内容篇
第一讲词类与句子成分
词类
?词类简述：
英语共分为十大词类：名词、代词、冠词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。
名称英文及缩写用途例词
名词noun(n.) 表示人或事物的
名称
love,table
代词pronoun(pron.) 代替名词、数词等we,it
数词numeral(num.) 表示数目或顺序three,fort
h
冠词article(art.) 用在名词前，用以
说明其意义
a,an,the
形容词adjective(adj.) 表示人或事物的
特征
red,nice
副词adverb(adv.) 修饰动词、形容词
和副词，表示其特
征around,qu ickly
动词verb(v.) 表示动作或状态go,advise 介词preposition(prep.) 用在名词、代词前
面，说明它与别的
词之间的关系
in,beside
连词conjunction(conj.) 用来连接词与词
或句与句
so,but
感叹词interjection(int.) 表示说话时的感
情或语气
well,oh
以下我们就书面表达的常用词类分别进行讲解：
一．名词的特征、分类与功能：
*名词的特征：
英语中的大多数名词是可数名词，可数名词后可以加-s或-es构成复数形式，用于表达超过“一个”的数的概念： a book two books three heroes
*名词的分类：
专有名词Green, China, December
普通名词可数个体book, computer, bag
集体police, family, class
不可数物质water, wind, glass, steel
抽象honesty, love, silence
注：有时词类有跨类现象。
*名词的功能：
Life is difficult.(主语)
I like English songs but my brother doesn’t. （宾语）
We are making our school beautiful. （宾补）
That’s a problem in our plan. （表语）
LiMing, our monitor, is a good student.（同位语）
LiMing, won’t you come in? （称呼语）
There are two book stores in our school. （定语）
二．代词特征、分类及功能；
*代词的特征：
代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、不定式、动词的-ing形式、从句或句子的词。正确运用代词可以使句子简洁、明快。
*代词的分类：
人称代词I, we, you, she, he, it, them
物主代词my, your,his,our, their, mine, hers, theirs
反身代词myself, yourself, ourselves, itself
指示代词this, that, these, those
相互代词each other, one another
疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what
不定代词all, some, any, much, many, few, little
关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which, as
连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what
*代词的功能：I(主语) love climbing. It（主语）keeps me（宾）fit.
I’m looking for my（定语）glasses.
He worked out the problem himself（同位语）.
What I like is this（表语）, not that.
三．形容词的特征及功能：
I have never read such an interesting book.(定语)
I feel very excited.(表语)
Don’t make your parents angry.(宾补)
The room was found very dirty.（主补）
四．副词的特征、分类和功能：
*副词的特征：
副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、介词短语、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词在意义上，用以说明事件发生的时间，地点，行为的方式、程度，说话者的态度、观点。具有明显的修饰和强调功能。在形式上，大多数副词以形容词直接加-ly构成。
*副词的分类：
时间副词：now, then, just now, soon…
地点副词：here, there, inside, upstairs…
方式副词：well, fast, hard, carefully, slowly…
程度副词：too, much, very, nearly, so…
频度副词：usually,often,sometimes,never,always…
评论副词：luckily,generally…
疑问副词：where, when, why, how, whenever…
关系副词：where, where…
连接副词：therefore, however, though…
其他副词：yes,no,evertainly,sure…
*副词的功能：
She speaks English very well.(状语)
Luckily, I passed the exam. (状语修饰整个句子)
My mother is out.(表语)
The people here is kind.(定语)
Did you see anybody in?（补语）
五．连词（见并列句）
句子成分
?句子成分简述:
组成句子的名个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括：
一. 主语（subject）: 主语是一句话的主体，是说话人要说明的对象或是动作的发出者。主语一般放在句首。
