analyse
analysed
analyser
analysers
analyses
analysing
analysis
analyst
analysts
analytic
analytical
analytically
analyze
analyzed
analyzes
analyzing approach
approachable
approached
approaches
approaching
unapproachable area
areas
assess
assessable
assessed
assesses
assessing
assessment
assessments
reassess
reassessed
reassessing
reassessment
unassessed assume
assumed
assumes
assuming
assumption
assumptions authority
authoritative
authorities available
availability
unavailable benefit
beneficial
beneficiary
beneficiaries
benefited
benefiting
benefits concept
conception
concepts
conceptual
conceptualisation conceptualise
conceptualised conceptualises conceptualising conceptually consist
consisted
consistency
consistent
consistently
consisting
consists
inconsistencies inconsistency
inconsistent constitute
constituencies constituency constituent
constituents
constituted
constitutes
constituting
constitution
constitutions
constitutional
constitutionally
constitutive
unconstitutional
context
contexts
contextual
contextualise
contextualised
contextualising
uncontextualised
contextualize
contextualized
contextualizing
uncontextualized
contract
contracted
contracting
contractor
contractors
contracts
create
created
creates
creating
creation
creations
creative
creatively
creativity
creator
creators
recreate
recreated
recreates
recreating
data
define
definable
defined
defines
defining
definition
definitions
redefine
redefined
redefines
redefining
undefined
derive
derivation
derivations
derivative
derivatives
derived
derives
deriving
distribute
distributed
distributing
distribution
distributional
distributions
distributive
distributor
distributors
redistribute
redistributed
redistributes
redistributing
redistribution
economy
economic
economical
economically
economics
economies
economist
economists
uneconomical
environment
environmental
environmentalist
environmentalists
environmentally
environments
establish
disestablish
disestablished
disestablishes
disestablishing
disestablishment
established
establishes
establishing
establishment
establishments
estimate
estimated
estimates
estimating
estimation
estimations
over?estimate
overestimate
overestimated
overestimates
overestimating
underestimate
underestimated
underestimates
underestimating
evident
evidenced
evidence
evidential
evidently
export
exported
exporter
exporters
exporting
exports
factor
factored
factoring
factors
finance
financed
finances
financial
financially
financier
financiers
financing
formula
formulae
formulas
formulate
formulated
formulating
formulation
formulations
reformulate
reformulated
reformulating
reformulation
reformulations
Sublists of the Academic Word List
Each word in italics is the most frequently occurring member of the word family in the Academic Corpus. For example, anal-ysis is the most common form of the word family analyse. British and American spelling is included in the word families, so contextualise and contextualize are both included in the family context.
Sublist 1 contains the most common words in the AWL. Sublist 2 contains the next most common words, and so on. There are 60 families in each sublist, except for sublist 10 which has 30.
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List
function
functional
functionally
functioned
functioning
functions identify
identifiable
identification
identified
identifies
identifying
identities
identity
unidentifiable income
incomes indicate
indicated
indicates
indicating
indication
indications
indicative
indicator
indicators individual
individualised
individuality
individualism
individualist
individualists
individualistic
individually
individuals interpret
interpretation
interpretations interpretative
interpreted
interpreting
interpretive
interprets
misinterpret
misinterpretation misinterpretations misinterpreted
misinterpreting misinterprets
reinterpret
reinterpreted
reinterprets
reinterpreting
reinterpretation reinterpretations involve
involved
involvement
involves
involving
uninvolved issue
issued
issues
issuing
labour
labor
labored
labors
laboured
labouring
labours
legal
illegal illegality
illegally
legality
legally
legislate
legislated
legislates
legislating
legislation
legislative
legislator
legislators
legislature
major
majorities
majority
method
methodical
methodological
methodologies
methodology
methods
occur
occurred
occurrence
occurrences
occurring
occurs
reoccur
reoccurred
reoccurring
reoccurs
percent
percentage
percentages
period
periodic
periodical
periodically
periodicals
periods
policy
policies
principle
principled
principles
unprincipled
proceed
procedural
procedure
procedures
proceeded
proceeding
proceedings
proceeds
process
processed
processes
processing
require
required
requirement
requirements
requires
requiring
research
researched
researcher
researchers
researches
researching
respond
responded
respondent
respondents
responding
responds
response
responses
responsive
responsiveness
unresponsive
role
roles
section
sectioned
sectioning
sections
sector
sectors
significant
insignificant
insignificantly
significance
significantly
signified
signifies
signify
signifying
similar
dissimilar
similarities
similarity
similarly
source
sourced
sources
sourcing
specific
specifically
specification
specifications
specificity
specifics
structure
restructure
restructured
restructures
restructuring
structural
structurally
structured
structures
structuring
unstructured
theory
theoretical
theoretically
theories
theorist
theorists
vary
invariable
invariably
variability
variable
variables
variably
variance
variant
variants
variation
variations
varied
varies
varying
achieve
achievable
achieved
achievement
achievements achieves
achieving acquire
acquired
acquires
acquiring
acquisition
acquisitions administrate
administrates
administration administrations administrative administratively administrator
administrators affect
affected
affecting
affective
affectively
affects
unaffected appropriate
appropriacy
appropriately
appropriateness inappropriacy inappropriate inappropriately aspect
aspects
assist
assistance
assistant
assistants
assisted
assisting
assists
unassisted category
categories
categorisation categorise
categorised
categorises
categorising
categorization categorized
categorizes
categorizing chapter
chapters commission
commissioned commissioner commissioners commissioning commissions community
communities complex
complexities
complexity compute
computation
computational computations computable
computer
computed
computerised
computers
computing conclude
concluded
concludes
concluding
conclusion
conclusions
conclusive
conclusively
inconclusive
inconclusively conduct
conducted
conducting
conducts
consequent
consequence
consequences
consequently
construct
constructed
constructing
construction
constructions
