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?IS/IEC 60079-26 (2006): Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres, Part 26: Equipment With Equipment Protection Level (EPL) Ga [ETD 22: Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Atmosphere]
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
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Indian Standard
EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES
PART 26 EQUIPMENT WITH EQUIPMENT PROTECTION LEVEL (EPL) Ga
ICS 29.260.20
? BIS 2013
B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S T A N D A R D S
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
February 2013 Price Group 8
Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Atmospheres Sectional Committee, ETD 22
NATIONAL FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Part 26) which is identical with IEC 60079-26 : 2006 ‘Explosive atmospheres — Part 26: Equipment with equipment protection level (EPL) Ga’ issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of the Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Atmospheres Sectional Committee and approval of the Electrotechnical Division Council.
The text of IEC Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as an Indian Standard without deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:
a)Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should be
read as ‘Indian Standard’.
b)Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current practice
is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.
In this adopted standard, references appear to certain International Standards for which Indian Standards also exist. The corresponding Indian Standards, which are to be substituted in their respective places are listed below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated: International Standard Corresponding Indian Standard Degree of Equivalence
IEC 60079-0 : 2004 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres — Part 0: General requirements
IEC 60079-1 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres —Part1: Flameproof enclosures “d”IEC 60079-10 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres —Part10: Classification of hazardous areas
IEC 60079-11 Explosive atmospheres — Part 11: Equipment protection by intrinsic safety “i”IEC 60079-18 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres —Part18:Construction,test and marking of type of protection encapsulation “m” electrical apparatus IS/IEC 60079-0 : 2007 Explosive
atmospheres: Part 0 Equipment —
General requirements
IS/IEC 60079-1 : 2007 Explosive
atmospheres: Part 1 Equipment
protection by flameproof enclosures
“d”
IS 5572 : 2009 Classification of
hazardous areas (other than mines)
having flammable gases and vapours
for electrical installation
IS/IEC 60079-11 : 2006 Explosive
atmospheres: Part 11 Equipment
protection by intrinsic safety “i”
IS/IEC 60079-18 : 2009 Explosive
atmospheres: Part 18 Equipment
protection by encapsulation “m”(first
revision)
Identical to
IEC 60079-0 : 2007
Identical to
IEC 60079-1 : 2007
Modified
Identical to
IEC 60079-11 : 2006
Identical to
IEC 60079-18 : 2009
(Continued on third cover)
The technical committee has reviewed the provision of the following International Standard referred in this adopted standard and has decided that it is acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard: International Standard Title
IEC 60695-11-10Fire hazard testing — Part 11-10: Test flames — 50 W horizontal and vertical flame test methods
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
Indian Standard
EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES
PART 26 EQUIPMENT WITH EQUIPMENT PROTECTION LEVEL (EPL) Ga
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60079 specifies the particular requirements for construction, test and marking for electrical equipment that provides equipment protection level (EPL) Ga. This electrical equipment, within the operational parameters specified by the manufacturer, ensures a very high level of protection that includes rare faults related to the equipment or two faults occurring independently of each other.
NOTE 1 A malfunction may result from a failure of the component parts of the electrical equipment or from anticipated externally applied influences. Two independent malfunctions which may occur more frequently and which, separately, would not create an ignition hazard but which, in combination, could create a potential ignition hazard, should be regarded as occurring together to form a rare fault.
NOTE 2 This electrical equipment is intended for use in zone 0 hazardous areas, in which explosive gas atmospheres caused by mixtures of air and gases, vapours or mists under normal atmospheric conditions are present continuously, for long periods or frequently.
This standard also applies to equipment mounted across a boundary where different protection levels may be required.
EXAMPLE: In the wall of a storage vessel containing zone 0 with an ambient defined as zone 1.
This standard also applies to equipment installed in an area requiring a lower protection level, but electrically connected to equipment with equipment protection level (EPL) Ga (associated apparatus).
This standard supplements the general requirements in IEC 60079-0 and the requirements of the standardized types of protection, in accordance with the IEC 60079 series, to adapt the level of safety provided by those standards in order to provide EPL Ga.
NOTE 3 In designing equipment for operation in explosive gas atmospheres under conditions other than the atmospheric conditions given in IEC 60079-0, this standard may be used as a guide. However, additional testing is recommended related specifically to the intended conditions of use. This is particularly important when the types of protection ‘Flameproof enclosures’ (IEC 60079-1) and ‘Intrinsic safety’ (IEC 60079-11) are applied.
NOTE 4 The classification of hazardous areas in zones is defined in IEC 60079-10.
NOTE 5 There may be other non-electrical sources of ignition (for example ultrasonic, optical or ionizing radiation) that are not addressed by this standard; these should also be taken into consideration (see, for example, EN 1127-1). NOTE 6This concept provides equipment protection level (EPL) Ga. For further information, see Annex A.
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60079-0:2004, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres – Part 0: General requirements
IEC 60079-1, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres – Part 1: Flameproof enclosures "d"
IEC 60079-10, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres – Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas
IEC 60079-11, Explosive atmospheres – Part 11: Equipment protection by intrinsic safety "i"
IEC 60079-18, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres – Part 18: Construction, test and marking of type of protection encapsulation "m" electrical apparatus
IEC 60695-11-10, Fire hazard testing – Part 11-10: Test flames – 50 W horizontal and vertical flame test methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60079-0 apply, together with the following abbreviation.
NOTE Additional definitions applicable to explosive atmospheres can be found in IEC 60050-426.
3.1
EPL
abbreviation of equipment protection level as defined in Annex A
4 Requirements for design and construction
4.1 General
The equipment shall comply with the requirements of 4.2 for the electrical circuits and with the requirements of 4.3 to 4.6 for mechanical and electrostatic ignition hazards.
4.2 Protection measures against ignition hazards of the electrical circuits
4.2.1 General
The equipment shall comply with the requirements of either
a) 4.2.2 or 4.2.3 in the event of two faults occurring independently of each other in a single
equipment means of protection; or
b) 4.2.4 or 4.2.5 in the event of a failure of one equipment means of protection, by the
provision of a second independent means of protection.
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006 Electrical connections and permanently connected cables of the equipment sited within an area requiring EPL Ga equipment shall comply with the same level of protection required by this standard, for example an Ex “e” cable containing non-Ex ia circuits additionally protected by a flameproof conduit or an Ex “e” cable provided with an earth leakage protection.
NOTE 1 Detailed cable and installation requirements for non-intrinsically safe circuits providing EPL Ga are in consideration in IEC 60079-14.
NOTE 2 Because of ignition hazards which can arise from faults and/or transient circulating currents in the potential equalization system, galvanic isolation in the power and signal connections to the equipment according to 4.2.2, 4.2.3 and 4.2.4 is preferred. Consideration should also be given to minimize the effect of transient fault currents in the potential equalization network by the use of electrical protection equipment such as sensitive earth leakage monitors.
4.2.2 Intrinsic safety as a sole means of protection
Intrinsically safe electrical equipment providing EPL Ga and intrinsically safe electrical circuits of associated apparatus entering an area requiring EPL Ga shall comply with the requirements of IEC 60079-11, intrinsic safety “ia”.
NOTE Intrinsic safety “ib” in accordance with IEC 60079-11 may be considered as one of two independent means of protection according to 4.2.4.
4.2.3 Encapsulation as a sole means of protection
Electrical equipment which is protected by encapsulation providing EPL Ga shall comply with the requirements of IEC 60079-18, encapsulation “ma”.
NOTE Encapsulation “mb” in accordance with IEC 60079-18 may be considered as one of two independent means of protection according to 4.2.4.
4.2.4 Application of two independent types of protection providing EPL Gb
Electrical equipment shall comply with the requirements of two independent types of protection that provide EPL Gb. If one type of protection fails, the other type of protection shall continue to function. The independent types of protection shall not have a common mode of failure, except as specified in this clause.
An example of a common mode failure is if an Ex “d” enclosure with arcing contacts inside it is used inside an Ex “e” enclosure. If the Ex “d” enclosure is compromised, then arcing inside the enclosure will also compromise the Ex “e” enclosure.
NOTE Combined types of protection providing EPL Gb should depend on different physical protection principles. For example the combination of Ex “d” and Ex “q” both depend on the avoidance of flame propagation and may not be useful in combination. In practice, some combinations may not be useful, for example the combination of oil and powder filling.
Where combined types of protection are used, it shall be possible for each type of protection to be tested individually (see 5.1).
Both types of protection shall be assessed using the most arduous fault condition of the other type of protection. When combining intrinsic safety, type of protection “ib”, with other types of protection, the second type of protection shall be assessed, with the most arduous fault condition applied to the intrinsically safe circuit.
When using two types of protection, which rely both on the same parameter (for example, the creepage distance combining Ex “ib” with Ex “e”), the most stringent requirement of both types of protection shall be applied.
