特殊句型讲义
一．强调句句型
It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。
I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
not …until …句型的强调句
1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分+ that + 其它部分
e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！二．省略
（一）简单句中的省略（括号内为省略的词语）
1、省略主语：
e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.
(I) see you tomorrow . (It) Doesn’t matter.
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him?
3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。
e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there).
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).
注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。
e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be.
---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.
4、省略表语。
e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).
5、同时省略几个成分。
e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.
---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.
（二）并列句中的省略
e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
（三）主从复合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略。
e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.
(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.
2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。
e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.
---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not.
这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。
（四）其它省略
1、连词that的省略：
①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，I hope (that) you can come here before six this afternoon and that the train arrives on time.
②、在定语从句中，I dislike the way (that) you speak to your mother.
2、不定式符号to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。
e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。
e.g. The boy did nothing but play.
④、通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作主补或宾补时，可以省去to be。
例：He is supposed （to be）nice. 他应该是个好人。
⑤不定式做表语时，一般要带to,但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，符号to 可省去。
we’ve missed the last bus. All we could do now is walk home .3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语+ be”部分。Eg. I’ll buy a TV set if （it is ）necessary.
3. While（ I was ）walking walking alone in the street, I heard my name called.
4.Tom raised his hand as if (he was ) to say something.
4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）
If he were here, she would agree too. →Were she here, she would agree too.
If it should rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the match. →Should it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the match.
If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. →Had we found him earlier we could have saved his life.
5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。
e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
三、插入语
（一）插入语的类型：
1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。
e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。
I can, however, discuss this when I see you.
2、短语
e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours.
By the way, where are you from?
3、句子
e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.
Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.
（二）插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。
e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。
What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？
（三）插入语在句中的作用
有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。
e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。
（四）插入语的特殊用法
下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。
e.g. How long did you say she would stay here?
When do you suppos e they’ll be back?
How old did you think she was
（五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语
by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far 到目前为止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反；no wonder 不足为奇；as a matter of fact 事实上；come along 快点，来吧；in other words 换句话说；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，结果。
四．反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
这里我们测重讲解反意疑问句
1)陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
2)陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3)陈述部分用no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4)含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5)陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6)陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7)陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8)陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9)陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12)陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?
14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从
句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they?(does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意：Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18)陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19)否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
20)must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
He must be there now, isn't he?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?
五．感叹句
1.How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如：How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
2.How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！
3.What +名词+陈述语序。例如：What noise they are making! 他们真吵！
4.What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
5.What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：What wonderful ideas （we have）! 我们的主意真棒！
6.What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！
7.What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为：What a clever boy!
六．倒装
1 全部倒装是将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前。
1)here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead sat an old woman.-
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes.Away they went.
2 部分倒装将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
句首为否定或半否定词语，no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 主句倒装，从句不倒装。
3 以否定词开头作部分倒装
如Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
注意：Not only you but also I am fond of music.
4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.If you won't go, neither will I.
5 only在句首要倒装的情况
Only then will we answer violence with violence.
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
6 as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词
提前）。
注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
Child as he is , he knows a lot.
7 其他部分倒装
1)so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
Such a timid boy is he that he doesn’t dare to speak in public.
2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.
3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
3)Were I you, I would try it again.
4)Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the sports meeting.
Had I listen to you, Ｉｗｏｕｌｄｈａｖｅｐａｓｓｅｄｔｈｅｔｅｓｔ．
七．独立主格结构
一）独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
二）独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
Time permitting，we`ll go there on foot.
The meeting over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，人人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
He put on his sweater wrong side out.他把毛衣穿反了。
三）With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries.
She had to walk home with her bike stolen.
I like to sleep with the windows open.
The soldier had him stand with his back to his father.
He fell asleep with the light on.
With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不
用复数。但with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
八。There be 结构
一、）There be 句型常用的时态形式有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时和过去完成时。例如：
1. There is someone at the door to see you. 门口有人找你。
2. There will be a meeting this evening. 今晚有个约会。
3. ---Have there been any letters from Jack lately? 近日有杰克的来信吗？
---No, there hasn’t. 不，没有。
4. There had been many such accidents before you came. 你来之前就有过很多起这样的事故。
二、）There be 句型中be 前面可用一些半助动词，如：be about to (就要), be certain to (一定会), be going to (将要),be likely to (可能), be to (要), had better (最好), have to (必须), used to (过去常), appear/seem/happen to (似乎/恰好)等。例如：
1. There used to be a grocery store on the corner. 以前在这个街口有家杂货店。
2. There is certain to be something wrong with the engine.
= It appears / is certain that there is something wrong with the engine.
