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Hot Gas in the Local Group and Low-Redshift Intergalactic Medium

Hot Gas in the Local Group and Low-Redshift Intergalactic Medium
Hot Gas in the Local Group and Low-Redshift Intergalactic Medium

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Hot Gas in the Local Group and Low-Redshift Intergalactic Medium By K E N N E T H R.S E M B A C H 1The Space Telescope Science Institute,3700San Martin Dr.,Baltimore,MD 21218,USA There is increasing observational evidence that hot,highly ionized interstellar and intergalac-tic gas plays a signi?cant role in the evolution of galaxies in the local universe.The primary spectral diagnostics of the warm-hot interstellar/intergalactic medium are ultraviolet and X-ray absorption lines of O vi and O vii .In this paper,I summarize some of the recent highlights of spectroscopic studies of hot gas in the Local Group and low-redshift universe.These highlights include investigations of the baryonic content of low-z O vi absorbers,evidence for a hot Galac-tic corona or Local Group medium,and the discovery of a highly ionized high velocity cloud system around the Milky Way.

2K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe

Ion,λrest f log fλλz=0.5T CIE b b th c

(?A)(K)(km s?1)

H i Ly-series......1369-1824...13–129d

C iv1548.1950.1908 2.4702322.2921.0×10511.8

C iv1550.7700.0952 2.1692326.1551.0×10511.8

N v1238.8210.1570 2.2891858.2321.8×10514.6

N v1242.8040.0782 1.9881864.2061.8×10514.6

O iv787.7110.111 1.9421181.5671.6×10512.9

O v629.7300.515 2.511944.5952.5×10516.1

O vi1031.9260.1329 2.1371547.8892.8×10517.1

O vi1037.6170.0661 1.8361556.4252.8×10517.1

Ne viii770.4090.103 1.9001155.6145.6×10521.5

Ne viii780.3240.0505 1.5961170.4865.6×10521.5

O vii21.6020.696 1.17732.4038.0×10528.8

O viii18.9670.2770.72028.4502.2×10647.8

O viii18.9720.1390.42128.4592.2×10647.8

Ne ix13.4470.07240.98820.1701.5×10635.2

that gas is located,or how it is related to the105?106K gas traced by O vi,is hampered at low redshift by the kinematical complexity of the hot interstellar medium(ISM)and IGM along the sight lines observed,as discussed below.Nevertheless,the X-ray diagnostics are of fundamental importance for determining the ionization state of the nearby hot gas,and they provide information about hotter gas that is not traced by species in the ultraviolet wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Table2contains a high-level summary of key considerations for absorption and emission-line spectroscopy of hot interstellar and intergalactic plasmas.Both types of observations have their strengths,and the combination of ultraviolet and X-ray information holds great promise for studies of the ISM and IGM.

2.Low-Redshift O vi Absorption Systems

One of the recent successes of observational cosmology is the excellent agreement in estimates of the amount of matter contained in baryons derived from measures of the temperature?uctuations in the cosmic microwave background and spectroscopic mea-

K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe3

UV Absorption X-ray Absorption X-ray Emission

a Assuming a metallicity of~0.1solar and peak ionization fractions(see text).

4

K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe

F l u x (10-13 e r g c m -2 s -1 ?-1)Wavelength (?)

Figure 1.A FUSE spectrum of PG 0953+415showing redshifted O vi ,C iii ,and H i Ly βat z =0.06807(Savage et al.2002).This is one of two O vi systems along this sight line.The crossed circle in the left panel marks the location of a terrestrial O i airglow line.

(b )How does feedback during galaxy formation a?ect the properties of the IGM and the e?ciency of galaxy formation?What are the primary feedback mechanisms?(c )What is the morphology of the cosmic web and the dark matter it traces?

(d )Are there fundamental relationships between the hot IGM and the hot gas found in clusters and groups of galaxies?

Observational evidence for a hot IGM at low redshifts remains limited mainly to de-tections of highly ionized oxygen (primarily O vi )along a small number of sight lines.The low-redshift O vi systems that have been observed have a variety of strengths and O vi /H i ratios.Many occur at the redshifts of groups or clusters of galaxies along the same sight lines.Several sight lines have been examined in detail for O vi absorbers:H 1821+643(Tripp,Savage,&Jenkins 2000;Oegerle et al.2000),PG 0953+415(Tripp &Savage 2000;Savage et al.2002),3C 273(Sembach et al.2001),PKS 2155-304(Shull,Tumlinson,&Giroux 2003),PG 1259+593(Richter et al.2004),PG 1116+215(Sembach et al.2004),and PG 1211+143(Tumlinson et al.2004).An important piece of informa-tion that is lacking for many of the well-observed O vi absorbers is the amount of C iv associated with the O vi .This information can,and should,be obtained with the HST.Figure 1illustrates a few of the absorption lines observed by FUSE in one of the two O vi systems toward PG 0953+415(Savage et al.2002).The lines are easily detected and are nearly resolved at the FUSE resolution of ~20km s ?1(FWHM).This absorption system has ionization properties consistent with photoionization by dilute ultraviolet background radiation but may also be collisionally ionized.A good example of a system that is probably collisionally ionized is given by Tripp et al.(2001).Other investigators have suggested that many of the O vi systems are collisionally ionized based on the observed relationship between the line width and O vi column density found for a wide range of environments containing O vi (Heckman et al.2002).

The baryonic contribution of the O vi absorbers to the closure density of the universe is ?b (O vi )=0.002h ?

175if their typical metallicity is ~1/10solar (Savage et al.2002).Here,h ?175is the Hubble constant in units of 75km s

?1Mpc ?1.This baryonic contribution is of the same order of magnitude as the contribution from stars and gas inside galaxies.More information about O vi in the low-redshift IGM can be found in the aforementioned sight line references.See Tripp (2002)for a recent review of the subject.

Information on hot gas at low redshift is also provided by X-ray measurements of O vii and O viii ,although the number of measurements is limited at this time.These results are sometimes con?icting,as in the case of the z ~0.057absorbers toward PKS 2155-

K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe5 304(e.g.,Fang et al.2002;Shull et al.2003),or are of modest statistical signi?cance (e.g.,Cagnoni2002;Mathur,Weinberg,&Chen2003;McKernan et al.2003b).None of the claimed detections to date at z>0have been particularly convincing.Still,the fact that it is possible to conduct searches for X-ray absorption lines in the hot IGM is promising.To form a large enough database to make?rmer statements about the baryonic contribution of gas hotter than that contained in the O vi absorption systems will likely require spectrographs on X-ray telescopes with very large e?ective areas,such as Constellation-X.

