考研英语新题型
备选题型：
题型1：选择搭配题题型3：信息匹配题
题型2：排序题题型4：概括大意题
一、选择搭配题
1. 命题特点：
该节分为两个部分：主干和选项部分。主干部分的原文约600词，其中有5个空白处，空白处位置可能在段首、段中或段末，但不会是文章的第一句，一般情况下也不会是最后一句。选项部分为6或7段文字，每段可能是一个句子，也可能是两三个短句或完整的段落。其中5段分属主干部分的空白处，要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回到文章中相应的5个空白处。
2. 解题步骤：
1) 一边读文章，一边做题：先做第一题，然后顺势而下，先把较容易的试题拿下，暂时放过较难的
题目，这样既节约时间又可以为解决较难的试题打下基础。比如，可以知道该篇文章的主题和大致的结构模式；还可以知道两段之间缺失的信息和什么主题有关。
2) 重点攻克难度大的题目：由于有些试题已经解答，这些答案连同原文可以提供更多的信息。
3) 用代入法通读全文，检查答案是否合理。
3. 解题技巧：
1) 阅读题目的上下文，按就近原则寻找信息线索，锁定目标答案可能的特征。
2) 阅读原文和选择项，寻找答案线索词，有如下几类：
(1) 代词：出现代词的选项不可放在首句
(2) 专有名词：人名、地名、机构名
(3) 连接词：
因果：therefore, thus, as a result, hence
总结：in short, to sum up, in a word
转折：but, nevertheless, although, whereas
并列递进：indeed, and, similarly, in the same way, meanwhile, moreover, even
(4) 数词：时间，年代
3) 选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是正确选项。
4) 数选项单词个数排除干扰。一般来说干扰项都不会太长，因为干扰项很有可能是由命题者自己编
写，中国人写结构复杂的句子一般不会写得太长。再退一步讲，如果干扰项写得长，暴露的信息越多，反而减小了试题的难度。
4. 解题方法体系：
方法一：复现结构定位
具有关联性和相近性，可以衔接在一起的信息板块，其内容很可能经常出现复现结构。
方法二：时间、地点、数字等线索衔接关系定位
文章在进行客观描述和说明时，往往不可避免地涉及到时间、地点、数字、名称等等客观性线索，根据这些线索点之间的顺序和衔接关系可以定位信息之间的关系。
方法三：举例定位
举例是由两部分信息构成的，即例子与包含和概括例子的一类事物，这两部分信息衔接在一起才能形成完整的举例。出题人往往有两种出举例题的方式：
从文章的结构来看，举例是一种典型的总分结构，即具体的例子属于分述，而包含和概括例子的一类事物是总述。
方法四：代词指代关系定位
代词的一个基本特性就是具有指代性，如果文章出现了代词，那么一定存在着被这个代词所指代的人或事物（明确表示泛指的代词除外）。即如果设置的填空设计包含代词的信息，可以首先定位代词作为突破信息点，然后查找代词的指代关系，通过这种关系将包含代词的信息板块与被其所指代的人或事物的信息板块衔接在一起。
方法五：排比结构衔接
排比结构式是贯穿上下文的一种常用结构，一般由具有相同或类似规律性结构的两组以上的句子或句群组成，它们之前形成明显的对应、呼应关系。这些排比句要上下文的衔接才能组成排比结构，并且属于同一个意群。研究出题处周围的原文已知信息，如果发现已知信息中存在带有一定规律特点的句子，可合理推断文章在此处可能存在着排比结构，然后按图索骥，在备选选项中找到出现了相同或类似规律特点的句子。
方法六：上下文逻辑关系定位
选择搭配题主要考查两大能力：把握要填入的信息与本段落的原文已知信息之间相近性和关联性的能力，把握文章布局结构和上下文逻辑关系的能力。填入的信息必须要和上下文形成连贯关系。
样题
Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41) ____________________________. Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42) _________________________________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
43) _________________________________. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44) _________________________________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Desert Coast.
45) __________________________________. About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on home carvings.
[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their homes and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C] The first animals with true backbones were fishes, first known in the rock of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the
sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animals lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
文章主题及结构分析
这是一篇典型的对事物进行客观说明的文章，主题是介绍史前类动物。文章脉络非常清晰：首先介绍了史前动物和我们通过化石来了解这些史前动物的依据，以及化石形成的过程；之后，作者即按照动物进化的顺序，对水生壳类动物、脊椎类动物等逐一加以介绍。
答案详解
41.B。本题可以组合运用上下文逻辑关系定位法和复现结构定位法。第1题出现在第一段的段尾，即第1题中的信息需要承上启下，所以可以考虑使用上下文逻辑关系定位法来解此题，即首先分析第1题前后的原文已知信息，定位第1题前后文之间的具体逻辑关系。第1题之前的原文讲述了：Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.（尽管一些动物是今天生物的祖先，但有一些是灭绝了，也就是说，今天它们已经没有后代存活了。）这段信息中的一个关键词是extinct，说明这些生物今天已经不存在了，既然灭绝了，按照正常推理，那么今天的人类是无法了解这些生物的。下文中的信息是：Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.（这些化石偶尔可以将它们的外表展现出来，这样，除了颜色，我们就可以对那些数百万年前死掉的生物形成一个比较准确的印象。）显然没有出现按照上文的正常推理应该出现的结果，而是出现了与之完全相反的结果，所以上下文是明显的转折让步关系。这就意味着第1题必须填入一个表达转折让步关系的选项，才能把上下文正确地衔接起来。去后面7个选项中寻找哪个选项表达转折让步关系，可以看到选项B的句首是表达转折让步关系的标志词nevertheless（然而，不过），并且其他6个选项都不能表达出转折让步关系，这样选项B自然成为唯一的答案。
42.F。本题可以运用复现结构定位法。第2题出现在本段落的段首，也就是说第2题必须填入与本段后面的原文最相近的信息。后面的原文中有formed by water action这个信息点，由此可判断出后面的原文主要在谈论“化石的成因”，并且Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action.（几乎所有的保存化石的岩石都是由于水的动力形成的。）这样就意味着将要填入第2题的信息也必须要谈论“化石的成因”，并且也要认为“化石是由于水的动力形成的”。所以，解出第2题实际上就是去查找water action的复现结构，7个选项中只在选项F中找到了carried away by streams into lakes or the sea （被水流冲入湖里或海里），这个概念其实就是water action的复现结构，那么选项F就是唯一可以填入第2题且与本段原文已知信息具有最大相近性的选项。
43.E。本题可以运用复现结构定位法。在处于段首位置的第3题后面紧接着的原文信息中可以定位
出一个关键的信息点：there were also crablike creatures，“also”这个词的出现意味着填空第3题中的信息“也”应该是crablike creatures（类似螃蟹的生物），这样考生就可以去7个选项中寻找crablike creatures的复现结构；同时，还可以根据crablike creatures这个关键信息词去排除那些根本没有谈及生物的选项。比如选项D其核心主语the best index fossils是“化石”，根本就不是有关生物的，所以立即排除；选项A、C、E的主题都是有关生物的，但在三个选项中只有E中出现了relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks，说明这种生物“有长腕且通过长柄附着于海底或岩石上”，这其实就是crablike creatures的复现，因此选项E 是最佳答案。
44.A。本题可以组合运用举例定位法和复现结构定位法。在第4题之后，我们注意到出现了一个明显表示举例的标志词of these（在这些之中），这就意味着后面会出现一个具体的例子，而of these 之前的第4题中的信息是包含和概括此例的一类事物，理解了of these前后两部分信息之间的这种关系，此题就很容易了。of these后面的例子是一种被称为ammonites的生物，而这种生物最大的特点是有shell（外壳）。所以就可以判断出of these之前的第4题的信息要概括出包含ammonites在内的一类生物，而此类生物的一个共同的特点就是也要有shell。通过分析可以定位在选项A. The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.（带壳鱼类在化石中有很长的历史，并且人们已经了解了很多不同的种类。）
45.C。本题可以组合运用时间、地点、数字等线索衔接关系定位法和复现结构定位法。第5题空出的是一整段，这样第5题就涉及到与下一段的衔接，即从7个选项中选出一个最合适的选项信息能够与第5题下面一段中的信息连贯衔接起来。在第5题下面一段中的信息可以发现一个时间信息点about 75 million years ago（大约7,500万年前），再根据该段文章的已知信息，可知此处大概是在描述地球上生物的更替，这种描写很可能就是依据时间的线索展开的，因此考生完全可以合理推断处于第5题的段落信息很可能与它之后的段落存在着时间线索上的顺延衔接关系，由此考生需要在7个选项中重点查找哪个选项中也包含有时间信息点，然后总结这些时间信息点之间的关系。选项C的信息中可以定位出三个时间信息点：375 million years ago，300 million years ago 和150 million years ago，这三个时间信息点与第5题下一段中的75 million years ago形成了明显的前后顺序性的衔接关系，即这些时间点将上下文的信息连贯地衔接起来，因此选项C是第5题的唯一正确答案。
同时，第5 题下一段的首句为：About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. 可以从中定位出reptiles这个信息点，而且此句直接定义出“爬行动物时代结束了”。由于文章此处是在讲述地球上生物的更替，因此可以判断文章此处的信息点reptiles不应该是第一次被提及，因此我们可以去选项中寻找reptiles 的复现结构。选项C中：The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air. （两栖动物让位于爬行动物，并且在1亿5000万年中这些两栖动物是陆地上、海洋中和空中的主要生命形式。）本句出现了这个复现结构，而且该选项有关reptiles的信息恰恰是谈生物的更替，与下一段落可以非常恰当地衔接。
练习题
Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are
pharmaceutical costs.