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
If two types of protection are combined which both rely on the enclosure, one of the following shall be met:
a) if two enclosures are used (one totally enclosed within the other), each enclosure shall
comply with the requirements of the respective type of protection; or
b) if only one enclosure is used, the enclosure and the cable glands shall meet the impact test
requirements of 26.4.2 of IEC 60079-0, using the group I values.
Examples of combinations of two independent types of protection are as follows:
– inductive transmitters (for example proximity switches, electrical position sensors) with intrinsic safety “ib” enclosed by encapsulation “mb”. The connections to intrinsically safe “ib” circuits can be protected by the increased safety “e”;
– a lamp with the bulb designed as increased safety “e”, the lamp circuit with the switch as intrinsic safety “ib”. These components may be incorporated in a flameproof enclosure “d”; – measuring transducers with intrinsic safety “ib” and a flameproof enclosure “d”;
– equipment with electrical circuits of intrinsic safety “ib”, additionally protected by a powder filling “q”;
– electromagnetic valves with encapsulation “mb”, enclosed by a flameproof enclosure “d”;
– increased safety “e”, with pressurized equipment “px”.
4.2.5 Application of a type of protection providing EPL Gb and a separation element 4.2.
5.1 General
Equipment which is mounted through or forming part of the boundary wall to an area requiring EPL Ga and containing electrical circuits which do not comply with protection level Ga shall comply at least with one of the types of protection providing EPL Gb. Additionally, they shall contain a mechanical separation element as part of the equipment to seal off the electrical circuits of the equipment from the area requiring EPL Ga.
If the type of protection fails, the separation element shall
a) prevent flame propagation through the equipment into the area requiring EPL Ga,
b) maintain its safety characteristics,
c) not be heated above the temperature class of the equipment.
Separation elements consist of a partition wall, possibly combined with a flameproof joint or an air gap with natural ventilation.
4.2.
5.2 Partition
walls
Partition walls shall be constructed of either
a) corrosion-resistant metals, glass or ceramics, which are specified in the manufacturer’s
documentation; or
b) other materials as long as the same level of safety can be demonstrated. In this case, X-
marking or an advisory marking in accordance with 29.2 of IEC 60079-0 shall be applied and the certificate shall clearly specify the material and its thermal and mechanical properties to enable the user to confirm the suitability for the particular application.
If the wall thickness is less than 1 mm, the equipment shall be marked with an “X” or an advisory marking according to 29.2 of IEC 60079-0 with a special condition for safe use that the material shall not be subject to environmental conditions which might adversely affect the partition wall. If the partition wall is under constant vibrational stress (for example vibrating membranes), the minimum endurance limit at maximum amplitude shall be defined in the documentation.
NOTE 1 A wall thickness less than 1 mm is only permitted in combination with intrinsic safety “ib”, or a flameproof joint or natural ventilation, see 4.2.5.3.
NOTE 2 For glass or ceramics, a minimum thickness of 1/10 of the diameter/maximum dimension but not less than 1 mm is recommended.
In addition to the requirements of 4.2.5.1 to 4.2.5.3, metallic partition walls with a thickness ≥ 1 mm may be provided with suitable conductor bushings (see Figure 1). To avoid a critical concentration of explosive gas atmosphere diffusing from the area requiring EPL Ga into the enclosure containing the electrical circuits, the leakage rate through the bushing shall be low compared to the leakage rate from the enclosure into the free atmosphere. This can be achieved, for example, by using a glass or ceramic bushing as shown in Figure 1.
NOTE 3 Using a standard enclosure with an IP67 rating according to IEC 60529, a bushing with a leakage rate equivalent to a helium-leakage rate less than 10-2 Pa ×l/s (10–4 mbar ×l/s) at a pressure difference of 105 Pa (1 bar) is sufficient. Ex “ia” circuit Partition wall
(≥1 mm) Electrical apparatus
Area
requiring
EPL Ga
Figure 1 – Example of a partition wall with a conductor bushing
being considered gas diffusion tight
4.2.
5.3 Requirements depending on the thickness of the partition wall
The combinations of separation elements and additional protective measures depend on the wall thickness, t , of the partition wall as described below and shown in Table 1:
i) for homogeneous partition walls with a thickness ≥3 mm, no additional protection measures
are required;
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
ii) for homogeneous partition walls with a thickness of 3 mm > t≥ 1 mm,one EPL Gb type of protection is required (see example a) of Table 1). A homogeneous part of the enclosure of an equipment with a EPL Gb type of protection may form the partition wall, even for types of protection which rely on the enclosure, provided the equipment does not contain an ignition capable source, for example exposed contacts (see example a) of Table 1). If the equipment contains a source of ignition in normal operation, additionally either a flameproof joint (example b) of Table 1) or a ventilated air gap (example c) of Table 1) is required;
iii) behind partition walls of 1 mm > t≥ 0,2 mm, one of the following protective measures isrequired:
?type of protection intrinsic safety “ib” according to IEC 60079-11 (example a) of Table 1); or
?one EPL Gb type of protection in combination with a flameproof joint (example b) of Table 1); or
?one EPL Gb type of protection in combination with a ventilated air-gap and a flameproof joint (example c) of Table 1);
iv) for a partition wall with t < 0,2 mm (for example membranes), a flameproof joint and one EPL Gb type of protection are required (example b) of Table 1). If the equipment contains a source of ignition in normal operation (for example by exposed contacts), additionally a ventilated air gap is required (example c) of Table 1).
NOTE In the context of this clause, ‘homogeneous’ means a membrane constructed of a single piece of material without any insertions such as feed-thrus, bushings.
Table 1 – Separation elements
Area
requiring
EPL Ga
Partition
wall
Area
requiring
EPL Ga
Partition
wall a
Table 1 (continued) Flameproof joint and partition wall are exchangeable in sequence of order.
4.2.
5.4 Partition wall combined with a flameproof joint
Joints supplementing partition walls shall comply with either
a) the requirements in IEC 60079-1; or
NOTE 1 To determine the joint characteristics, the free volume of the enclosure containing the electrical circuits should be considered.
b) a construction, where the same level of safety as for a) can be demonstrated.
NOTE 2 For example, a cylindrical PTFE-bushing pressed form-fit into a metallic enclosure at a length ≥40 mm. A permanently compressed joint with a length of at least 17 mm is also suitable (for example using a conical PTFE-bushing compressed by a spring).
Non-metallic components in separation elements shall meet the requirements of IEC 60695-11-10, flammability category V-0 and have a chemical resistivity equivalent, for example to that of glass, ceramics, non-regenerated PTFE or epoxy resin for petrol applications. The materials of the separation element and its mechanical and thermal stress limits shall be clearly defined in the documentation to enable the user to confirm their suitability for the particular application.
4.2.
5.5 Partition wall combined with an airgap with natural ventilation
The ventilation shall ensure that under the most onerous process conditions specified by the manufacturer and the anticipated leakages, an accumulation of flammable materials in the equipment is prevented. Under atmospheric process conditions, the ventilation is valid for all gases, vapours and mists, if the length of the air-gap is ≥10 mm and the effective perforation in the circumference is at least 50 %. In addition to the requirements of 4.2.5.1 to 4.2.5.3, metallic partition walls with a thickness ≥1 mm and a suitable air-gap may be provided, for example with a cylindrical flameproof shaft joint according to IEC 60079-1, see Figure 2. In this case, the ventilation air gap shall have a minimum length of 10 mm or a length equal to the diameter of the shaft, whichever is greater.
Area requiring
EPL Ga Partition
wall a IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
Partition wall
(≥1 mm) Area requiring
EPL Ga Shaft
a Required for sufficient ventilation. NOTE 1 The cylindrical shaft joint inside the partition wall as shown in Figure 2 is not a supplementing joint as referred to in 4.2.5.4.
NOTE 2 The electrical equipment should be selected in accordance with the appropriate gas group.
Figure 2 – Example of a separation element with a cylindrical shaft joint
and natural ventilation
4.3 Equipment with moving parts
4.3.1 Frictional heating
If the equipment contains moving parts, temperature rise due to frictional heating may occur under normal operation or fault condition. It shall be taken into consideration when determining the maximum surface temperature.
4.3.2 Damage arising from failure of moving parts
In case of a failure of moving parts, the types of protection shall not be adversely affected.
4.3.3 Light metals
Operational friction or impact between equipment parts made of light metals or their alloys (with concentrations above the limits given in IEC 60079-0) with equipment parts made of iron/steel is not permitted. Operational friction or impact between two light metals is permitted. NOTE Light metals are for example aluminium, magnesium, titanium or zirconium.
4.4 Isolated conductive components
Isolated conductive components on the surface of the equipment shall be bonded to ground, except where they cannot be charged to an ignition capable level as demonstrated by the charging test procedure of IEC 60079-0.