constructive
constructs
reconstruct
reconstructed
reconstructing
reconstruction
reconstructs
consume
consumed
consumer
consumers
consumes
consuming
consumption
credit
credited
crediting
creditor
creditors
credits
culture
cultural
culturally
cultured
cultures
uncultured
design
designed
designer
designers
designing
designs
distinct
distinction
distinctions
distinctive
distinctively
distinctly
indistinct
indistinctly
element
elements
equate
equated
equates
equating
equation
equations
evaluate
evaluated
evaluates
evaluating
evaluation
evaluations
evaluative
re?evaluate
re?evaluated
re?evaluates
re?evaluating
re?evaluation
feature
featured
features
featuring
final
finalise
finalised
finalises
finalising
finalize
finalized
finalizes
finalizing
finality
finally
finals
focus
focused
focuses
focusing
focussed
focussing
refocus
refocused
refocuses
refocusing
refocussed
refocusses
refocussing
impact
impacted
impacting
impacts
injure
injured
injures
injuries
injuring
injury
uninjured
institute
instituted
institutes
instituting
institution
institutional
institutionalise
institutionalised
institutionalises
institutionalising
institutionalized
institutionalizes
institutionalizing
institutionally
institutions
invest
invested
investing
investment
investments
investor
investors
invests
reinvest
reinvested
reinvesting
reinvestment
reinvests
item
itemisation
itemise
itemised
itemises
itemising
items
journal
journals
maintain
maintained
maintaining
maintains
maintenance
normal
abnormal
abnormally
normalisation
normalise
normalised
normalises
normalising
normalization
normalize
normalized
normalizes
normalizing
normality
normally
obtain
obtainable
obtained
obtaining
obtains
unobtainable
participate
participant
participants
Sublist 2 of the Academic Word List
participated participates participating participation
participatory perceive perceived perceives perceiving perception
perceptions positive
positively potential
potentially previous
previously primary
primarily purchase purchased purchaser purchasers purchases
purchasing range ranged ranges
ranging region regional regionally
regions regulate deregulated deregulates deregulating deregulation regulated regulates regulating regulation
regulations regulator regulators regulatory
unregulated relevant irrelevance irrelevant
relevance reside resided residence resident residential residents resides
residing resource resourced resourceful resources resourcing unresourceful
under?resourced restrict restricted restricting restriction restrictions restrictive restrictively restricts unrestricted
unrestrictive secure insecure insecurities insecurity secured securely secures securing securities
security
seek seeking seeks sought select selected selecting selection selections selective selectively selector selectors selects site
sites strategy strategic strategies strategically strategist
strategists survey surveyed surveying surveys text texts
textual tradition non?traditional traditional traditionalist traditionally
traditions transfer transferable transference transferred transferring
transfers
Sublist 3 of Academic Word List
alternative alternatively alternatives circumstance circumstances comment commentaries commentary commentator commentators commented commenting comments compensate compensated compensates compensating compensation compensations compensatory component componentry components consent consensus consented consenting consents considerable considerably constant constancy constantly constants inconstancy inconstantly constrain constrained constraining constrains constraint
constraints
unconstrained contribute contributed contributes contributing contribution contributions contributor
contributors convene convention convenes convened convening conventional conventionally conventions
unconventional coordinate coordinated coordinates coordinating coordination coordinator coordinators co?ordinate co?ordinated co?ordinates co?ordinating co?ordination co?ordinator co?ordinators core cores coring
cored corporate corporates corporation
corporations
correspond corresponded correspondence corresponding correspondingly corresponds criteria criterion deduce deduced deduces deducing deduction deductions demonstrate demonstrable demonstrably demonstrated demonstrates demonstrating demonstration demonstrations demonstrative demonstratively demonstrator demonstrators document documentation documented documenting documents dominate dominance dominant dominated dominates dominating domination emphasis emphasise emphasised emphasising
emphasize emphasized emphasizes emphasizing emphatic
emphatically ensure
ensured
ensures
ensuring exclude
excluded
excludes
excluding
exclusion
exclusionary exclusionist exclusions exclusive
exclusively framework
frameworks fund
funded
funder
funders
funding
funds illustrate
illustrated illustrates illustrating illustration illustrations illustrative immigrate
immigrant immigrants immigrated immigrates immigrating immigration imply
implied
implies
implying initial
initially instance
instances interact
interacted interacting interaction interactions interactive interactively interacts justify
justifiable justifiably justification justifications justified
justifies
justifying
unjustified layer
layered
layering
layers
link
linkage
linkages
linked
linking
links locate
located
locating
location
locations relocate
relocated
relocates
relocating
relocation
maximise
max
maximised
maximises
maximising
maximisation
maximize
maximized
maximizes
maximizing
maximization
maximum
minor
minorities
minority
minors
negate
negative
negated
negates
negating
negatively
negatives
outcome
outcomes
partner
partners
partnership
partnerships
philosophy
philosopher
philosophers
philosophical
philosophically
philosophies
philosophise
philosophised
philosophises
philosophising
philosophize
philosophized
philosophizes
philosophizing
physical
physically
proportion
disproportion
disproportionate
disproportionately
proportional
proportionally
proportionate
proportionately
proportions
publish
published
publisher
publishers
publishes
publishing
unpublished
react
reacted
reacts
reacting
reaction
reactionaries
reactionary
reactions
reactive
reactivate
reactivation
reactor
reactors
register
deregister
deregistered
deregistering
deregisters
deregistration
registered
registering
registers
registration
rely
reliability
reliable
reliably
reliance
reliant
relied
relies
relying
unreliable
remove
removable
removal
removals
removed
removes
removing
scheme
schematic
schematically
schemed
schemes
scheming
sequence
sequenced
sequences
sequencing
sequential
sequentially
sex
sexes
sexism
sexual
sexuality
sexually
shift
shifted
shifting
shifts
specify
specifiable
specified
specifies
specifying
unspecified
sufficient
sufficiency
