IFRS 3
International Financial Reporting Standard 3
Business Combinations
This version wa s issued in Ja nua ry 2008. Its effective da te is 1 July 2009. It includes a mendments resulting from IFRSs issued up to 31 December 2010.
IAS 22 Business Combina tions was issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee in October 1998. It was a revision of IAS 22 Business Combina tions (issued in December 1993), which replaced IAS 22 Accounting for Business Combina tions (issued in November 1983).
In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) resolved that all Standards and Interpretations issued under previous Constitutions continued to be applicable unless and until they were amended or withdrawn.
In March 2004 the IASB issued IFRS 3 Business Combinations. It replaced IAS 22 and three Interpretations:
?SIC-9 Business Combinations—Classification either as Acquisitions or Unitings of Interests ?SIC-22 Business Combina tions—Subsequent Adjustment of Fa ir Va lues a nd Goodwill Initia lly Reported
?SIC-28 Business Combinations—“Date of Exchange” and Fair Value of Equity Instruments. IFRS 3 was amended by IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sa le a nd Discontinued Opera tions (issued March 2004).
IAS 1 Presenta tion of Fina ncia l Sta tements (as revised in September 2007)* amended the terminology used throughout IFRSs, including IFRS 3.
In January 2008 the IASB issued a revised IFRS 3. Since then IFRS 3 and its accompanying documents have been amended by the following IFRSs:
?IFRS9Financial Instruments (issued November 2009)?
?Improvements to IFRSs (issued May 2010)?
?IFRS9Financial Instruments (issued October 2010).?
The following Interpretations refer to IFRS 3:
?SIC-32 Intangible Assets—Web Site Costs
(issued March 2002 and amended by IFRS 3 in March 2004)
?IFRIC17Distributions of Non-cash Assets to Owners (issued November 2008)§
?IFRIC19Extinguishing Financial Liabilities with Equity Instruments
(issued November 2009).?
*effective date 1 January 2009
?effective date 1 January 2013 (earlier application permitted)
§effective date 1 July 2009
?effective date 1 July 2010
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IFRS 3
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C ONTENTS
paragraphs
INTRODUCTION IN1–IN13INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 3BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
OBJECTIVE
1SCOPE
2IDENTIFYING A BUSINESS COMBINATION
3THE ACQUISITION METHOD
4–53Identifying the acquirer
6–7Determining the acquisition date 8–9Recognising and measuring the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed
and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree 10–31
Recognition principle
10–17Recognition conditions
11–14Classifying or designating identifiable assets acquired and liabilities
assumed in a business combination
15–17Measurement principle
18–20Exceptions to the recognition or measurement principles
21–31Exception to the recognition principle
22–23Contingent liabilities
22–23Exceptions to both the recognition and measurement principles
24–28Income taxes
24–25Employee benefits
26Indemnification assets
27–28Exceptions to the measurement principle
29–31Reacquired rights
29Share-based payment transactions
30Assets held for sale
31Recognising and measuring goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase
32–40Bargain purchases
34–36Consideration transferred
37–40Contingent consideration
39–40Additional guidance for applying the acquisition method to particular types of
business combinations
41–44A business combination achieved in stages
41–42A business combination achieved without the transfer of consideration
43–44Measurement period
45–50Determining what is part of the business combination transaction
51–53Acquisition-related costs
53SUBSEQUENT MEASUREMENT AND ACCOUNTING
54–58Reacquired rights
55Contingent liabilities 56
IFRS 3
Indemnification assets57 Contingent consideration58 DISCLOSURES59–63 EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION64–67 Effective date64–64D Transition65–67 Income taxes67 WITHDRAWAL OF IFRS 3 (2004)68 APPENDICES:
A Defined terms
B Application guidance
C Amendments to other IFRSs
FOR THE ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS LISTED BELOW, SEE PART B OF THIS EDITION APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF IFRS 3 ISSUED IN JANUARY 2008
BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX
Amendments to the Basis for Conclusions on other IFRSs
DISSENTING OPINIONS
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
APPENDIX
Amendments to guidance on other IFRSs
COMPARISON OF IFRS 3 AND SFAS 141(R)
TABLE OF CONCORDANCE
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IFRS 3
International Financial Reporting Standard 3 Business Combinations (IFRS 3) is set out in paragraphs 1–68 and Appendices A–C. All the paragraphs have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold type state the main principles. Terms defined in Appendix A are in italics the first time they appear in the IFRS. Definitions of other terms are given in the Glossary for International Financial Reporting Standards. IFRS 3 should be read in the context of its objective and the Basis for Conclusions, the Preface to International Financial Reporting Sta nda rds and the Conceptua l Fra mework for Fina ncia l Reporting. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.
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IFRS 3 Introduction
Reasons for issuing the IFRS
IN1The revised International Financial Reporting Standard 3 Business Combina tions (IFRS 3) is part of a joint effort by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to improve financial reporting while promoting the international convergence of accounting standards. Each board decided to address the accounting for business combinations in two phases. The IASB and the FASB deliberated the first phase separately. The FASB concluded its first phase in June 2001 by issuing FASB Statement No. 141 Business Combina tions. The IASB concluded its first phase in M arch 2004 by issuing the previous version of IFRS 3 Business Combina tions.
The boards’ primary conclusion in the first phase was that virtually all business combinations are acquisitions. Accordingly, the boards decided to require the use of one method of accounting for business combinations—the acquisition method. IN2The second phase of the project addressed the guidance for applying the acquisition method. The boards decided that a significant improvement could be made to financial reporting if they had similar standards for accounting for business combinations. Thus, they decided to conduct the second phase of the project as a joint effort with the objective of reaching the same conclusions.
The boards concluded the second phase of the project by issuing this IFRS and FASB Statement No. 141 (revised 2007) Business Combina tions and the related amendments to IAS 27 Consolida ted a nd Sepa ra te Fina ncia l Sta tements and FASB Statement No. 160 Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements.
IN3The IFRS replaces IFRS 3 (as issued in 2004) and comes into effect for business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after 1 July 2009. Earlier application is permitted, provided that IAS 27 (as amended in 2008) is applied at the same time.
Main features of the IFRS
IN4The objective of the IFRS is to enhance the relevance, reliability and comparability of the information that an entity provides in its financial statements about a business combination and its effects. It does that by establishing principles and requirements for how an acquirer:
(a)recognises and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets
acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the
acquiree;
(b)recognises and measures the goodwill acquired in the business
combination or a gain from a bargain purchase; and
(c)determines what information to disclose to enable users of the financial
statements to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business
combination.
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Core principle
IN5An acquirer of a business recognises the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair values and discloses information that enables users to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the acquisition.
Applying the acquisition method
IN6 A business combination must be accounted for by applying the acquisition method, unless it is a combination involving entities or businesses under common control. One of the parties to a business combination can always be identified as the acquirer, being the entity that obtains control of the other business (the acquiree). Formations of a joint venture or the acquisition of an asset or a group of assets that does not constitute a business are not business combinations.
IN7The IFRS establishes principles for recognising and measuring the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree. Any classifications or designations made in recognising these items must be made in accordance with the contractual terms, economic conditions, acquirer’s operating or accounting policies and other factors that exist at the acquisition date.
IN8Each identifiable asset and liability is measured at its acquisition-date fair value.
Non-controlling interests in an acquiree that are present ownership interests and entitle their holders to a proportionate share of the entity’s net assets in the event of liquidation are measured at either fair value or the present ownership instruments’ proportionate share in the recognised amounts of the acquiree’s net identifiable assets. All other components of non-controlling interests shall be measured at their acquisition-date fair values, unless another measurement basis is required by IFRSs.
IN9The IFRS provides limited exceptions to these recognition and measurement principles:
(a)Leases and insurance contracts are required to be classified on the basis of
the contractual terms and other factors at the inception of the contract
(or when the terms have changed) rather than on the basis of the factors
that exist at the acquisition date.
(b)Only those contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination that
are a present obligation and can be measured reliably are recognised.
(c)Some assets and liabilities are required to be recognised or measured in
accordance with other IFRSs, rather than at fair value. The assets and
liabilities affected are those falling within the scope of IAS 12 Income Taxes,
IAS 19 Employee Benefits, IFRS 2 Share-based Payment and IFRS 5 Non-current Assets
Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations.
(d)There are special requirements for measuring a reacquired right.
(e)Indemnification assets are recognised and measured on a basis that is
consistent with the item that is subject to the indemnification, even if that
measure is not fair value.
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IFRS 3 IN10The IFRS requires the acquirer, having recognised the identifiable assets, the liabilities and any non-controlling interests, to identify any difference between:
(a)the aggregate of the consideration transferred, any non-controlling interest
in the acquiree and, in a business combination achieved in stages, the
acquisition-date fair value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest
in the acquiree; and
(b)the net identifiable assets acquired.
The difference will, generally, be recognised as goodwill. If the acquirer has made
a gain from a bargain purchase that gain is recognised in profit or loss.
IN11The consideration transferred in a business combination (including any contingent consideration) is measured at fair value.
IN12In general, an acquirer measures and accounts for assets acquired and liabilities assumed or incurred in a business combination after the business combination has been completed in accordance with other applicable IFRSs. However, the IFRS provides accounting requirements for reacquired rights, contingent liabilities, contingent consideration and indemnification assets.
Disclosure
IN13The IFRS requires the acquirer to disclose information that enables users of its financial statements to evaluate the nature and financial effect of business combinations that occurred during the current reporting period or after the reporting date but before the financial statements are authorised for issue. After
a business combination, the acquirer must disclose any adjustments recognised
in the current reporting period that relate to business combinations that occurred in the current or previous reporting periods.