发动机一定是出了毛病。
3. There appears to have been a nasty accident. 似乎有一起严重的事故。
三、）There be 句型中的替换词有：come (来), develop (产生), exist (存在), fall (落下), follow (跟随), happen (发生), lie (躺着), live (住着), occur (发生), remain (还有), rise
(升起),stand (站着)等。这些动词可以有时态变化，及物动词还可以有语态变化。例如：
1. There fell a deep silence. 突然一片寂静。
2. There remains one more test to be carried out before putting the instrument into operation. 在使用这一设备之前要完成一项试验。
3. Not long after this, there occurred a sudden revolution in public taste. 此后不久，公众的情趣发生了突然的变化。
4. There stands at the center of the square the Monume nt to the People’s Heroes. 在广场的中央矗立着人民英雄纪念碑。
四、）There be 句型中，谓语动词和紧跟ｂｅ后面的主语在数方面保持一致。
There is only a table, four chairs and a small bed in the room.
五、）There be 句型有不定式、现在分词和动名词形式，在句中用作主语、宾语、定语或状语等。例如：
1. There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.
公共汽车站离家这么近是一个很有利的条件。（There being a bus 用作主语）２．I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding.
我不想引起任何误解。（There to be 作宾语）
３．No one would have dreamt of there being such a fine place.
谁也没想到会有这样的一个好地方。
４．There being no bus, we had to walk home. 因为没有公共汽车，我们只好步行回家。
六、）“There be no doing” 表示“不可能做”。例如：
1. There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。
2. There is no bearing such rude remarks. 如此粗话，叫人根本无法忍受。
九．不能“以貌取意”的常见句型例析
1．This is the last thing I would ever want to do．这是我最不愿做的一件事情。
他是我最不想见的人。
他是最不可能撒谎的人。2．One can't be too honest．人越老实越好。
You cannot be too careful．You cannot be over careful．You cannot be careful enough．
朋友越多越好。
3．It's a wise man that never makes mistakes。无论多么聪明的人，也难免犯错误。
无论怎样长的巷子（ｌａｎｅ）也有转弯处。（引申意义为：耐心等待终会时来运转。）
再好的马也有失前蹄的时候。（引申意义为：金无足赤，人无完人。）
4 I'm too anxious to know the result．我极想知道结果。
他们急于离去。
史密斯先生极想见到她。
5．It's three years since he was a teacher．他不当教师已经三年了。
他参军已经三年了。
他们不在这儿住已经好多年了。
6．All that glitters is not gold．闪光的东西不一定都是金子。
这些公式我并非全都记得。
并非每个人都能做这个。
我并不完全同意你的看法。
7．The mountain is not valuable because it is high．山并不因为高而具有价值。
just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。
because the fuel was finished. 摩托车停止转动，不是因为燃料用完。（而是因为其它毛病）
8．I didn't pretend to understand what he said．我假装没懂他说的话。
常用动词pretend，happen的否定形式有两种：既可以否定pretend，也可以否定其后的不定式，其意义不变。
I didn't happen to be there．＝．我恰巧不在那儿。
They didn't pretend to see me when I went by．＝
当我经过的时候，他们假装没有看见我。
9 Let's have a rest under the big tree．It's nice and cool here．
让我们在大树下歇会吧。这儿很凉快。
nice and，good and都表示“很，非常，完全”的意思
I am ．我都准备好了。
in the morning．早上非常冷。
十．It的句型补充
（一）it作形式主语
1.It is+形容词+that
It is very clear that he's round and tall like a tree.
2.It is important(necessary,essential,strange,natural...)that...
It is important that we(should)learn English well.
3.It is suggested(ordered,required...)that sb(should)do
It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.
4.It is said(reported,estimated,known,thought…)that…
It is said that he has come to Beijing.
（=He is said to have come to Beijing）
5.It is a pity(a shame...)that...
It is a pity that such a thing(should)happen in your class.
从句中的虚拟语气表出乎意料，译为“竟然”，没此意则不用虚拟。
6.It is(high/about)time that...
It is time that children should go/went to bed.
It is time that children went to bed.
It is time for children to go to bed.
7.It happens(seems,looks,appears)that...
It(so)happened that he met his teacher in the street.碰巧……
It seems that he will be back in a few days.看来……
8.It takes sb.…to do sth.
It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.
9.It is no good(use)doing sth.
It is no good learning English without speaking English.
10.It is/was the fist/second...time that sb have/had done sth
It is the first time that I have seen a film in a cinema.
It was the third time that I had seen the film.
11.It is+adj+of sb.to do sth.
常见的形容词有:bad,brave,careless,clever,cruel,foolish,good(好心的),honest,nice,kind,lazy,modest,naughty,polite,rude,silly,stupid, wise,wrong等。
It is kind of you to say so.
It is cruel of you to kill such a small cat.
12.It is necessary for sb.to do sth.
important,necessary,natural,easy,safe,common,normal,hard,diffic ult,dangerous,unusual,rare,impossible,pleasant等。
It is important for her to come to the party.