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
4.5 Non-conductive enclosures and accessible non-conductive components
4.5.1 General
Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the risk of ignition from electrostatic discharge is reduced to a negligible level, particularly since equipment providing EPL Ga may be applied directly in the process and non-conductive surfaces may be charged by the flow of non-conductive media (for example in stirring vessels or pipes).
Therefore, the accessible chargeable surfaces of the equipment shall comply with the requirements of 7.3 of IEC 60079-0 or one of the following:
a) limitation of the size of chargeable non-conductive surfaces – see 4.5.2;
b) limitation of the thickness of chargeable non-conductive layers – see 4.5.3;
c) provision of a conductive coating – see 4.5.4.
If none of these requirements can be complied with, X-marking or an advisory marking in accordance with 29.2 of IEC 60079-0 shall be applied and the certificate shall contain special conditions for safe use to enable the user to decide on the suitability of the equipment for the particular application.
4.5.2 Limitation of the size of chargeable non-conductive surfaces
The projection of the chargeable non-conductive surface shall be limited to the values given in in Table 4 of IEC 60079-0 for zone 0 (EPL Ga). In the case of long parts with non-conductive surfaces, such as tubes, bars, cables or ropes, independent of their length, the diameters or widths shall not exceed
a) 3 mm for equipment of groups IIA and IIB;
b) 1 mm for equipment of group IIC.
4.5.3 Limitation of the thickness of chargeable non-conductive layers
Where a non-conductive layer covers a bonded conductive surface, the thickness of that layer shall not exceed
a) 2 mm for equipment of group IIA, IIB;
b) 0,2 mm for equipment of group IIC.
The bonded conductive surface may be formed by a wire mesh with a mesh area as defined in IEC 60079-0, Table 4 for zone 0 (EPL Ga).
NOTE 1 Cables with a protective covering over a screen may comply.
NOTE 2 It should, however, be noted that in the presence of a very efficient charge generating mechanism propagating brush discharges could occur.
4.5.4 Provision of a conductive coating
Non-conductive surfaces may be covered with a bonded durable conductive coating. The resistance between coating and the point of bond shall not exceed 1 G?.
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
The resistance shall be measured in accordance with 26.13 of IEC 60079-0 using a 1 cm2 electrode at the worst case position of the surface and the point of bond.
X-marking or an advisory marking in accordance with 29.2 of IEC 60079-0 shall be applied and the certificate shall advise on the use of the bonding connection (if separately accessible to the user and not an integral part of the equipment) and provide information to enable the user to decide on the durability of the coating material with respect to the environmental conditions (see Clause 7).
NOTE The requirements of 4.5 will be deleted after incorporation in IEC 60079-0.
4.6 Process
connection
If the equipment is mounted across the boundary wall between an area requiring EPL Ga and a less hazardous area, the construction shall ensure that either
a) explosive gas atmospheres cannot be released from an area requiring EPL Ga creating an
explosive atmosphere in the surrounding area; or
b) that in case of an ignition of an explosive gas atmosphere in the surrounding area there is
no flame propagation into the area requiring EPL Ga.
The equipment shall be designed to allow installation in a manner that will result in a sufficiently tight joint (IP67) or flameproof joint (IEC 60079-1) between the less hazardous area and zone 0.
NOTE 1 For example equipment with an integrated separation element according to 4.2.5 or with an IP67 rating according to IEC 60529 between zone 0 and the less hazardous area are suitable.
Process connections shall comply with an international, or equivalent national, standard.
NOTE 2 Examples of process connections which are considered as suitable include:
a) gas-tight standardized industry flange;
b) gas-tight standardized tube fitting;
c) gas-tight standardized thread connection.
NOTE 3 If, for functional purposes, an opening is required in the boundary wall of zone 0 (for example chemical sampling at the open nozzle, rope guide for probes), instructions for the user are required in the documentation referring to the risk of flammable gas release and flame entrance.
5 Type tests
5.1 Standardized types of protection
Equipment in which EPL Gb types of protection are applied shall be submitted to type verifications and tests as specified in the respective standards. If the combination of two zone 1 types of protection according to 4.2.4 are applied, both types of protection shall be tested independently.
elements
5.2 Separation
Separation elements in accordance with 4.2.5 shall be tested in such a way that the operational parameters (for example pressure or temperature limits) stated by the manufacturer are verified.
evaluation
5.3 Temperature
For the temperature evaluation, two independent faults shall be taken into account.
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006 This applies also to separation elements of any thickness combined with or partly formed by equipment with one EPL Gb type of protection.
6 Marking
6.1 General
The equipment shall be marked with the EPL and according to the type of protection as defined in the applicable standard.
Equipment intended for installation in the boundary wall between an area requiring EPL Ga and a less hazardous area shall have both EPLs marked on the label separated by a “/” and the corresponding symbols for each type of protection separated by a “/”. In the case where the equipment group or temperature class differ for the two types of protection, the complete designation of each rating shall be used and separated by a “/”.
Where more than one type of protection is used in accordance with 4.2.4, the symbols for the types of protection shall be joined with a “+”.
6.2 Examples of marking
a) Equipment which is intended to be completely installed inside the area requiring EPL Ga,
for example:
Ex ia IIC T6 Ga
or
Ex d+e IIB T4 Ga
b) Associated apparatus, which is installed outside the hazardous area and providing external
electrical circuits protected by intrinsic safety “ia” according to IEC 60079-11, which can be connected to equipment providing EPL Ga, for example:
[Ex ia Ga] IIC
NOTE 1 No designation of the temperature class is required, as this equipment is located outside the hazardous area.
c) Equipment which is installed in the boundary wall between an area requiring EPL Ga and
the less hazardous area, both EPLs are marked on the label separated by a slash, for example:
Ex d IIC T6 Ga/Gb
or
Ex ia/d IIC T6 Ga/Gb
NOTE 2 Intrinsic safety “ia” equipment providing EPL Ga with a flameproof “d” compartment providing EPL Gb.
or
Ex d+e / d IIB T4 Ga/Gb
NOTE 3 Two independent types of protection flameproof “d” and increased safety “e” providing EPL Ga with a flameproof “d” compartment providing EPL Gb.
The documentation shall state which parts of the equipment are suitable for installation in each zone.
7 Information for use
All equipment shall be accompanied by the manufacturer’s safety instructions containing all necessary information for the correct installation and use of the equipment.
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
Annex A
(informative)
Introduction of an alternative risk assessment method encompassing “equipment protection levels” for Ex equipment
A.0 Introduction
This annex provides an explanation of the concept of a risk assessment method encompassing equipment protection levels (EPLs). These EPLs are introduced to enable an alternative approach to current methods of selecting Ex equipment.
background
A.1 Historical
Historically, it has been acknowledged that not all types of protection provide the same level of assurance against the possibility of an incendive condition occurring. The installation standard, IEC 60079-14, allocates specific types of protection to specific zones, on the statistical basis that the more likely or frequent the occurrence of an explosive atmosphere, the greater the level of security required against the possibility of an ignition source being active.
Hazardous areas (with the normal exception of coal mining) are divided into zones, according to the degree of hazard. The degree of hazard is defined according to the probability of the occurrence of explosive atmospheres. Generally, no account is taken of the potential consequences of an explosion, nor of other factors such as the toxicity of materials. A true risk assessment would consider all factors.
Acceptance of equipment into each zone is historically based on the type protection. In some cases, the type of protection may be divided into different levels of protection which again historically correlate to zones. For example, intrinsic safety is divided into levels of protection ia and ib. The encapsulation “m” standard includes two levels of protection “ma” and “mb”.
In the past, the equipment selection standard has provided a solid link between the type of protection for the equipment and the zone in which the equipment can be used. As noted earlier, nowhere in the IEC system of explosion protection is there any account taken of the potential consequences of an explosion, should it occur.
However, plant operators often make intuitive decisions on extending (or restricting) their zones in order to compensate for this omission. A typical example is the installation of "zone 1 type" navigation equipment in zone 2 areas of offshore oil production platforms, so that the navigation equipment can remain functional even in the presence of a totally unexpected prolonged gas release. In the other direction, it is reasonable for the owner of a remote, well- secured, small pumping station to drive the pump with a "zone 2 type" motor, even in zone 1, if the total amount of gas available to explode is small and the risk to life and property from such an explosion can be discounted.
The situation became more complex with the publication of the first edition of IEC 60079-26 which introduced additional requirements to be applied for equipment intended to be used in zone 0. Prior to this, Ex ia was considered to be the only technique acceptable in zone 0.
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006 It has been recognized that it is beneficial to identify and mark all products according to their inherent ignition risk. This would make equipment selection easier and provide the ability to better apply a risk assessment approach, where appropriate.
A.2 General
A risk assessment approach for the acceptance of Ex equipment has been introduced as an alternative method to the current prescriptive and relatively inflexible approach linking equipment to zones. To facilitate this, a system of equipment protection levels has been introduced to clearly indicate the inherent ignition risk of equipment, no matter what type of protection is used.