3.Hot Local Group Gas

An interesting development in studies of the gaseous content of Local Group galaxies is the mounting evidence for a hot,extended corona of low density gas around the Milky Way.This corona may extend to great distances from the Galaxy,and may even pervade much of the Local Group.In recent years,several results have strengthened the case for such a medium.These include:

(i)The detection of O vi high velocity clouds in the vicinity of the Galaxy.The prop-erties of these clouds suggest that the O vi is created at the boundaries of cooler HVCs as they move through a pervasive coronal medium(Sembach et al.2003;Collins,Shull, &Giroux2004).The properties of the O vi HVCs and their possible origins are discussed below in§4.

(ii)Chandra and XMM-Newton detections of O vii absorption near zero redshift.O vii peaks in abundance at T~106K in collisional ionization equilibrium.A summary of these O vii detections is given in Table3,where the observed equivalent width of the O vii λ21.60line is listed.Other high ionization species,such as O viiiλ18.97and Ne ixλ13.45 may also be detected along the same sight lines,albeit at somewhat lower signi?cance. (iii)Ram-pressure stripping of gas in Local Group dwarf galaxies.Moore&Davis (1994)postulated a hot,low-density corona to provide ram pressure stripping of some of the Magellanic Cloud gas and to explain the absence of gas in globular clusters and nearby dwarf spheroidal companions to the Milky Way(see also Blitz&Robishaw2000). The shape and con?nement of some Magellanic Stream concentrations(Stanimirovic et al.2002)and the shapes of supergiant shells along the outer edge of the LMC(de Boer et al.1998)are also more easily explained if an external medium is present.

(iv)Drag de?ection of the Magellanic Stream on its orbit around the Milky Way.N-body simulations of the tidal evolution and structure of the leading arm of the Magellanic Stream require a low-density medium(n H<10?4cm?3)to de?ect some of the Stream gas into its observed con?guration(Gardiner1999).

3.1.An Estimate of X-ray Absorption Produced by the Hot Gas at z≈0 Perhaps the most direct measure of the amount of hot gas is given by the X-ray ab-sorption measurements.A tenuous hot Galactic corona or Local Group gas should be revealed through X-ray absorption-line observations of O vii.The medium should have a temperature T>~106K to avoid direct detection in lower ionization species such as O vi,a density n H<~10?4cm?2to prevent orbital decay of the Magellanic Stream,and an extent L>~70kpc to explain the detections of O vi in the Magellanic Stream(see Sembach et al.2003).The column density of O vii in the hot gas is given by

N(O vii)=(O/H)⊙Z/Z⊙f O VII n H L,

where Z/Z⊙is the metallicity of the gas in solar units,f O VII is the ionization fraction of O vii,L is the path length,and(O/H)⊙=4.90×10?4(Allende Prieto,Lambert,& Asplund2001).At T~106K,f O VII≈1(Sutherland&Dopita1993).For n H=10?4

6K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe

Sight Line l(o)b(o)Wλ(m?A)a Instrument References b

a Equivalent width in m?A.For those studies listing equivalent widths in energy units rather than wavelength units,the following conversion was used:Wλ(m?A)=(λ2/hc)W E=37.5W E(eV). Errors for all values are quoted are at90%con?dence,except the C02value for Mrk421,which is a1σestimate.

b References:C02=Cagnoni(2002);F02=Fang et al.(2002);F03= Fang,Sembach,&Canizares(2003);M03=McKernan et al.(2003a); N02=Nicastro et al.(2002);R03=Rasmussen,Kahn,&Paerels(2003).

K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe7 Figure2.A portion of the Chandra LETG-ACIS spectrum of3C273showing a well-detected

zero-redshift O vii Heαline at21.6?A,with Wλ=28.4±12.5

6.3m?A at90%con?dence(Fang et

al.2003).The O vii may arise in hot gas within the Milky Way or within a hot Local Group medium.The error bar in the lower right corner indicates the typical1σphoton-counting error on each data point.

binary4U1820-303in NGC6624,which is at odds with this prediction since4U1820-303 is only~1kpc from the Galactic plane.However,Futamoto et al.(2003)did not detect O vii toward Cyg-X2,which is at a similar Galactic altitude.Additional observations of this type would be valuable for determining the distribution of hot gas near the plane of the Galaxy.Investigators working in this?eld should report signi?cant non-detections whenever possible.

3.2.Problems with a Single-Phase Ultra-Low Density Medium Model

Given the probability that several regions contribute to the observed absorption,it is dangerous to assume that the X-ray bearing gas is uniform,at a single temperature,or con?ned to one type of region.The same holds true for the lower temperature O vi gas, which is known to have a patchy spatial distribution and line pro?les that contain multiple components(see Savage et al.2003;Sembach et al.2003;Howk et al.2002).An example of the pitfalls that can be encountered in analyses of the X-ray absorption is provided by the PKS2155-304sight line.Nicastro et al.(2002)associated the X-ray absorption near z~0along the PKS2155-304sight line with the high-velocity O vi absorption observed by Sembach et al.(2000).They found that a relatively uniform,ultra-low density,single-phase plasma with a density n e~6×10?6cm?3and a size of roughly3Mpc was able to explain the O vi-viii absorption,modulo some di?culties in reproducing the observed Ne/O ratio in the hot gas.From this,they concluded that the X-ray bearing gas must be distributed throughout the Local Group.However,this conclusion rested strongly on the supposition that the high velocity O vi absorption and the X-ray absorption in this direction are uniquely related,with no other signi?cant sources of O vi or O vii-viii inside or outside the Galaxy.This conclusion fails to account for the complex distribution of

8K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe

gas along the sight line and the ample evidence that the O vi HVCs in this direction have kinematical signatures similar to lower ionization species whose presence is not consistent with gas at T=(0.5?1.0)×106K and n e~10?6cm?3[see Sembach et al.(1999)and Collins et al.(2004)for information on the lower ionization species such as C ii,C iv,Si ii, Si iii,Si iv].The ionization parameter in the proposed medium is far too high to explain the strengths of the low ionization lines observed at essentially the same velocities as the O vi HVCs.Other types of inhomogeneities in the hot gas distribution may also be present,as they are needed to reconcile the observed Ne/O ratio with a solar ratio of Ne/O (Nicastro et al.2002).(The possibility of explaining the factor of2discrepancy between the observed Ne/O ratio and the solar ratio by preferential incorporation of oxygen into dust grains seems dubious given the much higher cosmic abundance of oxygen).If one invokes inhomogeneities in the gas distribution to explain the lower ionization gas,then such regions must necessarily account for some,or perhaps even all,of the O vi.As a result,the ionization constraints used to deduce the existence of an ultra-low density medium break down,and the adoption of a uniform single temperature medium is cast in doubt.