41) ____________________________.
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
42) ____________________________.
But ―national‖doesn’t have to mean that. ―National‖could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a ―national‖ organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province —or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
43) ____________________________.
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.
44) ____________________________.
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: ―A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.‖
45) ____________________________.
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a
national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!
[B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: ―the substantial buying power of such an agency would
strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.‖
[C] What does ―national‖mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a
federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster
than government revenues.
[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since
1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.
[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an
interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.
[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better
that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.
文章主題及结构分析
本文是一篇贯穿了明确主题线索的文章，整体结构上采用了总分对照的结构。文章的首段是一个标准的判断式的总述句Canada’s premiers might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs. 这个总述句直接概括出了整篇文章的核心主题是“to reduce health-care costs”（减少医疗支出）。整篇文章都是围绕着这个中心主题展开的，即探讨如何减少医疗支出。文章的模式是典型的“提出问题一解决问题”的布局：
41. E。本题可以运用复现结构定位法。根据上下文的紧密衔接关系，第41题所在段落和上文必然有很大的关联性和相近性。先去上一段信息板块中定位重要信息点，发现上一段中的关键信息词是pharmaceutical costs，直接提出了“他们（各省省长）关注的医疗支出中，增长最快的部分就是“pharmaceutical costs”，但对pharmaceutical costs的论述显然是没有完成的，只是刚提出问题，这样根据上下文的就近和衔接原则，作为下一段的第41题中的信息需要继续围绕此主题展开，也必然会提到pharmaceutical costs这个概念。考生可以通过查找pharmaceutical costs的复现结构去定位7个选项，只有选项E中出现了这个复现信息点“drug costs”，而且选项E中的信息就是在阐述drug costs快速增长的问题，所以选项E与第41题上一段落的信息具有相近性和衔接性，为正确答案。
42. C。本题可以组合运用上下文逻辑关系定位法、复现结构定位法和代词指代关系定位法研究第42题之前的段落信息可发现，该段落利用一个问句“What to do?”提出了控制药品支出上涨的办法就是建立national drug agency（全国性的药品机构），根据上下文的就近和衔接原则，下一段第42题中的信息很可能会继续围绕此主题展开，第42题中的信息必然会提到national drug agency这个概念，
考生就可通过查找national drug agency的复现结构去定位7个选项；其次，第42题的下一段落中出现了but ―national‖ doesn’t have to mean that，这里也提到了national，说明第42题这个段落的信息中肯定要有national的复现信息点，同时第42题的段落与下一段落由于but形成了转折关系，可根据上下文逻辑关系定位法去选项中查找哪个选项可以和第42题的下一段形成转折；另外，代词that 的出现限定了填入第42题的选项中必须有可以被that指代的信息。根据以上线索发现只有选项A 和C中出现了national复现信息点，再根据上下文的转折关系和that代词指代关系去定位，可以排除选项A，它主要是谈论Quebec省对national的抵制问题，与第42题的前后段落信息没有什么相近性，所以只有选项C是唯一符合上述全部线索的最佳选项。
43. G。本题可以运用上下文逻辑关系定位法，只要根据上下文的就近和衔接原则就能很快定位出答案。第43题上段的信息主要是说明全国性机构的好处，举了魁北克的例子，说魁北克如果独自跟药厂谈判只能代表700万人，而全国性机构跟药厂谈判代表的是3100万人，经济学的基本原理表明潜在的顾客群越大，价格也就越低。该段信息主要涉及的是药品价格谈判问题，据此信息，考生可以在选项中确认哪个选项与该段信息具有就近和衔接性：选项A的信息主要是谈论谈论Quebec省对national的抵制问题，肯定与该段无关；选项B中出现了or they could read，根据代词指代关系定位法，第43题上段的信息中没有可以被代词they指代的，因为这个代词they显然不是指代第43题上段的信息中出现的consumers；选项D的信息明显与该段无关；选项F开头即出现了so，表明此处上下文要具有因果关系，可是该段与选项的信息无法形成因果关系；选项G主要就是讲述了制药公司抵制第43题上段信息谈论的全国性机制，明确提到了“制药公司不会喜欢全国性机构”，选项G 的信息恰好是按照第43题上段的信息发展下来的，而且选项G的开头是：Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream，这个of course标志词的出现表达了上下文具有因果关系，而选项G中的信息“制药公司scream”是由于第43题上段的信息中的集体谈判造成的，选项G和第43题上段的信息确实具有因果衔接关系，所以选项G是最佳答案。
44. F。本题是有一定难度的，主要是选项A具有极大的迷惑性。表面上看第44题前一段的信息提到了“一些省对全国性的机构抱有怀疑态度”，令人很容易去考虑选项A，因为选项A的信息是谈论Quebec省对national的抵制问题。但是如果严格遵循上下文的就近原则，就会发现第44题前两段的尾部信息中明确提出了“predictably and regrettably, Quebec refused to join”，因此，选项A的信息与该段更相近，或者说关于Quebec这个具体省的抵制问题在那个段落中已经阐述了；这样就要找其他的可以与第44题前一段提到的“一些省对全国性的机构抱有怀疑态度”相衔接的信息。选项F 开头出现了标志词so，表明它与上文是因果关系，而且该选项的主要信息就是谈论“如果这些省想管理医疗福利，它们就必须证明自己有完成这个任务的能力。它们必须开一张省际单子以避免重复、节约管理费用、防止一个省和另一个省之间的互相竞争和争取更低廉的药品价格。”选项F的信息可以和第44题前一段的信息形因果关系，因为第44题前一段说明了“一些省对全国性的机构抱有怀疑态度，想自己管理药品问题”，所以应该有在选项F中提到的这些能力；另外，从匹配的角度，第44题前一段的信息涉及的一些省份，并不是仅指Quebec一省，选项A的信息是只谈论Quebec 一个具体的省，而选项F中涉及的也是一些省，所以选项F填入第44题与前文段落更具有衔接性。
45. B。本题可以组合运用上下文逻辑关系定位法、复现结构定位法、代词指代关系定位法和排比结构衔接法。第45题之前的段落信息中提到了一类人：premiers（各省的省长），作者认为they should read what he had to say about drugs: ―A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs‖（…“一个全国
性的机构可以赋予政府对制药公司更大的影响力，去控制日益上涨的药品价格。”）根据上下文的就近原则，填入第45 题的信息也要与此信息相关。选项B中出现了Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: ―the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.‖首先，or表明上下文并列关系，选项B与第45题之前的段落信息确实可以形成并列关系；其次，选项B中出现了与第45题之前的段落信息中出现的they should read类似的结构they could read，带有一定的排比结构的特征，而且从代词指代关系的角度，选项B中出现的they与第45题之前的段落信息中出现的they 一样，均可指代第45 题之前的段落信息中提到的一类人：premiers；最后，从内容上判断选项B中的信息也是在强调：“这个全国性机构的强大的购买力将会使得处方药保险公司从制药公司获得尽可能低的价格。”这个信息与第45题之前的段落信息具有相近性，所以可以衔接在一起。
二、排序题
1. 命题特点：
本部分为一篇长度为500-600词的文章，但是各个段落都已被打乱。要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7-8个）重新排序。其中有2-3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。这就要求考生在阅读各个段落时要把握中心大意，并理清它们之间的逻辑顺序。
2. 解题步骤：
1) 首先阅读已经给出的答案，并且在卷子上划去已经给出的两个答案。
2) 确定文章的主题和语篇模式。
3) 阅读选项，寻找其中的逻辑关系。
4) 通读全文，确定、检查答案是否合理。
3. 解题技巧：
1) 根据文章的语篇模式，预测文章的行文脉络。
2) 高度关注文章中的名词中心词及其替代词。
3) 确定代词所指的对象，最终确定文章的逻辑顺序。
4) 对一段文章中出现的新名词要敏感，它们是发现下一段的路标。
5) 在做这样的题型时，如果没有把握，可以多列出几种可能的顺序，然后根据这些顺序重读这些文
章，看是否思路顺畅。完成此类题目关键是把握文章的主要话题和基本的逻辑顺序。
样题
Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] ―I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have
absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t –it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.‖
[B] ―Finally I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First
