟一个动词,意思是“到做某事的时候了”.如: It's time to go home. It's time to tell him the truth. ——————It's time for 跟的是名词.也就是说,不能跟动词.如: It's time for lunch.(没必要说It's time to have lunch) It's time for class.(没必要说It's time to begin the class.) They can't wait to see you Please ask liming to study tonight. Please ask liming not to play computer games tonight. Don’t make/let me to smoke I can hear/see you dance at the stage You had better go to bed early. You had better not watch tv It’s better to go to bed early It’s best to run in the morning I am enjoy running with music. With 表伴随听音乐 I already finish studying You should keep working. You should keep on studying English Keep calm and carry on 保持冷静继续前行二战开始前英国皇家政府制造的海报名字 I have to go on studying I feel like I am flying I have to stop playing computer games and stop to go home now I forget/remember to finish my homework. I forget/remember cleaning the classroom We keep/percent/stop him from eating more chips I prefer orange to apple I prefer to walk rather than run I used to sing when I was young What’s wrong with you There have nothing to do with you I am so busy studying You are too young to na?ve I am so tired that I have to go to bed early

The Kite Runner-美句摘抄及造句

《The Kite Runner》追风筝的人--------------------------------美句摘抄 1.I can still see Hassan up on that tree, sunlight flickering through the leaves on his almost perfectly round face, a face like a Chinese doll chiseled from hardwood: his flat, broad nose and slanting, narrow eyes like bamboo leaves, eyes that looked, depending on the light, gold, green even sapphire 翻译:我依然能记得哈桑坐在树上的样子,阳光穿过叶子,照着他那浑圆的脸庞。他的脸很像木头刻成的中国娃娃,鼻子大而扁平,双眼眯斜如同竹叶,在不同光线下会显现出金色、绿色,甚至是宝石蓝。 E.g.: A shadow of disquiet flickering over his face. 2.Never told that the mirror, like shooting walnuts at the neighbor's dog, was always my idea. 翻译:从来不提镜子、用胡桃射狗其实都是我的鬼主意。E.g.:His secret died with him, for he never told anyone. 3.We would sit across from each other on a pair of high

翻译加造句

一、翻译 1. The idea of consciously seeking out a special title was new to me., but not without appeal. 让我自己挑选自己最喜欢的书籍这个有意思的想法真的对我具有吸引力。 2.I was plunged into the aching tragedy of the Holocaust, the extraordinary clash of good, represented by the one decent man, and evil. 我陷入到大屠杀悲剧的痛苦之中,一个体面的人所代表的善与恶的猛烈冲击之中。 3.I was astonished by the the great power a novel could contain. I lacked the vocabulary to translate my feelings into words. 我被这部小说所包含的巨大能量感到震惊。我无法用语言来表达我的感情(心情)。 4,make sth. long to short长话短说 5.I learned that summer that reading was not the innocent(简单的) pastime(消遣) I have assumed it to be., not a breezy, instantly forgettable escape in the hammock(吊床),( though I’ ve enjoyed many of those too ). I discovered that a book, if it arrives at the right moment, in the proper season, will change the course of all that follows. 那年夏天,我懂得了读书不是我认为的简单的娱乐消遣,也不只是躺在吊床上,一阵风吹过就忘记的消遣。我发现如果在适宜的时间、合适的季节读一本书的话,他将能改变一个人以后的人生道路。 二、词组造句 1. on purpose 特意,故意 This is especially true here, and it was ~. (这一点在这里尤其准确,并且他是故意的) 2.think up 虚构,编造,想出 She has thought up a good idea. 她想出了一个好的主意。 His story was thought up. 他的故事是编出来的。 3. in the meantime 与此同时 助记:in advance 事前in the meantime 与此同时in place 适当地... In the meantime, what can you do? 在这期间您能做什么呢? In the meantime, we may not know how it works, but we know that it works. 在此期间,我们不知道它是如何工作的,但我们知道,它的确在发挥作用。 4.as though 好像,仿佛 It sounds as though you enjoyed Great wall. 这听起来好像你喜欢长城。 5. plunge into 使陷入 He plunged the room into darkness by switching off the light. 他把灯一关,房

改写句子练习2标准答案

The effective sentences:(improve the sentences!) 1.She hopes to spend this holiday either in Shanghai or in Suzhou. 2.Showing/to show sincerity and to keep/keeping promises are the basic requirements of a real friend. 3.I want to know the space of this house and when it was built. I want to know how big this house is and when it was built. I want to know the space of this house and the building time of the house. 4.In the past ten years,Mr.Smith has been a waiter,a tour guide,and taught English. In the past ten years,Mr.Smith has been a waiter,a tour guide,and an English teacher. 5.They are sweeping the floor wearing masks. They are sweeping the floor by wearing masks. wearing masks,They are sweeping the floor. 6.the drivers are told to drive carefully on the radio. the drivers are told on the radio to drive carefully 7.I almost spent two hours on this exercises. I spent almost two hours on this exercises. 8.Checking carefully,a serious mistake was found in the design. Checking carefully,I found a serious mistake in the design.

用以下短语造句

M1 U1 一. 把下列短语填入每个句子的空白处(注意所填短语的形式变化): add up (to) be concerned about go through set down a series of on purpose in order to according to get along with fall in love (with) join in have got to hide away face to face 1 We’ve chatted online for some time but we have never met ___________. 2 It is nearly 11 o’clock yet he is not back. His mother ____________ him. 3 The Lius ___________ hard times before liberation. 4 ____________ get a good mark I worked very hard before the exam. 5 I think the window was broken ___________ by someone. 6 You should ___________ the language points on the blackboard. They are useful. 7 They met at Tom’s party and later on ____________ with each other. 8 You can find ____________ English reading materials in the school library. 9 I am easy to be with and _____________my classmates pretty well. 10 They __________ in a small village so that they might not be found. 11 Which of the following statements is not right ____________ the above passage? 12 It’s getting dark. I ___________ be off now. 13 More than 1,000 workers ___________ the general strike last week. 14 All her earnings _____________ about 3,000 yuan per month. 二.用以下短语造句: 1.go through 2. no longer/ not… any longer 3. on purpose 4. calm… down 5. happen to 6. set down 7. wonder if 三. 翻译: 1.曾经有段时间,我对学习丧失了兴趣。(there was a time when…) 2. 这是我第一次和她交流。(It is/was the first time that …注意时态) 3.他昨天公园里遇到的是他的一个老朋友。(强调句) 4. 他是在知道真相之后才意识到错怪女儿了。(强调句) M 1 U 2 一. 把下列短语填入每个句子的空白处(注意所填短语的形式变化): play a …role (in) because of come up such as even if play a …part (in) 1 Dujiangyan(都江堰) is still ___________in irrigation(灌溉) today. 2 That question ___________ at yesterday’s meeting. 3 Karl Marx could speak a few foreign languages, _________Russian and English. 4 You must ask for leave first __________ you have something very important. 5 The media _________ major ________ in influencing people’s opinion s. 6 _________ years of hard work she looked like a woman in her fifties. 二.用以下短语造句: 1.make (good/full) use of 2. play a(n) important role in 3. even if 4. believe it or not 5. such as 6. because of

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