insufficient
insufficiently
sufficiently
task
tasks
technical
technically
technique
techniques
technology
technological
technologically
valid
invalidate
invalidity
validate
validated
validating
validation
validity
validly
volume
volumes
vol
Sublist 4 of the Academic Word List
access
accessed
accesses
accessibility
accessible
accessing
inaccessible adequate
adequacy
adequately
inadequacies
inadequacy
inadequate
inadequately annual
annually apparent
apparently approximate
approximated
approximately
approximates
approximating
approximation
approximations attitude
attitudes attribute
attributable
attributed
attributes
attributing
attribution
civil
code
coded
codes
coding
commit
commitment
commitments
commits
committed
committing communicate
communicable
communicated
communicates
communicating communication communications communicative
communicatively uncommunicative concentrate
concentrated
concentrates
concentrating
concentration confer
conference
conferences
conferred
conferring
confers
contrast
contrasted
contrasting
contrastive
contrasts
cycle
cycled
cycles
cyclic
cyclical
cycling
debate
debatable
debated
debates
debating despite
dimension
dimensional
dimensions
multidimensional domestic
domestically
domesticate domesticated
domesticating
domestics
emerge
emerged
emergence
emergent
emerges
emerging
error
erroneous
erroneously
errors
ethnic
ethnicity
goal
goals
grant
granted
granting
grants
hence
hypothesis
hypotheses
hypothesise
hypothesised
hypothesises
hypothesising
hypothesize
hypothesized
hypothesizes
hypothesizing
hypothetical
hypothetically
implement
implementation
implemented
implementing
implements
implicate
implicated
implicates
implicating
implication
implications
impose
imposed
imposes
imposing
imposition
integrate
integrated
integrates
integrating
integration
internal
internalise
internalised
internalises
internalising
internalize
internalized
internalizes
internalizing
internally
investigate
investigated
investigates
investigating
investigation
investigations
investigative
investigator
investigators
job
jobs
label
labeled
labeling
labelled
labelling
labels
mechanism
mechanisms
obvious
obviously
occupy
occupancy
occupant
occupants
occupation
occupational
occupations
occupied
occupier
occupiers
occupies
occupying
option
optional
options
output
outputs
overall
parallel
paralleled
parallelled
parallelling
parallels
unparalleled
parameter
parameters
phase
phased
phases
phasing
predict
predictability
predictable
predictably
predicted
predicting
prediction
predictions
predicts
unpredictability
unpredictable
principal
principally
prior
professional
professionally
professionals
professionalism
project
projected
projecting
projection
projections
projects
promote
promoted
promoter
promoters
promotes
promoting
promotion
promotions
regime
regimes
resolve
resolution
resolved
resolves
resolving
unresolved
retain
retained
retaining
retainer
retainers
retains
retention
retentive
series
statistic
statistician
statisticians
statistical
statistically
statistics
status
stress
stressed
stresses
stressful
stressing
unstressed
subsequent
subsequently sum
summation
summed
summing
sums summary
summaries
summarise
summarised
summarises
summarising summarisation summarisations summarization summarizations summarize
summarized
summarizes
summarizing undertake
undertaken undertakes undertaking undertook
Sublist 5 of the Academic Word List
academy
academia
academic
academically academics
academies adjust
adjusted
adjusting
adjustment adjustments adjusts
readjust
readjusted
readjusting readjustment readjustments readjusts alter
alterable
alteration
alterations
altered
altering
alternate
alternating alters
unalterable unaltered amend
amended
amending
amendment amendments amends aware
awareness
unaware capacity
capacities
incapacitate incapacitated challenge
challenged
challenger
challengers challenges
challenging clause
clauses compound
compounded compounding compounds conflict
conflicted
conflicting
conflicts consult
consultancy consultant
consultants consultation consultations
consultative
consulted
consults
consulting
contact
contactable
contacted
contacting
contacts
decline
declined
declines
declining
discrete
discretely
discretion
discretionary
indiscrete
indiscretion
draft
drafted
drafting
drafts
redraft
redrafted
redrafting
redrafts
enable
enabled
enables
enabling
energy
energetic
energetically
energies
enforce
enforced
enforcement
enforces
enforcing
entity
entities
equivalent
equivalence
evolve
evolution
evolved
evolving
evolves
evolutionary
evolutionist
evolutionists
expand
expanded
expanding
expands
expansion
expansionism
expansive
expose
exposed
exposes
exposing
exposure
exposures
external
externalisation
externalise
externalised
externalises
externalising
externality
externalization
externalize
externalized
externalizes
externalizing
externally
facilitate
facilitated
facilitates
facilities
facilitating
facilitation
facilitator
facilitators
facility
fundamental
fundamentally
generate
generated
generates
generating
generation
generations
image
imagery
images
liberal
liberalise
liberalism
liberalisation
liberalised
liberalises
liberalising
liberalization
liberalize
liberalized
liberalizes
liberalizing
liberate
liberated
liberates
liberation
liberations
liberating
liberator
liberators
liberally
liberals
licence
licences
license
licensed
licensing
licenses
unlicensed logic
illogical
illogically
logical
logically
logician
logicians margin
marginal
marginally margins medical
medically mental
mentality
mentally modify
modification modifications modified
modifies
modifying
unmodified monitor
monitored monitoring monitors
unmonitored network
networked networking networks notion
notions objective
objectively objectivity orient
orientate
orientated
orientates
orientation orientating oriented
orienting
orients
reorient
reorientation perspective
perspectives
precise
imprecise
precisely
precision
prime
primacy
psychology
psychological
psychologically
psychologist
psychologists
pursue
pursued
pursues
pursuing
pursuit
pursuits
ratio
ratios
reject
rejected
rejecting
rejection
rejects
rejections
revenue
revenues
stable
instability
stabilisation
stabilise
stabilised
stabilises
stabilising
stabilization
stabilize
stabilized
stabilizes
stabilizing
stability
unstable
style
styled
styles
styling
stylish
stylise
stylised
stylises
stylising
stylize
stylized
stylizes
stylizing
substitute
substituted
substitutes
substituting
substitution
sustain
sustainable
sustainability
sustained
sustaining
sustains
sustenance
unsustainable
symbol
symbolic
symbolically
symbolise
symbolises
symbolised
symbolising
symbolism
symbolize
symbolized
symbolizes
symbolizing
symbols
target
targeted
targeting
targets
transit
transited
transiting
transition
transitional
transitions
transitory