of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.‖
[C] ―I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and
we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.‖
[D] ―Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance
criterion. However, we know that’s not fair— too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win.
We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.‖
[E] ―The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because
they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.‖
[F] ―So I just don’t know w hat to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that
this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.‖
[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators,
managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation — how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job.
The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
G ---- 41__ ---- 42__---- 43__ ---- 44__ ---- 45__ ---- F
答案：CEABD
2010年排序题
[A] T he first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the consumption of
food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery
retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely
not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-going number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic
scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined —
France, Germany, Italy and Spain —are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as ―horeca‖: hotels, restaurants and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale mar ket for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and
the United Kingdom in 2000 —more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers
and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41__ ---- 42__---- 43__ ---- 44__ ---- E---- 45__
整体解析：
整篇文章主要讨论目前欧洲的饮食零售（主要是大型连锁超市）面临增长乏力的困境，提出应转型进入批发领域。由于设计考题的需要，出题人对原文段落进行了组合和删减。
2010年的新题型（阅读理解Part B）是历年来难度最高的。出题人不仅选择了大纲新题型种类中难度最大的排序题，而且还增加了一个难度环节，即给出了6个备选段落（大纲的排序样题一般是5个空，5个备选段落，即5选5）。这样考生面对的就是6选5的排序，不但要排对顺序，还要排除一个不属于原文的段落，因此难度明显高于大纲样题。
但同时出题人在选项中也为考生设置了大量的提示线索，如For example，However等逻辑关系标志词，以及such，these等指代标志词，而且这些标志词设置在选项段落中很明显的地方，其实是给考生做题提供了便利。
比如：考生只要看到选项C的首句出现了指代标志词“such”，选项D出现了总结标志词“All in all”，选项F出现了举例标志词“For example”，选项G出现了转折标志词“However”，就可以判定这些选项不能填入文章段首，不是41题的答案。
虽然该年的题目看起来似乎很难，但并不是无从下手的。只要考生按如逻辑关系定位法、代词指代关系定位法等来解题，就可以迅速定位答案，拿到高分。
答案解析：
41. B。本排序题目中给定的段落E处于文章倒数第二段，距离文章开头很远，参照意义不大，因此文章的首段只能通过对比分析六个待选段落来排定。文章的首段往往是有明显特征的，也是比较好确定的。因为文章首段从内容上说类似于“总述”，是整篇文章的主题所在，所以一开始就要概括说明整篇文章的主题。
基于上述分析，我们可以对比六个备选段落，首先排除那些不可能出现在文章首段的段落。下面的这些选项，只要定位其标志词，就知道不可能出现在文章首段，可直接予以排除：选项C. “Will such variations …”，出现了明显的指代词such，指代词既然是用来指代某个前面已经提到的成分，包含它的段落自然就不可能是文章段首。
选项D.“All in all”，此标志词明显起着总结前文的作用，不可能是文章段首。
选项F. “For example…”，出现了举例标志词，此选项排除。
选项G. “However…”，出现了转折标志词，本段只能接续在某段之后，予以排除。
通过上述分析，41题的可能选项就只有A和B了。我们进一步判定这两个选项中到底哪一个是对全文主题的概括。首先我们通读给定的选项E和其他的备选段落，了解一下这些段落是围绕着一个什么主题展开的。通过定位阅读，可以清晰地发现它们都是围绕着wholesale（批发）和retail （零售）展开的，即“零售商应该向批发转型”或者“应该尝试进入批发领域”。理解了这一点，我们再对比分析一下选项A和B。具体分析如下：
[A] T he first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out:the
consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European
grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
一个段落的首句往往是段落的“总述主题句”，对比这两个段落的首句：选项A的主题句是在说明：消费者外出用餐的偏好在增加。选项B的主题句直接说明：欧洲最大的市场的饮食零售停滞不前，使得欧洲的零售商要需求新的增长机会。这个段落末尾出现了转折标志词“But”。我们知
道，如果文章首段在结尾出现了转折，往往意味着转折之后的信息就是文章的主题。而这个But之后的信息果然明确概括了“食品和饮料的批发恰恰是零售商所需要的市场”。
我们进一步对比上述两个段落所表达的主题信息，很明显选项B的信息更像是一个文章首段的概括性总述，而选项A的信息虽然似乎也涉及了这个主题，但更像是一个分述信息。选项A连retailer （零售商）都没有提及，更没有明确概括出“零售商应该向批发转型”这个全文主题。另外还有一个关键线索可以帮助我们排除选项A，就是其首句中的“more importantt”，这是个明显的比较级概念，决定了选项A肯定不能出现于文章段首。综上所述，我们得出结论：选项B应位于段首。
42. F。确定文章首段之后，以首段信息作为已知的参照信息向下依次拼接即可。如果文章首段是总述，那么本段落就是紧紧顺着总述信息展开的分述。既然文章总述刚刚概括了：“零售商应该向批发转型”，那么本段落肯定是要详细展开说明“为什么要转型”和“怎么转型”。根据这个分析，我们定位剩余的备选项，看哪一项最符合。以下的这几个选项只要把握一些标志词就知道不是本题答案。分析如下：
选项C. “Will such variations…”，文章的首段中没有任何such variations可以指代的信息。选项G. “However…”，出现了转折标志词，而文章首段信息与这个选项明显不能构成转折关系。
我们再分析选项A，论述了两个具有一定对立性的概念。段落的前半部分是说明外出吃饭的人数在增加，导致了批发市场的增长；但后半部分从Meanwhile这个标志词开始又在说明消费者由于经济萧条倾向于看紧钱包，考虑在家吃饭。这就说明了选项A肯定不是文章总述之后的紧紧围绕的分析，予以排除。
再分析选项D，标志词“All in all”在第二段就出现还是太突兀。同时我们分析选项F，标志词“For example”是一个举例标志词，而例子在结构上其实就是分述。这个例子中的信息涉及到“批发的销售额超过了零售的40%”、“批发的总体利润高于零售”、“批发商容易站稳脚跟”，这些信息都是紧紧围绕着文章首段的主题信息展开的。所以，我们断定这个选项就是与文章首段最相近的信息，是42题的答案。
43. D。到了本题，应该说难度已经大大降低了，因为本题的备选项只剩下四个了。在剩余的选项中，选项C中的标志词“such variations”决定了它必须跟在文章中提及variations这个概念的段落后。文章中只有选项E出现了variations，也就是说选项C不会出现在选项E之前，所以本题也不能填C。选项G中出现了转折标志词“However”，还出现了“none of these requirements”这样明显的指代概念，因此这个选项也不能填入本题。答案只能在选项A和D之间选择。根据前面的分析，我们发现了选项A这个段落论述了两个具有一定对立性的概念。我们又注意到只有选项E在段落末尾的总述中提及了这个概念。其中Overall是一个明显的段尾总结概述的标志词，其后总结的就是mask two opposing trends，即两个“相反的倾向”。而选项A的信息明显是对这两个倾向的详细描述，或者说选项A是所有选项中唯一展开描述这两个相反倾向的选项，我们可以确定选项A是应该跟随选项E 的，即A是45题的答案。因此本题的答案为选项D。
44. G。本题的答案其实已经知道了，答案只能是选项G，而且这个选项的正确性很好验证。因为在之前的段落选项D中，段尾的信息说明“零售商进入批发领域需要特定的能力、新的技能和商业模式”。这样选项G的段首信息中的“However, none of these reciuirements”就能与之衔接上了，these reqiiirements 指代就是上一段的“particular abilities”，“New skills and unfamiliar business models”，而且这两段之间也可以形成转折关系。
45. A。本题只能在选项A和C之间选择。解题关键就是依靠选项E的信息来判定。我们前面已经分析了选项E的信息，特别是段尾信息属于明显的总结性概述，即“两个相反的倾向”。而选项A 的信息明显是对这两个倾向的详细描述，或者说选项A是所有选项中唯一展开描述这两个相反倾向的选项。其实我们已经确定选项A是应该排在选项E之后的，而且选项A的信息比选项C更紧扣上一段，所以45题的答案最终确定为选项A。
三、信息匹配题
1. 命题特点：
本部分主要考查考生区分论点、论据，把握论点、论据一致性的能力。在一篇长度为500词的文章后有6-7段文字。这些文字分别是对文章中某一部分的阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6-7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字填入文章空白处。
2. 解题步骤：
1) 首先快速浏览标题，跳过没有出现标题的段落。
2) 仔细阅读各个试题选项，正确理解每个选项的意思。