二. 谓语（predicate）: 谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态。谓语放在主语之后。
三. 表语（Predicative）：表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态。表语放在系动词之后。
四．宾语（object）:宾语是及物动词所表示的动作对象，或是介词所支配的对象。宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后。
五．定语（attribute）：定语是用来修饰名词或代词的成分。定语多放在名词之前，也有放在名词之后的。
六．补语(object complement)：补语也称宾语补语，表示宾语的状态、性质，补语一般放在宾语之后。
七．状语（adverbial）：状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、或整个句子。状语可用来表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、条件、让步等。状语的位置一般放在句首或句尾，有时在动词前后。
八．同位语（Apposition）：同位语对主语或宾语和表语加以补充说明，一般放在主、宾、表语之后。
九．句子的独立成分（Obsolute Construction）:在句子里面插入一个词或词组，既不是主语、谓语、宾语、表语和状语，又和这些成分没有语法关系，这个词或词组叫做句子的独立成分。独立成分有感叹词、称呼语和插入语等。
主语和谓语是句子的基本成分，一般来讲，出现一套主谓结构即构成一个句子。
词类与句子成分：
一. 主语：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动词的-ing形式、从句等可作句子的主语。
Winter in our city is warm. （名词）
This is all I want. （代词）
Three is enough for us.（数词）
The poor can’t get enough to eat.（形容词）
To become a teacher is my wish. （不定式）
Seeing is believeing.（-ing）
What I want is just a book.（从句）
二．谓语表述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、数的变化。
What happened last night?
I would like to invite all my friends to the party.
三．用作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、数词、和副词。
Today is Sunday.
That radio is mine.
She is happy.
I am twenty this year.
Time is up.
四．用作宾语的有：名词、代词和数词等。
We grow vegetables in our garden.
I don’t like them.
She wants four.
五．用作定语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词和副词等。
a paper tiger/a young man/my book/three years/the year before
六．用作补语的常为名词和形容词。
We named him Tom.
They consider her wrong.
七．用作状语的词有名词和副词。
They worked all day yesterday.
Clearly you are right.
八．用作同位语的多为名词。
Li Ming, our class monitor, is a good student.
第二讲书面表达常用句型
五种基本句型
?句子的基本类型
在句子的各成分中，主语和谓语是句子的核心部分；宾语、表语、补语均为互相排斥的成分（即在一个句子中，有宾语就不可能有表语）；定语和状语为附加成分。
下面是英语五种基本句型：
一.SV 主谓结构
二.SVC 主系表结构
三.SVO 主谓宾结构
四.SVOO 主谓宾宾结构
五.SVOC 主谓宾补结构
?动词特征、分类与功能：
讲到五种基本句型，首先要讲到动词的特征、分类与功能：
*动词的特征：
1.动词是表示动作或状态的词。英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语，说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”。
2.动词有人称、数、时态、语气的变化。
*动词的分类:
根据句法功能分类限定动词
（或实义
动词，行
为动词）
实
义
动
词
不及物动
词
lie, work, walk
及物动词单宾动词eat
双宾动词give
复杂动词make
连系动词be, become, turn, get, go
助动词do, have, be, will
情态动词can, may, must
非限定动
词（非谓
语动词）
不定式to read, to write
-ing形式doing, reading, writing
-ed形式written, walked
根据
词汇
意义
分类
状态动词love, have, keep, stand, lie
动作动词持续性（延续性）live, work
终止性（短暂性）die,finish,come,
*动词的功能:
一．连系动词用于主系表结构。
注：系动词可以分为：
1.be 动词。
2.类系词
（1）感官动词：smell,taste,sound,look,feel等
（2）意识类词：seem,appear等
（3）渐变动词：become,get,turn,come,go,grow,fall等
（4）保持类词：keep,remain等
（5）其他类词：prove等
Mary is a student.
He seemed much old then.
He bcomes wiser than before.
二．不及物动词主要用于主谓结构。
He has come.
三．单宾动词用于主谓宾结构。
I need some help.
