英美国家概况
美国概况
1.The Appalachian Mountains 阿巴拉契亚山脉in the east coast of US
2.The Rocky Mountains 落基山脉in the west of US
阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国两座大山脉
3.The Mississippi River 密西西比河the longest river in US
4.The Five Great Lakes五大湖
美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖-Lake Superior，密执安湖-Lake Michigan，休伦湖-Lake Huron，伊利湖-Lake Eire和安大略湖-Lake Ontario，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密执安湖全在美国境地内。
5.The Niagara Falls尼亚加拉瀑布
6.Yellowstone National Part黄石国家公园
7.New England 新英格兰美国东北部六个州组成: 缅因州-Maine, 新罕布什尔州-New Hampshire, 佛蒙特州
-Vermont, 马萨诸塞州Massachusetts, 罗得岛州-Rhode Island, and康涅狄格-Connecticut.
8.芝加哥(Chicago)是五大湖最大最忙的港口，也是该地区最大的工商业中心。
9.底特律（Detroit）被称作世界汽车之都，奥马哈（Omaha）被称作美国农业之都。
10.火奴鲁鲁-Honolulu (即“檀香山”)是美国夏威夷州的首府；朱诺(Juneau)是美国阿拉斯加州首府。
11.美国面积最大的州是阿拉斯加(Alaska)，罗得岛(Rhode Island)最小。在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯(Texas)。
12.就面积而言，美国在世界排第四；就人口而言，美国在世界排第三。
13.Separation of Three Powers(三权分立)：Congress, the President and the Judicial Branch
14.The Judicial Branch: (从低到高) District court(地方法院)—the Circuit court(巡回上述法院)—the Supreme
Court(最高法院)
15.爵士乐-Jazz、摇滚乐-Rock and Roll和西部乡村音乐-Western country music是美国流行音乐的几种形式，爵士
乐被认为是美国人对音乐的特别贡献。
16.报纸和杂志
1.The New York Times 《纽约时报》
2.Washington Post《华盛顿邮报》
3.The Los Angeles Times《洛杉矶时报》
4.The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》
5.Time《时代周刊》
6.Newsweek《新闻周刊》
7.Reader’s Digest《读者文摘》
8. The Christian Science Monitor
《基督教科学箴言报》
9. Fortune 《幸福》
17.主要城市：
1.Washington，D．C(华盛顿特区)：the capital of the nation．
2.New York(纽约)：It is the headquarters of the United Nations．Standing in New York Bay is the Statue of Liberty，
3.Boston (波士顿): the financial and trading centre of New England and one of the leading ports
4.San Francisco (旧金山): a port city. The Golden Gate Bridge is located here.
5.Los Angeles (洛杉矶): the manufacturing center. Hollywood and Disneyland are located here.
6.Philadelphia (费城): the site where the two Continental Congresses were held in 1774 and 1775. the city was the
nation's capital from 1790 to 1800.
7.Houston (休斯顿): "the Pearl in the Gulf' and "the Space City of the U.S.A.".
8.Detroit (底特律): "Motor City".
18.美国主要新闻广播公司和电视媒体
1. ABC—— American Broadcasting Company
2. CBS——Columbia Broadcasting System
3. NBC——National Broadcasting Company
4. CNN——Cable News Network
练习题
1. The traditional dividing line in America between "east" and "west" is
A. the Mississippi river.
B. the Appalachians.
C. the Rocky Mountains.
D. the Hudson River.
2. Which part in America is the earliest to be found and taken over by early settlers?
A. The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.
B. The Appalachians and their foothills.
C. The interior lowlands.
D. The Cordillera.
3. Which is the largest racial group in the whole population of U. S. A?
A. Hispanics.
B. American Indians.
C. Non-Hispanics white.
D. Asian Americans.
4. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is
A. Latinos/Hispanics
B. Asian Americans
C. Native Americans
D. African Americans
5. has the world's oldest written constitution and political party.
A. America
B. Canada
C. England
D. Australia
6. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U. S. Constitution?
A. He is the head of the state.
B. He is the chief executive of the U. S.
C. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces.
D. He is the head of his political party.
7. The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by
A. The New Deal
B. World War II
C. New energy sources
D. Technological changes
8.In the United States, how many years does primary education require?
A. Four years.
B. Five years.
C. Six years.
D. Seven years.
9. Most college students in the United States are in
A. private institutions
B. city-funded universities
C. high-tuition universities
D. public institutions
10. The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are as follows EXCEPT
A. the United States State Courts
B. the United States District Courts
C. the United States Courts of Appeal
D. the United State Supreme Court
11.All states of America are governed by the common law EXCEPT
A. Louisiana
B. Washington
C. California
D. New York
12. Of the fifty states of America, how many states now have the death penalty as punishment?
A. 37.
B.38.
C. 39.
D. 40.
13. The four major regions of the United States are
A. Northeast
B. South
C. Midwest
D. West
E. North
A. ABCD.
B. ACDE.
C. BCDE.
D. ABC
E.
14.Which region's cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit?
A. The Middle-Atlantic Region.
B. The New England Region.
C. The Pennsylvanian Region.
D. The Mormon Region.
15. is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.
A. California
B. Indiana
C. Kansas
D. Massachusetts
16. Which of the following is NOT in Middle-Atlantic Region?
A. Broadway.
B. The Statue of Liberty.
C. Time Square.
D. Bible Belt.
17. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of American characters?
A. Ambition.
B. Individualism.
C. Consideration.
D. Self-reliance.
18. Which of the following is NOT America' s newspaper?.
A. Wall Street Journal.
B. USA Today.
C. Guardian.
D. The Milwaukee Journal.
19. Which of file following are U. S. News and Cable network?
a. ABC
b. NBC
c. BBC
d. ABA
A. a b
B. b c
C. c d
D. a d
20."Hollywood"is often used as a synonym for
A. American films
B. American forest industry
C. Christians in the U. S. A
D. American advertising industry
21. The most important and largest river in the United States of America is
A. the Ohio River
B. the Colorado River
C. the Missouri River
D. the Mississippi River
22. The north-eastern part of the United States--New England enjoys a ___climate.
A. northern and oceanic type of
B. typical continental
C. very cold
D. fairly warm
23. To the west of mainland America lies the
A. Atlantic Ocean
B. Pacific Ocean
C. Indian Ocean
D. Arctic Ocean
24. Detroit, a U. S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its
A. automobile industry
B. textile industry
C. iron and steel industry
D. aircraft industry
25. The natives of the continent of America are the
A. Canadians
B. Indians
C. Mexicans
D. Hispanics
26. Thanksgiving Day is celebrated in
A. Britain B, Britain and U.S.A C. the United States D, all the English-speaking countries
27. is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.
A. Washington D.C.
B. Los Angeles
C. San Francisco
D. New York City
28. Which of the following minority groups enjoys the worst social and economic conditions?
A. Blacks.
B. Hispanics.
C. Indians.
D. Asian Americans.
29. Which of the following is NOT in New York City?.
A. Wall Street.
B. Fifth Avenue.
C. Broadway Street.
D. Niagara Falls.
30. Washington D. C. is named
A. after the U. S. President George Washington
B. after Christopher Columbus
C. after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus
D. none of them
31.The U.S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of
A. defense
B. citizenship and naturalization
C. marriage
D. the regulation of foreign trade
32.American and British English are two _ _ of the English language.