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IFRS 3
International Financial Reporting Standard 3
Business Combinations
Objective
1The objective of this IFRS is to improve the relevance, reliability and comparability of the information that a reporting entity provides in its financial statements about a business combination and its effects. To accomplish that, this IFRS establishes principles and requirements for how the acquirer:
(a)recognises and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets
acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the
acquiree;
(b)recognises and measures the goodwill acquired in the business combination
or a gain from a bargain purchase; and
(c)determines what information to disclose to enable users of the financial
statements to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business
combination.
Scope
2This IFRS applies to a transaction or other event that meets the definition of a business combination. This IFRS does not apply to:
(a)the formation of a joint venture.
(b)the acquisition of an asset or a group of assets that does not constitute a
business. In such cases the acquirer shall identify and recognise the
individual identifiable assets acquired (including those assets that meet
the definition of, and recognition criteria for, inta ngible a ssets in IAS 38
Inta ngible Assets) and liabilities assumed. The cost of the group shall be
allocated to the individual identifiable assets and liabilities on the basis of
their relative fair values at the date of purchase. Such a transaction or event
does not give rise to goodwill.
(c) a combination of entities or businesses under common control
(paragraphs B1–B4 provide related application guidance).
Identifying a business combination
3An entity shall determine whether a transaction or other event is a b usiness combination by applying the definition in this IFRS, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. If the assets acquired are not a b usiness, the reporting entity shall account for the transaction or other event as an asset acquisition. Paragraphs B5–B12 provide guidance on identifying
a business combination and the definition of a business.
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IFRS 3 The acquisition method
4An entity shall account for each business combination by applying the acquisition method.
5Applying the acquisition method requires:
(a)identifying the acquirer;
(b)determining the acquisition date;
(c)recognising and measuring the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities
assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree; and
(d)recognising and measuring goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase.
Identifying the acquirer
6For each business combination, one of the combining entities shall be identified as the acquirer.
7The guidance in IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements shall be used to identify the acquirer—the entity that obtains control of the acquiree. If a business combination has occurred but applying the guidance in IAS 27 does not clearly indicate which of the combining entities is the acquirer, the factors in paragraphs B14–B18 shall be considered in making that determination.
Determining the acquisition date
8The acquirer shall identify the acquisition date, which is the date on which it obtains control of the acquiree.
9The date on which the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree is generally the date on which the acquirer legally transfers the consideration, acquires the assets and assumes the liabilities of the acquiree—the closing date. However, the acquirer might obtain control on a date that is either earlier or later than the closing date. For example, the acquisition date precedes the closing date if a written agreement provides that the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree on
a date before the closing date. An acquirer shall consider all pertinent facts and
circumstances in identifying the acquisition date.
Recognising and measuring the identifiable assets
acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling
interest in the acquiree
Recognition principle
10As of the acquisition date, the acquirer shall recognise, separately from goodwill, the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree. Recognition of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is subject to the conditions specified in paragraphs 11 and 12.
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Recognition conditions
11To qualify for recognition as part of applying the acquisition method, the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed must meet the definitions of assets and liabilities in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements at the acquisition date. For example, costs the acquirer expects but is not obliged to incur in the future to effect its plan to exit an activity of an acquiree or to terminate the employment of or relocate an acquiree’s employees are not liabilities at the acquisition date. Therefore, the acquirer does not recognise those costs as part of applying the acquisition method. Instead, the acquirer recognises those costs in its post-combination financial statements in accordance with other IFRSs. 12In addition, to qualify for recognition as part of applying the acquisition method, the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed must be part of what the acquirer and the acquiree (or its former owners) exchanged in the business combination transaction rather than the result of separate transactions.
The acquirer shall apply the guidance in paragraphs 51–53 to determine which assets acquired or liabilities assumed are part of the exchange for the acquiree and which, if any, are the result of separate transactions to be accounted for in accordance with their nature and the applicable IFRSs.
13The acquirer’s application of the recognition principle and conditions may result in recognising some assets and liabilities that the acquiree had not previously recognised as assets and liabilities in its financial statements. For example, the acquirer recognises the acquired identifiable intangible assets, such as a brand name, a patent or a customer relationship, that the acquiree did not recognise as assets in its financial statements because it developed them internally and charged the related costs to expense.
14Paragraphs B28–B40 provide guidance on recognising operating leases and intangible assets. Paragraphs 22–28 specify the types of identifiable assets and liabilities that include items for which this IFRS provides limited exceptions to the recognition principle and conditions.
Classifying or designating identifiable assets acquired and liabilities
assumed in a business combination
15At the acquisition date, the acquirer shall classify or designate the identifiable assets acquired and liab ilities assumed as necessary to apply other IFRSs subsequently. The acquirer shall make those classifications or designations on the b asis of the contractual terms, economic conditions, its operating or accounting policies and other pertinent conditions as they exist at the acquisition date.
16In some situations, IFRSs provide for different accounting depending on how an entity classifies or designates a particular asset or liability. Examples of classifications or designations that the acquirer shall make on the basis of the pertinent conditions as they exist at the acquisition date include but are not limited to:
(a)classification of particular financial assets and liabilities as measured at
fair value or as at amortised cost, in accordance with IFRS 9 Financial
Instruments;
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(b)designation of a derivative instrument as a hedging instrument in
accordance with IAS 39; and
(c)assessment of whether an embedded derivative should be separated from a
host contract in accordance with IFRS 9 (which is a matter of ‘classification’
as this IFRS uses that term).
17This IFRS provides two exceptions to the principle in paragraph 15:
(a)classification of a lease contract as either an operating lease or a finance
lease in accordance with IAS 17 Leases; and
(b)classification of a contract as an insurance contract in accordance with
IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts.
The acquirer shall classify those contracts on the basis of the contractual terms and other factors at the inception of the contract (or, if the terms of the contract have been modified in a manner that would change its classification, at the date of that modification, which might be the acquisition date).
Measurement principle
18The acquirer shall measure the identifiab le assets acquired and the liab ilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair values.
19For each business combination, the acquirer shall measure at the acquisition date components of non-controlling interests in the acquiree that are present ownership interests and entitle their holders to a proportionate share of the entity’s net assets in the event of liquidation at either:
(a)fair value; or
(b)the present ownership instruments’ proportionate share in the recognised
amounts of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets.
All other components of non-controlling interests shall be measured at their acquisition-date fair values, unless another measurement basis is required by IFRSs. 20Paragraphs B41–B45 provide guidance on measuring the fair value of particular identifiable assets and a non-controlling interest in an acquiree. Paragraphs 24–31 specify the types of identifiable assets and liabilities that include items for which this IFRS provides limited exceptions to the measurement principle.
Exceptions to the recognition or measurement principles
21This IFRS provides limited exceptions to its recognition and measurement principles. Paragraphs 22–31 specify both the particular items for which exceptions are provided and the nature of those exceptions. The acquirer shall account for those items by applying the requirements in paragraphs 22–31, which will result in some items being:
(a)recognised either by applying recognition conditions in addition to those
in paragraphs 11 and 12 or by applying the requirements of other IFRSs,
with results that differ from applying the recognition principle and
conditions.
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(b)measured at an amount other than their acquisition-date fair values.
Exception to the recognition principle
Contingent liabilities
22IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Lia bilities a nd Contingent Assets defines a contingent liability as:
(a) a possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will
be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more
uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity; or
(b) a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognised
because:
(i)it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic
benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or
(ii)the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.
23The requirements in IAS 37 do not apply in determining which contingent liabilities to recognise as of the acquisition date. Instead, the acquirer shall recognise as of the acquisition date a contingent liability assumed in a business combination if it is a present obligation that arises from past events and its fair value can be measured reliably. Therefore, contrary to IAS 37, the acquirer recognises a contingent liability assumed in a business combination at the acquisition date even if it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Paragraph 56 provides guidance on the subsequent accounting for contingent liabilities.
Exceptions to both the recognition and measurement principles
Income taxes
24The acquirer shall recognise and measure a deferred tax asset or liability arising from the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination in accordance with IAS 12 Income Taxes.
25The acquirer shall account for the potential tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards of an acquiree that exist at the acquisition date or arise as a result of the acquisition in accordance with IAS 12.
Employee benefits
26The acquirer shall recognise and measure a liability (or asset, if any) related to the acquiree’s employee benefit arrangements in accordance with IAS 19 Employee Benefits.
Indemnification assets
27The seller in a business combination may contractually indemnify the acquirer for the outcome of a contingency or uncertainty related to all or part of a specific asset or liability. For example, the seller may indemnify the acquirer against losses above a specified amount on a liability arising from a particular A140? IFRS Foundation
IFRS 3 contingency; in other words, the seller will guarantee that the acquirer’s liability will not exceed a specified amount. As a result, the acquirer obtains an indemnification asset. The acquirer shall recognise an indemnification asset at the same time that it recognises the indemnified item measured on the same basis as the indemnified item, subject to the need for a valuation allowance for uncollectible amounts. Therefore, if the indemnification relates to an asset or a liability that is recognised at the acquisition date and measured at its acquisition-date fair value, the acquirer shall recognise the indemnification asset at the acquisition date measured at its acquisition-date fair value. For an indemnification asset measured at fair value, the effects of uncertainty about future cash flows because of collectibility considerations are included in the fair value measure and a separate valuation allowance is not necessary (paragraph B41 provides related application guidance).