四．双宾动词后接两个宾语，用于主谓宾宾结构，两个宾语一为直接
宾语，一为间接宾语。一般来说，指人的为间接宾语，指物的为直接
宾语。常用的双宾动词有：1.give sb. sth. 结构: ask answer, ,envy forgive,
hand, pass, refuse, save, send ,teach etc.
Please answer me the question.
He gave me the book yesterday.
2.explain sth. to sb.结构：introduce,report, say,shout etc.
Would you please introduce him to us.
3.buy sth. for sb.结构：cook,do,find,get,fetch,make,paint etc.
My mother cooks meal for the whole family.
五．复杂及物动词要接一个宾语和一个补语，用于主谓宾补结构。因
为有些动词本身虽然及物，但加宾语后意思仍然不完整，还应加用补
语对宾语加以说明。宾语补语表示宾语的性质、状态。宾语加补语被
称为复合宾语。
1.用名词作补语：常用动词有：call,name,make,elect,find,consider,choose
etc.
We call her Mary.
2．用形容词作补语：get,make,believe,find,think,keep etc.
They keep the room clean.
双宾结构与复合宾语的区别：
试比较：
He made me a sentence.
He made me an officer.
双宾结构：间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
复合宾语：宾语（补语的逻辑主语）+补语（说明成分）
There be结构
?there be 结构表示”存在”
一．主语在be动词后, be 动词的数必须与后面的主语一致.地点、时间
状语多在句尾。例如：
1）There is an apple tree in the yard.
2）There is not an apple tree in the yard.
3）Is there an apple tree in the yard?
Yes, there is./No, there is not.
4)How many apple trees are there in the yard?
5)There is an apple tree in the yard, isn’t there?
二．类似there be 结构（stand, seem, lie, come, go, happen, live等）
1) There lies a swimming pool in the school.
2) There seems to be something wrong about it.
3) There happened (to be) nobody in the room.
4) There must be something wrong about it.
祈使句
祈使句是用来表示请求、命令或劝告等的句子。祈使句的主语一
般为you(听话人), 通常省略。祈使句动词用原形。
?肯定祈使句：
Stand up!
Come nearer.
Be nice to him.
Let me try.
Stop, thief!
Please come in.
?否定祈使句：
Don’t stop the work!
小试牛刀：
1.请给我打电话。
2.请让他进来。
3.快点！
4.不要迟到。
5.安静点！
感叹句
感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的句子。句尾要加叹号“！”。
感叹句型有：
What +名词+主语+谓语
How +形容词/副词/+主语+谓语
How+主语+谓语
What a nice boy he is!
What an interesting film we saw!
How brave he is!
How hard they are working!
How I wish to go!
疑问句
?一般疑问句：
构成：be动词或情态动词提到主语前。
例如：Is he there? May I come in?
如无以上动词，须加助动词（do的某种形式）。
例如：Does he live there?
?特殊疑问句：
构成：
1. 作主语的疑问词+陈述句语序
Who will visit our school?
可作主语的疑问词有：who, which, what.
2. 作主语的修饰语的疑问词+陈述句语序
Which book is yours?
可作修饰语的疑问词有：what, which, whose, how many, how much等3.疑问词（作宾语、表语、状语）+一般疑问句语序
Where would you like me to meet you?
?选择疑问句
1．一般疑问句+or+另一选择部分
Do you like sports or music?
2.特殊疑问句+A or B
Which do you prefer, climbing or swimming?
?反意疑问句
1. You are tired,aren’t you?
2. You won’t leave for long, will you?
动词时态和语态
?时态：
英语中动词的变化主要是时态和语态形式的变化。句子不仅有时间状语说明动作发生的时间，其谓语动词本身也有形式的变化来指示时间，这种表明谓语动词动作发生时间的动词形式称为时态。语态表示主谓和谓语之间的具体动作关系。
英语的时态有很强的表达力，能使句子的意思明确，能显示细微的差异，有时还能使句子生动逼真。
时态一般进行完成完成进
行
现在work/work am/is/are have/has have/has
s working worked been
working
过去worked was/were
working
had worked had been
working
将来shall/will
work
shall/will be
working
will/shall
have worked
略
过去
将来
should/wo
uld work
should/would
be working
should/would
have worked
略
一．一般现在时基本用法：
①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100o C.
