Question 1
SV Ltd. Is a manufacturing company which has a sound system of financial accounting. The management of the company therefore feels that there is no need for the installation of a cost accounting system. Prepare a report to the management bringing out the distinction between cost and financial accounting system and the need for the introduction of a sound cost accounting system. Answer
The Managing Director,
S.V. Ltd.
New Delhi
Subject: Establishment of a Cost Accounting System
Sir,
During the course of our discussion with you last month, you mentioned that your company did not require a cost accounting system as it had a sound financial accounting system. After our discussion with you, we had an opportunity to study the products, processes of manufacture, organization and selling and distribution methods of your company-which is a manufacturing company. We have come to the conclusion that your company certainly requires a cost accounting system. To strengthen further our view-point, we give our report by bringing the distinctions between the two systems as below:
The financial accounting system of a company mainly serves as a useful source of information to owner/shareholders/creditors and for tax purposes. It does not provide adequate help to the executives working in the organization. The information provided by the financial accounting system serves no useful purpose from the view-point of planning, control and decision making. The absence of required information renders planning, control and decision making extremely difficult. On the other hand, cost accounting system was evolved as a supplementary accounting method mainly to serve the needs of management. Cost accounting system can provide at a regular interval, the needed information to the concerned executives to perform the functions of planning, control and decision making.
The financial accounting system shows the trading results of the company as a whole; it does not answer the question why there is an increase or a decrease in profit or loss. The principle of matching costs with revenues under a costing system not only indicates the profit or loss of each product, but would also show the correct value of closing inventory. Thus costing system helps financial accounting system too. Under financial accounting system the financial statements are prepared only at the close of the accounting period. Such statements do not provide day-to-day cost information for evaluating the efficiency of the concern. But cost accounting system can supply every possible cost information to management for managerial control. Under cost accounting system by using standard costing the variances between predetermined and actual costs can be determined. These variations and their causes speaks about the concern’s operating efficiency and inefficiency.
In financial accounting system no attempt is generally made to record data by jobs, processes, products, departments etc. It only provides information in terms of income, expenses, assets and liabilities for the company as a whole. Thus the available information is not very useful for the ascertainment of price, control of costs, ascertainment of product profitability etc. Cost accounting system records data in the manner that helps the ascertainment of price and profitability and also the control of costs by using variances.
Government in its efforts to protect consumers, often resorts to statutory price control. Cost accounting system can help by providing enough cost information which could be utilized to press up on the government to convince for price and to arrive at a suitable price before their arbitrary fixation of it.
It is apparent from the above discussion that detailed and analytical information cannot be had from existing financial accounting system. We therefore strongly recommend the need for the introduction of a sound cost accounting system in your concern.
Yours faithfully,
X . Y.& Co. Chartered Accountants.
Question 2
Define the terms ‘cost centre’ and ‘cost unit’.
(a)Cost Centre
The term cost centre is defined as a location, person, or an item of equipment or a group of these for which costs may be ascertained and used for the purposes of cost control. Cost centres can be personal cost centers, impersonal cost centers, operation cost centers, and process cost centers. Cost Unit
The term cost unit is defined as a unit of quantity of product, service or time (or a combination of these) in relation to which costs may be ascertained or expressed. It can be for a job, batch, or product group.
(b)
Industry Method of costing Unit of cost
(i) Nursing Home Operating Per Bed per week or per day
(ii) Road transport Operating Per Tonne Kilometer or per mile
(iii) Steel Process Per Tonne
(iv) Coal Single Per unit
(v) Bicycles Multiple Each unit
(vi) Bridge construction Contract Each contract
(vii) Interior Decoration Job Each Job
(viii) Advertising Job Each Job
(ix) Furniture Multiple Each unit
(x) Sugar company having its
Process Per Quintal/Tonne
own sugar-cane fields
Question 3
Distinguish between
(i)Cost Unit and Cost Centre
(ii)Cost Centre and Profit Centre
Bill of material from a material requisition note.
Answer
(i)Distinction between Cost Unit and Cost Centre
The term Cost Unit is defined as a unit of quantity of product, service or time (or a combination of these) in relation to which costs may be ascertained or expressed. It can be for a job, batch, or product group.
The term Cost Centre is defined as a location, person or an item of equipment or a group of these for which costs may be ascertained and used for the purposes of Cost Control. Cost Centres can be personal Cost Centres, impersonal Cost Centres, operation cost and process Cost Centres.
Thus each sub-unit of an organisation is known as a Cost Centre, if cost can be ascertained for it. In order to recover the cost incurred by a Cost Centre, it is necessary to express it as the cost of output. The unit of output in relation to which cost incurred by a Cost Centre is expressed is called a Cost Unit. (ii)Cost Centre and Profit Centre
A Cost Centre is the smallest segment of activity or the area of responsibility for which costs are accumulated. A Profit Centre is that segment of activity of a business which is responsible for both revenue and expenses and discloses the profit of a particular segment of activity.
Important points of distinction between Cost Centre and Profit Centre are as below:
(a)Cost Centres are created for accounting convenience of costs and their control. Whereas a
profit centre is created because of decentralisation of operations.
(b) A Cost Centre does not have target costs but efforts are made to minimise costs, but each
profit centre has a profit target and enjoys authority to adopt such policies as are necessary
to achieve its targets.
(iii)Bill of Material and Material Requisition Note
Bill of Material: It is a comprehensive list of materials with exact description and specifications, required for a job or other production units. This also provides information about required quantities so that if there is any deviation from the standards, it can easily be detected. It is prepared by the Engineering or Planning Department in a standard form.
Material requisition Note:It is a formal written demand or request, usually from the production department to store for the supply of specified materials, stores etc. It authorises the storekeeper to issue the requisitioned materials and record the same on bin card.
The purpose of bill of material is to act as a single authorisation for the issue of all materials and stores items mentioned in it. It provides an advance intimation to store department about the requirements of materials. It reduces paper work. It serves as a work order to the production department and a document for computing the cost of material for a particular job or work order to the cost department.
The purpose of material requisition note is to draw material from the store by concerned departments.
Question 5
List down any eight factors that you will consider before installing a costing system.
Answer
The eight factors which must be considered before installing a Costing System are listed below: (i)Nature of business: The system of costing to be introduced should suit the general nature of
business.
(ii)Layout aspects: The size and layout of the organisation should be studied by the system designers.
(iii)Methods and procedures in vogue: The system designers should also study various methods and procedures for the purchase, receipts, storage and issue of material. They should also study the methods of wage payment.
(iv)Management’s expectations and policies:The system of costing should be designed after a careful analysis of the organisational operations, management’s expectation and the policies of the concern.
(v)Technical aspects: The technical aspects of the business should be studied thoroughly by the designers. They should also make an attempt to seek the assistance and support of the supervisory staff and workers of the concern for the system.
(vi)Simplicity of the system: The system of costing to be installed should be easy to understand and simple to operate. The procedures laid down for operating the system should be easily understood by operating system.
(vii)Forms standardisation:Various forms to be used by the costing system for various data/information collection and dissemination should be standardised as far as possible.
(viii)Accuracy of data: The degree of accuracy of data to be supplied by the system should be determined.
Question 6
Outline the steps involved in installing a costing system in a manufacturing unit. What are the essentials of an effective costing system?