The low ionization high velocity clouds toward PKS2155-304should have densities typical of those of clouds located near the Galaxy(i.e.,n~10?3?10?1cm?3).An example of one such region is high velocity cloud Complex C,whose ionization conditions suggest that the cloud is interacting with gas in an extended Galactic corona(Sembach et al.2003;Fox et al.2004;Collins et al.2004).Interactions of this type are consistent with the wider distribution of high velocity O vi seen on the sky(see§4)and provide a dynamic,non-equilibrium view of the gas ionization that is far more amenable to creating a range of ionization conditions than is possible in a static,ultra-low density medium having enormous cooling times.

Thus,while some of the highly ionized oxygen may be located in the Local Group,con-sideration of all of the available information indicates that an ultra-low density(n~10?6 cm?3,δ~60)Local Group medium is not a viable explanation for all of the X-ray and high velocity O vi absorption toward PKS2155-304.A low density(but not too low den-sity)medium with n~10?4?10?5cm?3is still a possible repository for much of the highly ionized gas,but is in all likelihood only part of a complex distribution of hot gas along this sight line.Additional discussion of the observational and theoretical implica-tions of a Local Group medium and the complications that can arise in interpreting the existing data can be found in Maloney(2003).

4.High Velocity Clouds in the Vicinity of the Milky Way

We have conducted an extensive study of the highly ionized high velocity gas in the vicinity of the Milky Way using data from the FUSE satellite.Below,I summarize the results for the sight lines toward100AGNs/QSOs and two distant halo stars(see Sembach et al.2003;Wakker et al.2003).The FUSE observations represent the culmination of ~4megaseconds of actual exposure time and many years of e?ort by the FUSE science team.For the purposes of this study,gas with|v LSR|>~100km s?1is typically identi?ed as“high velocity”,while lower velocity gas is attributed to the Milky Way disk and halo.Sample spectra from the survey are shown in https://www.doczj.com/doc/7217067836.html,plementary talks on this subject were presented at the Sydney IAU in Symposium217by Blair Savage(a description of the FUSE O vi survey)and Bart Wakker(an overview of high velocity clouds)(see Savage et al.2004;Wakker2004).

K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe9

Figure3.Observations of two objects in the FUSE high-velocity O vi survey.The data have a velocity resolution of~20km s?1(FWHM)and are binned to~10km s?1(~0.033?A) samples.Prominent interstellar lines,including the two lines of the O vi doublet at1031.926?A and1037.617?A,are identi?ed above each spectrum at their rest wavelengths.High velocity O vi absorption is present along both sight lines.H i and metal lines from intervening intergalactic clouds are marked in both panels.Unmarked absorption features are interstellar H2lines.Crossed circles mark the locations of terrestrial airglow lines of H i and O i.From Sembach et al.(2003).

4.1.Detections of High Velocity O vi

Sembach et al.(2003)identi?ed84individual high velocity O vi features along102sight lines observed by FUSE.A critical part of this identi?cation process involved detailed consideration of the absorption produced by O vi and other species(primarily H2)in the thick disk and halo of the Galaxy,as well as the absorption produced by low-redshift intergalactic absorption lines of H i and ionized metal species along the lines of sight studied.Our methodology for identifying the high velocity features and the possible complications involved in these identi?cations are described in detail by Wakker et al. (2003).We searched for absorption in an LSR velocity range of±1200km s?1centered on the O viλ1031.926line.With few exceptions,the high velocity O vi absorption is con?ned to100 |v LSR| 400km s?1,indicating that the identi?ed O vi features are either associated with the Milky Way or are nearby clouds within the Local Group. Information about the lower velocity(|v LSR| 100km s?1)gas inside the thick disk and low halo of the Milky Way can be found in Savage et al.(2003).

We detect high velocity O viλ1031.926absorption with total equivalent widths Wλ> 30m?A at 3σcon?dence along59of the102sight lines surveyed.For the highest quality sub-sample of the dataset,the high velocity detection frequency increases to22 of26sight lines.Forty of the59sight lines have high velocity O viλ1031.926absorption with Wλ>100m?A,and27have total equivalent widths Wλ>150m?A.Converting these O vi equivalent width detection frequencies into estimates of N(H+)in the hot gas indicates that~60%of the sky(and perhaps as much as~85%)is covered by hot ionized hydrogen at a level of N(H+)>~1018cm?2,assuming an ionization fraction f O VI<0.2

10K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe

Figure4.All-sky Hammer-Aito?projection of the high velocity O vi features along the sight lines in the FUSE O vi survey.Squares indicate positive velocity features.Circles indicate neg-ative velocity features.The magnitude of the velocity is given inside each circle or square for the highest column density O vi HVC component along each sight line.Solid dots indicate sight lines with no high velocity O vi detections.

and a gas metallicity similar to that of the Magellanic Stream(Z/Z⊙~0.2?0.3).This detection frequency of hot H+associated with the high velocity O vi is larger than the value of~37%found for warm,high velocity neutral gas with N(H i)~1018cm?2traced through21cm emission(Lockman et al.2002).

4.2.Velocities

The high velocity O vi features have velocity centroids ranging from?37290%con?dence)detections and2tentative detections of O vi between v LSR= +500and+1200km s?1;these very high velocity features probably trace intergalactic gas beyond the Local Group.Most of the high velocity O vi features have velocities incompatible with those of Galactic rotation(by de?nition).

We plot the locations of the high velocity O vi features in Figure4,with squares in-dicating positive velocity features and circles indicating negative velocity features.The magnitude of the LSR velocity(without sign)is given inside each square or circle for the dominant high velocity O vi feature along each sight line.For sight lines with multiple high velocity features,we have plotted the information for the feature with the great-est O vi column density.Solid dots indicate directions where no high velocity O vi was detected.

There is sometimes good correspondence between high velocity H i21cm emission and high velocity O vi absorption.When high velocity H i21cm emission is detectable in a particular direction,high velocity O vi absorption is usually detected if a suitable extragalactic continuum source is bright enough for FUSE to observe.For example,O vi is present in the Magellanic Stream,which passes through the south Galactic pole and extends up to b~?30o,with positive velocities for l>~180o and negative velocities for l<~180o.O vi is present in high velocity cloud Complex C,which covers a large portion of the northern Galactic sky between l=30o and l=150o and has velocities of

K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe11 roughly–100to–170km s?1.The H1821+643sight line(l=94.0o,b=27.4o)contains O vi absorption at the velocities of the Outer Arm(v~?90km s?1)as well as at more negative velocities.

In some directions,high velocity O vi is observed with no corresponding high velocity H i21cm emission.For example,at l~180o,b>0o there are many O vi HVCs with ˉv~+150km s?1.Some of these features are broad absorption wings extending from the lower velocity absorption produced by the Galactic thick disk/halo.High velocity O vi features toward Mrk478(l=59.2o,b=+65.0o,ˉv≈+385km s?1),NGC4670 (l=212.7o,b=+88.6o,ˉv≈+363km s?1),and Ton S180(l=139.0o,b=?85.1o,ˉv≈+251km s?1)stand out as having particularly unusual velocities compared to those of other O vi features in similar regions of the sky.They too lack counterparts in H i 21cm emission.These features may be located outside the Local Group(i.e.,in the IGM).We are currently investigating the H i content of some of these clouds through their H i Lyman-series absorption in the FUSE data.