13.It looks(seems)as if...从句中根据实际情况用虚拟语气
It looks as if he is ill.
It looks as if he were ill.
(二)it作形式宾语
14.We think it important to learn a foreign language.
结构：动词+形宾+宾补+真宾
常用的动词：think,believe,make,find,consider,feel；
We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day.
They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days. People think it no use learning English without speaking it.
(三)It is/was+时间段+since+主语+谓语
It is5years since his father died.
It was three years since I came to Beijing.
It is five months since I was a solider.(我退伍已经五个月
（四）
It is...when...
It was5o'clock when he came here.
（五）It be...before...“……之后……”
It was3days before he went to Beijing.三天后他去北京
It will be not long before he finishes his job.不久，他将完成工作。五、it构成的习语
Take it easy.放轻松
You’ve/I’ve got it懂了，明白了;.
Don’t mention it.不用谢
It/That depends.看情况。
make it成功，做成
When it comes to sth/doing sth…当涉及（做）某事物的情况﹑事情或问题时
He's a bit of an expert when it comes to computers.
高考英语特殊句式公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
高考英语特殊句式 2012,11，28 一．强调句型：“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋原句其他部分”。被强调的部分为“人”时用who/that，否则都用that。注意：被强调部分不能是谓语动词。 It was on Monday night that all this happened. It’s me who he blamed. It was what you did that made me satisfied. It is I who/that am in charge of the factory. 【考点一】考查not ... until 结构的强调句，其结构为It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他部分。 ①It ______ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ______ I found we had a lot in common. A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’ t until; that 【考点二】考查复合句中的强调句型 ②Was it _____ he was seriously ill that he didn’t come to school yesterday? ③______ he came back home that we knew what had happened. A. When it was B. It was when C. Was it when D. When was 【考点三】考查强调句的特殊疑问句
高考英语讲义 一．倒装 1. 全部倒装（将整个谓语部分放在主语之前） （1）在there be 句型中（其中be还可以换成seem，live，stand，lie，appear，lie，exist，come等动词），要全部倒装 Long long ago，there lived a king who liked horses very much. There are many people dancing in the square. There seems to have a concert in the hall tomorrow. There lies a snake along the lake. （2）such 放句首，句子全部倒装(注意主谓一致，以谓语动词后面的成分来确定的单复）Such was his life then. Such is what he wants. Such were her books. （3）以there，here，now，then，thus等引导的句子中，谓语动词常为be，come，go等，句子全部倒装 There goes the bell. Here comes the bus. Then came a new difficult question. There rings the telephone. （4）以down，up，out，away等表示位置转移的副词位于句首时，句子全部倒装(人称代词出现时，句子不倒装） Up went the arrow into the sky. In came the teacher. Away ran the dog. Out rushed the people from their house when the earthquake happened. In she came. Here you are. Out it ran. (人称代词出现，不倒装） （5）表地点的介词短语放在句首，句子要用倒装 In the classroom stays a girl. On the desk lies a book. 2. 部分倒装（将谓语中的助动词，情态动词，be动词放在主语之前） （1）only+状语（副词，介词短语，状语从句）放在句首，谓语动词部分倒装 Only then did I realize the importance of English. Only in this way can you solve the problem. Only when I came into the house did I recognize the man. 注：only修饰主语时，句子不用倒装 Only you can finish the work. （2）so +be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，句子部分倒装 So did I（我也是）和so he does（他确实是）的判断方法 〈1〉判断原句正负（肯定为正，否定为负） 原句为正用so开头，原句为负用neither或nor开头 〈2〉判断原句的be/助动词/情态动词（根据时态和人称确定） 〈3〉看人称所指一致不一致 人称所指一致，用正序；人称所指不一致用倒序
单项填空特殊句式 1．It's necessary that not only________to see a doctor but also have a good rest. A．will Bob go B．Bob will go C．should Bob go D．Bob should go C[考查虚拟语气和倒装。句意：鲍勃不仅要去看医生，还要休息好，这是必要的。在“It's necessary that...”句型中，主语从句常用“should＋动词原形”；本题的主语从句中，not only置于句首，因此用部分倒装语序。] 2．Anne lost her wallet and mother wasn't surprised that________as she was too careless. A．she was so B．so was she C．so did she D．she did so D[考查省略句。句意：安妮丢了钱包，(她的)妈妈对此毫不惊讶因为她太粗心了。根据语境及句中的“Anne lost her wallet”可知，此处为省略句，do so常用来表示同一主语的同一动作，可以替代动词加宾语。故本句中谓语动词应用did so代替lost her wallet。故选D项。] 3．It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes.People who can see sometimes act________． A．just foolishly B．less foolishly C．as foolishly D．so foolishly C[考查固定用法和省略句。句意：犯这样愚蠢的错误的不只是盲人。看得见的人有时表现得(和盲人)一样愚蠢。本句考查了as ...as ...结构，含义为“和……一样……”。句中省略了as blind men，补充完整则为．..act as foolishly as blind men。] 4．In any case，parents should make clear what，________，the child is expected to pay for with the pocket money. A．if ever B．if so C．if any D．if anything D[考查省略句。句意：在任何情况下，父母都应该明确，要说有什么的话，他们期望孩子用零花钱来支付什么。if ever意为“假如，要是”；if so