3) 初步确定选项与标题的匹配，对那些暂时无法肯定的选项可暂且放置一边，留待第二次阅读时解
决。
4) 第二次阅读短文时必须有针对性，主要为了解决两个问题：一是仔细检查已经初步认定的内容与
单句是否匹配；二是找到第一遍浏览时尚未找到的信息。
5) 为确保准确无误，若有时间可再次将选项与短文中已经选择的内容进行比较，检查有无谬误或疏
漏之处。
样题
Directions: You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar ―tombstone‖ that lists w here you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the ―functional‖ resume — descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It’s handy to have a ―tombstone‖ for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested ―tombstone‖ lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read — a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
41. Put yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
42. Sell what you can do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn!
Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch —if only you show it.
43. Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that ―brevity is the best policy.‖
44. Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
45. Never apologize:
If you’ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working as being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’ve ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When you’ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for your?
[A] A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: ―Principal
of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.‖
[B] One resume I received included the following: ―invited by my superior to straighten out our
organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.‖ Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward — all in 34 words. [C] For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money
management skills.
[D] An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement ―Ready
to lear n though not so well educated‖.
[E] One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out
which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.
[F] A woman once told me about a cash-flow c risis her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without
pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered,―It wasn’t important.‖ What she was really saying of course was ―I’m not important.‖
答案：FCBAD
预测题
Directions: You are going to read a text about making self-service successful, followed, by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41 -45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. (10points)
You can save money, increase revenues and generate loyalty when you let customers help themselves. But only if you do it right.
The reality is that although some self-service projects pay off handsomely, the ROI (Return on Investment) from such projects can be elusive. Francie Mendelsohn, president of Summit Research Associates, estimates that 15 percent to 20 percent of all self-service kiosk projects ultimately fail. Success with kiosks and self-checkout systems is often tricky to achieve because so many things can go wrong. Such systems won’t work if customers have no incentive to use them. If kiosks are too complex, customers get confused and give up in frustration. Sometimes, self-service fails for the simple reason that customers don’t know it’s an option or are wary of trying it on their own.
Some companies that have done well with self-service succeed by following simple rules, which they derived from their own and others’ mi stakes. Learn from them, and you can fix what ails your own self-service systems — or even get them right the first time.
41.PROVIDE A BENEFIT TO CUSTOMERS
Self-service has to make something faster, cheaper or better for customers, says Sam Israelit, a Bain & Co. partner and retail IT strategy expert. ―If it doesn’t do one of those three,‖ he says, ―you’re wasting your money.‖
42.MAKE TRANSACTIONS INTUITIVE
The simpler the transaction, the easier it’s translated into an in tuitive self-service process. ―The secret of self-service is four words: don’t make me think,‖ Mendelsohn says. ―If the interface is confusing, people are not going to stand there and figure it out. They’re just gone.‖
43.SHOW CUSTOMERS WHAT TO DO
Ideally kiosks should be so intuitive that customers can figure out how to use them on their own. But just because you’re offering self-service doesn’t mean you should leave customers to do entirely for themselves, especially when you launch a new system.
44.CHOOSE THE RIGHT LOCATIONS
The location of a kiosk can have a lot to do with its success.
45. TAKE A TEST-DRIVE
No matter how much confidence you have in your system, you still need to take a test drive to find problems you wouldn’t imagine unless you run it.
Ultimately, success with self-service comes down to understanding your customers and designing systems that meet their needs as well as yours. If they value such benefits as shorter lines or more control over their transactions, letting customers serve themselves could benefit your company as well.
[A] Hilton Hotel had unsuccessfully piloted a self check-in kiosk in its hotels in 1997. Before trying
again in 2004, Robert Machen, vice president of corporate and brand solutions made simplicity their guiding principle. ―The fewer things on the screen, the better,‖ says Machen. Hilton’s kiosk replicates the steps of the familiar hotel check-in process so that the self-service version seems logical to guests.
[B] At the Pittsburgh-based Giant Eagle grocery chain, a pay station attendant monitors the self-checkout, helps customers with problems and watches for fraud.