Answer
The main steps involved in installing a costing system in a manufacturing unit may be outlined as below:
(i)The objectives of installing a costing system in a manufacturing concern and the expectations of
the management from such a system should be identified first. The system will be a simple one in the case of a single objective but will be an elaborate one in the case of multiple objectives. (ii)It is important to ascertain the significant variables of the manufacturing unit which are amenable to control and affect the concern. For example, quite often the production costs control may be more important than control of its marketing cost. Under such a situation, the costing system should devote greater attention to control production costs.
(iii) A thorough study to know about the nature of business, its technical aspects; products, methods and stages of production should also be made. Such a study will facilitate in selecting a proper method of costing for manufacturing unit.
(iv) A study of the organisation structure, its size and layout etc., is also necessary. This is useful to management to determine the scope of responsibilities of various managers.
(v)The costing system should be evolved in consultation with the staff and should be introduced only after meeting their objections and doubts, if any. The co-operation of staff is essential for the successful operation of the system.
(vi)Details of records to be maintained by the costing system should be carefully worked out. The degree of accuracy of the data to be supplied by the system should be determined.
(vii)The forms to be used by foreman, workers, etc., should be standardised. These forms be suitably designed and must ensure minimum clerical work at all stages.
(viii)Necessary arrangements should be made for the flow of information/data to all concerned managers, at different levels, regularly and promptly.
(ix)Reconciliation of costs and financial accounts be carried out regularly, if they are maintained separately.
(x)The costing system to be installed should be easy to understand and simple to operate.
Essential of an effective costing system: The essential features that an effective costing system should possess are as follows:
(a)Costing system should be tailor made, practical, simple and capable of meeting the requirements
of a business concern.
(b)The method of costing should be suitable to the industry.
(c)Necessary co-operation and participation of executives from various departments of the concern
is essential for developing good cost accounting system.
(d)The cost of installing and operating the system should justify the results.
(e)The system of costing should not sacrifice the utility by introducing meticulous and unnecessary
details.
Question 8
(a)Describe briefly the role of the cost accountant in a manufacturing organisation.
(b)Distinguish between:
(i)Variable cost and direct cost
(ii)Estimated cost and standard cost.
Answer
(a)Cost accountant in a manufacturing organisation plays several important roles. He establishes a
Cost Accounting department in his concern. He ascertains the requirement of cost information which may be useful to organisational mangers at different levels of the hierarchy. He develops a manual, which specifies the functions to be performed by the Cost Accounting department. The manual also contains the format of various forms which would be utilised by the concern for procuring and providing information to the concerned officers. It also specifies the frequency at which the cost information would be supplied to a concerned executive.
Usually, the functions performed by a Cost Accounting department includes cost ascertainment, cost comparison, cost reduction, cost control and cost reporting.
Cost ascertainment, requires the classification of costs into direct and indirect. Further it requires classification of indirect costs (known as overheads) into three classes viz, factory overheads;
administration overheads and selling and distribution overhead. Cost accountant suggests the basis which may be used by his subordinates for carrying out the necessary classifications as suggested above.
Cost comparison is the task carried out by Cost Accountant for controlling the cost of the products manufactured by the concern. Cost Accountant of the concern establishes standards for all the elements of cost and thus a standard cost of the finished product. The standard cost so
determined may be compared with the actual cost to determine the variances. Cost Accountant ascertains the reasons for the occurrence of these variances for taking suitable action.
Cost analysis may also be made by Cost Accountant for taking decisions like make or by and for reviewing the current performance.
Cost Accountant also suggests suitable techniques for the purpose of cost reduction/cost control, after carrying out a cost benefit analysis.
Cost Accountant also plays a key role in the preparation of Cost reports. These reports help the executives of a business concern in reviewing their own performance and in identifying the weak areas, where enough control measure may be taken in future.
In brief, one may say that there is hardly any activity in a manufacturing organisation with which a Cost Accountant is not directly associated in some form or the other.
(b)(i) Variable and direct cost:
A variable cost is a cost that changes in total in direct proportion to changes in the related total
activity or volume. Cost of material is an example of variable cost.
Direct cost is a cost which can be identified either with a cost centre or with a cost unit. An example of direct cost is the allocation of direct materials to a department and then to the various jobs. All variable costs are direct-but each direct cost may not be variable.
(ii) Estimated cost and standard cost:
Kohler defines estimated costs as ‘the expected cost of manufacture or acquisition, often in terms of a unit of product computed on the basis of information available in advance of actual production or p urchase’ Estimated cost are prospective costs since they refer to prediction of costs.
Standard Cost means a pre-determined cost. It attempts to show what the cost should be for clearly defined conditions and circumstances. Standard costs represent’ plann ed cost of a product.
They are expected to be achieved under a particular production process under normal conditions.’Although pre-determination is the essence of both standard costs and estimated costs, but they differ from each other in the following respects:
(i)Difference in computation
(ii)Difference in emphasis
(iii)Difference in use
(iv)Difference in records
(v) Applicability
Question 12
Name the various reports (Elaboration not needed) that may be provided by the Cost Accounting Department of a big manufacturing company for the use of its executives.
(May, 1998, 5 marks) Answer
Various reports that may be provided by the Cost Accounting Department of a big manufacturing Company for the use of its executives are as under:
(i)Cost Sheets
(ii)Statements of material consumption
(iii)Statements of labour utilisation
(iv)Overheads incurred compared with budgets
(v)Sales effected compared with budgets
(vi)Reconciliation of actual profit with estimated profit
(vii)The total cost of inventory carried
(viii)The total cost of abnormally spoiled work in factory and abnormal losses in stores
(ix)Labour turnover statements
(x)Expenses incurred on research and development compared with budgeted amounts.
Question 16
How does a production account differ from a cost sheet (May, 2000, 3 marks)
Answer
The following are the points of difference between a production account and a cost sheet.
(i)Production Account is based on double entry system whereas cost sheet is not based on double
entry system.
(ii)Production Account consists of two parts. The first part shows cost of the component and total production cost. The second part shows the cost of sales and profit for the period. Cost Sheet presents the elements of costs in a classified manner and the cost ascertained at different states such as prime cost; works cost; cost of production; cost of goods sold; cost of sales and total cost. (iii)Production Account shows the cost in aggregate and thus facilitates comparison with other financial accounts. Cost sheet shows the cost in a detailed and analytical manner which facilitates comparison of cost for the purpose of cost control.
(iv)Production Account is not useful for preparing tenders or quotations. Estimated cost sheets can be prepared on the basis of actual cost sheets and these are useful for preparing tenders or quotations.
Question 17
Discuss cost classification based on variability and controllability. (Nov, 2004, 4 marks) Answer
Cost classification based on variability
Fixed cost – These are costs, which do not change in total despite changes of a cost driver. A fixed cost is fixed only in relation to a given relevant range of the cost driver and a given time span. Rent, insurance, depreciation of factory building and equipment are examples of fixed costs where the final product produced is the cost object.
Variable costs – These are costs which change in total in proportion to changes of cost driver. Direct material, direct labour are examples of variable costs, in cases where the final product produced is the cost object.
Semi-variable costs – These are partly fixed and partly variable in relation to output e.g. telephone and electricity bill.
Cost classification based on controllability
Controllable costs – Are incurred in a particular responsibility center and relate to a defined time span. They can be influenced by the action of the executive heading the responsibility center e.g. direct costs. Uncontrollable costs – Are costs are influenced by the action of the responsibility center manager e.g. expenditure incurred by the tool room are controllable by the foreman in charge of that section, but the share of tool room expenditure which are apportioned to the machine shop are not controllable by machine shop foreman.