The system of designating these equipment protection levels is as follows.
A.2.1 Coal mining (group I)
Ma
A.2.1.1 EPL
Equipment for installation in a coalmine, having a "very high" level of protection, which has sufficient security that it is unlikely to become an ignition source, even when left energised in the presence of an outbreak of gas.
NOTE Typically, communications circuits and gas detection equipment will be constructed to meet the Ma requirements – for example an Ex ia telephone circuit.
Mb
A.2.1.2 EPL
Equipment for installation in a coal mine, having a "high" level of protection, which has sufficient security that it is unlikely to become a source of ignition in the time span between there being an outbreak of gas and the equipment being de-energised.
NOTE Typically, all the coal winning equipment will be constructed to meet the Mb requirements – for example Ex d motors and switchgear.
A.2.2 Gases (group II)
A.2.2.1 EPL
Ga
Equipment for explosive gas atmospheres, having a "very high" level of protection, which is not a source of ignition in normal operation, expected faults or when subject to rare faults.
Gb
A.2.2.2 EPL
Equipment for explosive gas atmospheres, having a "high" level of protection, which is not a source of ignition in normal operation or when subject to faults that may be expected, though not necessarily on a regular basis.
NOTE The majority of the standard protection concepts bring equipment within this equipment protection level.
Gc
A.2.2.3 EPL
Equipment for explosive gas atmospheres, having an "enhanced" level of protection, which is not a source of ignition in normal operation and which may have some additional protection to ensure that it remains inactive as an ignition source in the case of regular expected occurrences (for example failure of a lamp).
NOTE Typically, this will be Ex n equipment.
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
A.2.3 Dusts (group III)
Da
A.2.3.1 EPL
Equipment for combustible dust atmospheres, having a "very high" level of protection, which is not a source of ignition in normal operation or when subject to rare faults.
Db
A.2.3.2 EPL
Equipment for combustible dust atmospheres, having a "high" level of protection, which is not a source of ignition in normal operation or when subject to faults that may be expected, though not necessarily on a regular basis.
A.2.3.3 EPL
Dc
Equipment for combustible dust atmospheres, having an "enhanced" level of protection, which is not a source of ignition in normal operation and which may have some additional protection to ensure that it remains inactive as an ignition source in the case of regular expected occurrences.
For the majority of situations, with typical potential consequences from a resultant explosion, it is intended that the following would apply for use of the equipment in zones. (This is not directly applicable for coal mining, as the zone concept does not generally apply.) See Table A.1.
Table A.1 – Traditional relationship of EPLs to zones
(no additional risk assessment)
Zone
Equipment protection
level
Ga 0
Gb 1
Gc 2
Da 20
Db 21
Dc 22
A.3 Risk of ignition protection afforded
The various levels of protection of equipment must be capable of functioning in conformity with the operational parameters established by the manufacturer to that level of protection. See Table A.2.
Table A.2 – Description of risk of ignition protection provided
Equipment protection level Protection
afforded Group Performance of
protection
Conditions of operation
Ma Very high
Group I Two independent means of
protection or safe even
when two faults occur
independently of each
other
Equipment remains
functioning when explosive
atmosphere present
Ga Very high
Group II Two independent means of
protection or safe even
when two faults occur
independently of each
other
Equipment remains
functioning in zones 0, 1
and 2
Da Very high
Group III Two independent means of
protection or safe even
when two faults occur
independently of each
other
Equipment remains
functioning in zones 20, 21
and 22
Mb High
Group I Suitable for normal
operation and severe
operating conditions
Equipment de-energised
when explosive atmosphere
present
Gb High
Group II Suitable for normal
operation and frequently
occurring disturbances or
equipment where faults are
normally taken into account
Equipment remains
functioning in zones 1 and
2
Db High
Group III Suitable for normal
operation and frequently
occurring disturbances or
equipment where faults are
normally taken into account
Equipment remains
functioning in zones 21 and
22
Gc Enhanced
Group II Suitable for normal
operation
Equipment remains
functioning in zone 2
Dc Enhanced
Group III Suitable for normal
operation
Equipment remains
functioning in zone 22
A.4 Implementation
The 4th edition of IEC 60079-14 (encompassing the former requirements of IEC 61241-14) will introduce the EPLs to allow a system of “risk assessment" as an alternative method for the selection of equipment. Reference will also be included in the classification standards IEC 60079-10 and IEC 61241-10.
The additional marking and the correlation of the existing types of protection are being introduced into the revisions to the following IEC standards:
?IEC 60079-0 (encompassing the former requirements of IEC 61241-0)
? IEC 60079-1
?IEC 60079-2 (encompassing the former requirements of IEC 61241-4)
? IEC 60079-5
IS/IEC 60079-26 : 2006