The segregation of positive and negative velocities in Figure4is striking,indicating that the clouds and the underlying(rotating)disk of the Galaxy have very di?erent kinematics.A similar velocity pattern is seen for high velocity H i21cm emission and has sometimes been used to argue for a Local Group location for the high velocity clouds (see Blitz et al.1999).The kinematics of the high velocity O vi clouds are consistent with a distant location,but do not necessarily require an extended Local Group distribution as proposed by Nicastro et al.(2003).The dispersion about the mean of the high velocity O vi centroids decreases when the velocities are converted from the Local Standard of Rest(LSR)into the Galactic Standard of Rest(GSR)and the Local Group Standard of Rest(LGSR)reference frames.While this reduction is expected if the O vi is associated with gas in a highly extended Galactic corona or in the Local Group,it does not provide su?cient proof by itself of an extended extragalactic distribution for the high velocity gas because the correction to the LGSR reference frame requires proper knowledge of the total space velocities of the clouds.Only one component of motion-the velocity toward the Sun-is observed.Additional information,such as the gas metallicity,ionization state,or parallax resulting from transverse motion across the line of sight,is needed to constrain whether the clouds are located near the Galaxy or are farther away in the Local Group.

4.3.Column Densities and Line Widths

The high velocity O vi features have logarithmic column densities(cm?2)of13.06to 14.59,with an average of log N =13.95±0.34and a median of13.97(see Figure5,left panel).The average high velocity O vi column density is a factor of2.7times lower than the typical low velocity O vi column density found for the same sight lines through the thick disk/halo of the Galaxy(see Savage et al.2003).

The line widths of the high velocity O vi features range from~16km s?1to~81 km s?1,with an average of b =40±14km s?1(see Figure5,right panel).The lowest values of b are close to the thermal width of17.1km s?1expected for O vi at its peak ionization fraction temperature of T=2.8×105K in collisional ionization equilibrium(Sutherland&Dopita1993).The higher values of b require additional non-thermal broadening mechanisms or gas temperatures signi?cantly larger than2.8×105K.

4.4.Origin of the High Velocity O vi

One possible explanation for some of the high velocity O vi is that transition temperature gas arises at the boundaries between cool/warm clouds of gas and a very hot(T>106K) Galactic corona or Local Group medium.Sources of the high velocity material might

12K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe

Figure5.Histograms of the high velocity O vi column densities and line widths(solid lines). The bin sizes are0.10dex and10km s?1,respectively.For comparison,the distributions for the O vi absorption arising in the thick disk and halo of the Galaxy are also shown(dashed lines) (from Sembach et al.2003).

include infalling or tidally disturbed galaxies.A hot,highly extended(R>70kpc) corona or Local Group medium might be left over from the formation of the Milky Way or Local Group,or may be the result of continuous accretion of smaller galaxies over time.Evidence for a hot Galactic corona or Local Group medium is given in§3. Hydrodynamical simulations of clouds moving through a hot,low-density medium show that weak bow shocks develop on the leading edges of the clouds as the gas is compressed and heated(Quilis&Moore2001).Even if the clouds are not moving at supersonic speeds relative to the ambient medium,some viscous or turbulent stripping of the cooler gas likely occurs.An alternative explanation for the O vi observed at high velocities may be that the clouds and any associated H i fragments are simply condensations within large gas structures falling onto the Galaxy.Cosmological structure formation models predict large numbers of cooling fragments embedded in dark matter,and some of these structures should be observable in O vi absorption as the gas passes through the T= 105?106K temperature regime(Dav′e et al.2001).

4.5.Are the O vi HVCs Extragalactic Clouds?

Some of the high velocity O vi clouds may be extragalactic clouds,based on what we currently know about their ionization properties.However,claims that essentially all of the O vi HVCs are extragalactic entities associated with an extended Local Group?l-ament based on kinematical arguments alone appear to be untenable.Such arguments fail to consider the selection biases inherent in the O vi sample,the presence of neutral (H i)and lower ionization(Si iv,C iv)gas associated with some of the O vi HVCs,and the known“nearby”locations for at least two of the primary high velocity complexes in the sample—the Magellanic Stream is circumgalactic tidal debris,and Complex C is interacting with the Galactic corona(see Fox et al.2004).Furthermore,the O vii X-ray absorption measures used to support an extragalactic location have not yet been convinc-ingly tied to either the O vi HVCs or to a Local Group location.The O vii absorption may well have a signi?cant Galactic component in some directions(see Fang et al.2003). The Local Group?lament interpretation(Nicastro et al.2003)may be suitable for some of the observed high velocity O vi features,but it clearly fails in other particular cases

K.R.Sembach:Hot Gas in the Local Universe13 (e.g.,the Magellanic Stream or the PKS2155-304HVCs–see§3).It also does not repro-duce some of the properties of the ensemble of high velocity O vi features in our sample. For example,the“Local Supercluster Filament”model(Kravtsov,Klypin,&Ho?man 2002)predicts average O vi velocity centroids higher than those observed( ˉv ~1000 km s?1vs. ˉv <400km s?1)and average O vi line widths higher than those observed (FWHM~100?400km s?1vs.FWHM~30?120km s?1).Additional absorption and emission-line observations of other ions at ultraviolet wavelengths,particularly C iv and Si iv,would provide valuable information about the physical conditions,ionization,and locations of the O vi clouds.

5.Summary and Future Prospects

The detection of hot gas locally and at low redshift has altered our perspective on the presence of highly ionized gas outside of galaxies and has led to re?ned estimates of the baryonic content of the present-day universe.Clearly,there is much work yet to be done in determining the spatial distribution of the hot gas,its physical conditions,and its association with galaxies and the larger-scale gaseous structures from which galaxies form.

A deeper understanding of the spatial distribution of the hot gas would be possible with ultra-sensitive maps of the di?use O vi emission associated with the cosmic web. Emission maps would enable estimates of the?lling factor of the hot gas,and would set the context for ongoing absorption-line studies of the hot gas.Experiments to produce O vi emission maps over large regions of the sky are well-suited to small and medium Explorer-class missions and have been proposed to NASA.

The Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph,which is to be installed as part of the next HST servicing mission,will greatly enhance studies of O vi systems at redshifts0.14

I thank Blair Savage,Bart Wakker,Philipp Richter,and Marilyn Meade for their e?orts in making the FUSE O vi survey a reality.I acknowledge lively discussions about O vi absorption with Todd Tripp and Mike Shull.