Question 27
Discuss the four different methods of costing alongwith their applicability to concerned industry? (Nov, 1999, 4 marks)
Answer
Four different methods of costing along with their applicability to concerned industry have been discussed as below:
1.Job Costing: The objective under this method of costing is to ascertain the cost of each job order.
A job card is prepared for each job to accumulate costs. The cost of the job is determined by
adding all costs against the job it is incurred. This method of costing is used in printing press, foundries and general engineering workshops, advertising etc.
2.Batch Costing: This system of costing is used where small components/parts of the same kind are
required to be manufactured in large quantities. Here batch of similar products is treated as a job and cost of such a job is ascertained as discussed under 1, above. If in a cycle manufacturing unit, rims are produced in batches of 2,500 units each, then the cost will be determined in relation to a batch of 2,500 units.
3.Contract Costing: If a job is very big and takes a long time for its completion, then method used
for costing is known as Contract Costing. Here the cost of each contract is ascertained separately.
It is suitable for firms engaged in the construction of bridges, roads, buildings etc.
Operating Costing: The method of Costing used in service rendering undertakings is known as operating costing. This method of costing is used in undertakings like transport, supply of water, telephone services, hospitals, nursing homes etc.
Question 28
Distinguish between:
Marginal Costing and Differential Costing
Answer
Marginal Costing and Differential Costing
Marginal Costing is defined as the ‘Ascertainment of marginal costs and of the effect on profit of changes in volume or type of output by differentiating between fixed costs and variable costs’.
Differential Costing is defined as the technique of costing which uses differential costs and/or differential revenues for ascertaining the acceptability of an alternative. The technique may be termed as incremental costing when the difference is increase in costs and decremental costing when the difference is decrease in costs. The main points of distinction between marginal costing and differential costing are as below:
(a)The technique of marginal costing requires a clear distinction between variable costs and fixed
costs whereas no such distinction is made in the case of differential costing.
(b)In marginal costing, margin of contribution and contribution ratio are the main yard sticks for
performance evaluation and for decision making whereas under differential costs analysis, differential costs are compared with the incremental or decremental revenue (as the case may be) for arriving at a decision.
(c)Differential cost analysis is possible in both absorption costing and marginal costing, where as
marginal costing in itself is a distinct technique.
(d)Marginal cost may be incorporated in the cost accounting system whereas differential costs are
worked out separately.
Question 31
A factory uses a job costing system. The following cost data are available from the books for the year ended 31st March, 1989:
Rs.
Direct Material 9,00,000
Direct Wages 7,50,000
Profit 6,09,000
Selling and Distribution Overhead 5,25,000
Administrative Overhead 4,20,000
Factory Overhead 4,50,000
Required
(a)Prepare a Cost Sheet indicating the prime cost, works cost, production cost, cost of sales and
sales value.
(b)In 1989-90, the factory has received an order for a number of jobs. It is estimated that the direct
materials is would be Rs. 12,00,000 and direct labour would cost Rs. 7,50,000. What would be the price for these jobs if the factory intends to earn the same rate of profit on sales, assuming that the selling and distribution overhead has gone up by 15%. The factory recovers factory overhead as a percentage of direct wages and administrative and selling and distribution overheads as a percentage of works cost, based on the cost rates prevalent in the previous year. Answer
(a)COST SHEET
For the jobs carried out by the concern for the year ending on 31st March, ’89
Rs.
Direct Material 9,00,000
Direct Wages 7,50,000
PRIME COST 16,50,000
Factory Overhead 4,50,000
WORKS COST 21,00,000
Administrative Overhead 4,20,000
PRODUCTION COST
25,20,000 Selling and Distribution Overhead 5,25,000 COST OF SALES 30,45,000 Profit 6,09,000 SALES VALUE 36,54,000
COST SHEET
For the Jobs carried out during the year 1989-90
Rs. Direct Material 12,00,000 Direct Labour 7,50,000 PRIME COST 19,50,000 Factory Overhead (Refer to Working Note-1) 4,50,000 WORKS COST 24,00,000 Administrative Overhead (Refer to Working Note-2) 4,80,000 PRODUCTION COST 1 28,80,000 Selling and Distribution Overhead (Refer to Working Note-3) 6,90,000 COSTS OF SALES 35,70,000 Profit
(Refer to Working Note-4) 7,14,000 SALES VALUE 42,84,000
Working Notes 1. Factory Overhead
= Percentage of direct wages
(to be charged during 1989-90)
=
100wages Direct 89
1988of overhead Factory ?-
=
000
,50,7.Rs 000
,50,4.Rs × 100
= 60% of Direct Wages
of 1989-90.
1 Production Cost here is a misnomer, infact Works Cost itself is the Production Cost.
= 60% of Rs. 7,50,000
= Rs. 4,50,000.
2. Administrative Overhead = Percentage of Works Cost (to be charged during 1989-90)
=
89
1988of t cos Works 89
1988of overhead istrative min Ad --
=
000
,00,21.Rs 000
,20,4.Rs x 100
= 20% of works cost of 1989-90 = 20% of Rs. 24,00,000
= Rs. 4,80,000
3. Selling and Distribution Overhead = Percentage of Works Cost (to be charged during 1989-90)
Selling and Distribution
=
89
1988of t cos Works 89
1988of Overhead -- x 100
=
000
,00,21.Rs 000
,25,5.Rs x 100
= 25% of Works Cost of 1989-90 = 25% of Rs. 24,00,000 = Rs. 6,00,000
Total Selling and Distribution Overhead including 15% increase =Rs. 6,00,000+15% of Rs. 6,00,000 = Rs. 6,90,000. 4. Profit (for 1989-90)
At the rate of profit of 1988-89
= value Sales ofit
Pr x 100
=
000
,54,36.Rs 000
,09,6.Rs x 100
Rs. 36,54,000 = 16.67% of Sales Value = 20% of Cost of Sales
= 20% of Rs. 35,70,000 = Rs. 7,14,000
Question 32
The books of Adarsh Manufacturing Company present the following data for the month of April, 1992.
Direct labour cost Rs. 17,500 being 175% of works overheads. Cost of goods sold excluding administrative expenses Rs. 56,000. Inventory accounts showed the following opening and closing balance: April 1 April 30
Rs. Rs. Raw materials 8,000 10,600 Works in progress 10,500 14,500 Finished goods 17,600
19,000
Other data are :
Rs.
Selling expenses 3,500 General and administration expenses 2,500
Sales for the month
75,000
You are required to (i)
Compute the value of materials purchased
(ii) Prepare a cost statement showing the various elements of cost and also the profit earned. Answer (i)
Computation of the value of materials purchased
Rs.
Cost of goods sold
56,000 Add: Closing stock of finished goods 19,000
Less: Opening stock of finished goods 75,000 17,600 Cost of goods manufactured
57,400 Add: Closing stock of works-in-progress 14,500
71,900 Less: Opening stock of work-in-progress Works Cost
10,500 61,400 Less: Factory Overhead:??
?
??Cost Labour Direct of 175100 10,000 Prime Cost 51,400 Less: Direct Labour 17,500 Raw materials consumed 33,900 Add: Closing stock of raw materials 10,600 Raw materials available
44,500
Less: Opening stock of raw materials 8,000
Value of materials purchased 36,500
(ii)Cost Statement Showing the various elements of Cost and Profit Earned
Rs.