晋灵公不君（宣公二年） 原文： 晋灵公不君。厚敛以雕墙。从台上弹人，而观其辟丸也。宰夫胹熊蹯不熟，杀之，寘诸畚，使妇人载以过朝。赵盾、士季见其手，问其故而患之。将谏，士季曰：“谏而不入，则莫之继也。会请先，不入，则子继之。”三进及溜，而后视之，曰：“吾知所过矣，将改之。”稽首而对曰：“人谁无过？过而能改，善莫大焉。诗曰：‘靡不有初，鲜克有终。’夫如是，则能补过者鲜矣。君能有终，则社稷之固也，岂惟群臣赖之。又曰：‘衮职有阙，惟仲山甫补之。’能补过也。君能补过，衮不废矣。” 犹不改。宣子骤谏，公患之，使鉏麑贼之。晨往，寝门辟矣，盛服将朝。尚早，坐而假寐。麑退，叹而言曰：“不忘恭敬，民之主也。贼民之主，不忠；弃君之命，不信。有一于此，不如死也！”触槐而死。 秋九月，晋侯饮赵盾酒，伏甲将攻之。其右提弥明知之，趋登曰：“臣侍君宴，过三爵，非礼也。”遂扶以下。公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而杀之。盾曰：“弃人用犬，虽猛何为！”斗且出。提弥明死之。 初，宣子田于首山，舍于翳桑。见灵辄饿，问其病。曰：“不食三日矣！”食之，舍其半。问之，曰：“宦三年矣，未知母之存否。今近焉，请以遗之。”使尽之，而为之箪食与肉，寘诸橐以与之。既而与为公介，倒戟以御公徒，而免之。问何故，对曰：“翳桑之饿人也。”问其名居，不告而退。——遂自亡也。 乙丑，赵穿①攻灵公于桃园。宣子未出山而复。大史书曰：“赵盾弑其君。”以示于朝。宣子曰：“不然。”对曰：“子为正卿，亡不越竟，反不讨贼，非子而谁？”宣子曰：“呜呼!‘我之怀矣，自诒伊戚。’其我之谓矣。” 孔子曰：“董狐，古之良史也，书法不隐。赵宣子，古之良大夫也，为法受恶。惜也，越竞乃免。” 译文： 晋灵公不行君王之道。他向人民收取沉重的税赋以雕饰宫墙。他从高台上用弹弓弹人，然后观赏他们躲避弹丸的样子。他的厨子做熊掌，没有炖熟，晋灵公就把他杀了，把他的尸体装在草筐中，让宫女用车载着经过朝廷。赵盾和士季看到露出来的手臂，询问原由后感到很忧虑。他们准备向晋灵公进谏，士季说：“如果您去进谏而君王不听，那就没有人能够再接着进谏了。还请让我先来吧，不行的话，您再接着来。”士季往前走了三回，行了三回礼，一直到屋檐下，晋灵公才抬头看他。晋灵公说：“我知道我的过错了，我会改过的。”士季叩头回答道：“谁能没有过错呢？有过错而能改掉，这就是最大的善事了。《诗经》说：‘没有人向善没有一个开始的，但却很少有坚持到底的。’如果是这样，那么能弥补过失的人是很少的。您如能坚持向善，那么江山就稳固了，不只是大臣们有所依靠啊。
如何翻译古文 学习古代汉语，需要经常把古文译成现代汉语。因为古文今译的过程是加深理解和全面运用古汉语知识解决实际问题的过程，也是综合考察古代汉语水平的过程。学习古代汉语，应该重视古文翻译的训练。 古文翻译的要求一般归纳为信、达、雅三项。“信”是指译文要准确地反映原作的含义，避免曲解原文内容。“达”是指译文应该通顺、晓畅，符合现代汉语语法规范。“信”和“达”是紧密相关的。脱离了“信”而求“达”，不能称为翻译；只求“信”而不顾“达”，也不是好的译文。因此“信”和“达”是文言文翻译的基本要求。“雅”是指译文不仅准确、通顺，而且生动、优美，能再现原作的风格神韵。这是很高的要求，在目前学习阶段，我们只要能做到“信”和“达”就可以了。 做好古文翻译，重要的问题是准确地理解古文，这是翻译的基础。但翻译方法也很重要。这里主要谈谈翻译方法方面的问题。 一、直译和意译 直译和意译是古文今译的两大类型，也是两种不同的今译方法。 1．关于直译。所谓直译，是指紧扣原文，按原文的字词和句子进行对等翻译的今译方法。它要求忠实于原文，一丝不苟，确切表达原意，保持原文的本来面貌。例如： 原文：樊迟请学稼，子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。子曰：“吾不如老圃。”（《论语?子路》） 译文：樊迟请求学种庄稼。孔子道：“我不如老农民。”又请求学种菜蔬。孔子道：“我不如老菜农。”（杨伯峻《论语译注》） 原文：齐宣王问曰：“汤放桀，武王伐纣，有诸？”（《孟子?梁惠王下》） 译文：齐宣王问道：“商汤流放夏桀，武王讨伐殷纣，真有这回事吗？（杨伯峻《孟子译注》） 上面两段译文紧扣原文，字词落实，句法结构基本上与原文对等，属于直译。 但对直译又不能作简单化理解。由于古今汉语在文字、词汇、语法等方面的差异，今译时对原文作一些适当的调整，是必要的，并不破坏直译。例如： 原文：逐之，三周华不注。（《齐晋鞌之战》） 译文：〔晋军〕追赶齐军，围着华不注山绕了三圈。
鞌之战选自《左传》又名《鞍之战》原文：楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢，流血及屦2 未尽∧6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17) ，右援拐鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。” 丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。译文1：在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，我必定（冒着生命危险）下去推车，您难道了解这些吗不过，您真是受重伤了。”daier 解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛，都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声，前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它，战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢身披盔甲，手执武器，本来就是去走向死亡，伤痛还没到死的地步，您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说，一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起，用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。（由于一手控马，）马飞快奔跑而不能停止，晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去，把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军，三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。韩厥梦见他去世的父亲对他说:“明天早晨作战时要避开战车左边和右边的位置。”因此韩厥就站在中间担任赶车的来追赶齐侯的战车。邴夏说:“射那个赶车的，他是个君子。”齐侯说: “称他为君子却又去射他，这不合于礼。”daier 于是射车左，车左中箭掉下了车。又射右边的，车右也中箭倒在了车里。（晋军的）将军綦毋张损坏了自己的战车，跟在韩厥的车后说: “请允许我搭乗你的战车。”他上车后，无论是站在车的左边，还是站在车的右边，韩厥都用肘推他，让他站在自己身后——战车的中间。韩厥又低下头安定了一下受伤倒在车中的那位自己的车右。于是逢丑父和齐侯（乘韩厥低头之机）互相调换了位置。将要到达华泉时，齐侯战车的骖马被树木绊住而不能继续逃跑而停了下来。（头天晚上）逢丑父睡在栈车里，有一条蛇从他身子底下爬出来，他用小臂去打蛇，小臂受伤，但他（为了能当车右）隐瞒了这件事。由于这样，他不能用臂推车前进，因而被韩厥追上了。韩厥拿着拴马绳走到齐侯的马前，两次下拜并行稽首礼，捧着一杯酒并加上一块玉璧给齐侯送上去，
《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译）原文及翻 译 鞌之战[1] 选自《左传成公二年（即公元前589年）》 【原文】 癸酉，师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3]，逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克，郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰：余姑翦灭此而朝食[6]。不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢，流血及屦，未绝鼓音[8]，曰：余病[9]矣！张侯[10]曰：自始合，而矢贯余手及肘[11]，余折以御，左轮朱殷[12]，岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之！缓曰：自始合，苟有险[14]，余必下推车，子岂识之[15]？然子病矣！张侯曰：师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17]，可以集事[18]，若之何其以病败君之大事也[19]？擐甲执兵，固即死也[20]。病未及死，吾子勉之[21]！左并辔[22]，右援枹而鼓[23]，马逸不能止[24]，师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之，三周华不注[26]。 【注释】 [1]鞌之战：春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌，而晋军同仇敌忾、士气旺盛，战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌：通鞍，齐国地名，在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉：成公二年的六月十七日。师，指齐晋两国军队。陈，
列阵，摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏：齐国大夫。御，动词，驾车。御齐侯，给齐侯驾车。齐侯，齐国国君，指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父：齐国大夫。右：车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓：都是晋臣，郑丘是复姓。郤（x ）克，晋国大夫，是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑：副词，姑且。翦灭：消灭，灭掉。朝食：早饭。这里是吃早饭的意思。这句话是成语灭此朝食的出处。 [7]不介马：不给马披甲。介：甲。这里用作动词，披甲。驰之：驱马追击敌人。之：代词，指晋军。 [8] 未绝鼓音：鼓声不断。古代车战，主帅居中，亲掌旗鼓，指挥军队。兵以鼓进，击鼓是进军的号令。 [9] 病：负伤。 [10]张侯，即解张。张是字，侯是名，人名、字连用，先字后名。 [11]合：交战。贯：穿。肘：胳膊。 [12]朱：大红色。殷：深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子：您，尊敬。比说子更亲切。 [14]苟：连词，表示假设。险：险阻，指难走的路。 [15]识：知道。之，代词，代苟有险，余必下推车这件事，可不译。 [16]师之耳目：军队的耳、目（指注意力）。在吾旗鼓：在我们
《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译） 《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译） 鞌之战[1] 选自《左传·成公二年（即公元前589年）》 【原文】 癸酉，师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3]，逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克，郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰：“余姑 翦灭此而朝食[6]。”不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢， 流血及屦，未绝鼓音[8]，曰：“余病[9]矣！”张侯[10]曰：“自始合，而矢贯余手及肘[11]，余折以御，左轮 朱殷[12]，岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险[14]，余必下推车，子岂识之[15]？——然 子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17]，可以集事[18]，若之何其以 病败君之大事也[19]？擐甲执兵，固即死也[20]。病未 及死，吾子勉之[21]！”左并辔[22]，右援枹而鼓[23]，马逸不能止[24]，师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之，三周 华不注[26]。 【注释】 [1]鞌之战：春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌，而晋军同仇敌忾、 士气旺盛，战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌：通“鞍”，齐