[C] For instance, kiosks that the Mayo Clinic once installed in Target stores were intended to sell books, newsletters and a CD for kids. Yet instead of setting up the kiosk to demonstrate the CD or let consumers swipe their cards to order one, Mayo just displayed the CDs and books on a rack. Meanwhile, the clinic squandered the kiosk screen: set up to provide health information to customers, it spewed out too much data. The ―coughs and colds‖ entry, for instance, included a 12-page, single-spaced list of over-the-counter and prescription medications.
[D] Following this logic, Hilton Hotel has installed a kiosk in the Honolulu airport so that guests can check themselves in while they wait for their b aggage. Hilton’s IT department monitors and supports that kiosk remotely over the Web. Someone from Hilton also makes sure the Honolulu airport kiosk is stocked with paper and room key cards.
[E] Hilton Hotel’s first attempt to introduce kiosks failed in p art because of integration problems. The kiosks were connected to Hilton’s proprietary property management system, which stores information on reservations and occupancy. As a result, the kiosks sometimes had trouble communicating with the property system and had limited ability to resolve reservation or room selection issues. Because of this, more than 30 percent of the time customers were forced back to the check-in line.
[F] Having pilots in several locations also gave the U.S. Postal Service’s (USPS) st aff a chance to learn, for instance, that they needed to rethink the process. (USPS) CTO Robert Otto recalls when customers first began using the postal service’s APC kiosks, and it was possible for them to get their fingers caught in the heavy door to the package drop. This problem was identified during the pilot phase and the USPS modified the door before rolling out to its first 2,500 locations.
答案：CABDF
四、概括大意题
1. 命题特点：
本部分主要考查考生把握主旨大意，并进行概括总结的能力。在一篇长度为500词的文章前有6-7个小标题。这些标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6-7个选项中选出最恰当的5个标题填入文章空白处。其实就是要求考生选出最能概括段落主题或要点的标题。
2. 解题步骤：
1) 首先读每道题下面紧接着的段落，跳过其他段落。
2) 读应该读的段落的首句，这样做的目的是确定该段的主题句，而正确答案常常是主题句的改写。
如果答案不能确定，应该再读该段话的第二句，然后，与选项列表中的各选项一一对应。如果答案还是不能确定，应再读该段话的最后一句，再与选项列表中的各选项一一对应，如果还是找不着正确答案，就需要阅读整段话了。
3) 对照选项和段首句中是否有重复的关键词，如果重合，那么该选项。可能就是正确答案。
3. 解题技巧：
1) 某段话的答案确定后，将它从选项中划去。
2) 抓住选项中的名词中心词，并将其拿到原文中去寻找与其对应的名词中心词。
3) 干扰项的特征是其段落中未展开详细的说明。作为干扰项出现的常常是段落中提到的细节，但我
们要找的是段落的主旨。这更说明这种题要抓住段落的主题句，而不是整个段落全看。否则，特别容易受到干扰选项的误导。
4) 如果主题句比较复杂（如复合句），应重点看主句部分。有时主题句是比较复杂的符合句，如果
理解有困难，应集中精力看主句部分，正确答案应来自主句。
样题
Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)
[A] What to do as a student?
[B] Various definitions of plagiarism
[C] Ideas should always be sourced
[D] Oversight Ignorance can be forgiven
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is ―the wrongful appropriation or pur loining, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.‖
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly.
They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography — are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although ―there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
答案：FADCE
预测题
Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about business schools and MBA (Master of Business Administration) education. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. (10points)
A)MBA program boom in South Africa
B)Current assessment of MBA programs
C)Views on the rankings of MBA programs
D)Abundance of MBA programs worldwide
E)Rankings are misleading
F)Variation in MBA courses
G)Prominence as a factor in assessment
Choosing an MBA Program
Business school enrollment has jumped in the past few years as increasing numbers of students seek careers in the field. The rising demand has encouraged intense competition and growth among business programs.
Students find deciding on an MBA program to be a daunting task. This is in part due to the proliferation of options. There are now more than 1,000 MBA programs in the United States, 700 in Europe — including over 300 in Britain — and some 525 in the rest of the world, with the greatest concentration in the Asia-Pacific region. The boom has recently hit South Africa as well, where ten years ago, the nation offered half a dozen programs. Now more than 40 are provided, most by foreign business schools. In some respects, the schools differ little — 75 percent of them are general management programs. But the options remain, with full-time programs accounting for only 42 percent of the total, the rest being part-time, modular and distance learning.
Some full-time programs are delivered through evening-only lectures, and some modular programs are full-time because of so much project work. More than 90 percent of the programs are in English, the others being offered in 23 languages with Spanish the most common. Many programs — especially the executive ones —require years of experience before admission. Yet ―executive‖ can also define a part-time, accelerated program. The potential student —prepared to spend around ￡15,000 per year —faces a bewildering array of products, often described in inconsistent terminology but with no essential difference in instruction.
Business schools, with a few notable exceptions, have not clearly explained their assessment comparison criteria. They argue that an MBA is an MBA, differing only in the name and cost of the issuing school. In order to help the layman, newspapers have often stepped in to shed light on this confusion, judging schools and programs, and providing rankings.
Applicants prefer rankings, but the schools for the most part do not. European schools, in particular, argue that rankings are misleading as they may use a narrow range of often- inappropriate measures which fail to reveal the true competence of unique programs. Several schools have contested and boycotted league tables. Nevertheless, the number of business schools which participate in rankings is actually growing, in part because rankings tell potential customers what they need to know. Since business schools must market to applicants as if they were consumers, most take rankings seriously.
A Ranking is just one factor that underpins the success of schools and MBA programs. The programs must not only rank highly, the must also be known. Schools want their programs — and graduates want their degrees —to receive instant recognition and respect. Until recently, prominence has been largely
2015-2016福建省长乐第一中学高三新题型训练14 班级______________ 姓名______________ 建议完成时间25分钟 阅读七选五（建议用时8min） This Way to Dreamland Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy.__1__They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things. But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. __2__ Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions? So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool? First, understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams.__3__ And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming, try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple, like taking a shower or walking, or even making meaningless drawings. It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really nee d to concentrate. “Mindfulness”, being focused, is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep.__4__ Finally, you never know what a wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away.___5__ Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds. A. Having interesting things to think about also helps. B. They stare off into space and wander by themselves. C. Without wandering minds, we wouldn’t have relatively, Coke or Post-it notes. D. At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses. E. It involves slow, steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive. F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand. G. Therefore, it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.