Raw material consumed 33,900
(Refer to Statement (I) above)
Direct labour cost 17,500
Prime Cost 51,400
Add: Factory Overheads 10,000
Works Cost 61,400
Add: Opening Work-in-progress 10,500
71,900
Less: Closing Work-in-progress 14,500
Cost of goods manufactured 57,400
Add: Opening stock-of finished goods 17,600
75,000
Less: Closing stock of finished goods 19,000
Cost of Goods Sold 56,000
Add: General and administration expenses 2,500
Add: Selling expenses 3,500
Cost of Sales 62,000
Profit (Balance figure Rs. 75,000 – Rs. 62,000) 13,000
Sales 75,000
Question 33
Popeye Company is a metal and wood cutting manufacture, selling products to the home construction market. Consider the following data for the month of October, 2004.
Rs.
Sandpaper 5,000
Material-handling costs 1,75,000
Lubricants and Coolants 12,500
Miscellaneous indirect manufacturing labour 1,00,000
Direct manufacturing labour 7,50,000
Direct materials, October 1, 2004 1,00,000
Direct materials, October 31, 2004 1,25,000
Finished goods, October 1, 2004 2,50,000
Finished goods, October 31, 2004 3,75,000
Work –in-process, October 1, 2004 25,000
Work-in-process, October 31, 2004 35,000
Plant-leasing costs 1,35,000
Depreciation-plant equipment 90,000
Property taxes on plant equipment 10,000
Fire insurance on plant equipment 7,500
Direct materials purchased 11,50,000
Sales revenues 34,00,000
Marketing promotions 1,50,000
Marketing salaries 2,50,000
Distribution costs 1,75,000
Customer-service costs 2,50,000
Required
(i)Prepare an income statement with a separate supporting schedule of cost of goods manufactured. (ii) For all manufacturing items, indicate by V or F whether each is basically a variable cost or a fixed cost (where the cost object is a product unit). (Nov, 2004, 6+2=8 marks)
Answer
(i)Popeye company ‘Schedule for cost of goods manufactured’
for the month ending Oct 2004
Rs. Rs. Direct materials
Beginning Inventory 1,00,000
Purchase of Direct Materials 11,50,000
Cost of direct materials available for use 12,50,000
Ending inventory 1,25,000
Direct materials used 11,25,000(V) Direct manufacturing labour 7,50,000(V) Indirect manufacturing costs
Sand Paper 5,000(V)
Material-handling cost 1,75,000(V)
Lubricants and coolants 12,500(V)
Misc. indirect mfg labour 1,00,000(V)
Plant leasing cost 1,35,000(F)
Depreciation-plant & equipment 90,000 (F)
Property tax-plant & equipment 10,000 (F)
Fire insurance-plant & equipment 7,500 (F) 5,35,000
24,10,000 Manufacturing cost incurred during the month of
October, 2004
Add: Op. work-in-progress 25,000
24,35,000 Less: Cl. Work-in-progress 35,000 Cost of goods manufactured (to income statement) 24,00,000 (ii)Popeye Company : Income Statement for the month ending Oct 31,2004
Rs. Rs. Revenues 34,00,000 Cost of goods sold:
Beginning finished goods 2,50,000
Cost of goods manufactured 24,00,000
Cost of goods available for sale 26,50,000
Ending finished goods 3,75,000 22,75,000 Gross Margin 11,25,000 Marketing, Distribution and Customer Service Costs:
Marketing promotions 1,50,000
Marketing salaries 2,50,000
Distribution costs 1,75,000
Customer service cost 2,50,000 8,25,000 Operating Income 3,00,000
Question 34
A fire occurred in the factory premises on October 31, 2003. The accounting records have been destroyed. Certain accounting records were kept in another building. They reveal the following for the period September 1, 2003 to October 31, 2003.
(i) Direct materials purchased Rs. 2,50,000
(ii) Work in process inventory, 1.9.2003 Rs. 40,000
(iii) Direct materials inventory, 1.9.2003 Rs. 20,000
(iv) Finished goods inventory, 1.9.2003 Rs. 37,750
(v) Indirect manufacturing costs 40% of conversion cost
(vi) Sales revenues Rs. 7,50,000 (vii) Direct manufacturing labour Rs. 2,22,250 (viii) Prime costs Rs. 3,97,750
(ix) Gross margin percentage based on revenues 30%
(x) Cost of Goods available for sale Rs. 5,55,775
The loss is fully covered by insurance company. The insurance company wants to know the historical cost of the inventories as a basis for negotiating a settlement, although the settlement is actually to be based on replacement cost, not historical cost.
Required
(i)Finished goods inventory, 31,10,2003
(ii)Work-in-process inventory, 31.10.2003
(iii) Direct materials inventory, 31.10.2003 (November, 2003, 3+3+2 = 8 marks)
Answer
Working notes
1.Direct material inventory cost (used during the month):
= Prime cost – Direct manufacturing labour cost
= Rs. 3,97,750 – Rs. 2,22,250 = Rs. 1,75,500
2.Conversion and indirect manufacturing cost:
Conversion cost = (Direct manufacturing cost + Indirect manufacturing cost) But Indirect manufacturing cost = 40% of conversion cost
Or Conversion cost = Direct manufacturing cost + 40% of conversion cost
Or 0.60 conversion cost = Direct manufacturing cost
Or Conversion cost
=
60
.0
t
cos ing
manufactur Direct
=
60
.0250
,
22
,2.
Rs
= Rs. 3,70,417
Or Indirect manufacturing cost = 40% x Rs. 3,70,417
= Rs. 1,48,167
3. Cost of goods manufactured
Rs. Cost of goods available for sale 5,55,775 Less: Finished goods 1.9.2003 37,750 Cost of goods manufactured 5,18,025 (i)Finished goods inventory, 31.10.2003
Rs. Sales revenue 7,50,000 Less: Gross margin 2,25,000 (30% of revenue)
Cost of goods sold: (a) 5,25,000 Cost of goods available for sale: (b) 5,55,775 Finished goods inventory, 31.10.2003: {(b)– (a)} 30,775 (ii)Work-in-process inventory, 31.10.2003:
Rs. Prime cost 3,97,750 Add: Indirect manufacturing cost 1,48,167
(Refer to working note 2)
Add: Opening work-in-process, 1.9.2003 40,000 Manufacturing cost to account for 5,85,917 Less: Cost of goods manufactured 5,18,025
Work-in-process inventory, 31.10.2003 67,892
(iii)Direct material inventory, 31.10.2003
Rs.
Direct materials inventory, 1.9.2003 20,000 Add: Direct materials purchased 2,50,000
2,70,000 Less: Direct material inventory (used during the month) 1,75,500 (Refer to working note 1)
Direct material inventory, 31.10.2003 94,500 Question 35
A Company manufactures radios, which are sold at Rs. 1,600 per unit. The total cost is composed of 30% for direct materials, 40% for direct wages and 30% for overheads. An increase in material price by 30% and in wage rates by 10% is expected in the forthcoming year, as a result of which the profit at current selling price may decrease by 40% of the present profit per unit. You are required to prepare a statement showing current and future profit at present selling price.
How much Selling Price should be increased to maintain the present rate of profit?
(May, 2001, 4 marks) Answer
Let X be the cost, Y be the profit and Rs. 1,600 selling price per unit of radio manufactured by a company. Hence
X + Y = 1,600 ------- (I)
Statement of present and future Cost of a radio
Present cost Increase in Anticipated
Particulars cost future cost
Rs. (Rs.) (Rs.)