国地名，在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉：成公二年的六月十七日。师，指齐晋两国军队。陈，列阵，摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏：齐国大夫。御，动词，驾车。御齐侯，给齐侯驾车。齐侯，齐国国君，指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父：齐国大夫。右：车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓：都是晋臣，“郑丘”是复姓。郤（xì）克，晋国大夫，是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑：副词，姑且。翦灭：消灭，灭掉。朝食：早饭。这里是“吃早饭”的意思。这句话是成语“灭此朝食”的出处。 [7]不介马：不给马披甲。介：甲。这里用作动词，披甲。驰之：驱马追击敌人。之：代词，指晋军。 [8]未绝鼓音：鼓声不断。古代车战，主帅居中，亲掌旗鼓，指挥军队。“兵以鼓进”，击鼓是进军的号令。 [9]病：负伤。 [10]张侯，即解张。“张”是字，“侯”是名，人名、字连用，先字后名。 [11]合：交战。贯：穿。肘：胳膊。 [12]朱：大红色。殷：深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子：您，尊敬。比说“子”更亲切。
左传《齐晋鞌之战》原文+翻译+注释 楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓 为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢， 流血及屦2未尽∧?6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手 及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病？吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)？然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在 吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也？擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17) ，右援拐?鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。”丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎？”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。 在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤？您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，我必定（冒着生命危险）下去推车，您难道了解这些吗？不过，您真是受重伤了。”daier解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛，都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声，前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它，战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢？身披盔甲，手执武器，本来就是去走向死亡，伤痛还没到死的地步，您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说，一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起，用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。（由于一手控马，）马飞快奔跑而不能停止，晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去，把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军，三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。
鞌之战[1]选自《左传·成公二年（即公元前589年）》【原文】癸酉，师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3]，逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克，郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰：“余姑翦灭此而朝食[6]。”不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢，流血及屦，未绝鼓音[8]，曰：“余病[9]矣！”张侯[10]曰：“自始合，而矢贯余手及肘[11]，余折以御，左轮朱殷[12]，岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险[14]，余必下推车，子岂识之[15]？——然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17]，可以集事[18]，若之何其以病败君之大事也[19]？擐甲执兵，固即死也[20]。病未及死，吾子勉之[21]！”左并辔[22]，右援枹而鼓[23]，马逸不能止[24]，师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之，三周华不注[26]。【注释】 [1]鞌之战：春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌，而晋军同仇敌忾、士气旺盛，战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌：通“鞍”，齐国地名，在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉：成公二年的六月十七日。师，指齐晋两国军队。陈，列阵，摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏：齐国大夫。御，动词，驾车。御齐侯，给齐侯驾车。齐侯，齐国国君，指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父：齐国大夫。右：车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓：都是晋臣，“郑丘”是复姓。郤（xì）克，晋国大夫，是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑：副词，姑且。翦灭：消灭，灭掉。朝食：早饭。这里是“吃早饭”的意思。这句话是成语“灭此朝食”的出处。 [7]不介马：不给马披甲。介：甲。这里用作动词，披甲。驰之：驱马追击敌人。之：代词，指晋军。 [8] 未绝鼓音：鼓声不断。古代车战，主帅居中，亲掌旗鼓，指挥军队。“兵以鼓进”，击鼓是进军的号令。 [9] 病：负伤。 [10]张侯，即解张。“张”是字，“侯”是名，人名、字连用，先字后名。 [11]合：交战。贯：穿。肘：胳膊。 [12]朱：大红色。殷：深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子：您，尊敬。比说“子”更亲切。 [14]苟：连词，表示假设。险：险阻，指难走的路。 [15]识：知道。之，代词，代“苟有险，余必下推车”这件事，可不译。 [16]师之耳目：军队的耳、目（指注意力）。在吾旗鼓：在我们的旗子和鼓声上。进退从之：前进、后退都听从它们。 [17]殿之：镇守它。殿：镇守。 [18]可以集事：可以（之）集事，可以靠它（主帅的车）成事。集事：成事，指战事成功。 [19]若之何：固定格式，一般相当于“对……怎么办”“怎么办”。这里是和语助词“其”配合，放在谓语动词前加强反问，相当于“怎么”“怎么能”。以，介词，因为。败，坏，毁坏。君，国君。大事，感情。古代国家大事有两件：祭祀与战争。这里指战争。 [20]擐：穿上。执兵，拿起武器。 [21]勉，努力。 [22]并，动词，合并。辔（pèi）：马缰绳。古代一般是四匹马拉一车，共八条马缰绳，两边的两条系在车上，六条在御者手中，御者双手执之。“左并辔”是说解张把马缰绳全合并到左手里握着。 [23]援:拿过来。枹（fú）:击鼓槌。鼓:动词，敲鼓。 [24]逸:奔跑，狂奔。 [25] 败绩：大败。 [26] 周：环绕。华不注：山名，在今山东济南东北。【译文】六月十七日，齐晋两军在鞌地摆开阵势。邴夏为齐侯驾车，逢丑父担任车右做齐侯的护卫。晋军解张替郤克驾车，郑丘缓做了郤克的护卫。齐侯说：“我姑且消灭了晋军再吃早饭！”齐军没有给马披甲就驱车进击晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血一直流到鞋上，但他一直没有停止击鼓进。并说：“我受重伤了！”解张说：“从开始交战，箭就射穿了我的手和胳膊肘，我折断箭杆继续驾车，左边的车轮被血染得深红色，哪里敢说受了重伤？您还是忍住吧。”郑丘缓说：“从开始交战，只要遇到险峻难走的路，我必定要下去推车，您哪里知道这种情况呢？——不过您确实受重伤了！”解张说：“我们的旗帜和战鼓是军队的耳目，或进或退都听从旗鼓指挥。这辆战车只要一人镇守，就可以凭它成事。怎么能因为受伤而败坏国君的大事呢？穿上铠甲，拿起武器，本来就抱定了必死的决心。您虽然受了重伤还没有到死的地步，您就尽最大的努力啊！”于是左手把马缰绳全部握在一起，右手取过鼓槌来击鼓。战马狂奔不止，晋军跟着主帅的车前进。齐军大败，晋军追击齐军，绕着华不注山追了三圈。
齐晋鞌之战的全文翻译 1、版本一 晋鞌之战（成公二年） 作者：左丘明 【原文】 楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢，流血及屨２未尽∧?6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病？吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)？然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也？擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17)，右援枴?鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20)。 【注释】 ①师：指、晋两国军队。羞：同“鞍”，国地名，在今山东济南西北。②邴(bing)夏：国大夫。侯：顷公。逢丑父：国大夫。右：车右。③解张：晋国大夫，又称张侯。克：即献子，晋国大大，晋军主帅。郑丘缓：晋国大夫，姓郑丘，名缓。(4)姑：暂且。翦灭：消灭。此；指晋军。朝食；吃早饭。⑤不介马：不给马披甲。驰之：驱马追击敌人。(6)未绝鼓音：作战时，主帅亲自掌旗鼓，指挥三军，