新高考新题型语言运用专项训练 2021届高三各地最新试题汇编 1.河北省邯郸市2021届高三上第一次月考 三、语言文字运用(20分) 阅读下面的文字，完成各题。 每年夏季，各种荷花顶着骄阳，争相竞馥。花影入波，恍如朝霞成绮；墨绿的荷叶上，一颗颗水珠像珍珠一样，微风拂过，随着荷叶的摆动在滚动，婆娑婀娜，湖上泛起阵阵绿浪。 没有牡丹的妖艳，没有企菊的清高，没有腊梅的刚烈，荷花有的是从容不迫的泰然，贫贱不移的气度。，而优雅的荷花却可以入药，可以被制成各种佳肴。莲子湖、莲房脯、莲子粉、藕片夹肉、荷叶蒸肉、荷叶粥等小吃更是举不胜举。 荷花，并不只有这些价值，在中国传统文化中，。周敦颐的《爱莲说》启示人们，荷花真正的清净不在于身，而在于心。故乡的荷花使我能坚持自己的信仰，不浮躁，不急躁。每当想起荷花湖上一片片翠绿欲滴的荷叶，一朵朵洁净无暇的荷花，我就会联想到陶渊明笔下的世外桃源，联想到高洁的品质，联想到人与人之间真诚友好的关系。“荷”与“和”“合”谐音，“莲”与“联”“连”谐意，荷花可以成为和平、和谐、合作、团结等的象征。崇尚荷花，追求的不正是人与人之间，人与社会之间的和谐相处吗？ 18．文中使用了哪些修辞手法 A．夸张设问排比B．比喻反问排比 C．比喻设问反复D．夸张反问反复
19．文中画波浪线的句子可改写成：“荷花象征着和平、和谐、合作、团结，崇尚荷花，追求的是人与人之间，人与社会之间的和谐相处。”从语义上看二者基本相同，但原文表达效果更好，为什么？ 20．请在文中画横线处补写恰当的语句，使整段文字语意完整连贯，内容贴切，逻辑严密。每处不超过20个字。 18．B项，“没有牡丹的妖艳，没有金菊的清高，没有腊梅的刚烈”运用了排比手法。“花影入波，恍如朝霞成绮；墨绿的荷叶上，一颗颗水珠像珍珠一样”运用了比喻手法。“追求的不正是人与人之间，人与社会之间的和谐相处吗”运用了反问手法。 19．交代“荷”与“和”“合”谐音，“莲”与“联”“连”谐音，自然得出“荷花可以成为和平、和谐、合作、团结等的象征”，如果去掉就显得突兀；运用反问，语气较为强烈，表意较为肯定，引人深思。原文用“可以”一词，语言表述更严谨。 20．雍容华贵的牡丹只可用于观赏（可另选事物，符合要求即可。）荷花还能净化人的心灵。 2.2020～2021学年度武汉市部分学校高三起点质量检测 阅读下面的文字，完成18～20题。 墙上的挂钟，曾是我童年最爱看的一道风景。我对它有一种说不出的崇拜，因为它掌管着时间，我们的作息似乎都受着它的支配。到了指定的时间，我们得起床上学，得做课间操，得被父母吆喝着去睡觉。它就是一个看不见形影的家长，严厉而又古板。但有时候它又充满温情，比如除夕夜里，它的每一声脚步都给我们带来快乐。 我那时天真地以为时间是被一双神秘的大手放在挂钟里的，它每时每刻地行走着，走得不慌不忙，气定神凝。 十几年前的一天，我在北京第一次发现了时间的痕迹。我在梳头时发现了一根白发，它在清晨的曙光中像一道明丽的雪线一样刺痛了我的眼睛。我知道时间其实一直悄悄地躲在我的头发里行走，只不过它这一次露出了痕迹而已。我还看见，时间在母亲的口腔里行走，她的牙齿脱落得越来越多。我明白时间让花朵绽放的时候，也会让人的眼角绽放出花朵——鱼尾纹。时间让一棵青春的小树越来越枝繁叶茂，让车轮的辐条越来越沾染上锈迹，让一座老屋逐渐驼了背。我终于明白挂钟上的时间只是时间的一个表象而已，它存在于更丰富的日常生活中。
新定义型专题 （一）专题诠释 所谓“新定义”型问题，主要是指在问题中定义了中学数学中没有学过的一些概念、新运算、新符号，要求学生读懂题意并结合已有知识、能力进行理解，根据新定义进行运算、推理、迁移的一种题型.“新定义”型问题成为近年来中考数学压轴题的新亮点.在复习中应重视学生应用新的知识解决问题的能力 （二）解题策略和解法精讲 “新定义型专题”关键要把握两点：一是掌握问题原型的特点及其问题解决的思想方法；二是根据问题情景的变化，通过认真思考，合理进行思想方法的迁移． 的差倒数是 111(1)2 =--． 已知a 1＝－1 3，a 2是a 1的差倒数，a 3是a 2的差倒数，a 4是a 3的差倒数，…，依此类推，a 2009＝ ． 考点二：运算题型中的新定义 例2.对于两个不相等的实数a 、b ，定义一种新的运算如下，*0a b a b a b = +（＞）﹣，如： 3*2= =6*（5*4）= ． 例3.我们定义ab ad bc cd =-，例如23 45 =2×5﹣3×4=10﹣12=﹣2，若x ，y 均为整数，且满足1＜ 14x y ＜3，则x+y 的值是 ． 考点三：探索题型中的新定义 例4.定义：到凸四边形一组对边距离相等，到另一组对边距离也相等的点叫凸四边形的准内点．如图 1，PH=PJ ，PI=PG ，则点P 就是四边形ABCD 的准内点． （1）如图2，∠AFD 与∠DEC 的角平分线FP ，EP 相交于点P ．求证：点P 是四边形ABCD 的准内点． （2）分别画出图3平行四边形和图4梯形的准内点．（作图工具不限，不写作法，但要有必要的说明） （3）判断下列命题的真假，在括号内填“真”或“假”． ①任意凸四边形一定存在准内点．（ ） ②任意凸四边形一定只有一个准内点．（ ） ③若P 是任意凸四边形ABCD 的准内点，则PA+PB=PC+PD 或PA+PC=PB+PD ．（ ） 考点四：阅读材料题型中的新定义 阅读材料 我们经常通过认识一个事物的局部或其特殊类型，来逐步认识这个事物； 比如我们通过学习两类特殊的四边形，即平行四边形和梯形（继续学习它们的特殊类型如矩形、等腰梯形等）来逐步认识四边形；
2016年湖南英语新题型测试 1.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分） Stay on the brighter side of life One very important component of optimism is gratitude or feeling grateful. In fact, there is a strong connection between a grateful attitude and a heightened sense of well-being. Appreciate all the positives in your life by starting a gratitude journal in order to remember what you’re grateful for. ___71___ Feeling down? Instead of feeling sorry for yourself waiting for the universe to throw you a bone, try acti ng like you’re happy—even if you aren’t. A sincere smile and a forced smile will cause the same chemical reactions in your brain, so you can actually fool your mind into feeling better by making it react chemically as if things were going well. ___72___ Reassure yourself that everything is good—even if you don’t feel it. “___73___If you’re stuck in traffic, then everything else must be going horribly too,” says Anne Parker, a wellness counselor. By blowing negative events out of proportion, you’re setting yourself up for feeling down all day. Instead, acknowledge that you’re stuck in traffic, but also bring to mind something good, like the beautiful scenery outside the window. That way, you’ll get in the habit of forbidding negative circumstances from blanketing your whole day. Swearing to lose 20 pounds or to run a marathon seems like goals leading to happiness, but they take time to achieve. ___74___ You may even end up admitting that you have been defeated. However, if you focus on the small milestones that occur along the way, you will feel positive about your progress, which will give you the strength to keep going. 新|课|标| 第|一| 网___75___Try making someone else’s day better. A report by United Healthcare and V olunteer Match found that volunteers are 72% more likely to characterize themselves as optimistic compared with non-volunteers. Plus, 89% of volunteers say that volunteering has improved their sense of well-being, and 92% say that it enriches their sense of purpose in life. A. Try to help someone in need. B. Want to give your attitude a lift? C. People tend to think in an either-or way. D. Act in an optimistic way—smile, laugh, tell a joke. E. Y ou’ll fail to appreciate more important things in your life. F. By focusing on not having accomplished them yet, you will start to feel down on yourself. G. By remembering the pleasant things in your life, you can actually turn a negative attitude around. 2第二节（共10小题：每小题1.5分，满分15分）