28In some circumstances, the indemnification may relate to an asset or a liability that is an exception to the recognition or measurement principles. For example, an indemnification may relate to a contingent liability that is not recognised at the acquisition date because its fair value is not reliably measurable at that date.
Alternatively, an indemnification may relate to an asset or a liability, for example, one that results from an employee benefit, that is measured on a basis other than acquisition-date fair value. In those circumstances, the indemnification asset shall be recognised and measured using assumptions consistent with those used to measure the indemnified item, subject to management’s assessment of the collectibility of the indemnification asset and any contractual limitations on the indemnified amount. Paragraph 57 provides guidance on the subsequent accounting for an indemnification asset.
Exceptions to the measurement principle
Reacquired rights
29The acquirer shall measure the value of a reacquired right recognised as an intangible asset on the basis of the remaining contractual term of the related contract regardless of whether market participants would consider potential contractual renewals in determining its fair value. Paragraphs B35 and B36 provide related application guidance.
Share-based payment transactions
30The acquirer shall measure a liability or an equity instrument related to share-based payment transactions of the acquiree or the replacement of an acquiree’s share-based payment transactions with share-based payment transactions of the acquirer in accordance with the method in IFRS 2 Share-based Payment at the acquisition date. (This IFRS refers to the result of that method as the ‘market-based measure’ of the share-based payment transaction.)
Assets held for sale
31The acquirer shall measure an acquired non-current asset (or disposal group) that is classified as held for sale at the acquisition date in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations at fair value less costs to sell in accordance with paragraphs 15–18 of that IFRS.
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Recognising and measuring goodwill or a gain from a
bargain purchase
32The acquirer shall recognise goodwill as of the acquisition date measured as the excess of (a) over (b) below:
(a)the aggregate of:
(i)the consideration transferred measured in accordance with this IFRS,
which generally requires acquisition-date fair value (see paragraph 37);
(ii)the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree measured in accordance with this IFRS; and
(iii)in a business combination achieved in stages (see paragraphs 41 and 42), the acquisition-date fair value of the acquirer’s previously held equity
interest in the acquiree.
(b)the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired
and the liabilities assumed measured in accordance with this IFRS.
33In a business combination in which the acquirer and the acquiree (or its former owners) exchange only equity interests, the acquisition-date fair value of the acquiree’s equity interests may be more reliably measurable than the acquisition-date fair value of the acquirer’s equity interests. If so, the acquirer shall determine the amount of goodwill by using the acquisition-date fair value of the acquiree’s equity interests instead of the acquisition-date fair value of the equity interests transferred. To determine the amount of goodwill in a business combination in which no consideration is transferred, the acquirer shall use the acquisition-date fair value of the acquirer’s interest in the acquiree determined using a valuation technique in place of the acquisition-date fair value of the consideration transferred (paragraph 32(a)(i)). Paragraphs B46–B49 provide related application guidance.
Bargain purchases
34Occasionally, an acquirer will make a bargain purchase, which is a business combination in which the amount in paragraph 32(b) exceeds the aggregate of the amounts specified in paragraph 32(a). If that excess remains after applying the requirements in paragraph 36, the acquirer shall recognise the resulting gain in profit or loss on the acquisition date. The gain shall be attributed to the acquirer.
35 A bargain purchase might happen, for example, in a business combination that is
a forced sale in which the seller is acting under compulsion. However, the
recognition or measurement exceptions for particular items discussed in paragraphs 22–31 may also result in recognising a gain (or change the amount of
a recognised gain) on a bargain purchase.
36Before recognising a gain on a bargain purchase, the acquirer shall reassess whether it has correctly identified all of the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed and shall recognise any additional assets or liabilities that are identified in that review. The acquirer shall then review the procedures used to measure the amounts this IFRS requires to be recognised at the acquisition date for all of the following:
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(a)the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed;
(b)the non-controlling interest in the acquiree, if any;
(c)for a business combination achieved in stages, the acquirer’s previously
held equity interest in the acquiree; and
(d)the consideration transferred.
The objective of the review is to ensure that the measurements appropriately reflect consideration of all available information as of the acquisition date.
Consideration transferred
37The consideration transferred in a business combination shall be measured at fair value, which shall be calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred by the acquirer, the liabilities incurred by the acquirer to former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the acquirer.
(However, any portion of the acquirer’s share-based payment awards exchanged for awards held by the acquiree’s employees that is included in consideration transferred in the business combination shall be measured in accordance with paragraph 30 rather than at fair value.) Examples of potential forms of consideration include cash, other assets, a business or a subsidiary of the acquirer, contingent considera tion, ordinary or preference equity instruments, options, warrants and member interests of mutual entities.
38The consideration transferred may include assets or liabilities of the acquirer that have carrying amounts that differ from their fair values at the acquisition date (for example, non-monetary assets or a business of the acquirer). If so, the acquirer shall remeasure the transferred assets or liabilities to their fair values as of the acquisition date and recognise the resulting gains or losses, if any, in profit or loss. However, sometimes the transferred assets or liabilities remain within the combined entity after the business combination (for example, because the assets or liabilities were transferred to the acquiree rather than to its former owners), and the acquirer therefore retains control of them. In that situation, the acquirer shall measure those assets and liabilities at their carrying amounts immediately before the acquisition date and shall not recognise a gain or loss in profit or loss on assets or liabilities it controls both before and after the business combination.
Contingent consideration
39The consideration the acquirer transfers in exchange for the acquiree includes any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement (see paragraph 37). The acquirer shall recognise the acquisition-date fair value of contingent consideration as part of the consideration transferred in exchange for the acquiree.
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40The acquirer shall classify an obligation to pay contingent consideration as a liability or as equity on the basis of the definitions of an equity instrument and a financial liability in paragraph 11 of IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation, or other applicable IFRSs. The acquirer shall classify as an asset a right to the return of previously transferred consideration if specified conditions are met.
Paragraph58 provides guidance on the subsequent accounting for contingent consideration.
Additional guidance for applying the acquisition method to
particular types of business combinations
A business combination achieved in stages
41An acquirer sometimes obtains control of an acquiree in which it held an equity interest immediately before the acquisition date. For example, on 31 December 20X1, Entity A holds a 35 per cent non-controlling equity interest in Entity B.
On that date, Entity A purchases an additional 40 per cent interest in Entity B, which gives it control of Entity B. This IFRS refers to such a transaction as a business combination achieved in stages, sometimes also referred to as a step acquisition.
42In a business combination achieved in stages, the acquirer shall remeasure its previously held equity interest in the acquiree at its acquisition-date fair value and recognise the resulting gain or loss, if any, in profit or loss or other comprehensive income, as appropriate. In prior reporting periods, the acquirer may have recognised changes in the value of its equity interest in the acquiree in other comprehensive income. If so, the amount that was recognised in other comprehensive income shall be recognised on the same basis as would be required if the acquirer had disposed directly of the previously held equity interest.
A business combination achieved without the transfer of
consideration
43An acquirer sometimes obtains control of an acquiree without transferring consideration. The acquisition method of accounting for a business combination applies to those combinations. Such circumstances include:
(a)The acquiree repurchases a sufficient number of its own shares for an
existing investor (the acquirer) to obtain control.
(b)M inority veto rights lapse that previously kept the acquirer from
controlling an acquiree in which the acquirer held the majority voting
rights.
(c)The acquirer and acquiree agree to combine their businesses by contract
alone. The acquirer transfers no consideration in exchange for control of
an acquiree and holds no equity interests in the acquiree, either on the
acquisition date or previously. Examples of business combinations
achieved by contract alone include bringing two businesses together in a
stapling arrangement or forming a dual listed corporation.
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IFRS 3 44In a business combination achieved by contract alone, the acquirer shall attribute to the owners of the acquiree the amount of the acquiree’s net assets recognised in accordance with this IFRS. In other words, the equity interests in the acquiree held by parties other than the acquirer are a non-controlling interest in the acquirer’s post-combination financial statements even if the result is that all of the equity interests in the acquiree are attributed to the non-controlling interest.
Measurement period
45If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, the acquirer shall report in its financial statements provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. During the measurement period, the acquirer shall retrospectively adjust the provisional amounts recognised at the acquisition date to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognised as of that date. During the measurement period, the acquirer shall also recognise additional assets or liabilities if new information is obtained ab out facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have resulted in the recognition of those assets and liabilities as of that date. The measurement period ends as soon as the acquirer receives the information it was seeking about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date or learns that more information is not obtainable. However, the measurement period shall not exceed one year from the acquisition date.
46The measurement period is the period after the acquisition date during which the acquirer may adjust the provisional amounts recognised for a business combination. The measurement period provides the acquirer with a reasonable time to obtain the information necessary to identify and measure the following as of the acquisition date in accordance with the requirements of this IFRS:
(a)the identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any
non-controlling interest in the acquiree;
(b)the consideration transferred for the acquiree (or the other amount used in
measuring goodwill);
(c)in a business combination achieved in stages, the equity interest in the
acquiree previously held by the acquirer; and
(d)the resulting goodwill or gain on a bargain purchase.
47The acquirer shall consider all pertinent factors in determining whether information obtained after the acquisition date should result in an adjustment to the provisional amounts recognised or whether that information results from events that occurred after the acquisition date. Pertinent factors include the date when additional information is obtained and whether the acquirer can identify a reason for a change to provisional amounts. Information that is obtained shortly after the acquisition date is more likely to reflect circumstances that existed at the acquisition date than is information obtained several months later.