所以克受伤后仍然击鼓不停。(7)病：负伤。(8)合：交战。(9)贯：射。穿。肘：胳膊。(10)朱：大红色。殷：深红色。(11)识：知道。 (12) 殿：镇守。(13)集事：成事。(14)擐（huan）：穿上。兵：武器。 (15) 即：就。即死：就死，赴死。(16)勉：努力。(17)并：合在一起。辔（Pei）：马组绳。(18)援：拉过来。枴〉襲）：鼓槌。(19)逸：奔跑，狂奔。(20)周：环绕华不注：山名，在今山东济南东北。 【译文】 六月十七日，国和晋国的军队在鞌摆开了阵势。邴夏为顷公驾车，逢丑父担任车右。晋国解张为卻克驾车，郑丘缓担任车右。顷公说：“我暂且先消灭了这些敌人再吃早饭。”军没有给马披甲就驱车进击晋军。卻克被箭射伤，血流到鞋子上，但他一直没有停止击鼓，并说：“我受伤了！”解张说：“从开始交战，我的手和胳膊就被箭射穿了，我折断了箭，继续驾车，左边的车轮因被血染成了深红色，哪里敢说受了伤？您还是忍住吧？”郑丘缓说：“从开始交战，只要遇到险阻，我一定要下去推车，您哪里知道这些？可是您却受伤了！”解张说：“我们的旗帜和战鼓是军队的耳目，军队进攻和后撤都听从旗鼓指挥。这辆战车只要一个人镇守，就可以成功，怎么能因为负了伤而败坏国君的大事呢？穿上铠甲，拿起武器，本来就是去赴死；受伤不到死的地步，您要奋力而为啊！”解张左手把马绳全部握在一起，右手拿过鼓槌来击鼓。战马狂奔不已，晋军跟著主帅的车前进，军大败，晋军追击军，围著华不注山追了三圈。 2、版本二
创作编号：BG7531400019813488897SX 创作者：别如克* 鞌之战选自《左传》又名《鞍之战》原文：楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢，流血及屦2 未尽∧?6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病？吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)？然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也？擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17) ，右援拐?鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。” 丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎？”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。译文1：在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤？您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，我必定（冒着生命危险）下去推车，您难道了解这些吗？不过，您真是受重伤了。”daier 解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛，都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声，前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它，战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢？身披盔甲，手执武器，本来就是去走向死亡，伤痛还没到死的地步，您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说，一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起，用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。（由于一手控马，）马飞快奔跑而不能停止，晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去，把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军，三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。韩厥梦见他去世的父亲对他说:“明天早晨作战时要避开
齐晋鞌之战原文和译文 楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓 为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢， 流血及屦2未尽∧?6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手 及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病？吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)？然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在 吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也？擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17) ，右援拐?鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖?\于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：…无令舆师陷入君地。?下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。”丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎？”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。 在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤？您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，
齐晋鞌之战翻译 二年春季，齐顷公进攻我国北部边境，包围龙地。齐顷公的宠臣卢蒲就魁攻打城门，龙地的人把他逮住囚禁。齐顷公说：“不要杀，我和你们盟誓，不进入你们的境内。”龙地的人不听，把他杀了，暴尸城上。齐顷公亲自击鼓，兵士爬上城墙。三天，占领了龙地。于是就向南入侵，到达巢丘。 卫穆公派遣孙良夫、石稷、宁相、向禽率兵入侵齐国，和齐军相遇。石稷想要回去，孙良夫说：“不行。用军队攻打别人，遇上敌人就回去，将怎样对国君说呢？如果知道不能作戕，就应当不出兵。现在既然和敌军相遇，不如打一仗。” 夏季，有?? 石稷说：“军队战败了，您如果不稍稍等待，顶住敌军，将会全军覆灭。您丧失了军队，如何回报君命？”大家都不回答。石稷又说：“您，是国家的卿。损失了您，就是一种羞耻了。您带着大家撤退，我就留在这里。”同时通告军中，说援军的战车来了不少。齐国的军队就停止前进，驻扎在鞠居。 新筑大夫仲叔于奚援救了孙良夫，孙良夫因此得免于难。不久，卫国人把城邑赏给仲叔于奚。仲叔于奚辞谢，而请求得到诸侯所用三面悬挂的乐器，并用繁缨装饰马匹来朝见，卫君允许了。孔子听说这件事，说：“可惜啊，还不如多给他城邑。惟有器物和名号，不能假借给别人，这是国君掌握的。名号用来赋予威信，威信用来保持器物，器物用来体现礼制，礼制用来推行道义，道义用来产生利益，利益用来治理百姓，这是政权中的大节。如果把名位、礼器假借给别人，这就是把政权给了别人。失去政权，国家也就跟着失去，这是不能阻止的。” 孙桓子回到新筑，不进国都，就到晋国请求出兵。臧宣叔也到晋国请求出兵。两人都投奔郤克。晋景公答应派出七百辆战车。郤克说：“这是城濮之战的战年数。当时有先君的明察和先大夫的敏捷，所以得胜。克和先大夫相比，还不足以做他们的仆人。请发八百乘战车。”晋景公答应了。郤克率领中军，士燮辅佐上军，栾书率领下军，韩厥做司马，以救援鲁国和卫国，臧宣叔迎接晋军，同时向导开路。季文子率领军队和他们会合。到达卫国境内，韩厥要杀人，郤克驾车疾驰赶去，打算救下那个人。等赶到，已经杀了。郤克派人把尸体在军中示众，还告诉他的御者说：“我用这样的做法来分担指责。” 晋、鲁、卫联军在莘地追上齐军。六月十六日，军队到达靡笄山下。齐顷公派人请战，说：“您带领国君的军队光临敝邑，敝国的士兵不强，也请在明天早晨相见决战。”郤克回答说：“晋和鲁、卫是兄弟国家，他们前来告诉我们说：'大国不分早晚都在敝邑的土地上发泄气愤。’寡君不忍，派下臣们前来向大国请求，同时又不让我军长久留在贵国。我们只能前进不能后退，您的命令是不会不照办的。”齐顷公说：“大夫允许，正是齐国的愿望；如果不允许，也要兵戎相见的。”齐国的高固攻打晋军，拿起石头扔向晋军，抓住晋军战俘，然后坐上他的战车，把桑树根子系在车上，巡行到齐营说：“想要勇气的人可以来买我剩下的勇气！” 公元前589年六月十七日，齐、晋双方军队在鞍摆开阵势。邴夏为齐侯驾车，逢丑父当为戎右（古代战车，将领居左，御者居中。如果将领是君主或主帅则居中，御者居左。负责保护协助将领的人居右）。晋国的解张为郤克驾车，郑丘缓当戎右。齐侯说：“我姑且消
齐晋鞌之战的全文翻译 在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤？您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，我必定（冒着生命危险）下去推车，您难道了解这些吗？不过，您真是受重伤了。”daier解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛，都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声，前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它，战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢？身披盔甲，手执武器，本来就是去走向死亡，伤痛还没到死的地步，您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说，一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起，用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。（由于一手控马，）马飞快奔跑而不能停止，晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去，把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军，三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。 韩厥梦见他去世的父亲对他说:“明天早晨作战时要避开战车左边和右边的位置。”因此韩厥就站在中间担任赶车的来追赶齐侯的战车。邴夏说:“射那个赶车的，他是个君子。”齐侯说:“称他为君子却又去射他，这不合于礼。”daier于是射车左，车左中箭掉下了车。又
射右边的，车右也中箭倒在了车里。（晋军的）将军綦毋张损坏了自己的战车，跟在韩厥的车后说:“请允许我搭乗你的战车。”他上车后，无论是站在车的左边，还是站在车的右边，韩厥都用肘推他，让他站在自己身后——战车的中间。韩厥又低下头安定了一下受伤倒在车中的那位自己的车右。 于是逢丑父和齐侯（乘韩厥低头之机）互相调换了位置。将要到达华泉时，齐侯战车的骖马被树木绊住而不能继续逃跑而停了下来。（头天晚上）逢丑父睡在栈车里，有一条蛇从他身子底下爬出来，他用小臂去打蛇，小臂受伤，但他（为了能当车右）隐瞒了这件事。由于这样，他不能用臂推车前进，因而被韩厥追上了。韩厥拿着拴马绳走到齐侯的马前，两次下拜并行稽首礼，捧着一杯酒并加上一块玉璧给齐侯送上去，daier说:“我们国君派我们这些臣下为鲁、卫两国求情，他说:‘不要让军队进入齐国的土地。’我很不幸，恰巧碰上了您的军队，没有地方逃避和躲藏。而且我也害怕逃跑躲避而使两国国君受辱。下臣勉强充当一名战士，谨向君王报告我的无能，但由于人手缺乏，只好承当这个官职（只好履行我应尽的义务——把你抓起来）。”（假装是齐侯的）daier逢丑父命令齐侯下车到华泉去取水（来给自己喝）。（华泉那里有齐军的另一只部队，）郑周父驾着齐君的后备车，宛茷担任后备车的车右，daier见齐侯来了，装上齐侯就跑掉了，使他免於被俘。韩厥献上逢丑父，郤克打算杀掉他，他喊叫说:“到现在为止还没有代替他国君受难的人，有一个在这里，还要被杀死吗？”郤克说:“这个人不怕用死来使他的国君免於祸患，我杀了