A. varieties
B. elements
C. parts
D. forms
33. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was
A. Thomas Jefferson
B. James Monroe
C. James Madison
D. Abraham Lincoln
34. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is
A. Rhode Island
B. Virginia
C. Texas
D. Montana
35. The national flag of the United States is known as
A. the Star-Spangled Banner
B. Uncle Sam
C. Hot Dog
D. Union Jack
36. The colony that did NOT send representatives to the First Continental Congress was
A. Georgia
B. Virginia
C. Massachusetts
D. Rhode Island
37. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the
A. contribution a state has made to the nation
B. population
C. size
D. none of the above
38. The term "Father of Waters" is used to refer to
A. the Amazon River
B. the Mississippi River
C. the Nile River
D. the Hudson River
39, The statue of liberty was given to American people by _ _ as a gift in 1884.
A. Finance
B. Spain
C. Italy
D. Britain
40. music is perhaps America's greatest contribution to the world of popular music.
A. Blues
B. Rock
C. Jazz
D. Waltz
41. is a special day of love!
A. V alentine’s Day
B. April fool' s day
C. Halloween
D. Easter
42 .American national flower is
A. violet
B. rose
C. lily
D. primrose
43. Whose presidential term is the longest?
A. George Washington
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. Abraham Lincoln
D. Franklin D. Roosevelt
44. Ernest Hemingway is __
A. Englishman
B. American
C. Dutch
D. Denmark
45. John Fitzgerald Kennedy is the __ president.
A. 35th
B. 34th
C. 33rd
D. 32nd
46. In 1837, the first college-level institution for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, opened in _ _ to
serve the "Muslim sex".
A. New England
B. Virginia
C. Massachusetts
D. New York
47. The capital of Massachusetts is
A. Providence
B. Boston
C. Montpelier
D. Augusta
48. is the dividing line between the South and North.
A. The Hudson River
B. The Potomac River
C. The Ohio River
D. The Missouri River
49. is Washington' s largest city.
A. Boise
B. Denver
C. Tacoma
D. Seattle
50. Washington D. C., the capital of U. S. is situated on the __ River bank
A. St. Lawrence
B. Hudson
C. Potomac
D. Missouri
51. When did the American Civil War break out?
A. 1775.
B. 1812.
C. 1861.
D. 1863.
52. Who prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence?
A. John Adams.
B. Thomas Jefferson.
C. Benjamin Franklin.
D. John Hancock.
53. In which day is Halloween celebrated?
A. 5 November.
B. 31 October.
C. 17 March.
D. 25 December.
54. The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except
A. George Washington
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. William Penn
D. Benjamin Franklin
55. The New Deal was started by _ _
A. Franklin Roosevelt
B.J.F. Kennedy
C. George Washington
D. Thomas Jefferson
56. The United States was rated _ _ in the world in terms of land area.
A. second
B. third
C. fourth
D. fifth
57. The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided by
A. teachers
B. students
C. headmaster
D. boards of education
58. The Bill of Rights consists of
A. 10 very short paragraphs in an amendment
B.10 amendments adopted in 1787
C.10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791
D. the amendments concerning the freedom of speech, of the press and of religion
59. The United States produces as much as half of the world' s
A. wheat and rice
B. cotton
C. tobacco and vegetable oil
D. soybeans and com
60. Which invention marked the beginning of "The Age of Visual Information"?
A. Newspaper.
B. Telegraph.
C. Laundry machine.
D. Television.
61. The theory of American polities and the American Revolution originated mainly from
A. George Washington
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. John Adams
D. John Locke
62. The District of Manhattan is in the city of _ _.
A. Washington D.C.
B. San Francisco
C. New York
D. Chicago
63. The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states
A. according to their population
B. according to theft size
C. according to their tax paid to federal government
D. equally
64. The Rocky Mountains is located in
A. Great Britain
B. Australia
C. South Africa
D. North America
65. Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to which city?
A. Los Angles.
B. Chicago.
C. New York.
D. Washington.
66. Which of the following is an American newspaper?
A. The Guardian.
B. Newsweek.
C. The International Herald Tribune.
D. the Daily Telegraph.
67. the U.S. is called a "melting pot" because
A. its steel industry is highly developed
B. it has great influence on the world
C. it is an important economic center of the world
D. people from different races live there together
68. Tile first Puritans came to America on the ship __
A. Codpeed
B. Susan Constant
C. May Flower
D. Discovery
练习题答案及题解
1．A 密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线。
2．A 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原。
3．C 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体。
4．D 2000年以前，非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。2000年以后，拉丁美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为了美国第一大少数民族群体
5．A 美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党。
6．D 美国宪法中没有规定总统必须是他所属的政党的首领。
7．B 罗斯福新政并没有从根本上解决大萧条带来的经济危机，第二次世界大战爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境。8．C 美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间。
9．D 大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读。
10．A 美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts；the United States Courts of Appeal和the United States Supreme Court。The United States State Courts与联邦法院类似，它们都属于美国法院的组成
部分，只是层次不同而已。
11．A 路易斯安那州不受共同法的约束。
12．B 美国现在有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑。
13．A 美国的四大主要部分不包括北部。
14．B 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教徒思想的影响。
15．A 加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多。
16．D 中大西洋地区实际上就是纽约都市地区，曼哈顿、时代广场、百老汇、华尔街都位于此，The“Bible Belt'’is a slang term used for a geographical region in the South and the midsection Of the United States一areas that host large groups Of fundamentalist Christians．
17．C 美国人独立、有野心、有抱负，强调个性。
18．C Guardian是英国的主要报纸之一。
19．A ABC，CBS，NBC，PBS，CNN，MTV，SC，TDC，USA，DISCNBC，HBO都是
美国主要的News and Cable Networks。BBC是英国的广播公司。
20．A 好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地。
21．D 美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流。被美国人视
为“众河之父”，沿河流域也是美国的主要农作物产区。
22．B 美国东北部的新英格兰地区的气候是典型的大陆性气候。冬季寒冷，夏季炎热。
23．B 美国东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接加拿大，南靠墨西哥及墨西哥湾。
24．A 底特律是美国著名的汽车城。
25．B 美国的本土居民是当地的印第安人。
26，C 感恩节是每年11月的最后一个星期四，主要是美国人为了感谢起初到美国
大陆定居时上帝和美洲古代印第安人的帮助而庆祝的。
27．D 纽约是美国最大的城市同时也是最重要的经济贸易中心和最主要的港口。
28．A 黑人在美国的经济和社会地位都最为低下。
29．D 尼亚加拉瀑布位于美国与加拿大交界处，其余全在纽约市内。
30．C 首都命名为华盛顿是为了纪念美国的第一任总统乔治·华盛顿，而联邦直辖区被命名为哥伦比亚特区则是为了纪念第一位从欧洲横渡大西洋到达西半球的探险家克里斯多佛·哥伦布。
31．C 美国的立法机构是美国国会，婚姻不属于其立法范围。
32．A 美国英语和英国英语是英语语言的两种变体。
33．D 美国历史上的第一位共和党总统是亚伯拉罕·林肯。
34．A 美国国土面积最小的州是罗得岛。
35．A 美国的国旗是星条旗。
36．A 当时未派代表去参加大陆会议的是佐治亚洲。
37．B 美国每个州派往众议院的代表人数应与本州人口成比例。
38．B 美国的“众河之父”指的是密西西比河。
39．A 美国的自由女神像是法国人赠予的礼物。
40．C 爵土乐是美国对于世界音乐宝库的重要贡献。
41．A 情人节为Valentine’s Day，其余分别为愚人节、万圣节前夕和复活节。
42．B 美国的国花是玫瑰花，象征着美丽、芬芳、热忱和爱情。
43．D 美国在位时间最长的总统是罗斯福，共有12年。
44．B 文坛巨匠海明威是美国人。
45．A 肯尼迪是美国的第35任总统。
46．C 美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州。
47．B 麻省的首府是波士顿。
48．D 美国南北的分界线是密苏里河，东西的分界线是密西西比河。
49．D 华盛顿州的最大城市是西雅图。
50．C 华盛顿特区位于波托马克河上。
51．C 美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年。
52．B 为美国起草独立宣言的是托马斯·杰弗逊。
53．B 万圣节前夕是10月的最后一天即10月31号。
54．C 华盛顿、杰弗逊和弗兰克林都是美国创建时的元老功勋，William Penn是宾州创始人。
55．A 新政是罗斯福为了应对美国经济大萧条而提出的。
56．C 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国。
57．D 对此有决定权的是教育董事会。
58．C 人权法案是于1791年增补到宪法法案上来的前十条修正案。
59．D 美国出产占世界一半的大豆和玉米。
60．D 开创人类视觉信息革命时代的重大发明是电视机。
61．D 美国的许多政治观念都是来源于英国著名哲学家约翰·洛克。
62．C 曼哈顿是纽约市的著名经济和商业区，也是纽约的中心地带。
63．D 美国每一个州在参议院中均有两位议员作为代表，与各州人口无关。
64．D 洛基山脉位于美国西北部，向东南延伸。
66．A 好莱坞和迪士尼均位于洛杉矶。
67．B 新闻周刊》是美国的，《国际先驱论坛》是法国的，《卫报》和《每日电讯》为英国的。
68．D 美国被称之为“大熔炉”是因为来自世界各地的人们所带来的各自的文化在此交融形成独特的多元文化。69．C 首批清教徒到美国时乘坐的船是“五月花号”。
英国概况
1.国歌：“God Save the Queen/King”
2.大不列颠的四个政治区：England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
1)England is in the southern part of Great Britain.