transits
trend
trends
version
versions
welfare
whereas
Sublist 6 of the Academic Word List
abstract
abstraction
abstractions
abstractly
abstracts accurate
accuracy
accurately
inaccuracy
inaccuracies
inaccurate acknowledge
acknowledged
acknowledges
acknowledging
acknowledgement acknowledgemens aggregate
aggregated
aggregates
aggregating
aggregation allocate
allocated
allocates
allocating
allocation
allocations assign
assigned
assigning
assignment
assignments
assigns reassign
reassigned
reassigning
reassigns
unassigned
attach
attached
attaches
attaching
attachment
attachments
unattached
author
authored
authoring
authors
authorship
bond
bonded
bonding
bonds
brief
brevity
briefed
briefing
briefly
briefs
capable
capabilities
capability
incapable
cite
citation
citations
cited
citing
cites
cooperate
cooperated
cooperates
cooperating
cooperation
cooperative
cooperatively
co?operate
co?operated
co?operates
co?operation
co?operative
co?operatively
discriminate
discriminated
discriminates
discriminating
discrimination
display
displayed
displaying
displays
diverse
diversely
diversification
diversified
diversifies
diversify
diversifying
diversity
domain
domains edit
edited
editing
edition
editions
editor
editorial
editorials
editors
edits enhance
enhanced
enhancement enhances
enhancing estate
estates exceed
exceeded
exceeding
exceeds expert
expertise
expertly
experts explicit
explicitly federal
federation
federations fee
fees
flexible
flexibility
inflexible
inflexibility furthermore
gender
genders ignorant
ignorance
ignore
ignored
ignores
ignoring incentive
incentives incidence
incident
incidentally incidents incorporate
incorporated incorporates incorporating incorporation index
indexed
indexes
indexing inhibit
inhibited
inhibiting
inhibition
inhibitions
inhibits initiate
initiated
initiates
initiating
initiation
initiations
initiative
initiatives
initiator
initiators input
inputs instruct
instruction
instructed
instructing
instructions
instructive
instructor
instructors
instructs
intelligent
intelligence
intelligently
unintelligent
interval
intervals
lecture
lectured
lecturer
lecturers
lectures
lecturing
migrate
migrant
migrants
migrated
migrates
migrating
migration
migrations
migratory
minimum
ministry
ministered
ministering
ministerial
ministries
motive
motivate
motivated
motivates
motivating
motivation
motivations
motives
unmotivated
neutral
neutralisation
neutralise
neutralised
neutralises
neutralising
neutrality
neutralization
neutralize
neutralized
neutralizes
neutralizing
nevertheless
overseas
precede
preceded
precedence
precedent
precedes
preceding
unprecedented
presume
presumably
presumed
presumes
presuming
presumption
presumptions
presumptuous
rational
irrational
rationalisation
rationalisations
rationalise
rationalised
rationalises
rationalising
rationalism
rationality
rationalization
rationalizations
rationalize
rationalized
rationalizes
rationally
recover
recoverable
recovered
recovering
recovers
recovery
reveal
revealed
revealing
reveals
revelation
revelations
scope
subsidy
subsidiary
subsidies
subsidise
subsidised
subsidises
subsidising
subsidize
subsidized
subsidizes
subsidizing
tape
taped
tapes
taping
trace
traceable
traced
traces
tracing
transform
transformation
transformations
transformed
transforming
transforms
transport
transportation
transported
transporter
transporters
transporting
transports
underlie
underlay
underlies
underlying
utilise
utilisation
utilised
utilises
utilising
utiliser
utilisers
utility
utilities
utilization
utilize
utilized
utilizes
utilizing
adapt
adaptability
adaptable
adaptation
adaptations
adapted
adapting
adaptive
adapts
adult
adulthood
adults advocate
advocacy
advocated
advocates
advocating
aid
aided
aiding
aids
unaided channel
channelled
channelling
channels chemical
chemically
chemicals classic
classical
classics comprehensive
comprehensively comprise
comprised
comprises
comprising confirm
confirmation
confirmed
confirming
confirms contrary
contrarily convert
conversion
conversions
converted
convertible
converting
converts couple
coupled
coupling
couples decade
decades definite
definitely
definitive
indefinite
indefinitely deny
deniable
denial
denials
denied
denies
denying
undeniable differentiate
differentiated
differentiates
differentiating differentiation dispose
disposable
disposal
disposed
disposes
disposing dynamic
dynamically
dynamics eliminate
eliminated
eliminates
eliminating elimination
empirical
empirically
empiricism
equip
equipment
equipped
equipping
equips
extract
extracted
extracting
extraction
extracts
file
filed
files
filing
finite
infinite
infinitely
foundation
foundations
globe
global
globally
globalisation
globalization
grade
graded
grades
grading
guarantee
guaranteed
guaranteeing
guarantees
hierarchy
hierarchical
hierarchies
identical
identically
ideology
ideological
ideologically
ideologies
infer
inference
inferences
inferred
inferring
infers
innovate
innovation
innovated
innovates
innovating
innovations
innovative
innovator
innovators
insert
inserted
inserting
insertion
inserts
intervene
intervened
intervenes
intervening
intervention
interventions
isolate
isolated
isolates
isolating
isolation
isolationism
media
mode
modes
paradigm
paradigms
phenomenon
phenomena
phenomenal
priority
priorities
prioritisation
prioritise
prioritised
prioritises
prioritising
prioritization
prioritize
prioritized
prioritizes
prioritizing
prohibit
prohibited
prohibiting
prohibition
prohibitions
prohibitive
prohibits
publication
publications
quote
quotation
quotations
quoted
quotes
quoting
release
released
releases
releasing
reverse
reversal
reversed
reverses
reversible
reversing
reversals
irreversible
simulate
simulated
simulates
simulating
simulation
sole
solely
somewhat
submit
submission
submissions
submits
submitted
submitting
successor
succession
successions
successive
successively
successors
survive
survival
survived
survives
surviving
survivor
survivors
thesis
theses
topic
topical
topics
transmit
transmission
transmissions
transmitted
transmitting
transmits
ultimate
ultimately
unique
uniquely
uniqueness
visible
visibility
visibly
invisible
invisibility
voluntary
voluntarily
volunteer
volunteering
volunteered
volunteers
abandon
abandoned
abandoning
abandonment abandons accompany
accompanied accompanies
accompaniment accompanying unaccompanied accumulate
accumulated
accumulating accumulation accumulates ambiguous
ambiguities
ambiguity
unambiguous unambiguously append
appendix
appended
appends
appending
appendices
appendixes appreciate
appreciable
appreciably
appreciated
appreciates
appreciating
appreciation unappreciated arbitrary
arbitrariness
arbitrarily automate
automatic
automated
automates
automating
automatically automation bias
biased
biases
biasing
unbiased chart
charted
charting