中考文言文《鞌之战》全文详细翻译本文是关于中考文言文《鞌之战》全文详细翻译，感谢您的阅读！ 鞌之战 选自《左传》 又名《鞍之战》 六月十七日，齐晋两军在鞌地摆开阵势。邴夏为齐侯驾车，逢丑父坐在车右做了齐侯的护卫。晋军解张替卻克驾车，郑丘缓做了卻克的护卫。齐侯说：“我姑且消灭晋军再吃早饭!”不给马披甲就驱车进击晋军。卻克被箭射伤，血一直流到鞋上，但是进军的鼓声仍然没有停息。卻克说：“我受重伤了!”解张说：“从一开始交战，箭就射穿了我的手和胳膊肘，我折断箭杆照样驾车，左边的车轮被血染得殷红，哪里敢说受了重伤?您就忍耐它一点吧。”郑丘缓说：“从开始交战以来，如果遇到险峻难走的路，我必定要下来推车，您是否知道这种情况呢?──不过您的伤势确实太严重了!”解张说：“全军的人都听着我们的鼓声，注视着我们的旗帜，或进或退都跟随着我们。这辆车只要一人镇守，就可以凭它成事。怎么能因受伤而败坏国君的大事呢?穿上铠甲，拿起武器，本来就抱定了必死的决心。受了重伤还没有到死，您还是努力地干吧!”于是左手一并握住缰绳，右手取过鼓槌击鼓。马狂奔不止，全军跟着他们冲锋。齐军溃败。晋军追击齐军，绕着华不注山追了三圈。 癸酉，师陈于鞌。邴夏御齐侯，逢丑父为右。晋解张御卻克，郑丘缓为右。齐侯曰：“余姑翦灭此而朝食!”不介马而驰之。卻克伤于
矢，流血及屦，未绝鼓音。曰：“余病矣!”张侯曰：“自始合，而矢贯余手及肘，余折以御，左轮朱殷。岂敢言病?吾子忍之。”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车。子岂识之?──然子病矣!”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之，可以集事。若之何其以病败君之大事也?擐甲执兵，固即死也。病未及死，吾子勉之!”左并辔，右援枹而鼓。马逸不能止，师从之。齐师败绩。逐之，三周华不注。 (头天夜里)韩厥梦见父亲子舆对自己说：“明天早晨不要站住兵车的左右两侧。”因此他就在车当中驾车追赶齐侯。邴夏说：“射那个驾车的，他是个君子。”齐侯说：“认为他是君子反而射他，这不合于礼。”射韩厥的车左，车左坠掉在车下;射他的车右，车右倒在车中。綦毋张的兵车坏了，跟着韩厥说：“请允许我搭你的车。”上车后，綦毋张站在兵车的左边和右边，韩厥都用肘撞他，让他站在身后。韩厥低下身子放稳当被射倒的车右。 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右。”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下;射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛定其右。 逢丑父乘机同齐侯互换了位置。将要到华泉，骖马被树木绊住不能再跑了。头天晚上，丑父在栈车里睡觉，一条蛇爬在他身子下边，他用手臂去打蛇，手臂被咬伤，却隐瞒了这件事，所以今天不能推车而被韩厥追上。韩厥拿着拴马的绳子站在齐侯的马前，拜两拜，然后
《鞌之战》原文及译文 《鞌之战》——《左传》 【原文】 孙桓子还于新筑，不入，遂如晋乞师。臧宣叔亦如晋乞师。皆主郤献子。晋侯许之七百乘。郤子曰：“此城濮之赋也。有先君之明与先大夫之肃，故捷。克于先大夫，无能为役，请八百乘。”许之。郤克将中军，士燮佐上军，栾书将下军，韩厥为司马，以救鲁、卫。臧宣叔逆晋师，且道之。季文子帅师会之。及卫地，韩献子将斩人，郤献子驰，将救之。至，则既斩之矣。郤子使速以徇，告其仆曰：“吾以分谤也。” 师从齐师于莘。六月壬申，师至于靡笄之下。齐侯使请战，曰：”子以君师辱于敝邑，不腆敝赋，诘朝请见。”对曰：“晋与鲁、卫，兄弟也。来告曰：‘大国朝夕释憾于敝邑之地。’寡君不忍，使群臣请于大国，无令舆师淹于君地。能进不能退，君无所辱命。”齐侯曰：“大夫之许，寡人之愿也；若其不许，亦将见也。”齐高固入晋师，桀石以投人，禽之而乘其车，系桑本焉，以徇齐垒，曰：“欲勇者贾余馀勇。” 癸酉，师陈于鞌。邴夏御齐侯，逢丑父为右。晋解张御郤克，郑丘缓为右。齐侯曰：“余姑翦灭此而朝食！”不介马而驰之。郤克伤于矢，流血及屦，未绝鼓音，曰：“余病矣！”张侯曰：“自始合，而矢贯余手及肘，余折以御，左轮朱殷，岂敢言病。吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂识之？然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之，可以集事，若之何其以病败君之大事也？擐甲执兵，固即死也。病未及死，吾子勉之！”左并辔，右援枹而鼓，马逸不能止，师从之。齐师败绩。逐之，三周华不注。 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。”丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎？”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。 【译文】 齐军： ——齐侯、邴夏、逢丑父 ——郑周父、菀茷 晋军：郤克、士燮、栾书、韩厥 ——郤克、解张、郑丘缓 ——韩厥、、 ——綦毋张 孙桓子返回新筑。不入新筑，随后往晋国求救兵。臧宣叔也到晋国求救兵。都投到郤献子门下。晋侯答应给他七百辆战车的兵力。郤子说：“这是城濮战役所用的军额。有已故的前代国君与已故的卿大夫的敏捷，所以才取得胜利。我跟先大夫相比，不能胜任这样的战事。请求八百乘战车。”答应他。郤克为中军主帅，士燮以上军佐的身份率领上军，栾书为下军主帅。韩厥为司马，去救鲁、卫两国。臧宣叔迎接晋军，为他们引路。季文子帅军与晋
《晋楚城濮之战》原文及翻译 二十八年春，晋侯将伐曹，假道于卫，卫人弗许。还，自南河济。侵曹伐卫。正月戊申，取五鹿。二月，晋郤縠(hu2)卒。原轸将中军，胥臣佐下军，上（通尚）德也。晋侯、齐侯盟于敛盂。卫侯请盟，晋人弗许。卫侯欲与楚，国人不欲，故出其君以说（通悦）于晋。卫侯出居于襄牛。公子买戍卫，楚人救卫，不克。公惧于晋，杀子丛以说焉。谓楚人曰：“不卒戍也。” 晋侯围曹，门焉，多死，曹人尸诸城上，晋侯患之，听舆人之谋曰称：“舍于墓。”师迁焉，曹人凶惧，为其所得者棺而出之，因其凶也而攻之。三月丙午，入曹。数之，以其不用僖负羁而乘轩者三百人也。且曰：“献状。”令无入僖负羁之宫而免其族，报施也。魏犨、颠颉怒曰：“劳之不图，报于何有！”蓺爇(ruo4)僖负羁氏。魏犨伤于胸，公欲杀之而爱其材，使问，且视之。病，将杀之。魏犨束胸见使者曰：“以君之灵，不有宁也。”距跃三百（通陌），曲踊三百（通陌）。乃舍之。杀颠颉以徇于师，立舟之侨以为戎右。 宋人使门尹般如晋师告急。公曰：“宋人告急，舍之则绝，告楚不许。我欲战矣，齐、秦未可，若之何？”先轸（zhen3）曰：“使宋舍我而赂齐、秦，藉之告楚。我执曹君而分曹、卫之田以赐宋人。楚爱曹、卫，必不许也。喜赂怒顽，能无战乎？”公说（通悦），执曹伯，分曹、卫之田以畀(bi4)宋人。
宋国派门尹般到晋军告急。晋文公说：“宋国来报告危急情况，如果丢开宋国不管,宋国将与我们绝交;如果请楚国退兵,楚国不会答应.我们要是与楚国交战, 齐秦两国不同意,那怎么办呢?先轸说：“让宋国不求我们,而把礼物送给齐、秦，通过齐、秦两国向楚国请求退兵。同时我们扣留曹国国君，把曹国、卫国的田地分给宋国，楚国舍不得曹、卫，必定不答应齐国和秦国的请求而退兵的。齐国和秦国喜欢宋国的礼物，怒恨楚国不接受调解的顽固态度，能不参战吗？晋文公很高兴，拘捕了曹共公，把曹国和卫国的田地分给了宋国人。 楚子入居于申，使申叔去谷，使子玉去宋，曰：“无従晋师。晋侯在外十九年矣，而果得晋国。险阻艰难，备尝之矣；民之情伪，尽知之矣。天假之年，而除其害。天之所置，其可废乎？《军志》曰：‘允当则归。’又曰：‘知难而退。’又曰：‘有德不可敌。’此三志者，晋之谓矣。” 楚成王进入申城并住下来，让申叔离开谷地，让子玉离开宋国，说：“不要 去追逐晋国军队！晋文公在外边，十九年了，而结果得到了晋国。险阻艰难,都尝过了；民情真假，都了解了。上天给与他年寿，同时除去了他的祸害，上天所设置的，难道能废除吗？《军志》说：‘适可而止’。又说：‘知难而退’。又说：‘有德的人不能阻挡’。三条记载，适用于晋国。” 子玉使伯棼(fen2)请战，曰：“非敢必有功也，愿以间执谗慝(te4)之口。”王怒，少与之师，唯西广、东宫与若敖之六卒实（通是）从之。 子玉派遣伯棼向成王请战，说：“不能说一定有功劳，愿意以此塞住奸邪 小人的嘴巴。”楚成王发怒，少给他军队，只有西广、东宫和若敖的一百八十辆战车跟去。 子玉使宛春告于晋师曰：“请复卫侯而封曹，臣亦释宋之围。”子犯曰：“子玉无礼哉！君取一，臣取二，不可失矣。“先轸曰：
癸酉，师陈于鞌。邴夏御齐侯，逢丑父为右。晋解张御卻克，郑丘缓为右。齐侯曰：“余姑翦灭此而朝食！”不介马而驰之。卻克伤于矢，流血及屦，未绝鼓音。曰：“余病矣！”张侯曰：“自始合，而矢贯余手及肘，余折以御，左轮朱殷。岂敢言病？吾子忍之。”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车。子岂识之？──然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之，可以集事。若之何其以病败君之大事也？擐甲执兵，固即死也。病未及死，吾子勉之！”左并辔，右援枹而鼓。马逸不能止，师从之。齐师败绩。逐之，三周华不注。 六月十七日，齐晋两军在鞌地摆开阵势。邴夏为齐侯驾车，逢丑父坐在车右做了齐侯的护卫。晋军解张替卻克驾车，郑丘缓做了卻克的护卫。齐侯说：“我姑且消灭晋军再吃早饭！”不给马披甲就驱车进击晋军。卻克被箭射伤，血一直流到鞋上，但是进军的鼓声仍然没有停息。卻克说：“我受重伤了！”解张说：“从一开始交战，箭就射穿了我的手和胳膊肘，我折断箭杆照样驾车，左边的车轮被血染得殷红，哪里敢说受了重伤？您就忍耐它一点吧。”郑丘缓说：“从开始交战以来，如果遇到险峻难走的路，我必定要下来推车，您是否知道这种情况呢？──不过您的伤势确实太严重了！”解张说：“全军的人都听着我们的鼓声，注视着我们的旗帜，或进或退都跟随着我们。这辆车只要一人镇守，就可以凭它成事。怎么能因受伤而败坏国君的大事呢？穿上铠甲，拿起武器，本来就抱定了必死的决心。受了重伤还没有到死，您还是努力地干吧！”于是左手一并握住缰绳，右手取过鼓
槌击鼓。马狂奔不止，全军跟着他们冲锋。齐军溃败。晋军追击齐军，绕着华不注山追了三圈。 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右。”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛定其右。 （头天夜里）韩厥梦见父亲子舆对自己说：“明天早晨不要站住兵车的左右两侧。”因此他就在车当中驾车追赶齐侯。邴夏说：“射那个驾车的，他是个君子。”齐侯说：“认为他是君子反而射他，这不合于礼。”射韩厥的车左，车左坠掉在车下；射他的车右，车右倒在车中。綦毋张的兵车坏了，跟着韩厥说：“请允许我搭你的车。”上车后，綦毋张站在兵车的左边和右边，韩厥都用肘撞他，让他站在身后。韩厥低下身子放稳当被射倒的车右。 逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加壁以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐，且惧奔辟而忝两君。臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。”丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，邵献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎？”卻子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。 逢丑父乘机同齐侯互换了位置。将要到华泉，骖马被树木绊住不能再