新题型专练（九） 一、七选五 A There are simple ways to organize and clean sports gear（设备）. It just takes a little extra effort, along with some tricks. Here are some tips. Organizing sports gear For children playing different sports, have gym bags in different colors for each sport－basketball gets green, soccer gets red, baseball gets blue. (1)_____ As for what to do with the soccer ball or baseball bat that comes home, keep items contained to one spot in the garage. Overhead shelves and nets work well for out-of-season items, too. They are out of the way but still in sight. Cleaning sports gear Most items can go in the washing machine. Use warm water, and always air-dry. For padded items with plastic, put them in a mesh laundry washing bag or a pillow case with a zipper. (2)_____ ●Gym bags (3)_____ It’s body odor. You played soccer, or basketball, or fencing, and you sweat. Prevent odor from building up by putting used fabric softener sheets in the bag, or spraying the inside of the bag with aerosol deodorant. This also works well for padded helmets, where sweat gathers. ●Water bottles Water bottles often get a moldy, damp smell after a sports season or two. If you have really cleaned it, if you’ve used a scrub brush, you may have scratched the plastic. (4)_____Try using vinegar, which is safe and environmentally friendly, to kill mold and mildew. ●Hats The easiest way to clean a baseball cap is to put it in the dishwasher. Then take it out and air-dry it. If you want to make sure the cap keeps a rounded shape, dry it over a coffee can. (5)_____ Another option is to use shampoo, which is designed to break down body oil. A. As we all know, they smell B. It’s necessary to clean a sport gear after every practice. C. You can also put it on a blown-up balloon. D. This protects the machine, and the equipment from getting scratched. E. Those tiny little scratches are where bacteria can get, and cause that smell. F. Don’t let children stuff clothing in their bags. G. So when they’re rushing from one activity to the next, it’s easy to grab the correct gear. B When you’re in the market to buy a cheap laptop, there are many factors to consider. Do you want to go with a refurbished（翻新的）laptop or a new one? Are you willing to give up some features for a cheap laptop? (6)_____ Decide what features you need. If you are only going to be using your new laptop for word processing, connecting to the Internet, and email, you can save much more than someone who will need a laptop capable of supporting gaming etc. (7) ______ Do you want a Netbook or a Notebook? Netbooks are the new option for smaller, cheaper laptops. (8)_____ However, they are limited in their functionality. If you know what you will be using your new laptop for, you can get the one that best suits your needs. Choose an appropriate processor. (9)______ If you go with a cheap laptop, you should make sure the processor is fast enough to support your everyday work. Check the memory. Just as with the processor, cheap laptops are generally going to have less memory. If you are using your new laptop in a limited way, this may be just fine for you. Be sure to check that the memory will be enough for your everyday uses. (10)_____ If you’re looking for a cheap laptop that will store a lot of information, definitely pay attention to the hard drive capacity. You may be able to get a great deal but may have to pay for it with limited storage space. A. Find a cheap laptop B. Check the hard drive capacity. C. The processor will determine how fast your laptop will run. D. They usually start at around $ 300 and are much easier to transport. E. By knowing what features you need, you can significantly cut the cost. F. All of these can influence your decision when you buy a laptop. G. When in the market to b uy a cheap laptop, looks aren’t always a major factor. 二．语法填空 Winston Churchill once observed that “We make a living by what we get; we make a life by what we give.” Through selfless service, volunteers are the glue (1)______ holds a community together. Many activities (2)________(voluntary) aid the elderly, disabled and children. No one is (3)______ lonely island in the sunshine of joyful giving. Moreover, volunteering is a two-way street of giving and (4)______ (receive). It arouses our passion to explore new interests. Sometimes we get locked into the “rat race” of life and volunteering can be an escape (5)______ the routine of life. Given the significance of volunteerism, it’s time that we rolled up our sleeves and (6)______ (extend) a helping hand. For (7)______ part, I work as a volunteer at the local animal shelter, (8)______ I continue taking care of my furry friends. Besides, I am planning to deliver meals on wheels to housebound people who live in our community. I hope my efforts can inspire people around me (9)______ (engage) in voluntary activities and create a circle of virtue we need. Work together, and I believe (10)______ we do will make a difference to the world. 三．短文改错 A A healthy diet and regular exercise may help to prevent obesity among children. Took Mary for example. Mary used to being a healthy girl. But over a year ago, she got into the habit of eating a lot junk food and snacks. Besides, he spent a lot of time lying on the sofa, watching TV, and doing little exercise. As a result, she put up so much weight that she found it difficulty to climb the stairs. So Mary decided to change the unhealthy lifestyle. She began to have a balancing, healthy diet. She also took part in various sports activity such as swimming, skating, running and playing the basketball. Months later, Mary became as fit as before. B In modern times, people suffer from various health problem. So it is important to develop a healthy lifestyle to prevent from disease. Here is some tips for you: First of all, we should walk or ride a bike instead of drive cars so that we can take more physically exercise. Second, we’d better take part all kinds of outdoor activities rather than watch TV or play computer games for a long time, which does great harm to your health. Besides, we should reject junk food and soft drinks. Having a balanced diet provides us with enough nutrients or makes us energetic. More importantly, we should take positive attitude towards life, which can help us to face challenges bravely. In conclusion, whether you lived a healthy life depends mainly on your attitude.