2)Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has 3 natural zones: the highlands in the north；the central lowlands；the
south uplands．Capital：Edinburgh．苏格兰位于大不列颠岛的北部。首府：爱丁堡。
3)Wales is in the west of Great Britain．Capital：Cardiff．威尔士位于西部。首府：加的夫。
4)Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK．Capital：Belfast．首府：贝尔法斯特。
3.The Commonwealth (of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies Of Britain．It
was founded in l931，and has 50 member countries until 1991．英联邦是由曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1991年止已有50个成员国。
4.The north and west Of Britain are mainly highlands；and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands．英国的北部和
西部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。
5.Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain(1，343m)．本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，1，343米。
6.The Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁—撒克逊时代：五世纪，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人入侵不列颠。
7.The Wars of Rose the battles between the House of Lancaster (red rose) and the House of York (white rose) 玫
瑰战争是指从1455年到1485年，以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间战争。
8.Black Death 黑死病The illness (bubonic plague 鼠疫) that killed half the people of Britain.
9.Scotland Yard 苏格兰场---伦敦的警察局总部
10.Margaret Thatcher—撒切尔she was the first woman Prime Minister in British history.
11.英国三大政党：1）工党（Labor Party）2) 保守党（Conservative Party）3）自由民主党(The Liberal Democrat
Party)
12.英国有两大国教：英格兰是英格兰国教---the Church of England，
苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）---the Church of Scotland
13.主要报纸和杂志伦敦市的报业中心“舰队街”—Fleet Street
1)The Times 《泰晤士报》
2)Financial Times《金融时报》
3)The Guardian《卫报》
4)The Daily Telegraph《每日电讯报》
5)The Sun《太阳报》
6)The Economist《经济学家》
7)The Spectator《观察家报》
14.美英通讯社
1）AP （Associated Press）(美国) 美联社
2）UPI（United Press International）(美国) 合众国际社
3）Reuters (Reuter’s News Agency) (英国) 路透社
4）PA （Press Association）(英国) 报纸联合社
5）AFP （法国）法新社
6）TASS （俄罗斯）塔斯社
练习题
1. Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain?
A. England.
B. Scotland.
C. Wales.
D. Ireland.
2. has earned the name of "The Land of Song".
A. Wales
B. Glasgow
C. Edinburgh
D. Scotland
3. In Industrial Revolution, George Stephenson invented
A. railway engine
B. spinning machine
C. steam engine
D. cotton textile
4. is the key to Industrial Revolution.
A. Iron
B. Cotton textile
C. Coal mining
D. Steam engine
5. became a literary current during the period of the successful Industrial Revolution.
A. Criticism
B. Modernism
C. Romanticism
D. Renaissance
6. Modem football game began in __ __
A. China
B. France
C. England
D. Germany
7. is the leader of the British government.
A. Prime Minister
B. Queen
C. President
D. Governor
8. The second largest city in England, __, is a metropolitan district and an industrial city.
A. Edinburgh
B. Belfast
C. Glasgow
D. Birmingham
9. introduced Christianity into Britain.
A. The Celts
B. The Romans
C. The Viking Danes
D. The French
10. The real power of the British government lies in
A. the House of Commons
B. the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister
C. the Prime Minister
D. the Queen
ll. In Britain, education is compulsory for children between the ages of _ _ to
A.5, 14
B.6, 17
C.5, 16
D.6, 14
12.The longest river in Britain is , and the largest river in the USA is
A. the Severn River; the Missouri River
B. the Thames River; the Missouri River
C. the Severn River; the Mississippi
D. the Thames River; the Ohio River
13. The general election in Britain is held every__ years.
A. four
B. three
C. six
D. five
14. Which of the following is a feature of British education as a whole?
A. Education is chaotic.
B. Education is extremely expensive and poor people can' t afford it.
C. Education is highly centralized.
D. Education is independent and enjoys a great deal of freedom.
15. The War of 1812 was fought between
A. England and France
B. England and the United States
C. France and the United States
D. Britain, Canada and the United States
16.The largest river in the United Kingdom, which runs 355 kilometers and empties into the Bristol Strait, is
A. the Severn River
B. the Clyde River
C. the Thames River
D. the Potomac River
17. "God Save the Queen" is the national __ of Britain.
A. flag
B. emblem
C. anthem
D. both A and C
18.the first king of England is , who won the overlord ship in 829.
A. John
B. James I
C. Egbert
D. Henry I
19. In 1588 the English fleet defeated the __ Armada and established its supremacy over the sea.
A. Portuguese
B. Italian
C. Spanish
D. Japanese
20. Big Ben is a famous __ in London.
A. statue
B. bridge
C. hotel
D. clock
21. London is divided into the city of London and __
A. the west end
B. the east end
C. the country of greater London
D. Scotland yard
22.In 1066, __ led the Norman army in invading and defeating England.
A. William the Conqueror
B. Julius Caesar
C. Alfred the Great
D. Claudius
23. Which of the following sports was not invented in Britain?
A. Football.
B. Tennis.
C. Archery.
D. Cricket.
24. Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper?
A. The Telegraph.
B. The Guardian.
C. the News of the World.
D. The Times.
25. The river Thames is in
A. Wales
B. Scotland
C. England
D. Northern Ireland
26. The Industrial Revolution started in
A. the Great Britain
B. the United States
C. Canada
D. Australia
27. Which of the following is true under Thatcher' s administration?
A. The proportion of owner-occupation decreased.
B. Public housing became more important.
C. Many public houses were sold to people.
D. The UK became more European-like in its housing arrangement.
28. Britain has its nuclear naval force since
A. it's one of the developed countries in the world
B. it' s a traditional sea power
C. it has an advanced industry
D. it' s able to produce submarines
29. Which of the following is the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain?
A. The Times.
B. The Guardian.
C. the Observer.
D. The Financial Times.
30, Big Ben was named after __
A. Christopher Wren
B. Benjamin Hall
C. Ben John
D.G. Stephenson.
31. the capital of Wales is __
A. Swansea
B. Cardiff
C. Rhonda
D. Belfast
32: is England's biggest naval base.