(a) (b) (c) = (a) + (b)
Direct material 0.3 X 0.09 X 0.39 X
Direct labour 0.4 X 0.04 X 0.44 X
Overheads 0.3 X -- 0.30 X
Total X 0.13 X 1.13 X
An increase in material price and wage rates resulted into a decrease in current profit by 40 percent at present selling price; therefore we have:
1.13 X + 0.6 Y = 1,600 -----------------(ii)
On solving (I) and (ii) we get:
X = Rs. 1,207.55
Y = Rs. 392.45
Current profit Rs. 392.45 or 32.5% of cost
Future profit Rs. 235.47
Statement of revised selling price to maintain
the present rate of profit
Rs.
Direct material cost 470.94
(0.39 x Rs. 1,207.55)
Direct labour cost 531.32
(0.44 x Rs. 1207.55)
Overheads 362.27
(0.30 x Rs. 1.207.55) _______
Total cost 1,364.53
Profit 443.47
(32.5% of total cost) _______
Revised selling price 1,808.00
Question 36
In an engineering company, the factory overheads are recovered on a fixed percentage basis on direct wages and the administration overheads are absorbed on a fixed percentage basis on factory cost.
The company has furnished the following data relating to two jobs undertaken by it in a period:
Job 101 Job 102
Rs. Rs. Direct Materials 54,000 37,500 Direct Wages 42,000 30,000 Selling Price
1,66,650
1,28,250
Profit Percentage on total cost 10%
20%
Required:
(i) Computation of percentage recovery rates of factory overheads and administrative overheads. (ii) Calculation of the amount of factory overheads, administrative overheads and profit for each of
the two jobs. (iii) Using the above recovery rates fix the selling price of job 103. The additional data being.
Direct Materials Rs. 24,000 Direct Wages
Rs. 20,000 Profit Percentage on Selling Price
12-1/2%
(May, 1995, 16 marks)
Answer
(i) Let factory overhead recovery rate, as percentage of direct wages be F and administrative
overheads recovery rate, as percentage of factory cost be A.
Factory Cost of Jobs:
Job 101 = Rs. 96,000 + Rs. 42,000F Job 102 = Rs. 67,500 + Rs. 30,000F
Total Cost of Production of Jobs:
Job 101 = (Rs.96,000 + Rs.42,000F) + (Rs.96,000 + Rs.42,000F)A= Rs.1,51,500 Job 102 = (Rs.67,500+ Rs.30,000F) + (Rs.67,500 + Rs.30,000F)A = Rs.1,06,875 (Refer to Working Note) On solving above relations: F = 0.60 and A = 0.25
Hence percentage recovery rates of factory overheads and administrative overheads are 60% and 25% respectively. Working Note:
Job 101 Job 102 Total cost of production (Rs.) 1,51,300
1,06,875
)
profit of Percentage %100(price
Selling
(Rs. 1,66,650/110%)
(Rs. 1,28,250/120%)
(ii) Statement of jobs, showing amount of factory
Overheads, administrative overheads and profit
Job 101
Job 102
Rs.
Rs.
财务专业术语中英文对照表 英文中文说明 Account Accounting system 会计系统 American Accounting Association 美国会计协会 American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会 Audit 审计 Balance sheet 资产负债表 Bookkeepking 簿记 Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测 Certificate in Internal Auditing 部审计证书 Certificate in Management Accounting 管理会计证书 Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师 Cost accounting 成本会计 External users 外部使用者 Financial accounting 财务会计 Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会 Financial forecast 财务预测 Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则 General-purpose information 通用目的信息 Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室 Income statement 损益表 Institute of Internal Auditors 部审计师协会 Institute of Management Accountants 管理会计师协会 Integrity 整合性 Internal auditing 部审计 Internal control structure 部控制结构 Internal Revenue Service 国收入署 Internal users部使用者 Management accounting 管理会计 Return of investment 投资回报 Return on investment 投资报酬 Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会
各种花卉的英文名 iris蝴蝶花 cockscomb鸡冠花 honeysuckle金银花chrysanthemum菊花 carnation康乃馨 orchid兰花 canna美人蕉 jasmine茉莉花 daffodil水仙花 peony牡丹 begonia秋海棠 cactus仙人掌 christmas flower圣诞花/一品红poppy罂粟 tulip郁金香 chinese rose月季 violet紫罗兰 peach flower桃花 aloe芦荟 mimosa含羞草 dandelion蒲公英
plum bolssom梅花中国水仙 new year lily 石榴 pomegranate 月桂victor's laurel 报春花 polyanthus 木棉 cotton tree 紫丁香 lilac 吊钟 lady's eardrops 紫荆 Chinese redbud 百合 lily 紫罗兰 wall flower 桃花 peach 紫藤 wisteria 杜鹃 azalea 铃兰 lily-of-the-valley 牡丹 tree peony 银杏 ginkgo 芍药 peony 蝴蝶兰 moth orchid 辛夷 violet magnolia 蟹爪仙人掌 Christmas cactus 玫瑰 rose 郁金香 tulip
茶花 common camellia 千日红 common globe-amaranth 非洲堇 African violet 栀子花 cape jasmine 木槿 rose of Sharon 风信子 hyacinth 百子莲 African lily 牵牛花 morning glory 君子兰 kefir lily 荷包花 lady's pocketbook 含笑花 banana shrub 非洲菊 African daisy 含羞草 sensitive plant 茉莉 Arabian jasmine 猪笼草 pitcher plant 凌霄花 creeper 树兰 orchid tree 康乃馨coronation 鸡冠花 cockscomb 荷花lotus 鸢萝 cypress vine 菩提 botree
会计术语中英对照 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-
一、会计与会计理论 会计 accounting 决策人 Decision Maker 投资人 Investor 股东 Shareholder 债权人 Creditor 财务会计 Financial Accounting 管理会计 Management Accounting 成本会计 Cost Accounting 私业会计 Private Accounting 公众会计 Public Accounting 注册会计师 CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会 IASC 美国注册会计师协会 AICPA 财务会计准则委员会 FASB 管理会计协会 IMA 美国会计学会 AAA 税务稽核署 IRS 独资企业 Proprietorship 合伙人企业 Partnership 公司 Corporation 会计目标 Accounting Objectives 会计假设 Accounting Assumptions 会计要素 Accounting Elements 会计原则 Accounting Principles 会计实务过程 Accounting Procedures 财务报表 Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设 Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设 Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设 Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设 Time-period Assumption 资产 Asset 负债 Liability 业主权益 Owner's Equity 收入 Revenue 费用 Expense