charts
uncharted clarify
clarification
clarified
clarifies
clarifying
clarity commodity
commodities complement
complementary complemented complementing complements conform
conformable
conformability conformance
conformation
conformed
conforming
conformist
conformists
conformity
conforms
nonconformist nonconformists nonconformity non?conformist non?conformists non?conformity contemporary
contemporaries contradict
contradicted
contradicting
contradiction
contradictions
contradictory
contradicts
crucial
crucially
currency
currencies
denote
denotation
denotations
denoted
denotes
denoting
detect
detectable
detected
detecting
detection
detective
detectives
detector
detectors
detects
deviate
deviated
deviates
deviating
deviation
deviations
displace
displaced
displacement
displaces
displacing
drama
dramas
dramatic
dramatically
dramatise
dramatised
dramatising
dramatises
dramatisation
dramatisations
dramatist
dramatists
dramatization
dramatizations
dramatize
dramatized
dramatizes
dramatizing
eventual
eventuality
eventually
exhibit
exhibited
exhibiting
exhibition
exhibitions
exhibits
exploit
exploitation
exploited
exploiting
exploits
fluctuate
fluctuated
fluctuates
fluctuating
fluctuation
fluctuations
guideline
guidelines
highlight
highlighted
highlighting
highlights
implicit
implicitly
induce
induced
induces
inducing
induction
inevitable
inevitability
inevitably
infrastructure
infrastructures
inspect
inspected
inspecting
inspection
inspections
inspector
inspectors
inspects
intense
intensely
intenseness
intensification
intensified
intensifies
intensify
intensifying
intension
intensity
intensive
intensively
manipulate
manipulated
manipulates
manipulating
manipulation
manipulations
manipulative
minimise
minimised
minimises
minimising
minimize
minimized
minimizes
minimizing
nuclear
offset
offsets
offsetting
paragraph
paragraphing
paragraphs
plus
pluses
practitioner
practitioners
predominant
predominance
predominantly
predominate
predominated
predominates
predominating
prospect
prospective
prospects
radical
radically
radicals
random
randomly
randomness
reinforce
reinforced
reinforcement
reinforcements
reinforces
reinforcing
restore
restoration
restored
restores
restoring
revise
revised
revises
revising
revision
revisions
schedule
reschedule
rescheduled
reschedules
rescheduling
scheduled schedules scheduling unscheduled tense
tension
tensely
tenser
tensest
tensions terminate
terminal
terminals terminated terminates
terminating
termination
terminations
theme
themes
thematic
thematically
thereby
uniform
uniformity
uniformly
vehicle
vehicles
via
virtual
virtually
visual
visualise
visualised
visualising
visualisation
visualize
visualized
visualizing
visualization
visually
widespread
Sublist 9 of the Academic Word List
accommodate
accommodated accommodates accommodating accommodation analogy
analogies
analogous anticipate
anticipated
anticipates
anticipating
anticipation
unanticipated assure
assurance
assurances
assured
assuredly
assures
assuring
attain
attainable
attained
attaining
attainment
attainments
attains
unattainable behalf
bulk
bulky
cease
ceased
ceaseless
ceases
ceasing coherent
coherence
coherently
incoherent
incoherently coincide
coincided
coincides
coinciding
coincidence
coincidences
coincident
coincidental commence
commenced
commences
commencement commencing
recommences recommenced recommencing compatible
compatibility
incompatibility incompatible concurrent
concurrently confine
confined
confines
confining
unconfined controversy
controversies
controversial
controversially
uncontroversial
converse
conversely
device
devices
devote
devoted
devotedly
devotes
devoting
devotion
devotions
diminish
diminished
diminishes
diminishing
diminution
undiminished
distort
distorted
distorting
distortion
distortions
distorts
duration
erode
eroded
erodes
eroding
erosion
ethic
ethical
ethically
ethics
unethical
format
formatted
formatting
formats
found
founded
founder
founders
founding
unfounded
inherent
inherently
insight
insightful
insights
integral
intermediate
manual
manually
manuals
mature
immature
immaturity
maturation
maturational
matured
matures
maturing
maturity
mediate
mediated
mediates
mediating
mediation
medium
military
minimal
minimalisation
minimalise
minimalises
minimalised
minimalising
minimalist
minimalists
minimalistic
minimalization
minimalize
minimalized
minimalizes
minimalizing
minimally
mutual
mutually
norm
norms
overlap
overlapped
overlapping
overlaps
passive
passively
passivity
portion
portions
preliminary
preliminaries
protocol
protocols
qualitative
qualitatively
refine
refined
refinement
refinements
refines
refining
relax
relaxation
relaxed
relaxes
relaxing
restrain
restrained
restraining
restrains
restraint
restraints
unrestrained
revolution
revolutionary
revolutionaries
revolutionise
revolutionised
revolutionises
revolutionising
revolutionist
revolutionists
revolutionize
revolutionized
revolutionizes
revolutionizing
revolutions rigid
rigidities
rigidity
rigidly
route
routed
routes
routing scenario
scenarios sphere
spheres
spherical
spherically subordinate
subordinates
subordination supplement
supplementary supplemented supplementing supplements
suspend
suspended
suspending
suspends
suspension
team
teamed
teaming
teams
temporary
temporarily
trigger
triggered
triggering
triggers
unify
unification
unified
unifies
unifying
violate
violated
violates
violating
violation
violations
vision
visions
Sublist 10 of the Academic Word List
adjacent
albeit
assemble
assembled assembles
assemblies assembling assembly collapse
collapsed
collapses
collapsible
collapsing colleague
colleagues compile
compilation compilations compiled
compiles
compiling conceive
conceivable conceivably conceived
conceives
conceiving inconceivable inconceivably convince
convinced
convinces
convincing convincingly unconvinced depress
depressed
depresses
depressing depression encounter
encountered encountering encounters enormous
enormity
enormously forthcoming
incline
inclination inclinations inclined
inclines
inclining integrity
intrinsic
intrinsically invoke
invoked
invokes
invoking levy
levies likewise nonetheless notwithstanding
odd
odds ongoing
panel
panelled panelling panels persist
persisted persistence persistent persistently persisting persists pose
posed
poses
posing reluctance
reluctant reluctantly so?called straightforward undergo
undergoes undergoing undergone underwent whereby
牛津英语词典又加新字！「Me Time」「Hangry」考下你识几多个！以为你在求学期间已经看毕整本牛津英语词典就代表把全部英文字都学懂了？那你就大错特错啦！事关牛津英语词典每年都会增添新词，例如是网络上很多人在使用的字眼，像selfie这个字。或是一些被大家自行组合的字。只可说牛津英语词典真的是跟着这个世界的潮流在走动！ 1/ Mansplain 这个字相信是由Man+Explain洐生而成，意思是男人在解释事情上所表现的不屑、傲慢态度，一副高高在上的大男人主义。这种情况很多时是发生在而对女性上。 2/ Me Time 这个相信大家都有在使用吧？Me Time即是个人专属时间，不属于他人，是完全可以做自己放松的事情的时间。 3/ Hangry 不要以为编打错字啊！这个是hungry及angry组成的新字，意即因为肚子饿而脾气暴燥发脾气。 4/ Snowflake 雪花这个字本来就已经存在，现时加添了一个新意思，那就是用来形容一些以为自己享有特权或优待的人，是带有贬义的。 5/ Ransomware 用来形容用来进行网络攻击的勒索软件。 6/ Tomoz 大家都懒得写Tomorrow，而写Tomoz。 7/ Dickish 用来形容讨厌或可鄙的人 下面这些字都是与小孩有关的。 8/ BFN BFN=Big Fat Negative 没有怀孕 9/ BFP BFP=Big Fat Positive 怀孕
