Participles
1．分词(过分和现分)兼有v.和adj.的特征，可带宾(现分)或状语构成分词短语When visiting Beijing, he went to the Great Wall.
It is an interesting story.
2. 分词的语法功能
(1) 作表语
现分作表语有主动的含义，它表示主语的性质或特征;
过分作表语有被动的含义，它表示主语所处状态或具有的情感
?The situation is discouraging.
?She felt discouraged at the words.
(2)作定语
?I'm reading a very attracting book.
?He likes to drink cold boiled water.
一般，分词作前置定语泛指一般情况, 分词作后置定语时，是特指某一特定情况下的特点，具有特殊含义。 An excited child is not easy to control.
The child excited by the gift was brought under control.
There's a broken window in their classroom.
The window broken yesterday will have to be paid for.
She said she would never get married, because she didn't want to spend her life surrounded by screaming children.
The child screaming there is his son.
(3)作宾语的补足语, 仅仅适用于一些特定动词。
1) 当v.为表示感觉或心理状态时，这些v.包括
see, hear, feel, watch, notice, smell, find, think, observe, listen to, catch, leave, start, set
Examples
I saw a girl standing by the goldfish pond.
He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light.
I found him drinking my mineral water.
Everyone thought the battle lost.
Have you ever heard a nightingale singing?
2) 当v.为make, get, have, keep等表示“致使、使得”含义时：
I have my hair cut every ten days.
He got his bad tooth pulled out.
She's going to have her clothes altered.
3) 在have+宾+p.p.结构中，have 有三种不同含义。
a. We had the problem solved. (意为“致使”有意的行为)
b. He had his arms broken in an accident. (意为“遭受”，得到，表示无意行为)
The child had himeself praised at school.
c. I have no money left. (have有)
4) 当v.为like, want, wish, order等表示希望要求命令等意义时
He wanted his eggs fried.
He won't like such questions discussed at the meeting.
The boss ordered all the errors corrected.
注：分词与不定式作宾补的区别：有些动词如see, feel, notice, watch即可跟现分也可跟不定式作宾补，区别在于：现在分词着重说明动作正在发生，不定式说明动作的全过程。
I saw the boys climbing the wall. (在爬)
I saw the boys climb the wall. (爬了)
(4) 作状语
1) 作时间或原因状语，常位于句前
Arriving at the station, he found a crowd of people waiting there.
Inspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder.
2) 表示让步或条件
Heating water, you can change it into steam.
Though beaten by another football team, the players of GuoAn did not lose confidence. 注：在上述两种情况下，分词所做的状语可以相当于一个状语从句。此时可在分词前加一个引导词如when, if, though, unless, before, after等，这就构成了省略。
Arriving at the station, he found a crowd of people waiting there.
= When he arrived at the station, he……
Inspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder.
= After/Because they were inspired by ……
Heating water, you can change it into steam.
= If you heat water, you can ……
Though beaten by another football team, the players of GuoAn did not lose confidence.
= Though they were beaten by ……
3) 表方式、结果及伴随状况。(不能用相当的状从替代)
Laughing and talking, the students went out from the cinema.
He came running back to tell us the news.
She stood there waiting for the bus.
The bandits fled into the mountains, pursued by the policemen. 匪徒向山里逃窜，警察在后面追捕着。
（5）分词独立结构：分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语，但有时分词的逻辑主语是其它的名 / 代词，n. / pron. +分词的结构就是独立（主格）结构。
A new technique ____, the yields as a whole increased by 20%.
Answer: having been worked out.
* 分词独立结构的功能：它在句中作状语，表示谓语动作的时间，原因伴随情况，方式方法条件等。
The question being settled, we signed the contract.
It being sunny, we went out for a walk.
The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their march.
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
* 分词独立结构的构成
1）名 / 代 + 分词：
They walked in the garden, little birds singing happily in the tree.
The old man was sitting at the table, the newspaper spread before him.
It being rainy, they had to call off their trip.
2）省去 being或分词后，由 n. / pron.+adj. / adv. / 介词短语构成。
He entered the room, his nose （being）red with cold.
The meal （being）over, he went to his office again.
He stood in doorway, a hat （held） in his hand.
Club (held/being) in hand, the policeman ran after the thief.
3）with / without 引导的独立结构，有时有分词，有时无分词，但可看作省略了分词 being.
She left the room with the candle burning on the table.
He wandered in without shoes or socks on.
* 分词的否定结构：not + 分词
Not knowing what to do, she went to the professor for help.
I left at noon, not staying for lunch.
(6) 分词的时态
1) 现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。
Working together with Dr. White, we learnt a lot from him.
Knowing that they were going to the factory next week, the students began to make
preparations.
He came up to me, saying “Glad to see you again”.
2) 现分的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语之前，常用作状语表时间或原因。
Having watered the vegetables, the women took a short rest.
Not having done it right, I tried again.
Having finished his homework, the schoolboy began to play video games.
(7) 分词的语态
现在分词的被动语态：being done. 表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。
having been done表示动作发生在谓语之前。常用作状语表时间或原因。
Who is the patient being operated on?
You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.
Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the rooms ready.
3. 现分与过分的区别
(1) 语态不同。现分表示“主动”的意思，过分多常表“被动”的意义。
surprising （令人惊讶的--主动) surprised （感到吃惊的--被动）
an exciting story / excited spectators
the exploiting classes（剥削阶级）/ the exploited classes（被剥削阶级）
a moving film（感人的）/ ? a moved person（被感动的）
a tiring journey/ a tired football player
(2) 时间关系不同。现分表示的动作正在进行，而过分表示的往往已完成。
the changing world----the changed world
boiling water----boiled water
developing countries----developed countries
falling leaves----fallen leaves
escaping prisoners----escaped prisoners,
the rising sun---- the risen sun.
the exploded bomb, a retired miner
(3) 现在分词本身就可以表示主动和进行，过去分析本身表示被动和完成。过去分词的进行用being done
表示。
Exercises
I.Choice
1.____ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty___ spoken Chinese.