财会常见名词英汉对照表 （1）会计与会计理论 会计accounting 决策人Decision Maker 投资人Investor 股东Shareholder 债权人Creditor 财务会计Financial Accounting 管理会计Management Accounting 成本会计Cost Accounting 私业会计Private Accounting 公众会计Public Accounting 注册会计师CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会IASC 美国注册会计师协会AICPA 财务会计准则委员会FASB 管理会计协会IMA 美国会计学会AAA 税务稽核署IRS 独资企业Proprietorship 合伙人企业Partnership 公司Corporation
会计目标Accounting Objectives 会计假设Accounting Assumptions 会计要素Accounting Elements 会计原则Accounting Principles 会计实务过程Accounting Procedures 财务报表Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设Time-period Assumption 资产Asset 负债Liability 业主权益Owner's Equity 收入Revenue 费用Expense 收益Income 亏损Loss 历史成本原则Cost Principle 收入实现原则Revenue Principle 配比原则Matching Principle 全面披露原则Full-disclosure (Reporting) Principle
会计方面专业术语的xx acceptance承兑 account账户 accountant会计员 accounting会计 accounting system会计制度 accounts payable应付账款 accounts receivable应收账款 accumulated profits累积利益 adjusting entry调整记录 adjustment调整 administration expense管理费用 advances预付 advertising expense广告费 agency代理 agent代理人 agreementxx allotments分配数 allowance津贴 amalgamation合并 amortization摊销
amortized cost应摊成本 annuities年金 applied cost已分配成本 applied expense已分配费用 applied manufacturing expense己分配制造费用apportioned charge摊派费用 appreciation涨价 article of association公司章程 assessment课税 assets资产 attorney fee律师费 audit审计 auditor审计员 average平均数 average cost平均成本 bad debt坏账 balance余额 balance sheet资产负债表 bank account银行账户 bank balance银行结存 bank charge银行手续费
bank deposit银行存款 bank discount银行贴现bank draft银行汇票 bank loan银行借款 bank overdraft银行透支bankers acceptance银行承兑bankruptcy破产 bearer持票人 beneficiary受益人 bequest遗产 bill票据 bill of exchange汇票 bill of lading提单 bills discounted贴现票据bills payable应付票据 bills receivable应收票据board of directors董事会bonds债券 bonus红利 book value账面价值bookkeeper簿记员
植物花卉中英文对照、花卉英文名大全 金橘－－－－－－－－－－－－－－kumquat 米仔兰(米兰）－－－－－－－－－ milan tree 变叶木－－－－－－－－－－－－－croton 一品红－－－－－－－－－－－－－poinsettia 扶桑－－－－－－－－－－－－－－Chinese hibiscus 吊灯花－－－－－－－－－－－－－fringed hibiscus 马拉巴栗（发财树)－－－－－－－ Guiana chestnut 山茶－－－－－－－－－－－－－－camellia 云南山茶－－－－－－－－－－－－Yunnan camellia 金花茶－－－－－－－－－－－－－golden camellia 瑞香－－－－－－－－－－－－－－daphne 结香－－－－－－－－－－－－－－paper bush 倒挂金钟－－－－－－－－－－－－fuchsia 八角金盘－－－－－－－－－－－－Japan fatsia 常春藤－－－－－－－－－－－－－ivy 鹅掌柴－－－－－－－－－－－－－umbrella tree 杜鹃花－－－－－－－－－－－－－rhododendron 茉莉花－－－－－－－－－－－－－jasmine 桂花－－－－－－－－－－－－－－sweet osmanthus 夹竹桃－－－－－－－－－－－－－sweet-scented oleander 黄花夹竹桃－－－－－－－－－－－lucky-nut-thevetia 鸡蛋花－－－－－－－－－－－－－frangipani 龙吐珠－－－－－－－－－－－－－bleeding-heart glorybower 夜香树（木本夜来香）－－－－－－night jasmine 鸳鸯茉莉－－－－－－－－－－－－broadleaf raintree 栀子花－－－－－－－－－－－－－cape jasmine 蝴蝶兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－moth orchid 卡特兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－cattleya 石斛－－－－－－－－－－－－－－dendrobium 兜兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－－lady slipper 兰花－－－－－－－－－－－－－－orchid 春兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－－goering cymbidium
会计专业专业术语中英文对照 一、会计与会计理论 会计 accounting 决策人 Decision Maker 投资人 Investor 股东 Shareholder 债权人 Creditor 财务会计 Financial Accounting 管理会计 Management Accounting 成本会计 Cost Accounting 私业会计 Private Accounting 公众会计 Public Accounting 注册会计师 CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会 IASC 美国注册会计师协会 AICPA 财务会计准则委员会 FASB 管理会计协会 IMA 美国会计学会 AAA 税务稽核署 IRS 独资企业 Proprietorship 合伙人企业 Partnership 公司 Corporation
会计目标 Accounting Objectives 会计假设 Accounting Assumptions 会计要素 Accounting Elements 会计原则 Accounting Principles 会计实务过程 Accounting Procedures 财务报表 Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设 Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设 Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设 Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设 Time-period Assumption 资产 Asset 负债 Liability 业主权益 Owner's Equity 收入 Revenue 费用 Expense 收益 Income 亏损 Loss 历史成本原则 Cost Principle 收入实现原则 Revenue Principle 配比原则 Matching Principle
iris 蝴蝶花hon eysuckle 金银花 chrysanthemum 菊花 carnation 康乃馨 orchid 兰花 canna 美人蕉 jasmine 茉莉花 daffodil 水仙花 peony 牡丹 begonia 秋海棠 cactus 仙人掌 christmas flower 圣诞花/一品红 poppy 罂粟 tulip 郁金香 chi nese rose 月 季 violet 紫罗兰 peach flower 桃花 aloe 芦荟 mimosa 含羞草 dandelion 蒲公英 plum bolssom 梅花中国水仙new year lily
石榴pomegranate 月桂victor's laurel 报春花polyanthus 木棉cotton tree 紫丁香lilac 吊钟lady's eardrops 紫荆Chinese redbud 百合lily 紫罗兰wall flower 桃花peach 紫藤wisteria 杜鹃azalea 铃兰lily-of-the-valley 牡丹tree peony 银杏ginkgo 芍药peony 蝴蝶兰moth orchid 辛夷violet magnolia 蟹爪仙人掌Christmas cactus 玫瑰rose 郁金香tulip
非洲堇African violet 栀子花cape jasmine 木槿rose of Sharon 风信子hyacinth 百子莲African lily 牵牛花morning glory 君子兰kefir lily 荷包花lady's pocketbook 含笑花bana shrub 非洲菊African daisy 含羞草sensitive plant 茉莉Arabian jasmine 猪笼草pitcher plant 凌霄花creeper 树兰orchid tree 康乃馨coronation 荷花lotus 鸢萝cypress vine 菩提botree 大理花dahlia
Accounting system 会计系统 American Accounting Association 美国会计协会American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会 Audit 审计 Balance sheet 资产负债表 Bookkeepking 簿记 Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测 Certificate in Internal Auditing 内部审计证书 Certificate in Management Accounting 管理会计证书Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师 Cost accounting 成本会计 External users 外部使用者 Financial accounting 财务会计 Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会Financial forecast 财务预测 Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则General-purpose information 通用目的信息Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室 Income statement 损益表 Institute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协会 Institute of Management Accountants 管理会计师协会Integrity 整合性 Internal auditing 内部审计 Internal control structure 内部控制结构 Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署 Internal users 内部使用者 Management accounting 管理会计 Return of investment 投资回报 Return on investment 投资报酬 Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会Statement of cash flow 现金流量表 Statement of financial position 财务状况表 Tax accounting 税务会计 Accounting equation 会计等式 Articulation 勾稽关系 Assets 资产 Business entity 企业个体 Capital stock 股本 Corporation 公司 Cost principle 成本原则 Creditor 债权人 Deflation 通货紧缩 Disclosure 批露 Expenses 费用