10/TTC TTC=Trying to conceive 尝试去怀孕 11/CIO CIO=Cry it out 让婴儿哭够就会睡的训练方法 现时很流行即将成为父母的都会在婴儿出世前去一次旅行，如同结婚时的honeymoon，大家叫做babymoon。
1.abbreviate 2.accuse 3.adjective 4.administrative 5.adverb 6.aggressive 7.alphabet 8.amuse 9.ankle 10.a nniversary 11.a ppropriate 12.a pproval 13.a rch 14.a rtificial 15.a utomatically 1.bacteria 2.beam 3.bean 4.bend 5.bent 6.betray 7.bite
8.blow 9.bluish 10.b order 11.b owels 12.b reathe 13.b reed 14.b ullet 15.b unch 16.b urnt 17.b ury 18.b ush 1.cable 2.canal 3.capable of 4.capture 5.card board 6.carpet 7.carriage 8.cassette 9.ceiling 10.c ell 11.c ent
12.c elebrate 13.c harity 14.c heek 15.c heque 16.c hew 17.c himney 18.c hin 19.c hop 20.c ircular 21.c lause 22.c lay 23.c lothing 24.c oast 25.c oin 26.c oloured 27.c olumn 28.c ommittee 29.c omplaint 30.c omplicated 31.c onscious 32.c onsonant 33.c ontainer
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》的语法性研究 文献综述 一、该选题的国内外研究现状 《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》的语法性研究与分析对于词典的编纂提供了很好的向导，也对英语学习者对英语的学习带来了帮助。英语词典吸收了新的语言学理论，出现了许多新的释义方式，词典编纂者应时刻掌握使用者需求动态与认知习惯要求，编纂出更适合需求的词典。 （一）国外研究现状 早在二十世纪七十年代，Hornby A S于1978发表了“Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English-The complete Guide to Written and Spoken English ”的文章，从而对词典的研究打开了序幕，将词典的功能扩大化、细致化。 《牛津高阶》是历史悠久的字典，许多字典的标准是由它所建立，可以称为字典的大哥大。针对读者学习需求，不收古语、罕语，也不收字源。以国际音［IPA］为准，兼收英国音和美国英；英文定义简明；例句丰富；动词分及物和不及物，名词分可数和不可数。作为ESL词典的开山鼻祖，OALD确立了很多词典编写的标准，这些标准广泛的被其他出版社采用。OALD也一直把发行量第一作为广告来宣传自己。 A.P.Cowie于2002年发表的一篇论文名为“English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History”也描述了英语词典对于外国学习者在学习英语的过程中所起到的作用，并且对其历史也作了详细的研究。同年，Rundel L.M. 也发表了一篇名为“Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners”的论文，他主要是针对一些进阶的学习者做的一些研究，他是用麦克米伦英语词典来作为研究对象，旨在通过对麦克米伦词典的研究来达到研究出增进人们学习英语的最佳途径以及编辑英语词典的方法等等。 （二）国内研究现状
Oxford University Press has one of the largest language research programs in the w orld and continuously scours the internet, popular fiction, science journals, and even song lyrics for words creeping into the English language. At one time, 2-3 years of use was required before a new word/term appeared in the Oxford English Dictiona ry, but the internet has cranked the speed of language evolution. Oxford says, “We select those which we judge to be the most significant or important and those whi ch we think are likel y to stand the test of time.” 牛津大学出版社拥有全世界最庞大的语言研究项目，时刻关注着网络、热门小说、科技文章以及歌词中出现的各类英语新词。通常来说，一个新生词条想要正式被牛津词典收录，需要经过2到3年的广泛使用，但如今网络加速了语言的更新换代。牛津方面专家表示：“我们只选择那些最重要的、以及我们认为能经受的住时间检验的词（来收人字典）。”
《牛津高阶英语词典》（第8版）使用心得（George Chen） 如果说辞典界有什么事情发生，而可以称得上是重大消息，OALD 推出新版绝对够资格排得上前三名。学习型辞典在市场上的主流地位，任何新旧更替，必然引起话题，元老级的OALD 新版上市，当然更加受瞩目。这些辞典的前世今生，我在过去谈学习型辞典时，已着墨许多，这里就不再多谈，有兴趣的读者不妨参考过去我谈论学习型辞典的文章，或者本文末尾，我所列的几本参考书籍。 我直接进入主题，先从印刷版的前后版比较起，距离上一版大约五年了，五年的时间酝酿一个新版，差不多是个恰当的时间。这次新版与旧版版面比较，差别不大，新字增加这必然要有的。辞典封底的文字宣称有1000 new words and meanings，新字真的不是我很在意的部分，不过还是未能免俗，稍稍看一下，底下这些都是新加入的字：biofuel, malware, blogosphere, robocall, slow food, Skype, upsell, …我又从Susie Dent 的The Language Report 这本专聊新字的书找了一些，在这本OALD8 里检验。Family 与friend 结合的framily 没有；已经炒热过不少新闻的cyberbullying (网络霸凌)，也找不到。elephant in the room 收进来了，有异曲同工之妙的moose on the table 还付诸阙如，可惜。botnet 收进来了，却没有在zombie 底下加上计算机相关的新定义，又是另一个可惜之处。新字是个永远填不满的无底洞，所以新字的话题看看就好。 总页数1938，与旧本相比，多了30余页。二千页差不多是辞典容纳量的上限，再多，不易携带；再少，怕内容单薄。除了几本双解辞典之外，英文学习型辞典差不多都是这等规模。有限的纸面空间，多了新数据，势必在别的地方删除相同份量的数据。所以，印刷版末尾处看到Visual V ocabulary Builder Contents 变得充实，我们也大胆推估，其它必有别的数据被删减了。
牛津高阶英汉双解词典 英语谚语、格言和警句_Sayings and Proverbs 谚语、格言和警句蕴藏着人类的智慧，简短的词句、诙谐的表达中流露着人生的哲理。我希望能和大家一同分享这些睿智的语言，体悟语言世界的奥妙。现计划每天摘录一句，并附解释。如果大家对其中的某些妙句有兴趣和想法，欢迎大家针对性地发表意见；同时欢迎大家收集英语谚语、格言和警句在本贴发布，以供大家分享，最好注明出处。希望与大家快乐而智慧地共同进步。 我目前所摘的谚语、格言和警均来自《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》（第七版）【商务印书馆，牛津大学出版社（中国）有限公司，2009年4月第3版】 Below is a list of well-known sayings and proverbs: fixed phrases or sentences that give advice or say something that is generally true. 下列广泛流传的谚语、格言和警句，即给予劝戒或表达普遍真理的固定短语或句子。 1—absence makes the heart grow fonder ?英文解释：used to say that when you are away from sb that you love, you love them even more ?翻译：不相见，倍思念 2—there's no accounting for taste ?英文解释：used to say how difficult it is to understand why sb likes sb/sth that you do not like at all ?翻译：人的爱憎好恶是无法解释的；人各有所好 3—actions speak louder than words ?英文解释：what a person actually does means more than what they say they will do ?翻译：行动比言语更为响亮 4—it'll be all ringt on the night ?英文解释：used to say that a performance, an event, etc. will be successful even if the preparations for it have not gone well ?翻译：（演出、活动等）到时候自会成功的；车到山前必有路 5—the apple doesn't fall far from the tree OR—the apple never falls far from the tree ?英文解释：a child usually behaves in a similar way to his or her parent(s) ?翻译：有什么样的父母就有什么样的儿女；上行下效
牛津词典是英国牛津大学出版社出版的多种英语词典的统称，是英国语言词典的代表。牛津词典共有20卷，它的存在更具有象征意义，象征着人类对知识无限的追求。 牛津系词典在词典界的有很高地位和标准，牛津的词典也分等级。 1、The Oxford English Dictionary，20 Volume Set 用于查找1150年的古旧词，作用类似于《汉语大词典》，属最高级的牛津词典，就是The Oxford English Dictionary（20 Volume Set）简称OED，这是牛津兄弟的老大，也是英语词典界的圣经。它一共有20卷，售价昂贵。很少有人能够读完这本词典，它的存在更具有象征意义，象征着人类对知识无限的追求。然而在电子时代失去了骇人的体量和质感，OED的光盘版，只需要两张CD-ROM。这套电子版的接口设计太差了。查完一个词之后没有一个后退键，只能用鼠标浏览。 2、The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary，2 Vol.Set 用于查找17世纪的古旧词，作用类似于《辞源》，The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary （2 Vol. Set）是牛津出的The Oxford English Dictionary，20 Volume Set的一个简编版。这是牛津家族中第二大的词典，两大本3888页的厚度，这本词典在国内由上海外语教育出版社引进第五版。 3、The New Oxford Dictionary of English 是查现代的百科新词之用类似《辞海》，The New Oxford Dictionary of
The Oxford 3000 wordlist ?a, an indefinite article ?abandon v. ?abandoned adj. ?ability n. ?able adj. ?unable adj. ?about adv.,prep. ?above prep.,adv. ?abroad adv. ?absence n. ?absent adj. ?absolute adj. ?absolutely adv. ?absorb v. ?abuse n.,v. ?academic adj. ?accent n. ?accept v. ?acceptable adj. ?unacceptable adj. ?access n. ?accident n. ?by accident ?accidental adj. ?accidentally adv. ?accommodation n.?accompany v. ?according to prep. ?account n.,v. ?accurate adj. ?accurately adv. ?accuse v. ?achieve v. ?achievement n. ?acid n. ?acknowledge v. ?acquire v.?across adv.,prep. ?act n.,v. ?action n. ?take action ?active adj. ?actively adv. ?activity n. ?actor, actress n. ?actual adj. ?actually adv. ? ad advertisement ?adapt v. ?add v. ?addition n. ?in addition (to) ?additional adj. ?address n.,v. ?adequate adj. ?adequately adv. ?adjust v. ?admiration n. ?admire v. ?admit v. ?adopt v. ?adult n.,adj. ?advance n.,v. ?advanced adj. ?in advance ?advantage n. ?take advantage of ?adventure n. ?advertise v. ?advertising n. ?advertisement (also ad, advert) n.?advice n. ?advise v. ?affair n. ?affect v.