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古代晋灵公不君、齐晋鞌之战原文及译文

晋灵公不君(宣公二年) 原文: 晋灵公不君。厚敛以雕墙。从台上弹人,而观其辟丸也。宰夫胹熊蹯不熟,杀之,寘诸畚,使妇人载以过朝。赵盾、士季见其手,问其故而患之。将谏,士季曰:“谏而不入,则莫之继也。会请先,不入,则子继之。”三进及溜,而后视之,曰:“吾知所过矣,将改之。”稽首而对曰:“人谁无过?过而能改,善莫大焉。诗曰:‘靡不有初,鲜克有终。’夫如是,则能补过者鲜矣。君能有终,则社稷之固也,岂惟群臣赖之。又曰:‘衮职有阙,惟仲山甫补之。’能补过也。君能补过,衮不废矣。” 犹不改。宣子骤谏,公患之,使鉏麑贼之。晨往,寝门辟矣,盛服将朝。尚早,坐而假寐。麑退,叹而言曰:“不忘恭敬,民之主也。贼民之主,不忠;弃君之命,不信。有一于此,不如死也!”触槐而死。 秋九月,晋侯饮赵盾酒,伏甲将攻之。其右提弥明知之,趋登曰:“臣侍君宴,过三爵,非礼也。”遂扶以下。公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而杀之。盾曰:“弃人用犬,虽猛何为!”斗且出。提弥明死之。 初,宣子田于首山,舍于翳桑。见灵辄饿,问其病。曰:“不食三日矣!”食之,舍其半。问之,曰:“宦三年矣,未知母之存否。今近焉,请以遗之。”使尽之,而为之箪食与肉,寘诸橐以与之。既而与为公介,倒戟以御公徒,而免之。问何故,对曰:“翳桑之饿人也。”问其名居,不告而退。——遂自亡也。 乙丑,赵穿①攻灵公于桃园。宣子未出山而复。大史书曰:“赵盾弑其君。”以示于朝。宣子曰:“不然。”对曰:“子为正卿,亡不越竟,反不讨贼,非子而谁?”宣子曰:“呜呼!‘我之怀矣,自诒伊戚。’其我之谓矣。” 孔子曰:“董狐,古之良史也,书法不隐。赵宣子,古之良大夫也,为法受恶。惜也,越竞乃免。” 译文: 晋灵公不行君王之道。他向人民收取沉重的税赋以雕饰宫墙。他从高台上用弹弓弹人,然后观赏他们躲避弹丸的样子。他的厨子做熊掌,没有炖熟,晋灵公就把他杀了,把他的尸体装在草筐中,让宫女用车载着经过朝廷。赵盾和士季看到露出来的手臂,询问原由后感到很忧虑。他们准备向晋灵公进谏,士季说:“如果您去进谏而君王不听,那就没有人能够再接着进谏了。还请让我先来吧,不行的话,您再接着来。”士季往前走了三回,行了三回礼,一直到屋檐下,晋灵公才抬头看他。晋灵公说:“我知道我的过错了,我会改过的。”士季叩头回答道:“谁能没有过错呢?有过错而能改掉,这就是最大的善事了。《诗经》说:‘没有人向善没有一个开始的,但却很少有坚持到底的。’如果是这样,那么能弥补过失的人是很少的。您如能坚持向善,那么江山就稳固了,不只是大臣们有所依靠啊。

如何翻译古文

如何翻译古文 学习古代汉语,需要经常把古文译成现代汉语。因为古文今译的过程是加深理解和全面运用古汉语知识解决实际问题的过程,也是综合考察古代汉语水平的过程。学习古代汉语,应该重视古文翻译的训练。 古文翻译的要求一般归纳为信、达、雅三项。“信”是指译文要准确地反映原作的含义,避免曲解原文内容。“达”是指译文应该通顺、晓畅,符合现代汉语语法规范。“信”和“达”是紧密相关的。脱离了“信”而求“达”,不能称为翻译;只求“信”而不顾“达”,也不是好的译文。因此“信”和“达”是文言文翻译的基本要求。“雅”是指译文不仅准确、通顺,而且生动、优美,能再现原作的风格神韵。这是很高的要求,在目前学习阶段,我们只要能做到“信”和“达”就可以了。 做好古文翻译,重要的问题是准确地理解古文,这是翻译的基础。但翻译方法也很重要。这里主要谈谈翻译方法方面的问题。 一、直译和意译 直译和意译是古文今译的两大类型,也是两种不同的今译方法。 1.关于直译。所谓直译,是指紧扣原文,按原文的字词和句子进行对等翻译的今译方法。它要求忠实于原文,一丝不苟,确切表达原意,保持原文的本来面貌。例如: 原文:樊迟请学稼,子曰:“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。子曰:“吾不如老圃。”(《论语?子路》) 译文:樊迟请求学种庄稼。孔子道:“我不如老农民。”又请求学种菜蔬。孔子道:“我不如老菜农。”(杨伯峻《论语译注》) 原文:齐宣王问曰:“汤放桀,武王伐纣,有诸?”(《孟子?梁惠王下》) 译文:齐宣王问道:“商汤流放夏桀,武王讨伐殷纣,真有这回事吗?(杨伯峻《孟子译注》) 上面两段译文紧扣原文,字词落实,句法结构基本上与原文对等,属于直译。 但对直译又不能作简单化理解。由于古今汉语在文字、词汇、语法等方面的差异,今译时对原文作一些适当的调整,是必要的,并不破坏直译。例如: 原文:逐之,三周华不注。(《齐晋鞌之战》) 译文:〔晋军〕追赶齐军,围着华不注山绕了三圈。