会计方面专业术语的英文翻译 acceptance 承兑 account 账户 accountant 会计员 accounting 会计 accounting system 会计制度 accounts payable 应付账款 accounts receivable 应收账款 accumulated profits 累积利益 adjusting entry 调整记录 adjustment 调整 administration expense 管理费用 advances 预付 advertising expense 广告费 agency 代理 agent 代理人 agreement 契约 allotments 分配数 allowance 津贴 amalgamation 合并 amortization 摊销 amortized cost 应摊成本 annuities 年金 applied cost 已分配成本 applied expense 已分配费用 applied manufacturing expense 己分配制造费用apportioned charge 摊派费用 appreciation 涨价 article of association 公司章程 assessment 课税 assets 资产 attorney fee 律师费 audit 审计 auditor 审计员 average 平均数 average cost 平均成本 bad debt 坏账 balance 余额
balance sheet 资产负债表 bank account 银行账户 bank balance 银行结存 bank charge 银行手续费 bank deposit 银行存款 bank discount 银行贴现 bank draft 银行汇票 bank loan 银行借款 bank overdraft 银行透支 bankers acceptance 银行承兑 bankruptcy 破产 bearer 持票人 beneficiary 受益人 bequest 遗产 bill 票据 bill of exchange 汇票 bill of lading 提单 bills discounted 贴现票据 bills payable 应付票据 bills receivable 应收票据 board of directors 董事会 bonds 债券 bonus 红利 book value 账面价值 bookkeeper 簿记员 bookkeeping 簿记 branch office general ledger 支店往来账户broker 经纪人 brought down 接前 brought forward 接上页 budget 预算 by-product 副产品 by-product sales 副产品销售 capital 股本 capital income 资本收益 capital outlay 资本支出 capital stock 股本 capital stock certificate 股票 carried down 移后 carried forward 移下页 cash 现金 cash account 现金账户 cash in bank 存银行现金 cash on delivery 交货收款
常见花的英文单词 中国水仙new year lily 石榴pomegranate 月桂victor's laurel 报春花polyanthus 木棉cotton tree 紫丁香lilac 吊钟lady's eardrops 紫荆Chinese redbud 百合lily 紫罗兰wall flower 桃花peach 紫藤wisteria 杜鹃azalea 铃兰lily-of-the-valley 牡丹tree peony 银杏ginkgo 芍药peony 蝴蝶兰moth orchid 辛夷violet magnolia 蟹爪仙人掌Christmas cactus 玫瑰rose 郁金香tulip 茶花common camellia 千日红common globe-amaranth 非洲堇African violet 栀子花cape jasmine 木槿rose of Sharon 风信子hyacinth 百子莲African lily 牵牛花morning glory 君子兰kefir lily 荷包花lady's pocketbook 含笑花banana shrub 非洲菊African daisy 含羞草sensitive plant 茉莉Arabian jasmine 猪笼草pitcher plant 凌霄花creeper 树兰orchid tree 康乃馨coronation 鸡冠花cockscomb
荷花lotus 鸢萝cypress vine 菩提botree 大理花dahlia 圣诞百合Christmas bell 一串红scarlet sage 紫薇crape myrtle 勿忘我forget-me-not 睡莲water lily 文心兰dancing lady 吊兰spider plant 白头翁pappy anemone 向日葵sunflower 矢车菊cornflower 竹bamboo 金鱼草snapdragon 夹竹桃oleander 金盏花pot marigold 月季花china rose 金银花honeysuckle 长春花old maid 金莲花garden nasturtium 秋海棠begonia 非洲凤仙African touch-me-not 美人蕉canna 曼陀罗angel's trumpet 晚香玉tuberose 梅花flowering apricot 野姜花ginger lily 圣诞红common poinsettia 菊花chrysanthemum 虞美人Iceland poppy 昙花epiphyllum 鸢尾iris 龙胆royal blue 腊梅winter sweet 麒麟花crown of thorns 木芙蓉cotton rose 九重葛paper flower 火鹤花flamingo flower 三色堇tricolor viola 嘉德丽亚兰cattleya
一、会计与会计理论 会计accounting 决策人Decision Maker 投资人Investor 股东Shareholder 债权人Creditor 财务会计Financial Accounting 管理会计Management Accounting 成本会计Cost Accounting 私业会计Private Accounting 公众会计Public Accounting 注册会计师CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会IASC 美国注册会计师协会AICPA 财务会计准则委员会FASB 管理会计协会IMA 美国会计学会AAA 税务稽核署IRS 独资企业Proprietorship 合伙人企业Partnership 公司Corporation 会计目标Accounting Objectives 会计假设Accounting Assumptions 会计要素Accounting Elements 会计原则Accounting Principles 会计实务过程Accounting Procedures 财务报表Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设Time-period Assumption 资产Asset 负债Liability 业主权益Owner's Equity 收入Revenue 费用Expense 收益Income
亚洲常见花卉英文译名Abutilon pictum / Thomsonii风铃花 Abutilon Hybriden金铃花 Acacia dealbata银栲皮树 Acaena / New Zealand burr无瓣蔷薇(纽西兰球果属植物) Acanthus叶蓟属植物 Acer palmatum掌叶槭 Achillea / Yarrow丽纹锯草(蓍草属植物) Achimenes / Cupid's bower / hot water plant长筒花Actinidia狝猴桃<--攀缘植物 Adenium obesum沙漠玫瑰(天宝花) Adiantum capilus-veneris / True maidenhair fern铁线蕨Aegopodium podagraia 'Variegata'斑叶羊角芹 African daisy非洲菊 Agapanthus / African lily百子莲 Agastache藿香 Agave龙舌兰属植物 Ageratum houstonianum紫花霍香蓟 Agrostemma githago / Corn cockle麦仙翁 Ajuga reptans匍筋骨草 Akebia木通(别名:巧克力藤蔓) <--攀缘植物
Alcea rosea / Hollyhock蜀葵 Alchemilla / Lady's mantle斗篷草 Allium葱属 Aloe芦荟属植物 Alyssum香荠属植物 Amaranthus苋属植物 Ampelopsis山葡萄<--攀缘植物 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata蛇白蔹 Anchusa capensis / Alkanet非洲勿忘草Androsace carnea / Rock jasmine铜钱花Anethu, graveolens / Dill莳萝 Annual phlox福禄考 Antennaria dioica山荻 Anthemis西洋甘菊 Anthemis punctata subsp cupaniana春黄菊Antirrhinum majus / Snapdragon金鱼草 Arabis / Rock cress南芥菜(岩水芹) Aralia elata黃斑高? Arbutus野草莓樹 Arctotis Fastuosa / Monarch of the veldt南非雛菊Arenaria balearica蚤綴
一些有用的会计术语 A: A share Ａ股；甲类股份 abatement of tax 减税；减扣免税额 ABN AMRO Bank N.V. 荷兰银行 above-the-line expenditure 线上项目支出；经常预算支出above-the-line receipt 线上项目收入；经常预算收入ABSA Asia Limited 南非联合亚洲有限公司 absolute change 绝对数值变更 absolute expenditure 实际开支 absolute guideline figure 绝对准则数字 absolute interest 绝对权益 absolute order of discharge 绝对破产解除令 absolute profit margin 绝对利润幅度 absolute value 实值；绝对值 absolutely vested interest 绝对既得权益 absorbed cost 已吸收成本；已分摊成本 absorption 吸收；分摊；合并 absorption rate 吸收率；摊配率；分摊率 ACB Finance Limited 亚洲商业财务有限公司acceptable form of reciprocity 合理的互惠条件acceptable rate 适当利率；适当汇率