K, k / keI; ke/ n (pl K's, k's / keIz; kez/) the eleventh letter of the English alphabet 英语字母表的第十一个字母: `King' begins with (a) K/`K' king字以k字母开始. K / keI; ke/ abbr 缩写= 1 kelvin(s). 2 (infml 口) one thousand (Greek kilo-) 一千（源自希腊文kilo-）: She earns 12K (ie 12000) a year. 她一年挣12000英镑. phonetic (K.K. Vowels) / fE5netIk; fE`nZtIk/ The K.K. phonetic symbols （音标）used in this dictionary contains the following vowels and diphthongs. Press the pronunciation button to hear the sounds they represent. 1. i -- Example: see / si:; si/ 2. I -- Example: sit / sIt; sIt/ 3. e -- Example: ten / ten; tZn/ 4. A -- Example: hat / hAt; hAt/ 5. B -- Example: arm / B:m; Brm/ 6. C -- Example: watch / wCtF; wBtF/ 7. R -- Example: saw / sR:; sR/ 8. J -- Example: put / pUt; pJt/ 9. u -- Example: too / tu:; tu/ 10. Q -- Example: cup / kQp; kQp/ 11. [ -- Example: fur / f\:(r); f[/ 12. E -- Example: ago / E5gEU; E`^o/ 13. e -- Example: page / peIdV; pedV/ 14. o -- Example: home / hEUm; hom/ 15. aI -- Example: five / faIv; faIv/ 16. aJ -- Example: now / naU; naJ/ 17. RI -- Example: join / dVRIn; dVRIn/ 18. IE -- Example: near / nIE(r); nIE(r)/ 19. ZE -- Example: hair / heE(r); hZE(r)/ 20. JE -- Example: tour / tUE(r); tJE(r)/ phonetic (K.K. Consonants) / fE5netIk; fE`nZtIk/ The K.K. phonetic symbols （音标）used in this dictionary contains the following consonants. Press the pronunciation button to hear the sounds they represent. 1. p -- Example: pen / pen; pZn/ 2. b -- Example: bad / bAd; bAd/ 3. t -- Example: tea / ti:; ti/ 4. d -- Example: did / dId; dId/ 5. k -- Example: cat / kAt; kAt/ 6. ^ -- Example: got / gCt; ^Bt/ 7. tF -- Example: chin / tFIn; tFIn/ 8. dV -- Example: Jun e / dVu:n; dVun/ 9. f -- Example: fall / fR:l; fRl/ 10. v -- Example: voice / vRIs; vRIs/ 11. W -- Example: thin / WIn; WIn/ 12. T -- Example: then / Ten; TZn/ 13. s -- Example: so / sEU; so/ 14. z -- Example: zoo / zu:; zu/ 15. F -- Example: she / Fi:; Fi/ 16. V -- Example: vision / 5vIVn; `vIVEn/ 17. h -- Example: how / haU; haJ/ 18. m -- Example: man / mAn; mAn/ 19. n -- Example: no / nEU; no/ 20. N -- Example: sin g / sIN; sIN/ 21. l -- Example: leg / leg; lZ^/ 22. r -- Example: red / red; rZd/ 23. j -- Example: yes / jes; jZs/ 24. w -- Example: wet / wet; wZt/ kaffir / 5kAfE(r); `kAfL/ n (S African offensive 南非, 讳, 蔑) black African person 非洲黑人. kaftan = caftan. Kaiser / 5kaIzE(r); `kaIzL/ n title of the German and Austro-Hungarian emperors until 1918 皇帝(尤指1918年前的德国皇帝). kale (also kail) / keIl; kel/ n [U] type of cabbage with curly leaves 羽衣甘蓝. kaleidoscope / kE5laIdEskEUp; kE`laIdE9skop/ n (a) toy consisting of a tube containing small loose pieces of coloured glass, etc and mirrors which reflect these to form changing patterns when the tube is turned 万花筒. (b) (usu sing 通常作单数) (fig 比喻) constantly and quickly changing pattern 千变万化; 瞬息万变: His paintings are a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colours. 他的油画色彩斑斓,
牛津高阶英汉双解词典 AA汽车协会（英国一个为车主提供服务的组织） AAA美国汽车协会，（英国）业余体育协会 A&E（医院）急诊室 A and P大西洋与太平洋茶叶公司（在美国各州设有食品商店） A&R艺人及音乐产品部 Aard-vark土豚（非洲食蚁兽） Aargh啊（表示恐惧，愤怒等强烈情感） Aback吓了一跳，大吃一惊；震惊 Abacus算盘 Abaft在船尾，向船尾 Abalone鲍鱼 Abandon（不顾责任，义务等）离弃，遗弃，抛弃 （不得已而）舍弃，丢弃，离开 停止（支持或帮助），放弃（信念） 终止，放弃，不再有 陷入，沉湎于（某种感情） 《名》放任，放纵 Abandoned背离弃的，被遗弃的，被抛弃的 （人，行为）放纵的，不羁的 Abandonment离弃，遗弃，抛弃 放弃，中止 Abase表现卑微，卑躬屈节，屈从 Abashed羞愧，窘迫，尴尬 Abate（使）减弱哦，减轻，减退，减少 Abattoir=slaughterhouse Abaya 阿拉伯罩袍 Abba阿爸，爸爸 Abbess女修院院长 Abbey（大）隐修院，（曾为大隐修院的）大教堂 Abbot男修院院长 Abbreviate缩略，把（词语，名称）缩写（成…） Abbreviation略语，缩写词，缩写形式 ABC 基础知识，入门 1.美国广播公司（美国一家全国性的大型电视广播公司）Abdicate逊位，退位 失职，放弃（职责） Abdomen腹部，（昆虫的）腹部 Abdominal腹部的，腹痛 Abdominals腹肌 Abduct诱拐，劫持，绑架 Abductee被劫持者，被绑架者 Abductor劫持者，绑架者，绑匪 Abed在床上
There is no single sensible answer to this question. It's impossible to count the number of words in a language, because it's so hard to decide what actually counts as a word. Is dog one word, or two (a noun meaning 'a kind of animal', and a verb meaning 'to follow persistently')? If we count it as two, then do we count inflections separately too (e.g. dogs = plural noun, dogs = present tense of the verb). Is dog-tired a word, or just two other words joined together? Is hot dog really two words, since it might also be written as hot-dog or even hotdog? 这个问题并没有一个简单而合理的答案。想要计算一种语言里有多少单词是不可能做 到的，因为很难定义究竟什么才是一个单词。Dog究竟算一个单词还是两个（名词指 一种动物，动词指长期跟随）？如果算作两个，那么我们是否也要把它的变型也单独 计算（例如：复数名词dogs，第三人称单数现在时dogs）？Dog-tired（筋疲力尽） 算一个单词还是两个连在一起的单词？既然Hot dog（热狗）可以被写成hot-dog甚至hotdog，它真的算两个单词吗？ It's also difficult to decide what counts as 'English'. What about medical and scientific terms? Latin words used in law, French words used in cooking, German words used in academic writing, Japanese words used in martial arts? Do you count Scots dialect? Teenage slang? Abbreviations? 同样，很难定义什么才算英语。医学和科学名词怎么办？法律中使用的拉丁词汇、烹 饪中使用的法语词汇、学术写作中使用的德语词汇和武术中使用的日语词汇怎么办？ 苏格兰方言算不算？青少年的俚语呢？缩写呢？ The Second Edition of the 20-volume Oxford English Dictionary contains full entries for 171,476 words in current use, and 47,156 obsolete words. To this may be added around 9,500 derivative words included as subentries. Over half of these words are nouns, about a quarter adjectives, and about a seventh verbs; the rest is made up of exclamations, conjunctions, prepositions, suffixes, etc. And these figures don't take account of entries with senses for different word classes (such as noun and adjective). 长达20卷的《牛津英语词典》第二版中有171476个仍在使用的单词词条，还有47156个废弃单词词条。此外还要加上约9500个派生词作为词条下面的分项。这些单词中，超过半数是名词，约四分之一的单词是形容词，七分之一左右的词是动词，剩 下的是感叹词、连词、介词和词缀等。这一数字并未把单词的不同词性（例如名词和 形容词）分别计算。
牛津词典2014年度新词出炉[提要] 1.vape——2014年，“Vape”击败一众对手，成为牛津大辞典评选出的年度新词。回顾牛津词典历年年度热词，英国的omnishambles“错的离谱”，big society”大社会“等词都有着英国人特有的严谨和学术。
1.vape——2014年，“Vape”击败一众对手，成为牛津大辞典评选出的年度新词。随着人们对健康的关注，电子水烟成为时尚新宠。英文单词Vape既代表电子香烟这一名词，也同时可以用作吸电子烟这一动词。牛津词典每年公布的年度新词都代表了这12个月以来的潮流风向，除了Vape外，他的竞争者们也十分有趣，下面就让我们一起“涨知识”吧。
2.slacktivism——slacktivism意为“懒人行动主义”，意思是天天在网络上慷慨激昂，指点江山，现实生活中却啥都不做的一类思想和行为。 3.normcore——作为小老百姓，我们常常理解不了啥是时尚，normcore就是由时尚界流行起来的一个词，意思是以穿那些面料简单，没什么设计，颜色也单一的衣服为时尚的一种潮流。通俗而言，就是“只要我自己穿着高兴，就是时尚。”
4.bae——“Hey，bae！”现在潮人们就实行这么说，其实bae这个词就是“baby”的简称，表达对朋友的亲昵。现在时尚达人和Hip-hop界的潮人们都这么说，还不赶快学起来？