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For example, unless an intervening event that changed its fair value can be identified, the sale of an asset to a third party shortly after the acquisition date for an amount that differs significantly from its provisional fair value determined at that date is likely to indicate an error in the provisional amount.
48The acquirer recognises an increase (decrease) in the provisional amount recognised for an identifiable asset (liability) by means of a decrease (increase) in goodwill. However, new information obtained during the measurement period may sometimes result in an adjustment to the provisional amount of more than one asset or liability. For example, the acquirer might have assumed a liability to pay damages related to an accident in one of the acquiree’s facilities, part or all of which are covered by the acquiree’s liability insurance policy. If the acquirer obtains new information during the measurement period about the acquisition-date fair value of that liability, the adjustment to goodwill resulting from a change to the provisional amount recognised for the liability would be offset (in whole or in part) by a corresponding adjustment to goodwill resulting from a change to the provisional amount recognised for the claim receivable from the insurer.
49During the measurement period, the acquirer shall recognise adjustments to the provisional amounts as if the accounting for the business combination had been completed at the acquisition date. Thus, the acquirer shall revise comparative information for prior periods presented in financial statements as needed, including making any change in depreciation, amortisation or other income effects recognised in completing the initial accounting.
50After the measurement period ends, the acquirer shall revise the accounting for
a business combination only to correct an error in accordance with IAS 8
Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.
Determining what is part of the business combination
transaction
51The acquirer and the acquiree may have a pre-existing relationship or other arrangement b efore negotiations for the b usiness comb ination b egan, or they may enter into an arrangement during the negotiations that is separate from the
b usiness comb ination. In either situation, the acquirer shall identify any
amounts that are not part of what the acquirer and the acquiree (or its former owners) exchanged in the business combination, ie amounts that are not part of the exchange for the acquiree. The acquirer shall recognise as part of applying the acquisition method only the consideration transferred for the acquiree and the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the exchange for the acquiree. Separate transactions shall be accounted for in accordance with the relevant IFRSs.
52 A transaction entered into by or on behalf of the acquirer or primarily for the
benefit of the acquirer or the combined entity, rather than primarily for the benefit of the acquiree (or its former owners) before the combination, is likely to be a separate transaction. The following are examples of separate transactions that are not to be included in applying the acquisition method:
(a) a transaction that in effect settles pre-existing relationships between the
acquirer and acquiree;
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(b) a transaction that remunerates employees or former owners of the acquiree
for future services; and
(c) a transaction that reimburses the acquiree or its former owners for paying
the acquirer’s acquisition-related costs.
Paragraphs B50–B62 provide related application guidance.
Acquisition-related costs
53Acquisition-related costs are costs the acquirer incurs to effect a business combination. Those costs include finder’s fees; advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other professional or consulting fees; general administrative costs, including the costs of maintaining an internal acquisitions department; and costs of registering and issuing debt and equity securities. The acquirer shall account for acquisition-related costs as expenses in the periods in which the costs are incurred and the services are received, with one exception. The costs to issue debt or equity securities shall be recognised in accordance with IAS 32 and IFRS 9. Subsequent measurement and accounting
54In general, an acquirer shall sub sequently measure and account for assets acquired, liab ilities assumed or incurred and equity instruments issued in a business combination in accordance with other applicable IFRSs for those items, depending on their nature. However, this IFRS provides guidance on sub sequently measuring and accounting for the following assets acquired, liab ilities assumed or incurred and equity instruments issued in a b usiness combination:
(a)reacquired rights;
(b)contingent liabilities recognised as of the acquisition date;
(c)indemnification assets; and
(d)contingent consideration.
Paragraph B63 provides related application guidance.
Reacquired rights
55 A reacquired right recognised as an intangible asset shall be amortised over the
remaining contractual period of the contract in which the right was granted.
An acquirer that subsequently sells a reacquired right to a third party shall include the carrying amount of the intangible asset in determining the gain or loss on the sale.