齐晋鞌之战原文和译文

鞌之战选自《左传》又名《鞍之战》原文:楚癸酉,师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯,逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克,郑丘缓为右(3)。侯日:“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢,流血及屦2 未尽∧6),曰:“余病矣(7)!”张侯曰:“自始合(8),而矢贯余手及肘(9),余折以御,左轮朱殷(10),岂敢言病吾子忍之!”缓曰:“自始合,苟有险,余必下推车,子岂_识之(11)然子病矣!”张侯曰:“师之耳目,在吾旗鼓,进退从之。此车一人殿之(12),可以集事(13),若之何其以病败君之大事也擐甲执兵(14),固即死也(15);病未及死,吾子勉之(16)!”左并辔(17) ,右援拐鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19),师从之,师败绩。逐之,三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰:“旦辟左右!”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰:“射其御者,君子也。”公曰:“谓之君子而射之,非礼也。”射其左,越于车下;射其右,毙于车中。綦毋张丧车,从韩厥,曰:“请寓乘。”从左右,皆肘之,使立于后。韩厥俛,定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉,骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中,蛇出于其下,以肱击之,伤而匿之,故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前,再拜稽首,奉觞加璧以进,曰:“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请,曰:‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸,属当戎行,无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君,臣辱戎士,敢告不敏,摄官承乏。” 丑父使公下,如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车,宛茷为右,载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父,郤献子将戮之。呼曰:“自今无有代其君任患者,有一于此,将为戮乎”郤子曰:“人不难以死免其君,我戮之不祥。赦之,以劝事君者。”乃免之。译文1:在癸酉这天,双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车,逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车,郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤,血流到了鞋上,但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战,一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘,左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色,我哪敢说受伤您忍着点吧!”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战,如果遇到道路不平的地方,我必定(冒着生命危险)下去推车,您难道了解这些吗不过,您真是受重伤了。”daier 解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛,都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声,前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它,战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢身披盔甲,手执武器,本来就是去走向死亡,伤痛还没到死的地步,您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说,一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起,用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。(由于一手控马,)马飞快奔跑而不能停止,晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去,把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军,三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。韩厥梦见他去世的父亲对他说:“明天早晨作战时要避开战车左边和右边的位置。”因此韩厥就站在中间担任赶车的来追赶齐侯的战车。邴夏说:“射那个赶车的,他是个君子。”齐侯说: “称他为君子却又去射他,这不合于礼。”daier 于是射车左,车左中箭掉下了车。又射右边的,车右也中箭倒在了车里。(晋军的)将军綦毋张损坏了自己的战车,跟在韩厥的车后说: “请允许我搭乗你的战车。”他上车后,无论是站在车的左边,还是站在车的右边,韩厥都用肘推他,让他站在自己身后——战车的中间。韩厥又低下头安定了一下受伤倒在车中的那位自己的车右。于是逢丑父和齐侯(乘韩厥低头之机)互相调换了位置。将要到达华泉时,齐侯战车的骖马被树木绊住而不能继续逃跑而停了下来。(头天晚上)逢丑父睡在栈车里,有一条蛇从他身子底下爬出来,他用小臂去打蛇,小臂受伤,但他(为了能当车右)隐瞒了这件事。由于这样,他不能用臂推车前进,因而被韩厥追上了。韩厥拿着拴马绳走到齐侯的马前,两次下拜并行稽首礼,捧着一杯酒并加上一块玉璧给齐侯送上去,

《鞌之战》阅读答案(附翻译)原文及翻译

《鞌之战》阅读答案(附翻译)原文及翻 译 鞌之战[1] 选自《左传成公二年(即公元前589年)》 【原文】 癸酉,师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3],逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克,郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰:余姑翦灭此而朝食[6]。不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢,流血及屦,未绝鼓音[8],曰:余病[9]矣!张侯[10]曰:自始合,而矢贯余手及肘[11],余折以御,左轮朱殷[12],岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之!缓曰:自始合,苟有险[14],余必下推车,子岂识之[15]?然子病矣!张侯曰:师之耳目,在吾旗鼓,进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17],可以集事[18],若之何其以病败君之大事也[19]?擐甲执兵,固即死也[20]。病未及死,吾子勉之[21]!左并辔[22],右援枹而鼓[23],马逸不能止[24],师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之,三周华不注[26]。 【注释】 [1]鞌之战:春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌,而晋军同仇敌忾、士气旺盛,战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌:通鞍,齐国地名,在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉:成公二年的六月十七日。师,指齐晋两国军队。陈,

列阵,摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏:齐国大夫。御,动词,驾车。御齐侯,给齐侯驾车。齐侯,齐国国君,指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父:齐国大夫。右:车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓:都是晋臣,郑丘是复姓。郤(x )克,晋国大夫,是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑:副词,姑且。翦灭:消灭,灭掉。朝食:早饭。这里是吃早饭的意思。这句话是成语灭此朝食的出处。 [7]不介马:不给马披甲。介:甲。这里用作动词,披甲。驰之:驱马追击敌人。之:代词,指晋军。 [8] 未绝鼓音:鼓声不断。古代车战,主帅居中,亲掌旗鼓,指挥军队。兵以鼓进,击鼓是进军的号令。 [9] 病:负伤。 [10]张侯,即解张。张是字,侯是名,人名、字连用,先字后名。 [11]合:交战。贯:穿。肘:胳膊。 [12]朱:大红色。殷:深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子:您,尊敬。比说子更亲切。 [14]苟:连词,表示假设。险:险阻,指难走的路。 [15]识:知道。之,代词,代苟有险,余必下推车这件事,可不译。 [16]师之耳目:军队的耳、目(指注意力)。在吾旗鼓:在我们

《鞌之战》阅读答案附翻译

《鞌之战》阅读答案(附翻译) 《鞌之战》阅读答案(附翻译) 鞌之战[1] 选自《左传·成公二年(即公元前589年)》 【原文】 癸酉,师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3],逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克,郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰:“余姑 翦灭此而朝食[6]。”不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢, 流血及屦,未绝鼓音[8],曰:“余病[9]矣!”张侯[10]曰:“自始合,而矢贯余手及肘[11],余折以御,左轮 朱殷[12],岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之!”缓曰:“自始合,苟有险[14],余必下推车,子岂识之[15]?——然 子病矣!”张侯曰:“师之耳目,在吾旗鼓,进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17],可以集事[18],若之何其以 病败君之大事也[19]?擐甲执兵,固即死也[20]。病未 及死,吾子勉之[21]!”左并辔[22],右援枹而鼓[23],马逸不能止[24],师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之,三周 华不注[26]。 【注释】 [1]鞌之战:春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌,而晋军同仇敌忾、 士气旺盛,战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌:通“鞍”,齐

国地名,在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉:成公二年的六月十七日。师,指齐晋两国军队。陈,列阵,摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏:齐国大夫。御,动词,驾车。御齐侯,给齐侯驾车。齐侯,齐国国君,指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父:齐国大夫。右:车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓:都是晋臣,“郑丘”是复姓。郤(xì)克,晋国大夫,是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑:副词,姑且。翦灭:消灭,灭掉。朝食:早饭。这里是“吃早饭”的意思。这句话是成语“灭此朝食”的出处。 [7]不介马:不给马披甲。介:甲。这里用作动词,披甲。驰之:驱马追击敌人。之:代词,指晋军。 [8]未绝鼓音:鼓声不断。古代车战,主帅居中,亲掌旗鼓,指挥军队。“兵以鼓进”,击鼓是进军的号令。 [9]病:负伤。 [10]张侯,即解张。“张”是字,“侯”是名,人名、字连用,先字后名。 [11]合:交战。贯:穿。肘:胳膊。 [12]朱:大红色。殷:深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子:您,尊敬。比说“子”更亲切。