A. Portsmouth
B. Southampton
C. Plymouth
D. Dover
33. There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and
A. the Liberal Party
B. the Democratic Party
C. the Labor Party
D. the Republican Party
34. Which name is NOT related to Britain?
A. Northern Ireland.
B. Scotland.
C. Wales.
D. Toronto.
35. The news agency Reuters was founded in __
A. London
B. Birmingham
C. Liverpool
D. Manchester
36.The tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built by
A. King Harold
B. Robin Hood
C. Oliver Cromwell
D. William the Conqueror
37. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?
A. the Anglo-Saxon.
B. The Normans
C. The Vikings.
D. The Romans.
38. Which is the largest city in Scotland?
A. Cardiff.
B. Edinburgh.
C. Glasgow.
D. Manchester.
39.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16
A. can legally receive completely free education
B. can legally receive partly free education
C. cannot receive free education at all D．cannot receive free education if their parents are rich
40．The industrial Revolution started in
A．the Great Britain B．the United States C．Canada D．Australia
练习题答案及题解
1．D 不列颠群岛由两个大岛——大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。爱尔兰不属于此。
2．A 威尔士素有“歌曲之乡”的美名，造就出许许多多的音乐人才与优良的音乐传统。
3．C 工业革命时期，英国人Stephenson发明了第一辆蒸汽机车。时间是1814年。
4．B 纺织业的改革是英国工业革命的主要成就之一。
5．C 工业革命时期的主要文学流派是浪漫主义。
6．C 现代的足球运动起源于英国。其正宗的老家在英格兰，19世纪兴起。
7．A 英国的政体是君主立宪制。国王(女王)是国家元首，但政府的首领为首相。
8．D 英国的第二大城市伯明翰位于英格兰中部平原，足国际化大城市，也是英国的工业和制造业中心。
9．B 公元43年，罗马人占领英国，其后统治了400多年。基督教就是在这一时期由罗马人传人英国的。10．B 君主立宪制下，国王的作用更侧重于其象征意义，实权为内阁所有，内阁由首相率领。
11．C 英国的教育体系中的义务教育阶段是5-16岁，这是每一位学生在学校学习的最低年限。
12．C 英国最长的河是塞文河，全长355公里，美国最长的河是密西西比河，长4000公里。
13．D 英国大选每5年举行一次。
14．D 英国教育制度经过几百年的改革，相当的完善和复杂，同时又具有相当的灵活性。
15．D 1812年6月，美国向英国宣战，其真实用意在于夺取加拿大。成为第二次美英之战。
16．A 英国最长的河是塞文河。
17．C 《上帝拯救女王》是英国的国歌。
18．C 艾格伯国王于829年统一英格兰建立王权。
19．C 1588年英国舰队摧毁西班牙无敌舰队，从而树立了海上霸权。
20．D Big Ben是英国著名的“大本钟”。
21．C 大伦敦包含伦敦市区以及周围的市郊乡村。伦敦市区又分为the west end and the east end，西区为富人区。22．A 1066年，威廉大帝率诺曼底军队远征英格兰，大获全胜。
23．C 起源于英国的运动是足球、网球和板球，射击不是。
24．D 英国历史最悠久的日报是《泰晤士报》。
25．C 泰晤士河位于英格兰。
26．A 工业革命最早从英国开始。
27．C 1979年撒切尔夫人成为英国第一任女首相。她提出的政策被为“撒切尔主义”。其内容包括国有工业私有化，采用货币主义政策以控制通货膨胀，削弱工会的影响，加强市场因素在经济中的作用，将公有住房卖给民众，强调法律和秩序。
28．B 英国拥有其海军核力量与其海上一贯的霸主地位是密切相关的。
29．C 《观察家报》创刊于1791年，是英国创刊最早的星期日日报。
30．B 据说Big Ben得名于它在1859年修建时候的建造者Benjamin Hall。
31．B 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫
32。A 英国最大的海军基地是普茨茅斯。
33．C 英国奉行的是两党制。其两大主要政党是保守党和工党。
34．D 多伦多属于加拿大，与英国无关。
35。A 路透社创建于伦敦。
36．D 伦敦塔是1078年为防止罗马入侵由威廉大帝修建的。
37．A 英国民族的前身是安格鲁萨克森人。
38．C 格拉斯格是苏格兰最大的城市和经济中心。
39．A 英国小孩5-16岁的教育是免费的。
40．A 工业革命起源于英国。.
加拿大概况
1.“枫叶之国”，国庆日：7月1日（1867），居民信天主教占47.3%，信基督教占41.2%
2.首都：渥太华（Ottawa）, 地处安大略省
3.全国分10个省和3个地区。
4.主要报纸和杂志：《多伦多星报》、《环球邮报》、《国家邮报》
练习题
1. Maples are always used to symbolize __
A. Australia
B. America
C. England
D. Canada
2. Canada was originally one colony of __
A. America
B. Canada
C. England
D. New Zealand
3. The official languages in Canada are English and __
A. French
B. Spanish
C. German
D. Portuguese
4. The capital of Canada is
A. Vancouver
B. Ottawa
C. Toronto
D. Quebec
5. The largest city in Canada is __
A. Vancouver
B. Ottawa
C. Toronto
D. Montreal
答案及题解
1．D 枫叶一般用来指代加拿大。
2．C 加拿大起初是英法殖民地。后来英法战争爆发，法国将殖民地给了英国。
3．A 加拿大的官方语言是法语和英语。；
4．B 加拿大首都是渥太华。
5．C 加拿大最大城市是多伦多，位于魁北克省。蒙特利尔是加拿大第二大城市
澳大利亚概况
1.首都：堪培拉(Canberra)。
2.行政区划分：澳大利亚全国分为6个州和两个地区。各州有自己的议会、政府、州督和州总理。6个州是：
1)新南威尔士New South Wales(capital：Sydney)
2)维多利亚Victoria(capital：Melbourne)
3)昆士兰Queensland(capital：Brisbane)
4)南澳大利亚South Australia(capital：Adelaide)
5)西澳大利亚West Australia(capital：Perth)
6)塔斯马尼亚Tasmania(capital：Hobart)；
7)两个地区是：北部地方The Northern Territory (capital：Darwin)、首都直辖区Canberra
3.东部的大堡礁：The Great Barrier Reef
4.独有的动物：kangaroo袋鼠and koala树袋熊
5.土著居民：Aboriginals
练习题
1. Kangaroos can be only found in
A. Australia
B. America
C. England
D. Canada
2.Australia was originally one colony of
A. America
B. Canada
C. England
D. New Zealand
3.Which of following country is located in the Southern Hemisphere?