Contingent liabilities
56After initial recognition and until the liability is settled, cancelled or expires, the acquirer shall measure a contingent liability recognised in a business combination at the higher of:
(a)the amount that would be recognised in accordance with IAS 37; and
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(b)the amount initially recognised less, if appropriate, cumulative
amortisation recognised in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue.
This requirement does not apply to contracts accounted for in accordance with IFRS 9.
Indemnification assets
57At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the acquirer shall measure an indemnification asset that was recognised at the acquisition date on the same basis as the indemnified liability or asset, subject to any contractual limitations on its amount and, for an indemnification asset that is not subsequently measured at its fair value, management’s assessment of the collectibility of the indemnification asset. The acquirer shall derecognise the indemnification asset only when it collects the asset, sells it or otherwise loses the right to it.
Contingent consideration
58Some changes in the fair value of contingent consideration that the acquirer recognises after the acquisition date may be the result of additional information that the acquirer obtained after that date about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date. Such changes are measurement period adjustments in accordance with paragraphs 45–49. However, changes resulting from events after the acquisition date, such as meeting an earnings target, reaching a specified share price or reaching a milestone on a research and development project, are not measurement period adjustments. The acquirer shall account for changes in the fair value of contingent consideration that are not measurement period adjustments as follows:
(a)Contingent consideration classified as equity shall not be remeasured and
its subsequent settlement shall be accounted for within equity.
(b)Contingent consideration classified as an asset or a liability that:
(i)is a financial instrument and is within the scope of IFRS 9 or IAS 39
shall be measured at fair value, with any resulting gain or loss
recognised either in profit or loss or in other comprehensive income
in accordance with IFRS 9.
(ii)is not within the scope of IFRS 9 shall be accounted for in accordance with IAS 37 or other IFRSs as appropriate.
Disclosures
59The acquirer shall disclose information that enab les users of its financial statements to evaluate the nature and financial effect of a business combination that occurs either:
(a)during the current reporting period; or
(b)after the end of the reporting period but before the financial statements
are authorised for issue.
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最新版《国际财务报告准则》变化 《取得共同经营中权益的会计处理》 《取得共同经营中权益的会计处理(对IFRS 11的修订)》于2014年5月发布。《国际财 务报告准则第11号——合营安排》规范了在合营企业和共同经营中权益的会计处理。该 修订针对取得构成业务的共同经营中权益的会计处理增加了新的指引。该修订澄清了此类收购交易的适当会计处理。该修订要求适用于自2016年1月1日或之后的年度期间发生的此类交易。允许提前采用。 《对可采用的折旧和摊销方法的澄清》 《对可采用的折旧和摊销方法的澄清(对IAS 16和IAS 38的修订)》于2014年5月发布。《国际会计准则第16号——不动产、厂场和设备》及《国际会计准则第38号——无形 资产》均规定了折旧和摊销的基本原则，以反映资产所包含未来经济利益预期被消耗的方式。该修订澄清，以使用一项资产的经营活动产生的收入为基础，对该资产进行折旧的方法并不适当，因为适用一项资产的活动所产生的收入，一般并未反映资产所包含未来经济利益预期被消耗的因素。它同时澄清，以使用一项无形资产的经营活动产生的收入为基础，对该无形资产进行摊销的方法一般并不适当。只有在有限的情况下，以收入为基础的摊销方法是适当的。该修订适用于2016年1月1日及之后开始的完整会计年度。允许提前采用。 《农业：生产性植物》 《农业：生产性植物(对IAS 16和IAS 41的修订》于2014年6月发布。在发布本修订之前，《国际会计准则第41号——农业》基于公允价值计量可以最好的反映生物资产的生 物转换的原则，要求所有与农业活动相关的生物资产均以公允价值减去销售费用计量。但是，有一类生物资产，即生产性植物，仅仅被用来在多个期间内培植产品。在其生产寿命结束后，他们通常被砍伐或当作废料出售。葡萄藤、橡胶树和棕榈树通常满足生产性植物的定义。生产性植物一旦长成，除了生产产品，其生物转换几乎不再产生重大的未来经济利益。其唯一的重大未来经济利益来源于其产生的农业产品。国际会计准则理事会决定，生产性植物应当采用与《国际会计准则第16号——不动产、厂场和设备》中的不动产、 厂场和设备相同的会计处理，因为它们的活动类似于制造活动。因此，该修订将生产性植物纳入《国际会计准则第16号》的范围，不再属于《国际会计准则第41号》的范围。 生产性植物产出的产品仍然属于《国际会计准则第41号》的范围。该修订自2016年1 月1日及以后开始的年度期间生效，允许提前采用。 《单独财务报表中的权益法》
IFRS6 International Financial Reporting Standard6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources In December2004the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)issued IFRS6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources. Other IFRSs have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS6,including Improvement to IFRSs(issued April2009). ?IFRS Foundation A227
IFRS6 C ONTENTS from paragraph INTRODUCTION IN1 INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD6 EXPLORATION FOR AND EVALUATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES OBJECTIVE1 SCOPE3 RECOGNITION OF EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS6 Temporary exemption from IAS8paragraphs11and126 MEASUREMENT OF EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS8 Measurement at recognition8 Elements of cost of exploration and evaluation assets9 Measurement after recognition12 Changes in accounting policies13 PRESENTATION15 Classification of exploration and evaluation assets15 Reclassification of exploration and evaluation assets17 IMPAIRMENT18 Recognition and measurement18 Specifying the level at which exploration and evaluation assets are assessed for impairment21 DISCLOSURE23 EFFECTIVE DATE26 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS27 APPENDICES A Defined terms B Amendments to other IFRSs FOR THE ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS LISTED BELOW,SEE PART B OF THIS EDITION APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF IFRS6ISSUED IN DECEMBER2004 APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF AMENDMENTS TO IFRS1AND IFRS6 ISSUED IN JUNE2005 BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS DISSENTING OPINIONS A228 ?IFRS Foundation