高中英语语法讲义第二讲——特殊句式 倒装句 通常句式为自然语序“主语+谓语”，有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或者出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要，将这种比较固定的语序加以颠倒，就形成了倒装。分为完全倒装，部分倒装和形式倒装。 一.完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前，主语为名词不为代词，谓语不用进行时。 1.一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语。如：here, there, now, then, up, down ,in, out, away, off, in the room, on the wall等置于句首。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrella. Then followed three days of heavy rain. Out rushed the children laughing loudly. Away flew the plane. 2.such 位于句首。 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest sc ientist. 注：此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。 Such are the facts; no one can deny them. 二．部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语之前 1.so+ be 动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语，意为“...也是如此”。 They love making lots of friends; so do I. 2.neither/nor+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为“...也不这样”。 Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy. 3.否定词never, seldom, nor, not, little, hardly, scarcely等或表示否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首时。 Not a single mistake did he make. =He d idn’t make a single mistake. 4.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。 Only then did I begin to understand him. Only in this way can we solve the problem. Only after the war did he learn the sad news. 5.so...that...和such...that...句式中，so或such及其所修饰的部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood Such progress did he make that he won much respect.
11种比较级常用的句型（一） 1. the+比较级, the+比较级 此句型表示后者随着前者的变化而变化，意为“越……就越……”，前者相当于一个条件句，因此，要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如： The better I knew him, the more I liked him. 我越了解他就越喜欢他。 The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I’ll be able to answer them. 题目越难我越答不出。 2. the+比较级+of the two 表示“两者中较…的那个人或物”时，在比较级前加定冠词the。如： He is the taller of the two. 他是两人中较高的那个。 She was the more promising worker of the two. 她是两人之中更有培养前途的工人。 3. 比较级+and+比较级 此句型表示“越来越…”，单音节形容词或副词用“-er+and +-er”，如： Things are getting better and better every day. 情况一天天好起来。 It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job. 找工作越来越困难了。 Holiday nights are getting less and less expensive. 假日机票越来越便宜了。 4. not +比较级+ than / no +比较级+ than 比较级前加not，表示前者不如后者，与not as…as相当；比较级前加no是对两者的否定，意为“和……一样不……”，与neither…nor…或“as+相反意义的形容词或副词+as”相当。如：
……○…………外…………○…………装…………○…………订…………○…………线…………○…………学校 :_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _姓 名：_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _班 级：_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _考 号：_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ … … ○ … … … … 内 … … … … ○ … … …… 装 … … … …○ … … … … 订 … … … … ○ … ………线…………○…………高中英语特殊句式练习题 1．Word came ______ our duties would be changed. A. that B. which C. whether D. when 2．Every year a great number of foreign tourists pay a visit to _____ we Chinese call Heaven Lake. A. where B. which C. what D. that 3．A warm thought suddenly came to me ______ I might use the picket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday. A. if B. when C. that D. which 4．When ________ questions in class, one should answer them as clearly as possible. A ．asking B ．to ask C ．to be asked D ．asked 5．It is the first time that we ________ a film in the cinema together as a family ． A ．see B. had seen C ．saw D ．have seen 7．