②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
Ice feels cold.
We always care for each other and help each other.
③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。
⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
二．一般过去时的基本用法：
①一般过去时表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t.
②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
③表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. He bought a watch but lost it.
④常用一般过去时的句型：
Why didn’t you / I think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
三．一般将来时的基本用法：
①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We’ll die without air or water.
③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
My uncle is coming tomorrow.
④be going to与will / shall, be to do用法及区别：
be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；也可不受主观意志所控制。
It is going to rain. = it is about to rain.
shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。When shall we meet you next time?
四．现在进行时的基本用法：
①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.(进行时表将来)
We are leaving on Friday.（进行时表将来）
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)
②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。五．现在完成时的基本用法：
①强调过去的行为对现在的影响。
表示说话之前已经完成的动作，而且这个动作的结果对现在的情况仍有影响。常与already, yet, now, just, by this time等时间状语连用。
He has already phoned me about the thing.
The manager has just left.
②表示过去的某一动作一直持续到现在。
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去的动作或状态。常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如 today, this morning, this week, recently, lately, in the past/last few years, since then, since last year, since two years ago, for a long time.
Where have you been this moning?
How have you been recently with your new work?
Great changes in every field have taken place in the last ten years.
六．过去将来时的基本用法：
参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；
Last week he promised that he would come, but he hasn’t arrived until now.
come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；
七．过去进行时的基本用法：
①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
I was doing my homework at eight o’clock yesterday. What were you doing last year besides interviewing (采访) people?
②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
When he called me, I was having dinner.
八．过去完成时的基本用法
①常用过去完成时的几种情况：
(A)在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。
如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
The train had left before we reached the station.
(B)表示过去未实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。
（C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。
如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
（D）表示“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
九．注意几组时态的区别：
①一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。
结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。
②过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。 语态：
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。一．被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。
时态一般进行完成
现在am/is/are
done
am/is/are
being done
have/has
been done
过去was/were
done
was/were
being done
had been
done
将来shall/will
be done
hhall/will
have been
done
二．被动语态常用句式：
肯定句式：
I was invited to the party yesterday by Mr. Green.
否定句式：
The glass was not broken by John.
一般疑问句式：
Was the glass broken by John?
特殊疑问句式：
What is the desk made of?
三．被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。
四．使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。
（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
五．不能用被动语态的几种情况。
①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
②表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。
③表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。
④表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
六．被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)
The book is well sold.(系表结构)
?并列句简述：
需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。
用分号：
We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.
用分号，后跟一个连接副词：
We fished all day; however, we didn’t catch a thing.
用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）
We fished all day, but (we) didn’t catch a thing.
?连词概说：讲到并列句，不得不讲到连词，下面是连词的分类及用法。
一．连词的种类：
分类
方法
名称功能例词
按形式分单一连词连接同等成分And,but,for
短语连词连接同等成分As long as, in case 成对连词连接同等成分Both…and,either
…or
按功能分并列连词连接词与词、短语
与短语句与句。
And,but,for
从属连词连接主句与从句When,where,as
二．连词的使用要点：
①．并列连词连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子，也可以连接单词与短语、单词与句子或短语与句子。但是其语法功能必须相同，而且形式尽可能一致。
Shall we go now or when your mother comes?
I’ll tell you my idea and what to do next.
We enjoy singing and to dance.(不合格)
改正：
②．连接两个句子不可用两个连词；同一个从句里不可有两个从属连词。
Although he is ill, but he still works hard.(错误)
Because I like reading, so I bought some books.(错误)
I don’t know that what happened. (错误)
改正：
③．成对连词应该分别放在被连接的有相同语法作用的成分之前。Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police.
You may live either in my room or in Tom’s room.