《企业会计准则政策变化及后续规定（二）》 一、单项选择题（本类题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。单项选择题（每小题备选答案中，只有一个符合题意的正确答案，请选择正确选项。） 1.企业的周转材料符合存货定义和确认条件的，按照（）计入成本费用。金额较小的，可 在领用时一次计入成本费用。 A. 一次转销法B .使用次数分次 C.五五摊销法 D ?分期摊销法 A n B r C c D O 答案解析： 企业的周转材料符合存货定义和确认条件的，按照使用次数分次计入成本费用。金额较小的，可在领用时一次计入成本费用。 2?《企业会计准则解释第5号》实施的日期是（）。 A. 2012年1月5日 B. 2012年11月5日 C. 2012年12月5日 D . 2013年1月1日 C A 广B r C D Q 答案解析：2012年11月5日财政部发布了《企业会计准则解释第5号》，要求从2013
年1月1日起施行。 3.2009年7月5日某股份公司持有某股票100万股，划分为可供出售金融资产，购入时每股公允价值为15元，手续费3万元。2009年末该股票市价每股16元，企业于2010年2
月10日以每股13元的价格将该股票全部出售，支付手续费 1.3万元，该业务对半年度中 期报表损益的影响是（）万元。 A. 18.6 B.300 C.204.3 D.303 A C B C C Q D O 答案解析：对半年度中期报表损益的影响=（13 X100-1.3 ）- （15 X100+3 ）=-204.3 （万元）。 4.企业为获取职工和其他方提供服务而授予权益工具或者承担以权益工具为基础确定的负 债的交易是指（）。 A .收入 B. 股份支付 C. 股权投资 D .职工薪酬 C A ? B r C 厂 D Q 5.2009年2月5日，甲公司支付830万元取得一项股权投资作为交易性金融资产核算，支付价款中包括已宣告尚未领取的现金股利20万元，另支付交易费用5万元。甲公司该项交 易性金融资产的入账价值为（）万元。 A. 810 B.815 C.830 D.835 林A n B C C C D Q 答案解析：交易性金融资产的入账价值=830-20=810 （万元）。 借：交易性金融资产——成本810
一、单项选择题 1. 公允价值是对资产或负债在市场参与者之间（）的估计。 A. 交易价格 B. 均衡价格 C. 交换价格 D. 非均衡价格 您的答案：A 题目分数：10 此题得分：10.0 2. 运用估值技术对资产公允价值进行估值的原则有：（）可观察的输入值，（）不可观察的输入值。 A. 最大化；最小化 B. 最大化；最大化 C. 最小化；最小化 D. 最小化；最大化 您的答案：A 题目分数：10 此题得分：10.0 二、多项选择题 3. 在评价主体是否对被投资方实施了控制时，应综合考虑的因素包括以下（）几点。 A. 主体的权利是否给予其对“活动”进行决策的现时能力 B. 哪些是与控制“相关的活动”，以及关于这些“活动”的决策是如何做作出的 C. 主体是否享有或承担被投资方收益变动的权利或风险 D. 主体是否有能力运用其权力影响被投资方的收益 您的答案：A,D,C,B 题目分数：10 此题得分：10.0 4. 公允价值的估值技术方法有以下（）几种。 A. 收入法 B. 生产法 C. 成本法 D. 市场法 您的答案：C,D,A
题目分数：10 此题得分：10.0 5. 现行的国际会计准则31号（IAS31）将合营分为（）三类。 A. 共同控制经营 B. 共同控制资产 C. 共同控制主体 D. 合作经营 您的答案：B,C,A 题目分数：10 此题得分：10.0 6. 根据合营协议确定的权利和义务的性质和内容不同，合营的类型分为（）。 A. 合营企业 B. 合作经营 C. 合资公司 D. 股份公司 您的答案：B,A 题目分数：10 此题得分：10.0 7. 在评价主体是否对被投资方实施了控制时，应考虑对其相关活动的决策权，具体包括以下（）等 活动。 A. 确定经营和资本决策（如预算） B. 任命关键管理人员 C. 确定服务提供者 D. 确定关键管理人员薪酬 您的答案：D,B,C,A 题目分数：10 此题得分：10.0 三、判断题 8. 如果报告主体有权力决定其他主体的活动并从中获得收益，这表明报告主体对其他主体实施了控 制。（） 您的答案：正确 题目分数：10 此题得分：10.0
国际会计准则第22号-企业合并 （1993年12月修订） 目的 本号准则旨在对企业合并的会计处理作出规定。 本号准则既包括一个企业购买另一个企业的情况，也包括在不能认定购买者时股权联合的少数情况。购买的会计处理涉及到确定购买的成本，将成本在被购买企业的可辨认资产和负债中进行分配，以及对在购买时或其后产生的商誉或负商誉进行会计处理 。其他的会计问题包括对少数股权金额的确定，对发生在一段时期的购买成本或可辨认资产和负债的随后变化的会计处理，以及揭示的要求。 范围 1.本号准则适用于企业合并。 2．本号准则代替于1983年批准的国际会计准则第22号“企业合并会计”。 3．企业合并可以有各种不同的方式，这些方式由法规、税收或其他原因来决定。它可能涉及一个企业购买另一个企业的股权，或对另一个企业的净资产的购买。它可以通过发行股票或转让现金、现金等价物或其他资产来实施。这种交易可以在参加合并的企业的各股东之间或企业与另一个企业的股东之间进行。企业合并可能涉及建立新企业来控制参加合并的企业、将一个或若干个参加合并的企业的净资产转让给另一个企业、或者将一个或若干个参加合并的企业解散。当交易的实质与本号准则的企业合并的定义一致时，无论采用哪种特定结构的合并，本号准则所包括的会计处理和揭示要求都将适用。 4．企业合并可能形成购买企业是母公司、被购买企业是购买者的附属公司的母子关系。在这种情况下，购买者应将本号准则运用于合并财务报表。购买者将其在被购买企业中的权益作为对附属公司的投资包括在其自身的财务报表中（见国际会计准则第27号“合并财务报表和对附属公司投资的会计”）。 5．企业合并可能涉及购买其他企业的净资产，包括商誉，而不是购买其他企业的股份。这种企业合并不会导致母子公司关系。在这种情况下，购买者将本号准则运用到其自身的财务报表中，从而也运用于合并财务报表中。 6．企业合并可能引起法定兼并。虽然不同国家之间对法定兼并的要求不同，但法定兼并通常是两个公司之间按下列任何一种方法兼并： （l）一个公司的资产和负债转让给另一个公司，前者解散；
我国会计准则与国际会计准则的趋同分析 【摘要】上市公司执行新准则标志着我国会计准则的国际趋同。我国会计准则和国际会计准则是否存在着差异及差异存在原因是什么, 本文对此进行了探讨。并结合我国会计环境对差异存在的原因进行了分析, 同时提出对策建议。 【关键词】会计准则；趋同；比较；会计环境 【Abstract】Listed companies implement new standard marks the international convergence of accounting standards in our country. China's accounting standards and international accounting standards if there is a difference and difference existence the reason, this is discussed in this paper. And analyses the reasons of the existence of differences between accounting environment, and puts forward countermeasures and Suggestions. 【Key words】Accounting standards; Convergence; Compare; Accounting Environment
一、绪论 由于所处的经济环境不同，世界各国制定的会计准则存在很大差异。20世纪90年代以来，国际融资活动日益频繁，地区性经济集团以及跨国经营的会计师事务所逐渐增多，各国之间会计准则的巨大差异已成为国际资本流动和资源有效配置的障碍。加快会计标准的国际化进程成为会计领域需要迫切解决的问题。2006年2月15日，财政部发布了新《企业会计准则》，标志着我国与国际财务报告准则趋同的企业会计准则体系正式建立。 二、我国会计准则国际趋同的表现 财政部颁布的新会计准则，充分考虑了我国的客观环境和特点，审慎处理了和国际会计准则之间的关系，基本实现了与国际会计准则的趋同。 （一）结构趋同 我国企业会计准则体系由基本准则、具体准则和应用指南构成。基本准则是纲，在整个准则体系中起统筹驾驭作用，相当于国际财务报告准则中的《编报财务报表的框架》；具体准则是目，是依据基本准则原则要求对有关业务或报告做出的具体规定，现有具体准则已经基本涵盖了所有的业务内容；应用指南是补充，是对具体准则的操作指引，类似于与各项国际财务报告准则一并发布的实施指南以及相关的解释公告。可见，我国企业会计准则体系在结构上已基本实现了与国际财务报告准则的趋同。 （二）具体准则趋同 1.将公允价值引入新会计准则体系。国际财务报告准则较侧重公允价值的应用，而我国原有会计准则几乎不涉及公允价值。考虑到我国市场发展的现状，修订后的新准则体系中在金融工具、投资性房地产、债务重组、非共同控制下的企业合并和非货币性交易等方面采用了公允价值。 2.以控制为基础确定合并财务报表的合并范围。《企业会计准则第33号——合并财务报表》第6条规定，“合并财务报表的合并范围应当以控制为基础加以确定。控制是指一个企业能够决定另一个企业的财务和经营政策，并能据以从另一个的经营活动中获取利益的权力”。这些规定与《国际会计准则第27号——合并财务报表和单独财务报表》的规定一样，都强调了实质控制。另外，新的合并财务报表准则所依据的基本合并理论也由侧重母公司理论转向侧重实体理论。
中小主体国际财务报告准则及其实施 应唯 （2009年10月28日) 尊敬的各位来宾，早上好！ 时值美丽的深秋时节，我们相聚在北京，召开2009年国际会计师联合会中小事务所论坛，共议中小事务所的发展，对于提升中小事务所影响力以及拓展中小事务所在支持中小企业发展中的作用具有重要的意义。我很荣幸受国际会计师联合会、中国注册会计师协会和《中小主体国际财务报告准则》项目负责人Paul Pacter的委托，在此，就《中小主体国际财务报告准则》及其在中国以及更广泛实施的有关问题作一简要的论述。 一、《中小主体国际财务报告准则》的基本情况 2009年7月9日，国际会计准则理事会（IASB）发布了适用于中小主体的国际财务报告准则----《中小主体国际财务报告准则》，这是国际会计准则理事会首次开发的专门针对中小主体的会计准则。在金融危机还没有远离我们的时候，国际会计准则理事会发布适用于中小主体的财务报告准则，其重要意义在于为中小主体在国内和国际资本市场融资，以及继续发挥中小主体在全球经济复苏以及未来发展中的作用，提供了一条道路。关于《中小主体国际财务报告准则》，主要介绍以下几个问题： （一）为什么要制定《中小主体国际财务报告准则》？ 在不同的国家或地区，监管部门要求中小主体编制并对外提供财务报告，由于国际会计准则理事会没有就中小主体制定相应的会计准则，各国家或地区监管部门或者准则制定机构要求其中小主体采用本国一般公认的会计准则，或者要求完全采纳完整版国际财务报告准则，或者制定本国有关中小主体会计准则，导致中小主体编制财务报告信息不可比，同时，中小主体反映采纳一般公认会计原则编制财务报告的成本远大于其效益。全球发达和新兴市场经济国家的监管机构、准则制定机构、评级机构、中小主体和审计人员强烈要求，建立一套全球统一的、独立的、为满足中小主体需求的、高质量的财务报告准则，以减少中小主体运用一般公认会计原则或者运用完整版国际财务报告准则的成本，提高中小主体财务报告信息质量。为此，国际会计准则理事会开发了适用于中小主体的国际会计准