A. Australia
B. America
C. England
D. Canada
4. The capital of Australia is __
A. Canberra
B. Sydney
C. Melbourne
D. Queensland
5. The largest city in Australia is __
A．Canberra B．Sydney C．Melbourne D．Perth
练习题答案及题解
1．A 袋鼠是生活在澳大利亚的动物。
2．C 澳大利亚为英联邦成员国。1931年，澳成为英联邦内的独立国。
3．A 澳大利亚位于南半球。其他的三个国家都位于北半球。
4．A 堪培拉是澳大利亚首都，悉尼市是澳大利亚第一大城市，墨尔本是澳第二大城市。昆士兰州是澳大利亚的第2大州。
5．B 堪培拉是澳大利亚首都。
新西兰概况
1.首都：惠灵顿--Wellington. 最大城市奥克兰—Auckland
2.土著居民：The Maori 毛利人
3.由南岛、北岛和斯图尔特尔岛组成。
练习题
1. The capital of New Zealand is __
A. Auckland
B. Christchurch
C. Dunedin
D. Wellington
2. The largest city in New Zealand is __
A. Auckland
B. Christchurch
C. Dunedin
D. Wellington
3. The __ are the indigenous people of New Zealand, and have a rich and varied culture.
A. Maori
B. Cherokee
C. People from India
D. People from Southeast Asia
练习题答案及题解
1．D 新西兰首都：惠灵顿(Wellington)，是地球上最靠南的都城。海港城市奥克兰是新西兰最大的城市。基督堂市Christchurch是新西兰南岛东岸港市。达尼丁Dunedin是新西兰南岛东南岸港市。
2．A 海港城市奥克兰是新西兰最大的城市。新西兰首都：惠灵顿。
3．A 毛利人是新西兰的土著居民。Cherokee 切罗基族人是北美易洛魁人的一支。
语言学概述
第一章：语言和语言学(Language and Linguistics)
1. 语言的定义；
Language is a system of arbitrary(随意的) vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. 语言的特性；
1. 任意性（Arbitrariness）
2. 多产性（Productivity）
3. 双层结构(Duality)
4. 移位性（Displacement）
5. 文化传播性(Cultural Transmission)
3. 语言的单位、层次、结构和功能；
1. 语言的双层结构(Duality)，a. 声音结构(the structure of sounds)
b. 意义结构(the structure of meaning)
2. 语言的功能：
1. 传达信息的功能(Informative)
2. 人际功能(Interpersonal)
3. 行事功能(Performative)
4 表情功能(Emotive)
5 寒暄功能(Phatic)
6 娱乐功能(Recreational)
7 元语言功能(Metalingual)
4. The core of Linguistics(语言学研究的核心)：Phonetics语音学，Phonology音位学，
Morphology形态学，Syntax句法学，Semantics语义学，Pragmatics语用学。
5．现代语言学开始的标志：Marked by the Publication of F. de Saussure's book Course in General Linguistics
6. Prescriptive规定性研究vs．Descriptive描写性研究：
a. 规定性的语言学研究着重观察、总结语言中的“标准”，现代语言学诞生前的大部分语法研究都属于此类。
b. 描述性研究是现代语言学家采取的基本立场，着重观察、分析语言中的“事实”，
其目的通常是对人们说话及写作的方式进行描述。
7. Synchronic共时研究vs．Diachronic历时研究：·
a. 共时研究以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象
b. 历时研究则研究语言各个阶段的发展变化，研究语言的历史发展规律。
8. Langue 语言vs. Parole言语：
这是由现代结构主义语言学创始人索绪尔(the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure)提出。
a. Langue 指语言系统的整体，指所有(语言使用)个体头脑中存储的词语——形象之总和
b. Parole 则指某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语，
9. Competence 语言能力vs．Performance语言运用：
此概念由生成语法创始人乔姆斯基(American linguist N. Chomsky)提出。
a. Competence指理想语言使用者关于语言规则的知识储备，
b. Performance则指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用。
练习题：
1. The study of __ does NOT form the core of linguistics.
A. syntax
B. pragmatics
C. morphology
D. sociolinguistics
2.If study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called _comes into being.
A. syntax
B. semantics
C. pragmatics
D. morphology
3. Which of the following statements is not the concern of psycholinguistics?
A. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language.
B. It focuses on the way of processing the information we receive in the course of communication.
C. It pays more attention to the study of language acquisition in children.
D. It relates the social norms that determine the type of language to be used in a certain occasion.
4. Which of the following words is the entire arbitrary one?
A. Crash.
B. Book.
C. Newspaper.
D. Beautiful.
5. Which of the following items is not a design feature of human language?
A. Competence.
B. Arbitrariness.
C. Displacement.
D. Productivity.
6. The differences between Traditional Grammar and Modem Linguistics are all of the followings EXCEPT
A. descriptive vs. prescriptive
B. spoken vs. written.
C. non-Latin framework vs. Latin-based framework
D. competence vs. performance
7. The term __ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over
various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D. historical comparative
8. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?
A. careful.
B. crack.
C. handbag.
D. table.
9. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called
: A. Sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics C. Computational linguistics D. Applied linguistics
10. is regarded as file "father of modem linguistics"?
A. Chomsky
B. Saussure
C. Halliday
D. Whorf
11. Competence refers to
A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentences
B. the actual realization of the language user' s knowledge of the rules in utterances
C. the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language
D. what speakers can actually do with language
12. The subject area on file borders of linguistics and literature has become known as
A. linguistic stylistics
B. anthropological linguistics
C. neurolinguistics
D. mathematical linguistics
13. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between
A. prescriptive and descriptive
B. synchronic and diachronic
C. speech and writing
D. langue and parole
14. answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.
A. Psycholinguistics
B. Applied linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. anthropological linguistics
15. Children can speak before they can mad or write shows that
A. language is basically vocal
B. language is arbitrary
C. language is used for communication
D. language is productive
16. means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.
A. Ambiguity
B. Abstractness
C. Arbitrariness
D. Fuzziness
17. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?
A. Language means the system of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.
B. Language means a particular type or style of language used for a particular put pose.
C. Language refers to the common features of all human languages.
D. Language includes animal and artificial features of language.
18. All human languages are organized on two levels: the sound level--meaningless, the grammatical level--meaningful,
This means language has the design feature of
A. creative
B. changeable
C. arbitrary
D. duality
19. are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.
A. Morphology and semantics
B. Morphology and syntax
C. Semantics and syntax
D. Morphology and phonology
20 dictionary established a uniform standard for English spelling and word use.
A. Johnson' s B . Lowth' s C. John's D. Firth's
21. Langue & parole are a pair of important distinctions put forward by _ _
A. Saussue
B. Chomsky
C. Lyons
D. Halliday
22. Language has the feature of in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never
heard before.
A. duality
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. interchangeability
23. Linguistics gives priority to the spoken language instead of the written language because
A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systems
B. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world
C. we have recording devices to study speech
D. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European
24. Who made the distinction between competence and performance?
A. Noam Chomsky.
B.F. de. Saussure.
C. M. A.K. Halliday.
D.L. Bloomfield.