I neither speak English nor French.(不合适)
三．并列连词与并列句：
①．单纯连词：and, both…and…,not only…but (also)…, nor, as well as…Work hard, and you will pass the exam. Both my father and mother like singing.
Not only his parents but also he is very nice to me.
She is clever as well as beautiful.
I don know, nor do I care.
②．反义连词：but, however,while…
He can play the piano but not the violin.
He was ill, however, he went to school.
Tom was poor while his brother became very rich.
It is true he is old, but he is still strong.
③．选择连词：
Or, not…but…,either…or,neither…nor,otherwise…
Will you come or not?
Take the chance, or/otherwise you will regret it.
Either Tom or Bob has to cook the dinner.
④．推理连词：so, for, therefore…
He lost his job, so he was unhappy these days.
It was cold, therefore, we stayed at home.
小试牛刀：
复合句
?复合句简介：由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。
复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句= 主句+ 从句
复
合
句
分
类
名词性从句主语从句
表语从句
宾语从句
同位语从句
形容词性从句定语从句
副词性从句状语从句
在中考书面表达中，我们经常用到的复合句类型为：定语从句，宾语从句和状语从句。那么我们就从定语从句讲起：
?定语从句
1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语
2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后
Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please.
3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词
（1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
（2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点：
①先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数由先行词而定。This is the place which is worth visiting.
②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。There are many places which we can visit （them）in China.them必须去掉
4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词
关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。
关系副词：when, where, why。that偶尔也作关系副词。
定语从句基本概念：
句一：这个女孩是我的妹妹：The girl is my sister.
句二：这个女孩正在唱歌：The girl is singing.
两句可合并为：
The girl who/that is singing is my sister.
定语从句（作定语修饰the girl）
The girl is my sister. 是主句。
试分析以下例句：
The student who / that didn’t do the homework is Tom. Anyone who / that breaks the rules will be punished.
The boy (that/who/whom)（作宾语可省略） we saw yesterday was 从句主语/关系代词
主句主语
John’s brother.
以下关系代词可以省略吗？
The house that/which they built last year was destroyed.
5、确定关系词的步骤
（1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。
（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。
6、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which
（1）先行词被①形容词最高级②序数词③数词几种词修饰或被④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。
（2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything 等不定代词时。
（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at the children and bags that filled his bus.
（4）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
（5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。
Which are the books that you bought for me ?
7、whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如：
Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ?
There is a room, whose window faces the river.
There is a room, the window of which faces the river.
8、关系副词when与where、why、that
when 指时间 = in / at / on / during which
where指地点 = in / at / from / which
why指原因 = for which
The place in which/where I was born is Jiangsu.
关系副词，作状语
The place where/in which Lu Xun once worked has become a museum. The reason why/for which he left is still not clear to us. 1989 was the year when in which my son was born.
9．way 表示“方式”。后常用引导词in which/that也可以省略。
I don’t like the way (in which/that) he did that thing. 9．As可以引导定语从句，有“正如”的含义。
As we all know, China is a developing country.
?宾语从句：
在一个句子中，名词能作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。当我们在一个句子中用一个句子来担当主语、宾语、表语和同位语时，这个句子就叫做主语从句、或宾语从句、或表语从句、或同位语从句。这些从句的统称为名词性从句。
任何一种从句都必须由一个引导词来引导。引导名词性从句的引导词在语法上称为连接词。而连接词又根据它们在句子中的不同作用又被划分为：连接词连接代词连接副词.
一、名词性从句的引导词有：
连接词： that、if、whether不在它们引导的主语从句中充当句子成分。
连接代词：who、whose、what、which都在句子中担当一个句子成分。比如：主语、宾语、定语等等。
连接副词：when、where、why、how、 how long等分别在句子中作时间状语、地点状语、方式状语等等。
二．宾语从句的引导词用法如下：
1.陈述句分句,由无实际意义的 that 引导, that 常可省略.
We do not agree (that) the computer helps us a lot.