5.contactless——contactless指现在智能卡和只能手机等电子设备采用的先进技术，该技术可以令电子读卡器在不接触的条件下无限读取数据，一般多用于交款和支付。
6.budtender——budtender指在大麻商 店或者大麻药店工作的店员。
analyse analysed analyser analysers analyses analysing analysis analyst analysts analytic analytical analytically analyze analyzed analyzes analyzing approach approachable approached approaches approaching unapproachable area areas assess assessable assessed assesses assessing assessment assessments reassess reassessed reassessing reassessment unassessed assume assumed assumes assuming assumption assumptions authority authoritative authorities available availability unavailable benefit beneficial beneficiary beneficiaries benefited benefiting benefits concept conception concepts conceptual conceptualisation conceptualise conceptualised conceptualises conceptualising conceptually consist consisted consistency consistent consistently consisting consists inconsistencies inconsistency inconsistent constitute constituencies constituency constituent constituents constituted constitutes constituting constitution constitutions constitutional constitutionally constitutive unconstitutional context contexts contextual contextualise contextualised contextualising uncontextualised contextualize contextualized contextualizing uncontextualized contract contracted contracting contractor contractors contracts create created creates creating creation creations creative creatively creativity creator creators recreate recreated recreates recreating data define definable defined defines defining definition definitions redefine redefined redefines redefining undefined derive derivation derivations derivative derivatives derived derives deriving distribute distributed distributing distribution distributional distributions distributive distributor distributors redistribute redistributed redistributes redistributing redistribution economy economic economical economically economics economies economist economists uneconomical environment environmental environmentalist environmentalists environmentally environments establish disestablish disestablished disestablishes disestablishing disestablishment established establishes establishing establishment establishments estimate estimated estimates estimating estimation estimations over?estimate overestimate overestimated overestimates overestimating underestimate underestimated underestimates underestimating evident evidenced evidence evidential evidently export exported exporter exporters exporting exports factor factored factoring factors finance financed finances financial financially financier financiers financing formula formulae formulas formulate formulated formulating formulation formulations reformulate reformulated reformulating reformulation reformulations Sublists of the Academic Word List Each word in italics is the most frequently occurring member of the word family in the Academic Corpus. For example, anal-ysis is the most common form of the word family analyse. British and American spelling is included in the word families, so contextualise and contextualize are both included in the family context. Sublist 1 contains the most common words in the AWL. Sublist 2 contains the next most common words, and so on. There are 60 families in each sublist, except for sublist 10 which has 30. Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List
牛津释义3000词汇 abandon vt.丢弃；放弃,抛弃 abandoned a. 被抛弃的；无约束的 ability n.能力；能耐,本领 able adj.有能力的；能干的 about prep.关于；在…周围 above prep.在…上面；高于 abroad ad.(在)国外；到处 absence n.缺席,不在场；缺乏 absent a.不在场的；缺乏的 absolute a.绝对的；纯粹的 absolutely ad.完全地；绝对地 absorb vt.吸收；使专心 abuse vt.滥用；虐待n.滥用 academic a.学院的；学术的 accent n.口音,腔调；重音 accept vt.vi.接受；同意 acceptable a.可接受的,合意的 access n.接近；通道,入口 accident n.意外的；事故 accidental adj. 意外的,偶然的 accidentally adv. 意外地,偶然地；偶尔,附带accommodation n.招待设备；预定铺位 accompany vt.陪伴,陪同；伴随 according ad. 根据 account n.记述；解释；帐目 accurate a.准确的,正确无误的 accurately adj. 准确地；ad. 准确地；精密地accuse vt.指责；归咎于 achieve vt.完成,实现；达到 achievement n.完成；成就,成绩 acid n.酸；酸的,酸性的 acknowledge vt.承认；告知收到 acquire vt.取得；获得；学到 across prep.横过,穿过 action n.行动；作用；功能 active a.活跃的；积极的 actively adv. 积极地,活跃地 activity n.活动,能动性 actor n.男演员；演剧的人 actual a.实际的；现行的 actually adv.实际上 ad n. (缩)广告 adapt vt.使适应；改编 add vt.加,增加 addition n.加,加法；附加物 additional a.附加的,追加的 address n.地址；演说；谈吐 adequate a.足够的；可以胜任的 adequately adv. 恰当地；足够地 adjust vt.调整,调节；校正 admiration n.羡慕,钦佩；赞赏 admire vt.钦佩；羡慕；赞美 admit vt.&vi.承认 adopt vt.收养；采用；采取 adult n.成年人a.成年的 advance vi.前进；提高n.进展 advanced a.先进的；高级的 advantage n.优点,优势；好处 adventure n.冒险,冒险活动 advertise vt.通知vi.登广告 advertisement n.广告；公告；登广告 advertising adj. 广告的；广告,广告费n. (总称)广告；advice n.劝告；忠告；意见 advise vt. 忠告,劝告,建议；通知；告诉；通告 affair n.事件；事情 affect vt.影响；感动 affection n.慈爱,爱；爱慕 afford vt.担负得起…；提供
最全英语词典推荐，都在这里了！ 俗话说： 工欲善其事，必先利其器。对于英语学习者来说，英语词典就是最好的利器。一般来说，权威英语词典，首推朗文系、牛津系、韦伯系、剑桥系、柯林斯系、麦克米伦系。另外，一些网页词典和其他非主流词典也非常不错。本文将根据使用习惯，分成纸质篇，PC篇，网页篇，APP篇，文末顺附独家推荐套餐。 一、纸质篇1. 英英词典英英纸质词典不外乎这5大系：Longman Dictionary of Contemporary EnglishOxford Advanced Learner's DictionaryMacmillan English Dictionary for Advanced LearnersCollins Cobuild Advanced Learner's English DictionaryCambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryMerriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary2. 双解词典双解词典也蛮多的，不过，最常用的，是朗文当代和牛津高阶。《朗文当代高级英语词典》《牛津高阶英汉双节词典》另外，《牛津英语搭配词典》和《牛津现代美国俚语词典》也非常好。3. 英汉词典首推陆谷孙老先生编写的《英汉大词典》。二、PC 篇PC端电子词典的最大特色是，词库广。除了英英和双解，一般还有搭配词典词库和百科查询入口。我原来在电脑上用过灵格斯，可以下载上百个词典，安装后即可查词，简直不能更
赞。可惜后来因为版权原因，灵格斯客户端，只有清清冷冷几本词典了，不复往日的辉煌。这两年，Mdict的反响还不错。感兴趣的朋友，可以自己在网上搜索下载。另外，欧陆电脑端也比较受推崇，有人在知乎晒图，亮出十几本词库，从朗文、牛津的英英版和双解版，到vocabulary和维基百科，实在是让人羡慕嫉妒。不过，用电脑端查词，还是不太方便。毕竟，电脑没法随时带在身边，也不能想查词了，再去开电脑吧。 三、电子词典 高中的时候，文曲星之类的电子词典风靡一时。看到同学口袋里随时装个词典，简直羡煞人。大学的时候，卡西欧开始热卖。卡西欧词典，就一个字，贵。大学的时候很想买，一听价格上千，就罢了。毕业两三年后，还是月光族的时候，入手了卡西欧E-E200，喜欢的不得了。这本卡西欧收录的词典有： ENGLISH-CHINESE DICTIONARY --《英汉大词典》（第二版） CHINESE-ENGLISH DICTIONARY --《汉英大词典》（第三版）Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary --《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》（第七版）Longman Dictionary --《朗文当代高级英语词典》（第四版）Oxford Dictionary of English --《新牛津英语大词典》COBUILD --《柯林斯COBUILD英汉