After the exam, my teacher told me that failure ____ the mother of success. A. was B. is C. be D. been 8．It was only when I reread his poems recently ______ I began to appreciate their beauty. A. that B. until C. then D. so 10．Our teacher said to us that the earth _________ around the sun. A. travelled B. travels C. is traveling D. was traveling 12．The Frenchman pointed to the spoon and asked me ＿＿＿to call that in Chinese. A. whether B. where C. which D. what 13．—Dock doesn't know much about computers. — . A.So he did B.So does Mary C.Neither do I D.Nor will Mary 14．Before I left home, my mother taught me ________some simple dishes, such as noodles and garlic with vegetables. A. what cooking B. how cooking C. what to cook D. how to cook 15．Making great efforts to struggle hard in your study ，if ______，will possibly lead to your great success in the college entrance exam next year. A. continued B ．to continue C ．continues D ．continuing 16．It was many years ____ American women were given the rights to vote. A. when B. since C. before D. as 17．Don’t worry ！There is still a great chance we can make up for the lost time. A ．which B ．that C ．where D ．when 18．Her last book sold five million copies and we hope this one will be ＿＿＿＿popular. A. so B. as C. such D. much 19．--- Will you waste your time and money on that? --- Certainly ________. A. I not B. don’t C. not D. no 20．______, I suppose, and the housing problems for the low-income families could be solved. A. If you double your efforts B. To make some more efforts
2020年高考英语语法必考考点（14） 特殊句型 【考点解读】 一、倒装 “倒装句”从结构上看有完全倒装和部分倒装两种。谓语动词全部位于主语之前的称作完全倒装；只将谓语的一部分(通常是助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前的称作部分倒装。 从实际使用看，倒装有两种功能作用：一是出于语法要求的语法倒装；二是出于修辞或强调需要的修辞倒装。 (一)完全倒装 1. 表示方式或方位的副词与介词短语等置于句首时。常见的有：there, here, in, out, away, up, down, from, off, back, over, then, now, so, thus, in the room, on the wall等。 There exist different opinions on this question. Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. *当主语为代词时主谓不倒装。试比较： Out rushed the children. Out they rushed. 2. such置于句首时。 Such are the facts, and no one can deny them. 3. 表语置于句首时。 Gone are the days when my heart was young and happy. (二)部分倒装
1. 当only放在句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句。 Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to make himself heard. *only后面接句子主语时，不需要用倒装句式。 Only with the greatest of luck did she manage to escape from the rising flood waters.(2012·上海高考) 2. 否定副词或词组not, nor, never, hardly, rarely, few, seldom, little, neither, by no means, at no time, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time置于句首时。 Never in my life have I seen such a thing. Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark. 3. often, well, many a time, now and again等方式或频度副词(短语)置于句首时。 Many a time has John given me good advice. 4. 在以下九个固定句式结构中，句子可以部分倒装。 (1)so＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语。 He used to do sports every day. So did I. *在答句中，有些情况不用倒装，这时，意义有所不同。 —Li Hua has made great progress in his spoken English. —So he has.(意为“他确实如此”。表示对以上陈述的肯定赞同) (2)neither/nor＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语。 The headmaster will not permit the change in the course, nor will he even give it a thought. (3) so ...that ... So hard did he overwork that he fell ill at last. (4) neither ...nor ... Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. (5) not only ...but (also) ... Not only do I like painting, but I (also) take a course.