左传《齐晋鞌之战》原文+翻译+注释

左传《齐晋鞌之战》原文+翻译+注释 楚癸酉,师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯,逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克,郑丘缓 为右(3)。侯日:“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢, 流血及屦2未尽∧?6),曰:“余病矣(7)!”张侯曰:“自始合(8),而矢贯余手 及肘(9),余折以御,左轮朱殷(10),岂敢言病?吾子忍之!”缓曰:“自始合,苟有险,余必下推车,子岂_识之(11)?然子病矣!”张侯曰:“师之耳目,在 吾旗鼓,进退从之。此车一人殿之(12),可以集事(13),若之何其以病败君之大事也?擐甲执兵(14),固即死也(15);病未及死,吾子勉之(16)!”左并辔(17) ,右援拐?鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19),师从之,师败绩。逐之,三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰:“旦辟左右!”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰:“射其御者,君子也。”公曰:“谓之君子而射之,非礼也。”射其左,越于车下;射其右,毙于车中。綦毋张丧车,从韩厥,曰:“请寓乘。”从左右,皆肘之,使立于后。韩厥俛,定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉,骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中,蛇出于其下,以肱击之,伤而匿之,故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前,再拜稽首,奉觞加璧以进,曰:“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请,曰:‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸,属当戎行,无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君,臣辱戎士,敢告不敏,摄官承乏。”丑父使公下,如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车,宛茷为右,载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父,郤献子将戮之。呼曰:“自今无有代其君任患者,有一于此,将为戮乎?”郤子曰:“人不难以死免其君,我戮之不祥。赦之,以劝事君者。”乃免之。 在癸酉这天,双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车,逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车,郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤,血流到了鞋上,但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战,一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘,左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色,我哪敢说受伤?您忍着点吧!”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战,如果遇到道路不平的地方,我必定(冒着生命危险)下去推车,您难道了解这些吗?不过,您真是受重伤了。”daier解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛,都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声,前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它,战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢?身披盔甲,手执武器,本来就是去走向死亡,伤痛还没到死的地步,您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说,一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起,用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。(由于一手控马,)马飞快奔跑而不能停止,晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去,把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军,三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。

《鞌之战》阅读答案(附翻译)

鞌之战[1]选自《左传·成公二年(即公元前589年)》【原文】癸酉,师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3],逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克,郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰:“余姑翦灭此而朝食[6]。”不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢,流血及屦,未绝鼓音[8],曰:“余病[9]矣!”张侯[10]曰:“自始合,而矢贯余手及肘[11],余折以御,左轮朱殷[12],岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之!”缓曰:“自始合,苟有险[14],余必下推车,子岂识之[15]?——然子病矣!”张侯曰:“师之耳目,在吾旗鼓,进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17],可以集事[18],若之何其以病败君之大事也[19]?擐甲执兵,固即死也[20]。病未及死,吾子勉之[21]!”左并辔[22],右援枹而鼓[23],马逸不能止[24],师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之,三周华不注[26]。【注释】 [1]鞌之战:春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌,而晋军同仇敌忾、士气旺盛,战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌:通“鞍”,齐国地名,在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉:成公二年的六月十七日。师,指齐晋两国军队。陈,列阵,摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏:齐国大夫。御,动词,驾车。御齐侯,给齐侯驾车。齐侯,齐国国君,指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父:齐国大夫。右:车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓:都是晋臣,“郑丘”是复姓。郤(xì)克,晋国大夫,是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑:副词,姑且。翦灭:消灭,灭掉。朝食:早饭。这里是“吃早饭”的意思。这句话是成语“灭此朝食”的出处。 [7]不介马:不给马披甲。介:甲。这里用作动词,披甲。驰之:驱马追击敌人。之:代词,指晋军。 [8] 未绝鼓音:鼓声不断。古代车战,主帅居中,亲掌旗鼓,指挥军队。“兵以鼓进”,击鼓是进军的号令。 [9] 病:负伤。 [10]张侯,即解张。“张”是字,“侯”是名,人名、字连用,先字后名。 [11]合:交战。贯:穿。肘:胳膊。 [12]朱:大红色。殷:深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子:您,尊敬。比说“子”更亲切。 [14]苟:连词,表示假设。险:险阻,指难走的路。 [15]识:知道。之,代词,代“苟有险,余必下推车”这件事,可不译。 [16]师之耳目:军队的耳、目(指注意力)。在吾旗鼓:在我们的旗子和鼓声上。进退从之:前进、后退都听从它们。 [17]殿之:镇守它。殿:镇守。 [18]可以集事:可以(之)集事,可以靠它(主帅的车)成事。集事:成事,指战事成功。 [19]若之何:固定格式,一般相当于“对……怎么办”“怎么办”。这里是和语助词“其”配合,放在谓语动词前加强反问,相当于“怎么”“怎么能”。以,介词,因为。败,坏,毁坏。君,国君。大事,感情。古代国家大事有两件:祭祀与战争。这里指战争。 [20]擐:穿上。执兵,拿起武器。 [21]勉,努力。 [22]并,动词,合并。辔(pèi):马缰绳。古代一般是四匹马拉一车,共八条马缰绳,两边的两条系在车上,六条在御者手中,御者双手执之。“左并辔”是说解张把马缰绳全合并到左手里握着。 [23]援:拿过来。枹(fú):击鼓槌。鼓:动词,敲鼓。 [24]逸:奔跑,狂奔。 [25] 败绩:大败。 [26] 周:环绕。华不注:山名,在今山东济南东北。【译文】六月十七日,齐晋两军在鞌地摆开阵势。邴夏为齐侯驾车,逢丑父担任车右做齐侯的护卫。晋军解张替郤克驾车,郑丘缓做了郤克的护卫。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了晋军再吃早饭!”齐军没有给马披甲就驱车进击晋军。郤克被箭射伤,血一直流到鞋上,但他一直没有停止击鼓进。并说:“我受重伤了!”解张说:“从开始交战,箭就射穿了我的手和胳膊肘,我折断箭杆继续驾车,左边的车轮被血染得深红色,哪里敢说受了重伤?您还是忍住吧。”郑丘缓说:“从开始交战,只要遇到险峻难走的路,我必定要下去推车,您哪里知道这种情况呢?——不过您确实受重伤了!”解张说:“我们的旗帜和战鼓是军队的耳目,或进或退都听从旗鼓指挥。这辆战车只要一人镇守,就可以凭它成事。怎么能因为受伤而败坏国君的大事呢?穿上铠甲,拿起武器,本来就抱定了必死的决心。您虽然受了重伤还没有到死的地步,您就尽最大的努力啊!”于是左手把马缰绳全部握在一起,右手取过鼓槌来击鼓。战马狂奔不止,晋军跟着主帅的车前进。齐军大败,晋军追击齐军,绕着华不注山追了三圈。