25. N. Chomsky is a great linguist.
A. Swiss
B. French
C. Canadian
D. American
Ⅲ．答案及题解
1．D 语言学研究的核心主要包括：语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学，语用学。
2. C 语用学研究上下文中语言运用的情况。
3．D 心理语言学研究人脑如何工作，儿童如何习得母语，如何在交际过程中处理信息等。选项D是社会语言学研究的范畴。
4. B 四个选项中只有“书”是随意创造出来的。crash是根据声音创造出来的词汇，属于onomatopoeic words
拟声词。Newspaper是由News和paper组成。Beautiful是由Beauty演化而来。
5．A 语言的普遍特征包含：语言的任意性Arbitrariness，多产性Productivity，双层结构Duality，移位性Displacement，文化传播性Cultural Transmission。
6．D 现代语言学同传统语法的主要不同点为：描写性／规定性；口语／书面；非拉丁语框架／拉丁语框架。7．B 历时语言学研究语言各个阶段的发展变化，研究语言的历史发展规律。研究的重点是历时变化着的语言现象，是语言要素从古到今演变的连续性。
8．D 四个选项中table是随意创造出来的。careful是由care+ful组成。handbag是由band+bag组成。crack属于拟声词。
9．D 把语言原理和理论应用到语言教学和学习的语言学是应用语言学。
10．B 瑞士语言学家索绪尔被认为是现代语言学之父。他区分了语言和言语两个重要概念。
11．C 语言能力competence的定义为理想的语言使用者所应掌握的语言规则，选项B 语言使用者对于语言规则的实际使用情况为言语行为performance的定义。
12．A 语言文体学是介于语言学和文学之间的研究领域。D数学语言学。B是人类语言学。C是神经语言学。13．D 美国语言学家Chomsky提出的competence和performance的区别与瑞土语言学家索绪尔提出的语言和言语langue and parole的区别大致相同。
14．A 心理语言学研究儿童母语习得，人类运用语言时大脑如何工作，交流过程中人类如何处理接收到的信息。15．A 语言的主要媒介是声音，这也说明语言是发声的系统。书面文字比口头语言出现得晚，可以解释孩子们一般都是先学会说话，然后才学阅读、写字。
16．C 语言的随意性说明语言在意义和声音方面没有逻辑的联系。
17．D 这里研究的语言不包括一些动物语言和假语言。
18．D 语言的双层结构n词lb包含两种：声音结构、语法结构。
19．B 形态学同句法学主要研究语法层面上的意义。
20．A Johnson的大辞典为英语的用法和拼写制定了统一的标准。
21．A 索绪尔被认为是现代语言学之父。他区分了语言和言语两个重要概念。
22．B 语言的多产性可以保证人们能够创造出大量的句子，包括以前从来没有听说过的句子。
23．B 口头语言比书面文字出现得早。语言学家关心的是活的语言，所以他们一般对于日常生活中的口语speech 给予较大关注。
24．A 美国语言学家Chomsky做出competence and performance的区分。
25．D Chomsky是美国著名的语言学家。
第二章：语音学和音位学（Phonetics and Phonology）
1. 定义：
a. Phonetics (语音学): The branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides
methods for their description, classification and transcription. 指从自然的角度出发研究语
言语音的语言学分支，主要关注语音的产生、传播和接受的过程，并着重考察人类语言
中的单音，包括对语音的描述、分类、标示等。
b. Phonology (音位学): It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are
used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 音位学是指从功能的角度出发，对出
现在某种特定语言中的语音及其组合、分布规律进行研究的语言学分支。
音位学与语音学的区别：
a.语音学着重于自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音，它是音位学研究的基础；
b.音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
2. Scope of Phonetics语音学三大分支：1．Articulatory phonetics (发音语音学)
2．Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学)
3．Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学)
3. 发音器官的组成：1. the V ocal Cords（声带）
2. 三个回声腔：a. the Pharynx (咽腔)
b. the oral cavity (口腔)
c. the nasal cavity (鼻腔)
4. Cardinal V owels 标准元音：最有名的标准元音系统由琼斯（Daniel Jones）提出。
5. Superasegmental Phonology 超音段音位学
Superasegmental features超音段的特征：
一般包括：1.（Stress）重音 2.（Length）音长
3.（Pitch）音高
4.（Intonation）语调
练习题：
1.. Phonetics is the study of
A. all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages
B. speech sounds used by human languages to represent
C. the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in nature
D. how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding
2. /m, n/are
A. fricatives
B. dentals
C. glides
D. nasals
3. /w, j/belong to _ _
A. fricatives
B. dentals
C. glides
D. nasals
5.In the field of phonology, which of the following does NOT belong to the suprasegmental features?
A. stress.
B. tone.
C. intonation.
D. syllable.
6. Classification of vowels are made up of the followings EXCEPT
A. the position of the tongue
B. the openness of the mouth
C. the shape of the lip
D. the width of the vowels
7. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a
A. phoneme
B. allophone
C. phone
D. allomorph
8. /p ,t, k/are __
A. fricatives
B. affricates
C. glides
D. stops
9./kuku:/is a bird's call . The name of such a bird is CUCKOO which is an example of
A. language universals
B. onomatopoeia
C. teaching grammars
D. morphs
10.The vowel [u: ]in [ fu:d] (food)is a __. vowel.
A. back
B. front
C. unrounded
D. central
13. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the __ of that
phoneme.
A. minimal
B. allomorph
C. phones
D. allophones
15. Which of the following is a fricative sound?
A. [m]
B. [p]
C. [w]
D. [v]
16. There are nasals in English.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
17. are not a minimal pair in English.
A. "sink" and "zinc"
B. "fine' and "vine"
C. "bat" and "pat"
D. "teach' and "cheat"
Ⅲ．练习题答案及题解
1．A 语音学研究世界语言中出现的所有声音。
2．D 根据发音方式不同，英语的辅音可以分为：完全阻塞辅音；摩擦音；破擦音，流音；鼻音(nasals包括三个[m)[n)”；滑音。
3．C 根据发音方式不同，英语的辅音分为：完全阻塞辅音；摩擦音；破擦音，流音；鼻音；滑音／w，j／。5．D 超音段音位学包括：重音、声调和语调。
6．D 英语元音的分类有四类：the position of the tongue (front，central，back) in the mouth; the openness of the mouth
(close V owels, semi-close semi-open vowels and open vowels); the shape of the lip
(rounded, unrounded) and the length of the vowels
7. A 音位是音位学中的基本单位，能够将此音和彼音区分开。
8．D p，t，k属于爆破音，也就是完全阻塞辅音。
9 B CUCKOO布谷鸟是象声词onomatopoeia。
10．A [u：]属于后元音。
13．D 不同的语音环境中不同的音素可以代表一个音位，不同的音素可以被称为这个音位的音位变体。
15．D 摩擦音(fricatives包括f，v，s，z，，h)。
16．C 鼻音(nasals包括三个
17．D 最小对立体指的是语言中的两个词，只因为有一个区别性的音(即一个音位)，其意义也因此而不同。题目中的"sink" and“zinc"，“fine" and“vine"和“bat" and“pat"等都属于最小对立体。
第三章：形态学（Morphology）
1. 定义：
Morphology形态学：refers to the study of the internal structure of words，and the rules by which words are formed．形态学主要研究单词的内部构造以及单词构成的规则。
2. Closed class words封闭性单词vs．Open class words开放性单词：
a. Closed class words refer to words whose membership is fixed or limited.
包括：连词、介词、冠词、和代词
b. Open class words refer to words whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited
包括：名词、动词、形容词、和副词。
3. Morpheme(词素)：the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, the minimal unit of
meaning 形态学研究的基本单位是语言中音义结合的最小单位，也是语法分析的最小单位。
自由词素free morphemes：可以独立出现、独立成词的词素。
粘着词素bound morphemes：不可独立成词，必须与其他语素一起出现的词素。
词干stem词干是可以附加词缀的词素或词素群。
词根root：如，-ceive是receive，perceive的词根，动词词根。
4. Word-formation：the processes of word variations signaling lexical relationships (表明词法关系)．
两种方式：compound (合成) and derivation (派生)．
词汇的变化：1 addition ，
2 loss，
3 changes in the meaning words a. widening b. narrowing c. meaning-shift
5. 词汇的变化过程：
1．Coinage (新造词)：这主要指现实中(尤其是经济领域)不断有新事物出现，需要人们创造新的词汇来表达这
些事物，比较常见的是商品的名称，如柯达(Kodak)，可口可乐(Coca Cola)。2．Blending (拼缀法或混成法): 是指两个单词混合在一起构成新词的过程，一般是前一个词的前一部份和一
个词的前一部份或后一部份混合而成，如smog由smoke和fog组成，motel
由motor和hotel混成。
3. Clipping (截断法): 指将一个单词截断成长度稍短的形式以形成新词的过程，如ad是advertisement的缩写，
plane是aeroplane 的缩写，flu是influenza的缩写等等。
4. Acronym (首字母缩写法)：指将几个单词的起首字母组合在一起从而形成单词的过程，如UN是United
Nations，WTO是World Trade Organization等。
5．Back-formation (逆构词法) ：这是一种比较反常的构词法，人们从一个长单词中删去一个看似为词缀的部
分，形成这个长词的一个变体形式，从而构成新词。如editor原本是一个词根，
其中的—。，并非表示人的后缀，但是人们在使用中将之当成后缀，并派生出
其动词形式edit来。
6. Borrowing(借词法) : 这是直接从外语中借用词语的造词过程，如汉语中的沙发、巧克力等，英语中有大量单
词来自拉丁语、法语、西班牙语等等。
练习题：
1. Morphology is the study of
A. the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formation
B. the uses of different types of utterances in different contexts
C. the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in nature
D. the rules that pertain to all languages throughout the world
2. Which of the following does NOT belong to "open 'class words"?
A. Nouns.
B. Adjectives.
C. Conjunctions.
D. Adverbs.
3.. What is the minimal unit of meaning?