初中文言文特殊句式归纳 一、倒装句。 倒装句有下面几种情况：①主谓倒装（谓语前置）；②定语后置（定语放在中心词之后）；③宾语前置（宾语置于动词谓语或介词之前）④状语后置，也叫介宾短语后置。如： 1、倒装句：尝贻余核舟一，原句应为：尝贻余一核舟。 2、又用篆章一，原句应为：又用一篆章。 3、盖简桃核修狭者为之，原句应为：盖简修狭桃核为之。 4、其两膝相比者……“相比”是中心词“两膝”的定语. 5、如：甚矣，汝之不惠！正常语序为：汝之不惠，甚矣！ 6、②居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君。 7、①马之千里者，一食或尽粟一石。（千里马） 8、②群臣吏民能面刺寡人之过者，受上赏。（能面刺寡人之过之群臣吏民，受上 赏） 9、①每自比于管仲、乐毅，时人莫之许也。（时人莫许之） 10、②忌不自信,而复问其妾曰…… （忌不信自） 11、②全石以为底。（以全石为底 12、此所谓战胜于朝廷。 13、苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。 14、受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间。 15、起于鲁。 16、欲信大义于天下 17、战于长勺。 18、故临崩寄臣以大事。 19、蒙辞以军中事务多。 20、白雪纷纷何所似？ 21、微斯人，吾谁与归。 22、何陋之有？ 23、遂率子孙荷担者三夫。 24、为人五，为窗八。 25、予谓菊，花之隐逸者也。“花之隐逸者”是“隐逸之花”的倒装。可译为“具 有隐逸气质的花”。 26、“告之于帝 27、“躬耕于南阳 28、屠惧，投以骨。全句为“以骨投之”的倒装 29、祭以尉首 30、醒能述以文者：“述以文”是“以文述“的倒装 31、“托臣以讨贼兴复之效”是“以讨贼兴复之效托臣”的倒装
文言特殊句式1——判断句 一、“……者，……也”译为：……是…… 1、廉颇者，赵之良将也。译文：廉颇是赵国的强将 2、河南乐羊子之妻者，不知何氏之女也。译文：不知道河南乐羊子的妻子是谁家的女儿 二、“……者……也”译为：……的是…… 1、族秦者秦也。译文：灭亡秦国的是秦王朝自己 三、“……者也”译为：……是…… 1、予谓菊，花之隐逸者也。译文：我认为菊花是花中的隐士 2、城北徐公者，齐国之美丽者也。译文：城北的徐公，是齐国的美男子 四、“……也”译为：……是…… 1、奂山山市，邑八景之一也。译文：奂山的山市是淄川县的八景之一 2、鱼我所欲也。译文：鱼是我想得到的东西 3、环滁皆山也。译文：环绕滁州的都是山 五、“……为……”译为：……是……（把“为”译成“是”，语序不变） 1、此为何若人？译文：这是怎样的人？ 2、中峨冠而多髯者为东坡。译文：中间那个戴高帽多胡须的是苏东坡 3、必为窃疾矣。译文：一定是有偷窃的病了 4、项燕为楚将。译文：项燕是楚国的将领 六、用“是”“乃”、“诚”、“则”、“悉”、“本”表示判断 1、斯是陋室。译文：这是简陋的房子 2、当立者乃公子扶苏译文：应立的是公子扶苏 3、此诚危急存亡之秋也译文：这确实是国家危急存亡的时期啊 4、此则岳阳楼之大观也。译文：这就是岳阳楼的雄伟景象 5、此悉贞良死节之臣。译文：这些人都是忠贞诚实、能够以死报国的忠臣 6、臣本布衣译文：我本来是平民 7、定伯诳之言：“我亦鬼”。译文：宋定伯骗鬼说：“我也是鬼” 七、没有任何判断标志，只是由上、下之意促成判断，翻译时要在主语后加“是” 1、秦，虎狼之国，不可信。译文：秦国是虎狼（一样）的国家。不能信任。 2、奇山异水，天下独绝。译文：沿途奇异的山水，是天下独一无二的 文言文中，否定判断句有以下三种形式： 一、“非……”译为：……不是…… 1、子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？译文：你不是鱼，怎么知道鱼的快乐呢 2、子非三闾大夫欤？译文：你不是三闾大夫吗？ 二、“非……也”译为：……不是…… 1、城非不高也，池非不深也译文：城墙不是不高啊，护城河不是不深啊 2、卿太重，将非鬼也？译文：你太重了，可能不是鬼吧？ 三、“非……者也”译为：不是……的 百战百胜,非善之善者也译文：百战百胜，（虽然很好却也）不是最好的
[必须收藏】高中英语特殊句式! 奇速在线教育：https://www.doczj.com/doc/7814370465.html, 特殊句式包含： A. there be 句型 B. 倒装句 C. 强调句 D. 省略句 E. 插入语 F. 分隔句式 A. there be 句型 1、there be 句型的意义：表示“某处有某物”。 2、there be 句型的时态there is/are ; there was/were ; there will be /there going to be ; 3、there be 句型的特殊用法： there be 不可与have 连用 there be 后的谓语动词遵循就近原则 there be 的反义疑问句为谓语动词+there there +具体的动词使表达更生动 there be 的非谓语动词为若前面的动词后是不定式时，就用there to be 若前面的动词后是v-ing 时，就用there being 4、there be 句型的固定搭配 there is no use / sense / point + v-ing there is no need +to do there is no doubt +that 从句 蔡章兵主编QQ757722345 二、部分倒装（高考考点） 1、由as、though、that、引导让步状语从句要用部分倒装或前置 2、含有否定意义的副词、连接词放在句首引起的部分倒装 3、“so（nor, neither）+助动词+ 主语”与“so（nor, neither）+主语+助动词”之间的区别以及与“so + 主语+ 助动词”的句式区别 4、省略if的虚拟条件句以had / were / should开头引起的部分倒装 5、not until 置于句首引起后面句子的部分倒装 6、only 短语置于句首引起的部分倒装 1、由as、though、that、引导让步状语从句要用部分倒装或前置，主语是代词时不倒装。句式为：表语/状语/动词原形＋as＋主语＋其他。 Clever as he is，he does n’t study well.虽然他很聪明，但他学习不好。 Child as he is，he knows a lot.虽然他是个孩子，但他懂得不少事情。 注意：表语前的名词无形容词修饰时冠词要省略 Much as I like it，I won’t buy it.虽然我非常喜欢它，但我不买它。 Try as she might, she failed.虽然她试过了，但还是失败了。 =Although she try as she can, she failed . 2、含有否定意义的副词、连接词放在句首引起的部分倒装 表示否定的副词never，nor，neither,
比较级及比较句型 一．基本特征 1. 形容词和副词比较级的形式应和比较连词对应出现，即应符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如： ---Do you enjoy listening to records? ---I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance. Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s. ---- Thackeray’s novels 3.比较级的修饰语如a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…, 或修饰语+more…than…。如： Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. “Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.” 4.下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念： inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，
高考英语特殊句式专练100题（带答案） 1. Only after Mary read her composition the second time _____ the spelling mistake. A.did she notice B.she noticed C.does she notice D.she has noticed 2. _______, who was happy to be bathed in the warm sunshine. A.Lying on the grass was a boy B.On the grass had lain a boy https://www.doczj.com/doc/7814370465.html,in on the grass was a boy D.On the grass did a a boy lie 3. China's development can't continue without lawmakers, nor _______ move forward without scientists. A.it can B.can it C.can't it D.it can't 4. You might find the people who made complaints about our services unkind, but at no time _______ they were unreasonable.