1. 被合并方合并报表显示净资产为1000万元，个别财务报表显示净资产为700万元，合并方对被合并方的持股比例为70%，则其长期股权投资的入账成本应为：√ A 700万元 B 1000万元 C 490万元 D 300万元 正确答案：A 2. 同一控制下企业合并形成的长期股权投资成本的确定依据为：√ A被合并方个别财务报表 B被合并方合并财务报表 C合并方个别财务报表 D合并方合并财务报表 正确答案：B 3. 被合并企业可辨认净资产公允价值为1000万元，合并方持有的份额为70%，如果合并方所支付的合并对价为950万元，那么商誉应为：√ A 700万元 B 300万元 C 250万元 D 150万元 正确答案：C 4. 在持股比例为（）时，要采用权益法核算长期股权投资。√ A 0—20% B 10%—30% C 20%—50% D 60%—75% 正确答案：C 5. 投资性房地产包括建造或开发过程中拟用于出租的建筑物，若其公允价值无法可靠确定，但预期完工后的公允价值能持续可靠取得，应当先以（）计量该在建投资性房地产。√A成本 B收益 C利润
D估值 正确答案：A 6. 或有对价指的是购买日当天所发生的一部分不能完全决定的成本，在实务当中主要是：√ A评估成本 B人力成本 C行政成本 D融合成本 正确答案：D 7. 在合并当天，购买方按照第20号会计准则“企业合并”的规定编制的合并报表称为：√A期初报表 B期中报表 C期间报表 D期末报表 正确答案：C 8. 某企业的实物资产账面价值为600万元，商誉为20万元，如果经测试企业的可收回金额为580万元，则此时其实物资产价值应为：√ A 620万元 B 600万元 C 580万元 D 560万元 正确答案：C 9. 国际财务报告（IFRS）第8号“分部信息的披露”规定，在确定分部的时候可以考虑按照业务编制分部报告，也可以考虑按照（）编制分部报告。√ A规模 B收益 C归属 D地区 正确答案：D 10. 在实务中比较常见的混合工具是：√ A债务性融资债券
新《企业会计准则》要点与变化分析第20号—企业合并 一、企业合并的概念 1．企业合并的定义 企业合并，是指将两个或两个以上单独的企业合并形成一个报告主体的交易或事项。这里应注意：会计上的企业合并，是两个或两个以上的企业合并后，形成了一个“报告主体”。 报告主体可以是个别报表和合并报表。比如，甲公司合并乙企业，如果乙企业被注销法人资格，则应将乙企业的资产、负债并入甲公司，形成一个报告主体，甲公司编制个别报表即可；如果乙企业未被注销法人资格，则甲公司形成长期股权投资，甲公司应通过编制合并报表，形成一个报告主体。 2．企业合并的分类 （1）按企业合并形式，企业合并可分为吸收合并、新设合并和控股合并。①吸收合并是指合并方（或购买方）通过企业合并取得被合并方（或被购买方）的全部净资产，合并后注销被合并方（或被购买方）的法人资格，被合并方（或被购买方）原持有的资产、负债，在合并后成为合并方（或购买方）的资产、负债。吸收合并后，被合并的企业解散，名义上已不复存在，不再是企业法人。即使被吸收合并的企业仍在继续经营，但已只是合并企业的一个相对独立的分部。这种形式的企业合并用公式可表示为：A企业+B企业=A企业。 ②新设合并是指参与合并的各方在合并后法人资格均被注销，重新注册成立一家新的企业。新设合并用公式表示为：A企业+B企业=C企业。 ③控股合并是指合并方（或购买方）在企业合并中取得对被合并方（或被购买方）的控制权，被合并方（或被购买方）在合并后仍保持其独立的法人资格并继续经营，合并方（或购买方）确认企业合并形成的对被合并方（或被购买方）的投资。 控股合并后，合并各方仍作为单独的法律主体而存在，控股公司与被控股公司形成母子公司的关系。这种合并用公式表示为：A企业+B企业=A企业+B企业。（2）按是否受同一控制，企业合并可分为同一控制下的企业合并和非同一控制下的企业合并 根据企业合并中参与合并的各方在合并前及合并后是否受同一方或相同的多方最终控制，企业合并可分为同一控制下的企业合并及非同一控制下的企业合并。 ①同一控制下的企业合并 参与合并的企业在合并前及合并后均受同一方或相同的多方最终控制且该控制并非暂时性的（1年），为同一控制下的企业合并。同一控制下的企业合并，在合并日取得对其他参与合并企业控制权的一方为合并方，参与合并的其他企业为被合并方。
中国与国际会计准则有关企业合并比较 摘要 当前会计准则国际趋同形势发展之快，超出常人的想象。自2011年国际会计准则委员会（IASC）改组为国际会计准则理事会（IASB）后，IASB所指定的国际财务报告准则将有超过100个国家和地区要求或允许采纳国际财务报告准则。会计准则的国际趋同是当今国际会计发展的一件大事。把握这一发展趋势，对于促进我国的会计改个，提高会计信息质量，维护资本市场稳定，进一步营造我国良好的投资环境具有重要的意义。 有比较才有鉴别。通过比较和鉴别，可以发现差距，明确未来努力的方向，最终实现我国会计准则与国际财务报告准则的趋同。 本文将针对企业合并准则的比较来展开讨论。 关键字：会计准则；企业合并； 正文 企业合并的会计处理是会计实务的一大难点，特别是同一控制下的企业合并的会计处理在国际上还未达成一致的意见。因我国特有的国情所致，我国许多企业合并都属于同一控制下的企业合并，因此，我国的企业合并准则还适用于同一控制下的企业合并，这一点与IFRS不同。根据IFRS3的发展动态，可以预见，我国的企业合并准则颁布后，可能还面对一些修订。此外，我们要在实务中完全执行好企业合并准则，财政部还应出台相应的指南，以利于指导实务操作。 IFRS3“企业合并”和CAS20《企业会计准则第20号——企业合并》都是规范企业合并会计处理的准则，但CAS20适用范围比IFRS3广，还包括设计同一控制下主体或企业的企业合并，以及设计两个或两个以上的共同主体的企业合并。 一、同一控制下的企业合并 国际财务报告准则和美国财务会计准则所规定的企业合并，均不包括同一控制下的企业合并。由于我国目前仍然是以公有制经济为主体，国有企业都在国资委的同一控制之下，并且产权交易市场还不够成熟，公允价值难于取得，实务中出现的大部分合并案例均为同一控制下的企业合并。本准则如不规范同一控制下的企业合并，将无法解决我国现实中的企业合并问题。因此，财政部在充分考虑我国实际情况的基础上，将同一控制下的企业合并纳入本准则的范围，明确规定同一控制下的企业合并应当以账面价值为基础进行会计处理，但在合并财务报表中，要求对被企业合并的财务状况和经营成果予以充分披露。为了与国际财务报告准则更好的趋同，建议我国企业合并准则可以仅涉及非同一控制下的企业合并情况，对于同一控制下的企业合并，财政部可单独发布另外的会计准则。
国际财务报告准则 10 合并财务报表 目标 【1】本准则的目标是当某一个实体控制一个或多个其他实体时，建立列示与编制合并财务报表的原则。 达成目标 【2】为了达到【1】所述的目标，本准则： （1）要求对其他一个或多个实体（子公司）实施控制的某一个实体（母公司）编制合并财务报表； （2）定义控制的原则，并将控制作为合并的基础； （3）制定应用原则以识别投资者是否控制了被投资者，进而必需合并被投资者；和 （4）制定合并财务报表编制的会计规定。 【3】本准则并不涉及业务合并以及合并的影响，包括因业务合并而产生的商誉（参见 IFRS 3 业务合并）。 范围 【4】母公司应当编制合并财务报表。本准则应用于所有实体，除非： （1）当满足以下所有条件时，母公司可以不编制合并财务报表： （i）母公司是全资子公司，或者是另一个主体的部分拥有的子公司，但其他所有者，包括那些没有表决权，已被告知且不反对母公司不编制合并财务报表； （ii）该母公司的债务或权益工具并未在公开市场（国内或国外证券交易市场或者当地或区域性的场外交易市场）进行交易； （iii）母公司没有以在公开市场上发行任何类别的工具为目的，而向证券委员会或其他监管机构递交或正在递交财务报表。 （iv）母公司的最终控制方或其他任何间接控股母公司遵循IFRS的规定编制了可供公开使用的的合并财务报表。 （2）雇员离职后设定受益计划或应用《IAS 19 雇员福利》的其他长期雇员受益计划； 控制 【5】作为投资者，无论涉入一家实体（被投资者）的性质如何，需要通过评估其是否控制了被投资者来确认其是否为母公司。
【6】投资方控制了被投资方是指当投资方通过对被投资者的涉入面临可变回报的风险或取得可变回 报的权利，并且通过主导被投资者的权力来影响投资者的回报金额。 【7】因此，当且仅当投资方具备以下所有条件时，投资方才控制了被投资方： （1）主导被投资者的权力； （2）通过对被投资者的涉入面临可变回报的风险或取得可变回报的权利；及 （3）利用对被投资者的权力影响投资者回报金额的能力。 【8】在评估投资方控制了被投资方时，投资方需要考虑所有的事实和环境因素。如果事实和环境导 致本准则【7】所列示的控制要素发生了变化（参见本准则 B80-B85），投资者应当重新评估其是否 控制了被投资方。 【9】当两方或多方需要同时行动才能直接主导相关的活动，则两方或多方共同控制了被投资方。在 此情形下，除非互相合作，没有任何一方投资者能够主导活动，即没有单一投资方能够控制被投资方。每个投资者应当遵循其他相关IFRSs的规定，例如《IFRS 11 合营安排》、《IAS 28 在联营与合营 中的投资》和《IFRS 9 金融工具》。 权力 【10】如果投资者拥有的现有权利使其在当前有能力主导对被投资者回报构成重大影响的活动，则存 在权力。 【11】权力来源于权利。有时评估权力是直接的，例如通过权益工具（如股票）赋与的表决权，可以 直接或唯一地获取主导被投资者的权力，并且可以通过对这些股份的投票权来评估权力。在其他的案 例中，评估权力可能相对复杂并且需要考虑一个或多个因素，例如当权力取决于一项或多项合同安排。 【12】如果投资方拥有主导相关活动的现时能力，则拥有权力，即使其主导权利尚未行使。投资方已 经主导相关活动的证据有助于确定投资方是否拥有权力。但是，这些证据本身不能得出是否投资者具 有主导被投资者的权力的结论。 【13】如果两个或多个投资方拥有现有权利，赋于各方单独主导不同相关活动的能力，则拥有现时能 力以主导最重大影响被投资回报的一方，拥有被投资方的权力。 【14】投资者拥有主导被投资者的权力即使其他方拥有的现有权力使其在当前有能力参与主导相关的 活动，例如，当其他方具有重大影响。然而，当投资方仅拥有保护性权利，则其没有主导被投资方的 权力（参见本准则 B26-B28），因而不能控制被投资方。 回报 【15】当投资方涉入被投资方的回报因被投资方的业绩而导致潜在的变动时，投资方承担了可变回报 的风险或取得可变回报的权利。投资方的回报可能是有利或不利或者同时存在有利与不利。 【16】尽管只有一个投资方能够控制被投资方，但是其他多方也能够享有被投资方的回报。例如，非 控制性权益持有者也能享有被投资方的利润或分配。 权力与回报的联系
时代光华国际财务报告准则的最新修订(答案)
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1. 被合并方合并报表显示净资产为1000万元，个别财务报表显示净资产为700万元，合并方对被合并方的持股比例为70%，则其长期股权投资的入账成本应为：√ A 700万元 B 1000万元 C 490万元 D 300万元 正确答案：A 2. 同一控制下企业合并形成的长期股权投资成本的确定依据为：√ A被合并方个别财务报表 B被合并方合并财务报表 C合并方个别财务报表 D合并方合并财务报表 正确答案：B 3. 被合并企业可辨认净资产公允价值为1000万元，合并方持有的份额为70%，如果合并方所支付的合并对价为950万元，那么商誉应为：√ A 700万元 B 300万元 C 250万元 D 150万元 正确答案：C 4. 在持股比例为（）时，要采用权益法核算长期股权投资。√ A 0—20% B 10%—30% C 20%—50% D 60%—75% 正确答案：C 5. 投资性房地产包括建造或开发过程中拟用于出租的建筑物，若其公允价值无法可靠确定，但预期完工后的公允价值能持续可靠取得，应当先以（）计量该在建投资性房地产。√A成本 B收益 C利润