2.一般疑问句分句,由 whether 或 if 引导.
I can’t tell whether/if he’s coming or not.
3.特殊疑问句分句,由关系代词或关系副词引导.
I wonder who has taken my dictionary.
Have you found out where the trouble lies?
4.感叹分句,由 what 和 how 引导.
I remember what a fine voice she had.
He was astonished to find out how fast she could run. 三．宾语从句的位置：宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
She did not know what had happened.
I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：We heard it that she would get married next month.
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well.
注意：若谓语动词为hope, 宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
?状语从句
状语从句在句中相当于副词做状语, 又叫副词性从句。状语从句分为时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、结果状语从句和比较状语从句。掌握状语从句应当引导词入手，注意引导词的词义,引导状语从句的引导词都有词思,所以,了解引导词的意思尤为重要。引导词按意义分为九类:
1) 时间when, as, while, till, until, before, after, since
2) 地点where
3) 原因because , as , since , now that
4) 条件if , unless , once . so (as) long as . in case
5) 让步though, whatever(--ever) as, even though, even if
6) 目的so that , in order that
7) 结果so ... that；such that
8) 比较than, as .. as
9) 方式as, as if
1．I fell asleep when ( as , while ) he was doing his exercises .
他正作练习时我睡着了。（时间状语从句）
2．When he arrived in Shanghai , his mother met him at the station .
他到上海时，他妈妈到车站接他。（时间状语从句）
3．She always sings as she walks .
她总是一边走一边唱。（时间状语从句）
4．I waited until he had finished his work .
我等到他做完活。（时间状语从句）
5．It was not long before he told me about this affair .
不久，他就告诉我这件事。（时间状语从句）
6．He has worked very hard since he entered the factory .
自从他进厂，工作一直很努力。（时间状语从句）
7．After he had finished the work , he went home .
他干完活，回家了。（时间状语从句）
8．Where there is a will，there is a way .
有志者，事竟成。（地点状语从句）
9．She didn't come to school because she was ill .
她由于有病没来上学。（原因状语从句）
10．As he did not know much English , he looked up the word in the dictionary .
由于他不懂什么英语，所以查字典。（原因状语从句）
11．Now that ( Since ) I've told you twice , you must know it .
既然我告诉你两次了，你必须记住。（原因状语从句）12．Once he says that , he will do it .
一旦他说了，他就会做。（条件状语从句）
13．Unless I receive the letter from him , I won't write to him again .
如果我不收到他的信，就不给他写回信。（条件状语从句）14．So long as you work hard , you are sure to succeed .
只要你努力工作，就一定能成功。（条件状语从句）15．Though we were neither very big nor very strong , we were a good team .
虽然我们个儿不大，身体不壮，但是个好队。（让步状语从句）16．No matter who she is , she'll have to wait .
无论她是谁，也得等。（让步状语从句）
17．Poor as he was , he was honest .
虽然他很穷，但很诚实。（让步状语从句）
18．It also shows you the caller's telephone number in order that you can recognize who it is .
它能向你显示打电话人的号码以便能够认出是谁。（目的状语从句）
19．He was so excited that he could not say a word .
他如此激动以至于说不出话来。（结果状语从句）
20．He works as hard as he used to .
他工作与过去一样努力。（方式状语从句）
21．You must do as I told you .
你必须按我告诉你的去做。（方式状语从句）
运用状语从句应注意的几个问题:
1) 状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时
2) because 不与so 连用, 表示"因为...所以" 二者只能选择其一; though ( although ) 不与but 连用, 表示" 虽然...但是" ,二者只能选择其一.
3) 同一引导词可以引导不同种类的从句. 如: where
You'll find it where it was . (地点状语从句)
Tell me the address where he lives . (定语从句)
I don't know where he came from . (宾语从句)
Where he has gone is not known yet . (主语从句)
This is where they once lived . ( 表语从句)
since , as, when 也分别可以引导不同种类的从句.