A.I had felt B.had I felt C.I felt D.did I feel 5. Word has come _______ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week. A.what B.that C.whether D.when 6. It is about ten years _______ I met you last time. A.since B.for C.when D.as 7. _______ back made her parents angry and sad. A.Not her coming B.your coming C.Her not coming
高中英语语法讲义————特殊句式 倒装句 通常句式为自然语序“主语+谓语”，有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或者出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要，将这种比较固定的语序加以颠倒，就形成了倒装。分为完全倒装，部分倒装和形式倒装。 一.完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前，主语为名词不为代词，谓语不用进行时。 1.一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语。如：here, there, now, then, up, down ,in, out, away, off, in the room, on the wall等置于句首。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrella. Then followed three days of heavy rain. Out rushed the children laughing loudly. Away flew the plane. 2.such 位于句首。 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest sci entist. 注：此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。 Such are the facts; no one can deny them. 二．部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语之前 1.so+ be 动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语，意为“...也是如此”。 They love making lots of friends; so do I. 2.neither/nor+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为“...也不这样”。 Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy. 3.否定词never, seldom, nor, not, little, hardly, scarcely等或表示否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首时。 Not a single mistake did he make. =He di dn’t make a single mistake. 4.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。 Only then did I begin to understand him. Only in this way can we solve the problem. Only if you work hard will you be admitted to a top university. 5.so...that...和such...that...句式中，so或such及其所修饰的部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood Such progress did he make that he won much respect. 三．形式倒装：在语法上称为前置。只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。 1.感叹句 What an interesting talk they had! =How interesting a talk they had! 2.the+比较级.....,the +比较级.....句型 The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 3.whatever+ n.或however+ adj./adv.引导的让步状语从句 Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise. However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening. 4,as / though引导让步状从，表语、状语、含情态动词的谓语提前，表语为单数名词提前不用冠词。 Young as /though he was, he was successful. Child as /though he is, he knows much.