齐晋鞌之战的全文翻译

齐晋鞌之战的全文翻译 1、版本一 晋鞌之战(成公二年) 作者:左丘明 【原文】 楚癸酉,师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯,逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克,郑丘缓为右(3)。侯日:“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢,流血及屨2未尽∧?6),曰:“余病矣(7)!”张侯曰:“自始合(8),而矢贯余手及肘(9),余折以御,左轮朱殷(10),岂敢言病?吾子忍之!”缓曰:“自始合,苟有险,余必下推车,子岂_识之(11)?然子病矣!”张侯曰:“师之耳目,在吾旗鼓,进退从之。此车一人殿之(12),可以集事(13),若之何其以病败君之大事也?擐甲执兵(14),固即死也(15);病未及死,吾子勉之(16)!”左并辔(17),右援枴?鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19),师从之,师败绩。逐之,三周华不注(20)。 【注释】 ①师:指、晋两国军队。羞:同“鞍”,国地名,在今山东济南西北。②邴(bing)夏:国大夫。侯:顷公。逢丑父:国大夫。右:车右。③解张:晋国大夫,又称张侯。克:即献子,晋国大大,晋军主帅。郑丘缓:晋国大夫,姓郑丘,名缓。(4)姑:暂且。翦灭:消灭。此;指晋军。朝食;吃早饭。⑤不介马:不给马披甲。驰之:驱马追击敌人。(6)未绝鼓音:作战时,主帅亲自掌旗鼓,指挥三军,

所以克受伤后仍然击鼓不停。(7)病:负伤。(8)合:交战。(9)贯:射。穿。肘:胳膊。(10)朱:大红色。殷:深红色。(11)识:知道。 (12) 殿:镇守。(13)集事:成事。(14)擐(huan):穿上。兵:武器。 (15) 即:就。即死:就死,赴死。(16)勉:努力。(17)并:合在一起。辔(Pei):马组绳。(18)援:拉过来。枴〉襲):鼓槌。(19)逸:奔跑,狂奔。(20)周:环绕华不注:山名,在今山东济南东北。 【译文】 六月十七日,国和晋国的军队在鞌摆开了阵势。邴夏为顷公驾车,逢丑父担任车右。晋国解张为卻克驾车,郑丘缓担任车右。顷公说:“我暂且先消灭了这些敌人再吃早饭。”军没有给马披甲就驱车进击晋军。卻克被箭射伤,血流到鞋子上,但他一直没有停止击鼓,并说:“我受伤了!”解张说:“从开始交战,我的手和胳膊就被箭射穿了,我折断了箭,继续驾车,左边的车轮因被血染成了深红色,哪里敢说受了伤?您还是忍住吧?”郑丘缓说:“从开始交战,只要遇到险阻,我一定要下去推车,您哪里知道这些?可是您却受伤了!”解张说:“我们的旗帜和战鼓是军队的耳目,军队进攻和后撤都听从旗鼓指挥。这辆战车只要一个人镇守,就可以成功,怎么能因为负了伤而败坏国君的大事呢?穿上铠甲,拿起武器,本来就是去赴死;受伤不到死的地步,您要奋力而为啊!”解张左手把马绳全部握在一起,右手拿过鼓槌来击鼓。战马狂奔不已,晋军跟著主帅的车前进,军大败,晋军追击军,围著华不注山追了三圈。 2、版本二

齐晋鞌之战原文和译文

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鞍之战翻译

癸酉,师陈于鞌。邴夏御齐侯,逢丑父为右。晋解张御卻克,郑丘缓为右。齐侯曰:“余姑翦灭此而朝食!”不介马而驰之。卻克伤于矢,流血及屦,未绝鼓音。曰:“余病矣!”张侯曰:“自始合,而矢贯余手及肘,余折以御,左轮朱殷。岂敢言病?吾子忍之。”缓曰:“自始合,苟有险,余必下推车。子岂识之?──然子病矣!”张侯曰:“师之耳目,在吾旗鼓,进退从之。此车一人殿之,可以集事。若之何其以病败君之大事也?擐甲执兵,固即死也。病未及死,吾子勉之!”左并辔,右援枹而鼓。马逸不能止,师从之。齐师败绩。逐之,三周华不注。 六月十七日,齐晋两军在鞌地摆开阵势。邴夏为齐侯驾车,逢丑父坐在车右做了齐侯的护卫。晋军解张替卻克驾车,郑丘缓做了卻克的护卫。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭晋军再吃早饭!”不给马披甲就驱车进击晋军。卻克被箭射伤,血一直流到鞋上,但是进军的鼓声仍然没有停息。卻克说:“我受重伤了!”解张说:“从一开始交战,箭就射穿了我的手和胳膊肘,我折断箭杆照样驾车,左边的车轮被血染得殷红,哪里敢说受了重伤?您就忍耐它一点吧。”郑丘缓说:“从开始交战以来,如果遇到险峻难走的路,我必定要下来推车,您是否知道这种情况呢?──不过您的伤势确实太严重了!”解张说:“全军的人都听着我们的鼓声,注视着我们的旗帜,或进或退都跟随着我们。这辆车只要一人镇守,就可以凭它成事。怎么能因受伤而败坏国君的大事呢?穿上铠甲,拿起武器,本来就抱定了必死的决心。受了重伤还没有到死,您还是努力地干吧!”于是左手一并握住缰绳,右手取过鼓

槌击鼓。马狂奔不止,全军跟着他们冲锋。齐军溃败。晋军追击齐军,绕着华不注山追了三圈。 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰:“旦辟左右。”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰:“射其御者,君子也。”公曰:“谓之君子而射之,非礼也。”射其左,越于车下;射其右,毙于车中。綦毋张丧车,从韩厥曰:“请寓乘。”从左右,皆肘之,使立于后。韩厥俛定其右。 (头天夜里)韩厥梦见父亲子舆对自己说:“明天早晨不要站住兵车的左右两侧。”因此他就在车当中驾车追赶齐侯。邴夏说:“射那个驾车的,他是个君子。”齐侯说:“认为他是君子反而射他,这不合于礼。”射韩厥的车左,车左坠掉在车下;射他的车右,车右倒在车中。綦毋张的兵车坏了,跟着韩厥说:“请允许我搭你的车。”上车后,綦毋张站在兵车的左边和右边,韩厥都用肘撞他,让他站在身后。韩厥低下身子放稳当被射倒的车右。 逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉,骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中,蛇出于其下,以肱击之,伤而匿之,故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前,再拜稽首,奉觞加壁以进,曰:“寡君使群臣为鲁卫请,曰:‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸,属当戎行,无所逃隐,且惧奔辟而忝两君。臣辱戎士,敢告不敏,摄官承乏。”丑父使公下,如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车,宛茷为右,载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父,邵献子将戮之。呼曰:“自今无有代其君任患者,有一于此,将为戮乎?”卻子曰:“人不难以死免其君,我戮之不祥。赦之,以劝事君者。”乃免之。 逢丑父乘机同齐侯互换了位置。将要到华泉,骖马被树木绊住不能再

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