2018年新高考新题型 1 ?下面是一封推荐信，其中有几处语言表达不得体，请找出来并加以修改。（5分） 推荐信 xx大学招生办： 兹有我校高三（1）班阳光同学，拟参加你校自主招生考试。该生学习成绩显著，综合 素质优良。一直荣任我校晨曦文学社社长，热爱文学，爱好写作，曾在全国新概念作文大赛 中获得一等奖，并有多篇大作发表在省级以上文学刊物上。希望该生能得到你校文学院的垂爱。 特此推荐。 xx中学 2018 年3月19日 2?阅读下面的材料，给这种“被”现象下定义。（6分） 近年来，网络上“被”现象非常普遍。女口：某媒体称公众的工资增加了多少、幅度多大， 而一些人对此不认同，称自己的工资“被增加”；某地政府部门公布，该市恩格尔系数降到 了33%左右，人均GDP已达到9000美元，两项指标显示已达到中上等发达国家富裕水平，而不少人认为自己“被富裕”；有的公共政策出台，有关部门表示已经充分听取了公众意见，有高达百分之多少的人表示赞同，而相当多的人却对这种赞同率存疑，表示自己“被民意”； 每周上网40小时以上，是权威部门有望年内出台的网瘾诊断标准，而绝大多数网民不赞成这一标准，并称自己“被网瘾”。 3?请根据以下情景，补写至少一种社会上人们对此现象的看法，并作出自己的评价。（5分）据报道，某位以独特的“搞笑” 风格塑造了众多小人物的著名笑星，被某大学聘为教授。
对于他能否胜任，人们有着不同的看法。 人们的看法：________________________________________________________________ 自己的评价：________________________________________________________________ 4．某市为推进饮食文化建设，同时推动本市“全域旅游”发展，拟举办“新美味”美食故事征文话动。请拟写一则征文启事。要求：围绕主题，内容得当，语言连贯，只写正文，不超过100 字。（5 分） 5．请参照例句的方式，另选话题，写一组构成辩证说理的句子。（5 分） 张扬自己的青春，才会让人生灿烂多彩。然而过于张扬就成了张狂。张狂是幼稚的表现，它可能会让你跌入万丈深渊。我们在张扬中也要懂得内敛。 6．请为以下这则新闻拟写一个标题，并进行简要评论。（6 分） 新华社上海11月2日电：为解决租房市场房源信息虚假、价格不透明等问题，10月31 日，北京租房新政策正式实施，住房租赁监管平台上线。此前不久，广州推出政府住房租赁平台——阳光租房。9 月底，杭州市联合阿里巴巴、蚂蚁金服打造的政府住房租赁监管服务平台也已正式启用。 “新华视点” 记者发现，目前，全国十余个城市已出台加快发展住房租赁市场的实施方案，均提及搭建政府住房租赁交易服务平台，并明确了建设时间表。专家称，这是各地落实租购并举住房制度的“关键一招”。当前，百姓租房存在几大“痛点” ：虚假房源多；合同不报备，发生纠纷时租客维权困难；房东涨租、租期随意、二房东现象屡禁不绝等。各地推出的官方住房租赁平台，将通过收集和发布租赁信息、动态监测租赁信息、指导住房租赁价格等，有效遏制租房乱象。 新闻标题： 新闻评论： 7．阅读下面的文字，指明文段中观点的两处逻辑错误。 （5 分） 创立于2001年的央视《百家讲坛》，在易中天、于丹等学术明星的火爆之后，陷入后继 无人的尴尬境地。其娱乐化的倾向一再被学界和观众所诟病，认为会摒弃思想。同时，作为 电视栏目，它有很强的大众传播性，会带来人们阅读思考的缺失。 &阅读下面一段话，试概括出“草根文化”的四个主要特性。（每点不超过6个字）（5分）
试卷二 Part I Dictation Ocean Energy Scientists believe that a great energy source of the future can be found in the world’s oceans. / Ocean energy seems to cause little or no negative impact on the environment, /unlike conventional sources such as oil or coal, /and there is no lack of sea water in the world. /One example of energy source using the world’s oceans is tidal power, /which can be used to produce electricity./ However, the range of tides necessary for an economically worthwhile system/ is found in only a few coastal areas of the world /and the long range effect may slow down the rotation of the earth very slightly./
Part II Listening comprehension Section A 1.no awareness 2.very superficial aspects 3.stereotypes 4.understanding and conflict 5.more subtle 6.ethnocentric 7.little emotional empathy 8.no extensive complaint 9.the highest level 10.full respect Section B 1-5 DBCBA 6-10 BCADA Part III Language knowledge 11-15 ABCBB 16-20 DAACD 21-25 DCADD
新题型专练(一) Ⅰ.七选五 How Teens Can Stay Fit Any type of regular, physical activity can improve your fitness and your health.__1__ Exercise should be a regular part of your day, like brushing your teeth, eating and sleeping. It can be in gym class, joining a sports team, or working out on your own. Keep the following tips in mind： __2__A good attitude is important. Find an activity that you think is fun. You are more likely to stick with it if you choose something you like. A lot of people find it’s more fun to exercise with someone else, so see if you can find a friend or family member to be active with you. Take it one step at a time.__3__For example, walk or ride your bike to school. Get on or off the bus several blocks away and walk the rest of the way. Use the stairs instead of taking the elevator. Get your heart pumping(跳动). Whatever you choose, make sure it includes aerobic (有氧的) activity that makes you breathe harder and increases your heart rate. This is the best type of exercise because it increases your fitness level and makes your heart work better. __4__Examples of aerobic activities are basketball, running, or swimming. Don’t forget to warm up with some easy exercises or stretching (拉伸) before you do any physical activity. __5__ It is also important to stretch out after you exercise to cool down your muscles. A．It also burns off body fat. B．Stay positive and have fun. C．Make physical activity a habit. D．Small changes can add up to better fitness. E．The most important thing is that you keep moving! F．This warms your muscles up and may help protect against injury. G．Do the activity as often as possible, but don’t exercise to the point of pain. [导学号35920051]答案：1～5.EBDAF Ⅱ.语法填空 A friend’s grandfather came to America from Eastern Europe.After 1.____________(settle)
2020高考语用新题型指导与训练【备考指导】 明确原则，把握中心，各个击破 综观历年高考语言表达与运用题型，连贯题一直受到全国卷命题者的青睐。连贯是指 上下文句之间有紧密联系，内容相接，文气贯通，脉络清晰。“连贯”与“衔接”同义。 连贯题可以很好地考查考生的逻辑思维能力和语言表达能力。如何解答连贯题，请看以下 几种技巧： 一、认清标志，明确原则 连贯的特征是和谐。和谐是指在诵读文段、品味语句时所体现出来的整体流畅感。它 包括音节协调、音调和鸣、节奏流畅、气韵和谐等。所以连贯题往往有标志，即语序。一 是“时”序，即以先后、古今、早晚等表示纵向思路的顺序;二是“空”序，即按照空间 的远近、上下、高低、左右、纵横等为排序顺序;三是“理”序，即按照事理顺序、逻辑 顺序、演进顺序等排列顺序;四是“情”序，即按照作者喜、怒、哀、乐等情感的发展脉 络为序。据此，连贯题有其特有的原则。因此，在复习连贯题时，应首先明确连贯题的原则，明确原则方可思路清晰。 连贯的原则： （1）话题一致。或叙述一个故事，或描述一个场景，或铺展一种事物，或演绎一种推理，或摹写一段情绪，句子与句子之间都紧紧围绕一个中心或主旨展开。 （2）对象一致。或阐释论点，表达看法;或评论是非，发表见解;或铺展事物，说明物件;或描写人物，摹状景物;或抒发情感，描写心境，均需前后一致，对象不变。 （3）事理相承。常见的逻辑关系主要有因果、条件、递进、并列、转折、目的、总分、大小、轻重、快慢、难易、表里、先后、动静、多寡等。文段在表达一定的意思时，总会 按照某种逻辑顺序或符合一定的生活事理。
（4）前后呼应。指句子间要做到连贯，就要注意前面意义与后面意义保持一致，注意内容的衔接和呼应，做到先“起”后“承”。 （5）意境协调。文段的画面、环境、情调、氛围、风格应和谐统一。或阴沉凄凉，或明快热烈，或严肃冷峻，或宽松和谐，或隐晦曲折，或直截了当，或贬或褒。 （6）句式一致。力求形式整齐，内部语句结构一致，音节和谐，气势贯通。 （7）音节和谐。要符合诗歌或语句在字数、句式、平仄、音韵等格律方面所特有的规定。 （8）语气一致。陈述、疑问、反诘、感叹、祈使、否定等，不可杂乱错置。 二、划分层次，把握中心 从连贯的原则可知，连贯有文脉。文脉是文段之脉络、句群之纽带、语句之联系、铺展之线索，文脉存于篇章、语段、句群与语句之间。因此，做连贯题的第一步也是最关键的一步是划分层次，读懂文段，把握中心。 连贯题的文段一般不会太长，要读懂它其实并不难。（1）先通读一遍，同时迅速划分层次（在每个句号、分号、问号、感叹号等表示一句话结束的位置划一条斜线即可）;（2）再次浏览整个文段，根据表示文脉的词语，快速明了文段的结构和中心内容。文段的结构基本为总分总、总分、分总、并列等几种;从这些结构中，迅速把握中心内容。一旦把握了中心内容，做题就比较顺利了。现就客观题和主观题分别举一例进行分析。 【例1】（2016年全国卷）填入下面文段空白处的词语，最恰当的一组是（3分） 有的人在填报高考志愿时选报热门专业，理由是能学以致用，①是一种误解。/学以致用的真正含义是将学到的知识用于实践，②不是看什么东西有用才决定去学。/摒弃功利性③使人抱着乐观的态度去学习;/④有用才去学习会使人产生心理负担，⑤总要担心以后会不会真的有用。/抱着功利之心去挑选专业，往往会牺牲自己真正的兴趣，⑥毕业后谋到了不错的职位，也不一定就工作得很开心。