D估值 正确答案：A 6. 或有对价指的是购买日当天所发生的一部分不能完全决定的成本，在实务当中主要是：√ A评估成本 B人力成本 C行政成本 D融合成本 正确答案：D 7. 在合并当天，购买方按照第20号会计准则“企业合并”的规定编制的合并报表称为：√A期初报表 B期中报表 C期间报表 D期末报表 正确答案：C 8. 某企业的实物资产账面价值为600万元，商誉为20万元，如果经测试企业的可收回金额为580万元，则此时其实物资产价值应为：√ A 620万元 B 600万元 C 580万元 D 560万元 正确答案：C 9. 国际财务报告（IFRS）第8号“分部信息的披露”规定，在确定分部的时候可以考虑按照业务编制分部报告，也可以考虑按照（）编制分部报告。√ A规模 B收益 C归属 D地区 正确答案：D 10. 在实务中比较常见的混合工具是：√ A债务性融资债券
新会计准则下如何理解企业合并 准则将企业合并分为同一控制下的企业合并和非控制下的企业合并两类。同一控制下的企业合并采用的是权益结合法。但并未规定采用这一合并方法下严格的限制条件，这是充分考虑了我国企业现阶段实际情况的，为企业的做大做强预留了空间. 如何理解企业合并 中天华正会计师事务所梁春邢蒙 中国财经报 2月15日财政部在人民大会堂举行了《企业会计准则》和《审计准则》发布会。新颁布的39个企业会计准则筑就了我国较为完整的企业会计准则体系。在全面考虑我国现阶段实际情况的基础上实现了与国际财务报告准则的充分协调，得到国际会计界的肯定和赞誉。学习新准则、理解新准则、贯彻执行新准则成为我们广大财务工作者下一阶段的首要任务。 准则将企业合并分为同一控制下的企业合并和非控制下的企业合并两类。同一控制下的企业合并采用的是权益结合法。但并未规定采用这一合并方法下严格的限制条件，如合并方必须持有被合并方股权90％以上。这是充分考虑了我国企业现阶段实际情况的，为企业的做大做强预留了空间。同时也对采用这种合并方法做出了严格的规定，合并方应以取得被合并方所有者权益份额或被合并方账面价值（吸收合并或新设合并）作为长期投资的初始投资成本或账面价值，长期股权资初始投资成本或账面价值与合并方支付的资产及所承担债务账面价值或发行股份的面值总额或支付合并对价账面价值的差额，调整资本公积，资本公积不足冲减的，调整留存收益。被合并方采用的会计政策与合并方不一致的，合并方应按照本企业会计政策对被合并方的资产、负债账面价值进行调整，并按合并日调整后的占被投资企业所有者权益份额或账面价值作为初始投资成本加以确认。这就避免了同一控制下企业合并中个别企业滥用公允价值和合并日进而调节利润和所有者权益行为。采用权益法进行企业合并时，合并方应当编制合并日的合并资产负债表、合并利润表及合并现金流量表。合并资产负债表中被合并方的各项资产、负债应按账面价值进行计量；合并利润表中包括了合并各方自合并当期期初至合并日所发生的收入、费用和利润。合并现金流量表中包括了合并各方自合并当期期初至合并日的现金流量。尽管权益结合法自身存在许多不足，但若取消权益结合法，势必影响我国企业发展壮大的进程，这也许正是企业会计准则的制订者适应中国社会主义市场经济现阶段发展的必然选择。 非同一控制下的企业合并采用的是购买法，购买方在购买日对作为企业合并对价付出的资产、发生或承担的负债应当按照公允价值计量，公允价值与其账面价值的差额，计入当期损益。
1.合营的最基本特征是（）。 A. 共同控制 B. 合营企业 C. 合作经营 D. 组建独立的主体 2. 以下不属于公允价值估值技术方法的是（）。 A. 生产法 B. 收入法 C. 市场法 D. 成本法 二、多项选择题 3. 国际财务报告准则第11号（IFRS11）将共同控制的类型分为（）两类。 A. 共同控制经营 B. 共同控制资产 C. 合作经营 D. 合营企业 4. 国际财务合并报表准则对投资公司有豁免规定，对于投资公司的认定以下说法正确的有（）。 A. 一般持有多项投资 B. 重要的交易仅仅是从事赚取资本利得和分配利息的多项投资
C. 暂时（被动）持有不同于投资目的的资产不影响将其认定为投资公司 D. 投资为了赚取资本利得 5. 针对不存在活跃交易市场的权益工具，采用市值法计量其公允价值的方法步骤包括（）。 A. 对公允价值初始值进行适当的调整 B. 选择与评估被投资企业业绩最相关的指标，并选择最合适的乘数 C. 用合适的估值乘数乘以被投资企业的业绩指标得出被投资单位权益或者公司的公允价值初始值 D. 确认可比同行业上市公司 6. 在评价主体是否对被投资方实施了控制时，应综合考虑的因素包括以下（）几点。 A. 哪些是与控制“相关的活动”，以及关于这些“活动”的决策是如何做作出的 B. 主体的权利是否给予其对“活动”进行决策的现时能力 C. 主体是否享有或承担被投资方收益变动的权利或风险 D. 主体是否有能力运用其权力影响被投资方的收益 7. 对被控制主体的收益具有重要影响的活动可能包括（）等。 A. 管理金融资产 B. 确定筹资结构或筹集资金 C. 购买或处置资产 D. 商品或服务的销售或购买 三、判断题 8. 公允价值可以是资产清算价格或困境条件下的强制销售价格。（）
2010年第5期Metallurgical Financial Accounting ERP 系统能够实现数据就源录入、资源共享，实现各专业管 理信息全面、高度的集成。要求各单位、各专业部门按照高度集成的要求，对成本管理对象和核算项目进行横到边、纵到底的分解，进一步细化管理目标。要统一基础设置，各模块公用数据表述要一致、同一数据表述要唯一。要考虑与现行信息化管理系统的接口，逐步整合各种业务管理数据，实施规范化、标准化的管理，确保系统有效发挥“精准”的财务控制功能。 四、夯实基础工作，抓好队伍建设 1.强化财务人员学习培训工作。要做好岗位知识、公司相 关制度、税收知识培训，提倡会计人员参加公司组织的其它业务培训，加快知识转移的速度，拓展知识转移的维度。鼓励财务人员参加国家计算机等级考试，继续鼓励中青年同志参与国家注册会计师、注册税务师、注册审计师等职业资格的考试，对获取各类注册职业资格证书的，要给予精神和物资奖励。 2.严格组织各单位财务机构考核考评工作。要根据公司 的重点工作，制定《2010年财务部门考核考评办法》，明确具 体考核项目和细则，根据考核办法进行评比，根据评比结果进行奖惩。 3.加大岗位轮换力度。要根据《会计基础工作规范》和集 团公司关于会计人员工作岗位应当有计划地进行轮换的要求，对各单位的会计岗位按有关规定进行系统地轮换。各单位要对岗位变动人员进行上岗培训，做好各项准备和交接工作，保证财务业务符合质量和时间的要求。 4.搞好会计稽核，组织好会计基础工作达标检查。要进一 步规范一级核算及ERP 运行中的会计事项，根据集团公司组织的“管理升级检查”的要求，完善会计基础工作标准，按新标准组织基础工作检查。要增强内部综合审核的力度，及时进行日常的常规审核，提出问题，及时通报，进行规范。 5.开展财务管理创新活动。要积极组织财会人员开展管 理创新，积极应用现代化管理办法，总结管理创新成果。要积极开展提合理化建议活动，每名财务人员都要结合降本增效提一条合理化建议。 6.要加强党风廉政建设教育。自觉遵守国家各项政策法 规，企业各项规章制度。要做到有令则行、有禁则止、政令畅通。清清白白做事、老老实实做人，为企业当好家、理好财。 一、国内外合并准则的比较 1.定义的比较。我国《企业合并准则》指出：企业合并按是 否受同一方或多方控制，进一步分为同一控制下的企业合并或非同一控制下的企业合并，是否受一方控制突出了在我国国有企业占主导地位的特殊国情所采用不同的会计处理的要求，同时也为企业合并在两种不同合并方法之间进行选择留下了余地。 《国际财务报告准则》第3号(IFRS3)《企业合并》指出：“企业并购指通过一个企业与另一个企业的结合或获得对另一个企业净资产和经营活动的控制权，而将各单独的企业合成一 个经济实体。”《美国会计准则》第141号(SFAs141)《企业合并》指出：“企业合并是指一个实体收购组成企业的净资产，或收购一个或多个实体的股权并对该实体或多个实体进行控制”。 2.会计处理的比较。我国《企业合并准则》中规定：按照参 与合并的企业是否受到同一方控制，分为同一控制下的企业合并和非同一控制下的企业合并，我国企业会计准则承认两种计价基础，即账面价值和公允价值。 对于合并中商誉的处理，我国合并准则将企业合并分为同一控制下的企业合并和非同一控制下的企业合并，因而在同一控制的企业合并下，以账面价值为基础进行合并，不存在产生商誉。只有在非同一控制下的企业合并，当合并方的合并!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!张嘉凤 国内外会计准则 在企业合并方面的差异及影响 学习新法规 21
中国会计规定与国际财务报告准则 及香港财务报告准则的比较 随着中国加入世界贸易组织﹐各界正积极就新机遇和挑战作出准备。会计﹐有必要不断的更新以配合国内经济发展的步伐﹐但作为国际通用的商业语言﹐又不可与国际惯例有重大偏离。为此﹐中华人民共和国财政部(以下简称“财政部”)不断就此方向作出努力﹐并取得了重大成果。 在1993年﹐财政部以世界银行的拨款﹐开始发展约30项适用于中国发展中社会主义市场经济的会计准则﹐旨在使中国的会计及财务编报实务能与国际接轨。在1994年至1996年3年间﹐相关准则的征求意见稿已分批发出。在2000年发展约17项会计准则﹐当中主要是国际会计准则委员会正在处理的项目及一些特殊行业的会计准则。直至现时为止﹐共有16项《企业会计准则》(以下简称“具体准则”) 已经发出﹐而其它准则仍在制订中。
除了制定具体准则有长足进展外﹐在2000年底﹐财政部发布了新的《企业会计制度》(以下简称“新制度”)﹐并自2001年1月1日起应用在所有股份有限公司上。新制度的施行使中国会计与国际惯例更具可比性﹐当中较为重要的是全面要求对发生减值的资产确认减值损失。于2002年1月1日起﹐新制度扩展至适用于所有外商投资企业。于2003年3月﹐财政部进一步扩展《企业会计制度》的涵盖范围﹐要求所有于2003年1月1日或以后成立的企业(小企业及金融机构除外)全面执行《企业会计制度》。长远而言﹐财政部拟将新制度应用于所有大、中型企业﹐将以往不同行业或不同类型企业各自不同的会计处理方法统一起来﹐以加强报表的可比性。 此外﹐财政部亦就金融企业及小企业的特点和需要﹐分别制定新的《金融企业会计制度》及《小企业会计制度》。新的《金融企业会计制度》于2002年1月1日起于所有上市及外商投资金融企业施行﹐并自2004年1月1日起扩展到非上市的非外商投资证券公司。而《小企业会计制度》将于2005年1月1日对指定的小企业生效。 一般而言(不包括金融企业及小企业)﹐《企业会计制度》、《企业会计准则》及相关的会计公告(一般名为“财会”的通知)构成现时中国会计的基础规定。当各公告间出现差异时﹐除特别注明外﹐一般均会以最新的公告要求为准。另外﹐《企业会计制度》已包含各具体《企业会计准则》(中期财务报告准则除外)的基本会计原则﹐但各具体《企业会计准则》有较详尽的阐释。 现时中国会计与《国际财务报告准则》(IFRS)及《香港财务报告准则》(HKFRS)亦有一定程度的差异﹐所以制定以下的会计比较表供有关人仕参考之用。但请留意下表只是以上市公司及采用《企业会计制度》的外商投资企业为对象﹐并就主要会计项目在会计核算上的比较﹐并不能视作一份完整的比较表﹐另外下表并没有对相关披露要求作出比较﹐亦不是为特殊行业(例如银行、保险等)、或小企业而设。 于2003年末及2004年初﹐国际会计准则理事会(IASB)发出了多项新的国际财务报告准则及对多项国际会计准则(IAS)作出了修订。这些新修订和新发出的准则﹐除IFRS 3企业合并以及相关的对IAS 36和IAS 38的修订(参见附注3)之外﹐均将于2005年1月1日开始的会计年度生效。为了让读者能更全面了解及作好准备﹐因此下表除包括对现行国际会计准则的比较(在“国际财务报告准则(修订前)”一栏表示)﹐还包括对新发出及修订后的准则的比较(在“国际财务报告准则(修订后)”一栏表示)。 随着多国采用国际财务报告准则﹐香港会计师公会亦明确其全面与国际财务报告准则协调的准则制定目标。因此香港最近发出的新准则﹐均以国际财务报告准则为蓝本﹐并将于2005年之后开始生效﹐而多项已发出的征求意见稿﹐亦与国际财务报告准则相符。由于新准则将会与“国际财务报告准则(修订后)”一栏的内容大致相同﹐因此下表“香港会计实务准则”一栏的内容只包括目前已经生效的准则﹐并未包括新发出的准则的内容﹐但为方便了解香港会计准则的发展情况﹐表内亦会列出准则进展的资料。