A. Phoneme.
B. Morpheme.
C. Allophone.
D. Allomorph.
4. There are __ morphemes in the word "undesireableity".
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
5. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?
A. Rainbow.
B. Inaction.
C. Icy- cold.
D. Unpleasant.
6. are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.
A. Roots
B. Stems
C. Affixes
D. Compounds
7. Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they_
A. are complex words
B. are technical words
C. refer to the commonest things in life
D. denote the most important concepts
8.All the following words contain the inflectional affixes except
A. cares
B. careful
C. faster
D. books
9. The word "irresistible' is
A. a compound one
B. a clipped one
C. a blended one
D. a derived one
10. Which of the following is not a free morpheme?
A. bed.
B. tree.
C. dance.
D. children.
11. Which of the following affix differs from others?
A. -ly.
B. -ness.
C. -ing.
D.-ful.
12. Of the following word-formation processes, __ is the most productive.
A. clipping.
B. blending.
C. initialism.
D. derivation.
13. Morpheme that can occur "unattached" are called
A. inflectional
B. bound
C. free
D. derivational morphemes
14.the word "motherboard" is
A. a dipped one
B. a blended one
C. a compound one
D. an acronym
15. The word "kung-fu" is __
A. a clipped one
B. a blended one
C. a compound one
D. a borrowed one
答案及题解
1．A 形态学主要研究单词的内部构造以及单词构成的规则。
2．C Open class words包括：名词、动词、形容词、和副词。在所有词汇中这些实义词占大多数。Closed由弱words包括：连词、介词、冠词、和代词。C连词属于Closed由弱words。
3．B 词素是最小意义单位。Phoneme是音位。Allophone是音位变体。Allomorph是词素变体。
4．B undesireableity是这样组成的：1m十desire十able十卸。
5．D Word-formation有两种：compound(合成by stringing words together)和derivation(派生)．Rainbow，Inaction 和Icy-cold属于合成词。Unpleasant属于派生词。
6．C 前缀和后缀被叫做粘着词素，不可以单独使用。
7．C 词汇表中的一些词比较稳定主要是因为他们能够代表生活中的大部分事物。
8．B 屈折变化指粘着词汇主要用于语法方面：时态、第三人称单数、格、比较级、最高级等。-s，-er，-s等没有任何词汇意义，只用于表述语法层面。careful属于派生词。
9．D irresistible属于派生词，通过ir+resist+ible形成。
10．D children是由child衍化而来。
11．C -ing属于带屈折变化的词汇词缀，其他属于派生的词汇词缀。
12．D 构词法中，派生词派生的词汇最为丰富，最多。
13．C 能单独出现的词素叫做自由词素。
14．C motherboard是个复合词。
15．D Kung-fu是外来词。
第四章：句法学（Syntax）
1. 定义：
Syntax: the study of how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 句法学研究句子结构，揭示构成某一语言句子的内在规则。
2．英语句法研究中，最常见的是名词短语(NP)、动词短语(VP)、形容词短语(AP)和介词短语(PP)。3．Phrases that are formed of more than one word contain :
1. head(中心语)
2. specifier(标志语)
3. complement(补足语)
4．Transformational-generative grammar(转换生成语法)：由美国语言学家乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky) 在1957年提出的语法研究模式，认为所有的语言形式都是由人头脑中的一些深层结构通过一系列的
转换规则衍生而来。
5．Systemic-functional Grammar(系统功能语法)：由英国语言学家韩礼德(M.A．K．Halliday)发展出的一套语法体系。主要关注语言和社会之间的关系，认为语言是一种做事的方式，研究语言与环境
的关系，重视对个别语言及个别变体的描写。
6. 名词和代词的性（Gender）、数（Number）和格（Case）
动词的时态（Tense）、体（Aspect）和语态（V oice）
练习题：
1. Syntax mainly deals with
A. how a language changes through time
B. how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences
C. how the human work when they use language
D. how a language varies through geographical space
2. Syntax categories contain the type of
A. meaning that words express
B. affixes that the words take
C. structures in which the words can occur
D. All of the above
3. Which of the following is NOT the concern of a word category?
A.A word category can be determined by meaning, inflection and distribution.
B. To determine a word' s category by its meaning only is often not reliable.
C.A word's category can be embodied directly from its meaning.
D. Distribution is more reliable than the meaning to determine a word's category.
4. What dements does a phrase contain?
A. Head, determiner and complement .
B. Head, specifier and complement.
C. Head, specifier and complementizer.
D. Head, determiner and complementizer.
5. Transformational rules do not change the basic __ of sentences.
A. meaning
B. form
C. position
D. structure
6.q~e criteria to determine a word's category include all the following EXCEPT
A. meaning
B. inflection
C. distribution
D. parts of speech
7. The syntactic component provides the _ _ for a sentence.
A. lexicon
B. structure
C. meaning
D. sound
8.Application of the transformational rules yields __ structure.
A. phrase
B. deep
C. prelexical
D. surface
9. The same word has the same meaning to all the speakers of the same language.
A. conceptual
B. associative
C. lexical
D. affective
10. is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
A. Semantics
B. Pragmatics
C. Syntax
D. Morphology
答案及题解
1．B 句法学主要研究句子结构以及词、词组和短语组成句子的规则。
2．D 句法的分类有meaning that words express，affixes that the words take，structures in which the words can occur 3．C 决定词类范畴仅凭意义一项是难以决定的。必须借助于其他如屈折变化和分布等内容加以判断。
4．B 一个词组主要包含head，specifier and complement。
5. A 转换规则所生成的浅层结构并没有改变深层结构的意义。
6．D 决定词类范畴的有意义、屈折变化和分布。词性则属于另外的范畴。
7．B 句法成分为句子提供了结构。
8．D Surface structure(表层结构)：it corresponds to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from
appropriate transformations.是深层结构通过一系列转换规则之后得到的最后结果，是说话人实际说出的句子。9．A 一个单词概念上的意义对于所有操该语言的讲话者来说都是不变的。
10．C 句法学研究句子结构，揭示构成某一语言句子的内在规则。
第五章：语义学（Semantics）
1. 定义：
Semantics：is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language．
语义学指对语言产生意义的方法的系统研究，主要研究对象为词义和句义。
2. 语义关系（Sense Relations）
1．Synonymy 同义关系----意义相近或相似，实际上难以达到完全的意义对等。
2．Antonymy 反义关系----一般分为三种：
1. 可分等级的(gradable)
2. 互补的(complementary)
3. 相反的(converse)
3．Hyponymy 上下义关系：是一种意义包含的关系，分为：上义词(superordinate)和下义词(hyponyms)
3. 利奇的七种意义（Leech’s seven types of meanings）
这七种意义分为三大类：1. 概念意义(Conceptual Meaning)
2. 联想意义(Associative Meaning)
3. 主题意义(Thematic Meaning)
4. Polysemy一词多义：the same one word may have more than one meaning
练习题
1.Which of the following is NOT the concern of "sense"?
A. It is the study of tile inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
B. It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.
C. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.
D. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
2. The meaning relationship between the two words "sheep" and "ewe" is __
A. Antonymy
B. Homonymy
C. Hyponymy
D. Polysemy
3. X: They are going to have another baby. Y: They have a child.
The relationship of X and Y is __
A. synonymous
B. inconsistent
C. X entailing Y
D. X presupposing Y
4. According to the componential analysis, the words "girl" and "woman" differ in the feature of
A. HUMAN
B. ANIMATE
C. MALE
D. ADULT
6. The relationship between "violet" and "tulip" is __
A. co-hyponyms
B. superordinate
C. hyponyms
D. antonyms
7. The relationship between "Begin" & "Commence" is
A. Dialectal synonyms
B. Stylistic synonyms
C. Collocational synonyms
D. Semantically different synonyms
8. Predication analysis is a way to analyze __ meaning.
A. phoneme
B. word
C. phrase
D. sentence
9. What is the relationship between the words "color" and "red"?
A. Synonymy.
B. Antonymv.
C. Polysemy.
D. Hyponymy.
10. "Fall" and "autumn" are __ synonyms.
A. dialectal
B. stylistic
C. evaluatively different
D. semantically different
11. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of
A. humor
B. sarcasm
C. ridicule
D. all of the above
12. The four major modes of semantic change are __
A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation
B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation
C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation
D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation
13. Hyponymy _ _
A. is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, the former is included in the latter
B. is the relationship that stands between "flute" and "instrument"
C. both A and B
D. none
14. We call the relation between "animal" and" horse" as
A. synonymy
B. polysemy
C. homonymy
D. hyponymy
15. The semantic features of the word "girl" can be expressed as _ _
A. + animate, - human, + adult, + male.
B. + animate, + human, - adult, + male.
C. + animate, + human, + adult, - male.
D. + animate, + human, - adult, - male.
16. What is the sentential relation between "He likes skating." and "He likes sports. "?
A. Presupposition.
B. Entailment.
C. Contradict/on.
D. Hyponymy.
17.According to the predication analysis proposed by the British linguist G. Leech, the predication of the sentence "It is raining." is a _ _
A. no-place predication
B. one-place predication
C. two-place predication
D. three-place predication
18. The pair of words "borrow/lend" is called
A. relational opposites
B. synonyms
C. complementary
D. gradable opposites
19.Which description of the meaning components of the word "father" is fight?
A. + human, + adult, - male
B. + human, - adult, + male
C.- human, + adult, - male
D. + human, + adult, + male
20. "Yellow" has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its
A. conceptual meaning
B. cognitive meaning
C. associative meaning
D. stylistic meaning
21. X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe.
The relationship of A and B is
A. synonymous
B. inconsistent
C.X entailing Y
D.X presupposing Y
22. The ambiguity in "pass the port" is caused by
A. lexical items
B. a grammatical structure
C. homonymy
D. polysemy
24. The word "luggage" and "baggage" are
A. synonyms differing in emotive meaning
B. dialectal synonyms
C. collocationally-restricted synonyms
D. synonyms differing in styles
25. Componential analysis is a method applied in the field of
A. phonetics
B. syntax
C. semantics
D. pragmatics
26. "Big" and "small' are a pair of __ opposites.
A. complementary
B. gradable
C. complete
D. converse
答案及题解
1．B Sense和Reference同属meaning的两个方面。Sense是关于语言形式的内部意义，是语言形式所有特点的集合，字典编纂者对此项感兴趣。B是关于Reference的解释，指一种语言形式在现实世界中所指代的事物。2．C Hyponymy上下义关系指表示一般(more general)概念的词包含表示个别(more specific)概念的词。“Ewe"母羊是羊的一种。这里羊被叫做superordinate(上义词)，母羊被叫做hyponym(下义词)。
3．D “他们将有另外一个孩子”的前提便是“他们已经有了一个孩子”。两个句子的关系是前提关系。Entailment 属于包含关系。
4．D 女孩和女人的主要区别是女孩是孩子，女人是成人。他们都是“人，有生命的，非男性”。
6．A 紫罗兰和郁金香的关系属于同下义词co-hyponyms。花是他们的上义词superordinate。
7．B Begin & Commence属于同义词，他们主要是风格不同，前者不正式，后者正式一些。
8．D 述谓结构是分析句子意思的一种方式。
9．D 颜色与红色属于上下义关系。
10．A “FW”是美国用法，“autumn"是英国用法。它们之间的主要区别在于地域的差别。
11．D 双关语中同义词的运用目的是获得幽默、讽刺、嘲笑的效果。
12．A 语义变化的四种模式包括：extension，narrowing，elevation and degradation。
13．C 上下义关系：指的是一种意义包含的关系，包含者被称为上义词superordinate，而被包含者则被称为下义词hyponyms。一个上义词一般会有许多下义词。
14．D 动物和马属于上下义关系。
15．D 应该对女孩作如下分析：有生命力的，人类，非成人，非男性。
16．B 溜冰属于运动的一种方式，所以第一句话同第二句话是包含关系。
17．A “it is raining”．这句话中没有argument，所以这句话属于no-place predication．
18．A Borrow／lend属于relational opposites关系相对应的词汇。
19．D 通过成分分析法，我们了解到，父亲这个词包含如下特征：人类，成人，男性。
20．C 黄色对于中国人和西方人来说意义不一样，是因为该词所产生的不同的联想意义。
21．C 第一句和第二句是包含的关系。“他去过法国”被包含在“他去过欧洲”的句子中。
22．D 一词多义经常会导致表达含糊不清。
24．B “luggage”用于英国，“baggage”用于美国。地域不同，所以属于dialectal synonyms‘25．C 成分分析用于语义学的研究领域。
26．B “Big"和“small”是一对分等级的反义词。
第六章：语用学（Pragmatics）
1. 定义：
语用学研究语言是如何被人们使用来进行交际的，研究如何通过语境(context)来理解和使用语言。
2. 符号学分成三个分支：1.符号关系学(Syntactics)，主要研究符号之间的形式关系，
2. 语义学(Semantics)，研究符号与符号所代表的事物之间的关系，
3. 语用学(Pragmatics)，它主要研究符号与符号的解释者之间的关系。
3. 语义学与语用学
a. 前者关注作为语言系统中的抽象单位的句子，前者停留于句子层面,前者的研究是静止、孤立的;
b. 后者以实际的话语为研究对象；而后者注重片断的对话；，而后者的研究则是动态、情境的。4．指示语（Deixis）
分为三大类：1. 人称指示(person deixis，如I，You，He等)、
2. 地点指示(place deixis，如Here，There，Left，Right等)
3. 时间指示(time deixis，如Now，Then，Next等)。
5. 言语行为理论（Speech Act Theory）这是由英国哲学家J．Austin和J。Searle发展出来的理论
根据言语行为理论，一个人在说话时通常同时实施了三种行为：
1．言内行为(Locutionary Act)
2. 言外行为(Illocutionary Act)
3. 言后行为(Perlocutionary Act)
6．合作原则（the Co-operative Principles）由美国哲学家格莱斯（P. Grice）
合作原则的四条准则，1. 数量准则(Quantity Maxim) 2. 质量准则(Quality Maxim)
3. 关联准则(Relation Maxim)
4. 方式准则(Manner Maxim)
练习题
1. first proposed the Speech Act theory.
A. Searle
B. Austin
C. Grice
D. Halliday
3.. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics from semantics?
A. Context.
B. Entailment.
C. Presupposition.
D. Discourse.
4. Searle divided the illocutionary acts into ___ categories.
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
5. Which of the following is NOT file specific instance of directives?
A. inviting.
B. Advising.
C. Warning.
D. Swearing.
8. the provides great philosophical insight into the nature of the linguistic communication
A. Speech Act theory
B. CP Theory
C. communicative competence
D. linguistic competence
10. The word "promising" belongs to
A. representatives
B. directives
C. commissives
D. expressives
11.Illocutinary act is __
A. the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology
B. the act preformed by or resulting from saying something
C. the act of conveying the influence of something on the hearer
D. the consequential effect of a locution upon the hearer
12. Which of the following topics is part of the study of pragmatics?
A. The acquisition of grammatical rules in a second language.
B. The change in the meaning of a word over time.