acceptance agreement 承兑协议 acceptance for honour 参加承兑 acceptor 承兑人；接受人；受票人 acceptor for honour 参加承兑人 accident insurance 意外保险 Accident Insurance Association of Hong Kong 香港意外保险公会accident insurance scheme 意外保险计划 accident year basis 意外年度基准 accommodation 通融；贷款 accommodation bill 通融票据；空头票据 accommodation party 汇票代发人 account balance 帐户余额；帐户结余 account book 帐簿 account collected in advance 预收款项 account current book 往来帐簿 account of after-acquired property 事后取得的财产报告account of defaulter 拖欠帐目 account payable 应付帐款 account payee only [A/C payee only] 只可转帐；存入收款人帐户account receivable 应收帐款 account receivable report 应收帐款报表 account statement 结单；帐单；会计财务报表 account title 帐户名称；会计科目
A (1)ABC 作业基础成本计算 A (2)absorbed overhead 已汲取制造费用 A (3)absorption costing 汲取成本计算 A (4)account 帐户,报表 A (5)accounting postulate 会计假设 A (6)accounting series release 会计公告文件 A (7)accounting valuation 会计计价 A (8)account sale 承销清单 A (9)accountability concept 经营责任概念 A (10)accountancy 会计职业 A (11)accountant 会计师 A (12)accounting 会计 A (13)agency cost 代理成本 A (14)accounting bases 会计基础 A (15)accounting manual 会计手册 A (16)accounting period 会计期间 A (17)accounting policies 会计方针 A (18)accounting rate of return 会计酬劳率 A (19)accounting reference date 会计参照日 A (20)accounting reference period 会计参照期间A (21)accrual concept 应计概念 A (22)accrual expenses 应计费用
A (23)acid test ration 速动比率(酸性测试比率) A (24)acquisition 购置 A (25)acquisition accounting 收购会计 A (26)activity based accounting 作业基础成本计算A (27)adjusting events 调整事项 A (28)administrative expenses 行政治理费 A (29)advice note 发货通知 A (30)amortization 摊销 A (31)analytical review 分析性检查 A (32)annual equivalent cost 年度等量成本法 A (33)annual report and accounts 年度报告和报表A (34)appraisal cost 检验成本 A (35)appropriation account 盈余分配帐户 A (36)articles of association 公司章程细则 A (37)assets 资产 A (38)assets cover 资产保障 A (39)asset value per share 每股资产价值 A (40)associated company 联营公司 A (41)attainable standard 可达标准 A (42)attributable profit 可归属利润 A (43)audit 审计 A (44)audit report 审计报告
AICPA财务英语中英文对照表 A account 账户 account payable 应付账款 accounting system 会计系统 Accounting Principle Board (APB) （美国）会计准则委员会 accrual basis 权责发生制（应计制） accumulated depreciation 累计折旧 account FORMat 账户格式 accrue 应计 accounting cycle 会计循环 accounts receivable 应收账款 accounts receivable turnover 应收账款周转率 accelerated depreciation 加速折旧 adjusting entries 调整分录 adjustment 调整 aging of accounts receivable 应收账款账龄分析法 allowance for bad debts 坏账准备 allowance for doubtful accounts 坏账准备 allowance for uncollectible 坏账准备 allowance method 备抵法 allowance for depreciation 折旧备抵账户 amortization 摊销 annual report 年度报告 annuity 年金 assets 资产
audit 审计 auditor’s opinion 审计意见书 auditor 审计师 audit committee 审计委员会 average collection period 平均收账期AICPA 美国注册会计师协会 APB Opinions 会计准则委员会意见书B balance 余额 bad debt recoveries 坏账收回 bad debts 坏账 bad debts expense 坏账费用 balance sheet 资产负债表 balance sheet equation 资产负债表等式basket purchase 一揽子采购 betterment 改造投资，改造工程投资bearer instrument 不记名票据 bonds 债券 book of original entry 原始分录账簿 book value 账面价值 C capital 资本 capital stock certificate 股本证明书 cash basis 收付实现制（现金收付制）cash dividends 现金股利 cash flow statement 现金流量表 carrying amount 账面价值 carrying value 账面价值 callable bonds 可赎债券，可提前兑回债券
流动资产CURRENT ASSETS： 现金Cash on hand 银行存款Cash in bank 有价证券Marketable securitiea 应收票据Notes receivable 应收帐款Accounts receivable 坏帐准备Provision for bad debts 预付帐款Advances to suppliers 其他应收款Other receivables 待摊费用Deferred and prepaid expenses 存货Inventories 存货变现损失准备Provision for loss on realization of inventory 一年内到期的长期债券投资Long-term investments maturing within one year 其他流动资产Other current assets 长期投资Long-term in vestments 一年以上的应收款项Receivables collectable after one year 固定资产：FIXED ASSETS: 固定资产原价Fixed assets-cost 累计折旧Accumulated depreciation 固定资产净值Fixed assets-net value 固定资产清理Disposal of fixed assets 在建工程Construction in progress 无形资产INTANGIBLE ASSETS: 场地使用权Land occupancy right 工业产权及专有技术Proprietary technology and patents 其他无形资产Other intangibles assets 其他资产：OTHER ASSETS 开办费Organization expenses 筹建期间汇兑损失Exchange loss during start-up peried 递延投资损失Deferred loss on investments 递延税款借项Deferred taxes debit 其他递延支出Other deferred expenses 待转销汇兑损失Unamortized cxehange loss 流动负债CURRENT LIABILITIES: 短期借款Short term loans 应付票据Notes payable 应付帐款Accounts payable 应付工资Accrued payroll 应交税金Taxes payable 应付利润Dividends payable 预收货款Advances from customers 其他应付款Other payables
一、资产类 Assets 流动资产 Current assets 货币资金 Cash and cash equivalents 1001现金 Cash 1002 银行存款 Cash in bank 1009 其他货币资金 Other cash and cash equivalents '100901 外埠存款 Other city Cash in bank '100902 银行本票 Cashier's cheque '100903 银行汇票 Bank draft '100904 信用卡 Credit card '100905 信用证保证金 L/C Guarantee deposits '100906 存出投资款 Refundable deposits 1101 短期投资 Short-term investments '110101 股票 Short-term investments - stock '110102 债券 Short-term investments - corporate bonds '110103 基金 Short-term investments - corporate funds '110110 其他 Short-term investments - other 1102 短期投资跌价准备 Short-term investments falling price reserves 应收款 Account receivable 1111 应收票据 Note receivable 银行承兑汇票 Bank acceptance 商业承兑汇票 Trade acceptance 1121 应收股利 Dividend receivable 1122 应收利息 Interest receivable 1131 应收账款 Account receivable 1133 其他应收款 Other notes receivable 1141 坏账准备 Bad debt reserves 1151 预付账款 Advance money 1161 应收补贴款 Cover deficit by state subsidies of receivable 库存资产 Inventories 1201 物资采购 Supplies purchasing 1211 原材料 Raw materials 1221 包装物 Wrappage 1231 低值易耗品 Low-value consumption goods 1232 材料成本差异 Materials cost variance 1241 自制半成品 Semi-Finished goods 1243 库存商品 Finished goods 1244 商品进销差价 Differences between purchasing and selling price 1251 委托加工物资 Work in process - outsourced 1261 委托代销商品 Trust to and sell the goods on a commission basis 1271 受托代销商品 Commissioned and sell the goods on a commission basis 1281 存货跌价准备 Inventory falling price reserves 1291 分期收款发出商品 Collect money and send out the goods by stages