文言句式﹡特殊句式（讲义） 闽侯职专语文组程峰清 一．判断句 解说：判断句即“＿＿＿是＿＿＿”。现代汉语一般是在主语和谓语之间用判断动词“是”来表示判断的，但在古代汉语里，“是”一般是做代词用。因此，在绝大多数情况下借助语气词来表示判断。常见的判断句式有以下6种： ⑴．主语后面用“者”表示停顿，谓语后面用“也”表示判断，即“＿＿＿者，＿＿＿也”。例如：①廉颇者，赵之良将也。 ②师者，所以传道受业解惑也。 ⑵．主语后面用“者”表示停顿，而谓语后面不用“也”。即“＿＿者，＿＿”。 例如：①柳敬亭者，扬州之泰州人，本姓曹。 ⑶．主语后面不用“者‘表示停顿，只在谓语后面用“也”表示停顿，即“＿＿＿，＿＿＿也”。 例如：①夫战，勇气也。 ⑷．“者”和“也”都不用，即“＿＿＿，＿＿＿”。 例如：①刘备，天下枭雄。 ②秦，虎狼之国。 ⑸．用动词“为”表示判断，即“＿＿＿，为＿＿＿” 例如：人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉。（人正是刀和砧板，我们是鱼和肉） ⑹用“乃、即、则、皆、必”等副词表示肯定判断；用副词“非”表示否定判断。 例如：①梁父即．楚将项燕。（项梁的父亲是楚国将军项燕） ②臣乃．市井鼓刀屠者。（臣是市井中拿刀的屠夫） ③此则．岳阳楼之大观也。 二．被动句 [（主语）被（宾语）怎么样] ⑴．用介词“于”表被动，即“谓语（动词）+于” 例如：①或脱身以逃，不能容于．远近。（有的人脱身逃走，不能被远近各地容纳） ②激于．义而死焉者。（被义气激励死在这件事上的） ③而智勇多困于．所溺。（而智慧和勇气往往被所溺爱的事物困扰） ④吾长见笑于．大方之家。
⑵．在动词前面用“见”表被动，即“见+谓语（动词）” 例如：①众人皆醉我独醒，是以见．放。（众人都同流合污我独自保持高洁，因此被流放） ②信而见．疑，忠而被谤。 ⑶．在动词前面用“受”表示被动，即“受+谓语（动词）” 例如：①有罪受．贰。（有罪行就被处罚） ②吾不能举全吴之地，十万之众，受．制于人。（我不能把全吴国的土地，十万的军队，被别人控制） ⑷．在动词前面加介词“为”表示被动，即“为+宾语 ．．+动词”（其中宾语可以省略，也可以保留） 例如：①身死国灭，为．天下笑。 ⑸．用“为”引进动作实施者，谓语（动词）前再加“所”，表示被动，即“为＿＿＿所＿＿＿”；如果动作实施者不出现或承前省略，就变成“＿＿＿为所＿＿＿” 例如：①悲夫！有如此之势而为．秦人积威之所．劫哉！ ②不者，若属皆且为所 ．．虏。（否则，你们都将被他俘虏） ⑹．无任何标志的被动句，这种被动句应根据上下文的意思来判断。 例如：①戍卒叫，函谷举．。 ②城之破．也。（城池被攻破） ③洎牧以谗诛．。（等到李牧因为谗言诬陷被杀） 三．省略句 解说：句子中省略某一词语或某种成分的现象，是古今汉语都存在的,不过，古代汉语中这种现象更突出，而且有些在现代汉语中一般不能省略的句子成分，古代汉语中也经常被省略。最常见的省略句有以下4种： ⑴．省略主语。主语的省略可分为“承前省”、“蒙后省”、“对话省”三种形式 例如：①廉颇为赵将，（廉颇）伐齐，大破之。——（承前省） ②沛公谓张良曰：“（公）度我至军中，公乃入。”——（蒙后省） ③樊哙曰：“今日之事何如？”良曰：“（今日之事）甚急。”——（对话省） ⑵．省略谓语。谓语是句子最重要的部分，无论现代还是古代汉语，省略谓语的情况都是比较少见的。 例如：①一鼓作气，再（鼓）而衰，三（鼓）而竭。 ②军中无以为乐，请以剑舞（为乐）
八年级语文一、初中阶段常见的文言文特殊句式有四种：判断句、省略句、被动句、倒装句。 （一）、判断句 对客观事物表示肯定或否定，构成判断与被判断关系的句子，叫判断句。通常由以下几种方式构成： 1.以虚词配合一定的句式表示的判断句，如借用“者”、“也”等词构成。 （l）陈胜者，阳城人也《陈涉世家》 （2）夫战，勇气也《曹刿论战》 （3）环滁皆山也《醉翁亭记》 （4）南阳刘子骥，高尚士也。《桃花源记》 2.借助于“乃”、“是”、“为”、“则”、“悉”、“本”等词构成。 （1）当立者乃公子扶苏《陈涉世家》 （2）斯是陋室《陋室铭》 （3）项燕为楚将《陈涉世家》 （4）此则岳阳楼之大观也《岳阳楼记》 （5）此悉贞良死节之臣《出师表》 （6）臣本布衣《出师表》 （7）此诚危急存亡之秋也《出师表》 3.“者”、“也”都省略，单以名词或名词性短语作谓语来表示判断，也是文言文中判断句的一种形式。 （1）七略四库，天子之书《黄生借书说》 （2）汗牛塞屋，富贵家之书《黄生借书说》 （二）、省略句 有些句子在一定的语言环境中，省略了句子的某些成分，这种句子叫省略句。古汉语中省略句常见的有以下几种形式： 1.主语省略 （1）永州之野产异蛇，[蛇]黑质而白章《捕蛇者说》 （2）[桃花源中人]“见渔人，乃大惊《桃花源记》 2.谓语省略 （1）一鼓作气，再[鼓]而衰，三[鼓]而竭《曹刿论战》 （2）陈涉自立为将军，[立]吴广为都尉《陈涉世家》 3.宾语省略
（l）上使[扶苏]外将兵《陈涉世家》 （2）便要[渔人]还家《桃花源记》 4.介词省略 （l）置[于]人所罾鱼腹中《陈涉世家》 （2）武陵人[以]捕鱼为业《桃花源记》 （三）、被动句 古汉语中，主语和谓语属于被动式关系的叙述句叫被动句。一般有以下几种形式： l.用“为……所……”、“为所”表示被动。 （1）其印为予群从所得《活板》 （2）为乡里所患《周处》 （3）二虫尽为所吞《幼时记趣》 2.用“为+动词”表示被动。 （1）吴广素爱人，士卒多为用者《陈涉世家》 （2）兔不可复得，而身为宋国笑《守株待兔》 3.用“于”表示被动。 （1）只辱于奴隶人之手《马说》 （2）得幸于武宗《乐工罗程》 （四）、倒装句 现代汉语中的倒装句是为了适应修辞表达的需要，但在古代，倒装句是正常的句法，所以在文言文翻译时有时要作适当的调整。古汉语中的倒装句通常有以下几种形式： 1.主谓倒装 （1）甚矣，汝之不惠《愚公移山》 （2）悲哉世也《公之侨献琴》 2.宾语前置 a.用助词“之”使宾语提前 何陋之有《陋室铭》 b.疑问代词作宾语，放在动词或介词的前面 吾谁与归《岳阳楼记》 3.定语后置 常用“者”作标志，翻译时放在名词前面。 （1）盖简桃核修狭者为之《核舟记》 （2）马之千里者，一食或尽粟一石《马说》 （3）遂率子孙荷担者三夫《愚公移山》