A. Living, to understand
B. To live, understanding
C. Having lived, to understand
D. Having lived, understanding
2.Don’t feel so lucky as to escape ___ because you have a very fast sports car.
A. to fine
B. be fined
C. being fined
D. fining
3.___ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A. When compared
B. While comparing
C. Compare
D. Comparing
4.When he turned to the corner, he found himself ___ by a man in black. A.
tail B. tails C. tailing D. tailed
5.The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support.
A. held
B. holding
C. being holding
D. was holding
6.“How did the group improve its discussion?”“They all took part, each member___ the
responsibility of leading one meeting.”
A. has
B. has had
C. having
D. to have
7.They have earned a lot of money these years & they are even considering ___ a car.
A. to buy
B. as buying
C. of buying
D. buying
8.The decision ___, the next problem was how to make a good plan. A.
having been made B. having made C. having been making D. been made
9.The old are not used ___ in such a cold climate.
A. to live
B. to living
C. of living
D. having lived
10.If ____ successfully, the plan will completely change the traffic conditions in the city.
A. carrying out
B. carry out
C. carried out
D. to carry out
II. Translation
1）选择正确的职业对一个人来说非常关键。
Choosing a right career is vital to a person.
2）戒烟十分必要因为吸烟有害健康。
Giving up smoking / getting rid of smoking is very necessary because smoking is harmful to health.
3）培养良好的生活习惯对于一个孩子的成长至关重要。
Developing / cultivating good living habits is critical for a chil d’s development / growth.
4）守时是一个好的品德。
Being punctual is a good quality / virtue.
5）热爱祖国是每个公民的义务/责任。
Loving the motherland is every citizen’s duty / responsibility.
6）住在乡村比住在城市更好。
Living in the country / countryside is better than / preferable to living in the city.
7）住在城市比住在农村更方便。
Living in the city is more convenient than living in the country.
8）拥有私车也会带来/导致一些问题。
Owning a private car will also bring about / lead to some problems.
9）婚后和父母同住会有许多不便。
Living with parents after getting married may give rise to / result in / lead to / bring about many inconveniences.
10）学好英语不是一件容易的事。
Learning English well is no easy job.
11) 我们可以从参加社会活动中受益。
We can benefit greatly from taking part in social activities.
12）代沟通常是因不能彼此理解而造成的。
Generally speaking, generation gaps are resulted from not being able to understand each other.
专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very important. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English wel l. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important. 3、When was it that he bought a new car 五、倒装句型
前面我们讲个搜索引擎如何搜集网页,今天说下第二个过程网页预处理,其中中文分词就显得尤其重要,下面就详细讲解一下搜索引擎是怎么进行网页预处理的: 网页预处理的第一步就是为原始网页建立索引，有了索引就可以为搜索引擎提供网页快照功能;接下来针对索引网页库进行网页切分，将每一篇网页转化为一组词的集合;最后将网页到索引词的映射转化为索引词到网页的映射，形成倒排文件(包括倒排表和索引词表)，同时将网页中包含的不重复的索引词汇聚成索引词表。如下图所示: 一个原始网页库由若干个记录组成，每个记录包括记录头部信息(HEAD)和数据(DATA)，每个数据由网页头信息(header)，网页内容信息(content)组成。索引网页库的任务就是完成给定一个URL，在原始网页库中定位到该URL所指向的记录。 如下图所示:
对索引网页库信息进行预处理包括网页分析和建立倒排文件索引两个部分。中文自动分词是网页分析的前提。文档由被称作特征项的索引词(词或者字)组成，网页分析是将一个文档表示为特征项的过程。在对中文文本进行自动分析前，先将整句切割成小的词汇单元，即中文分词(或中文切词)。切词软件中使用的基本词典包括词条及其对应词频。 自动分词的基本方法有两种：基于字符串匹配的分词方法和基于统计的分词方法。 1) 基于字符串匹配的分词方法 这种方法又称为机械分词方法，它是按照一定的策略将待分析的汉字串与一个充分大的词典中的词条进行匹配，若在词典中找到某个字符串，则匹配成功(识别出一个词)。 按照扫描方向的不同，串匹配分词方法可以分为正向匹配和逆向匹配;按照不同长度优先匹配的情况，可以分为最大或最长匹配，和最小或最短匹配;按照是否与词性标注过程相结合，又可以分为单纯分词方法和分词与标注相结合的一体化方法。常用的几种机械分词方法如下：
现在分词 Form: ?doing ?having done（先后关系） 现在分词表示主动含义或动作正在进行。 Exercise: 划出句中的现在分词，并指出它在句中做何成分。 1. The three contestants were sitting at their desks on the stage, waiting. 2. Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 3. Having finished his homework, he went out. 4. People living in the cities used to regard farming as boring and backward. 5. The changes in Sunqiao is very amazing. 现在分词做定语： Exercise: Combine each pair of sentences 1. The men are required to come to the headmaster’s office. They had some overseas working experience. 2. The people take part in a variety of exercise They can keep healthy. 3. The research at Sunqiao produces seeds. The seeds help farmers grow better crops. 4. People used to regard farming as boring and backward. These people live in cities. 5.Do you know the boy? He is standing under the tree. 6. The spiders store the mice for later. The mice serve as a source of food. Exercise: compare The swimming pool is clean and big. The swimming boy is his brother. The big writing desk is very expensive. The writing student is Tom’s classmate. 现在分词作状语：时间，条件，伴随方式，原因，结果 Exercise: rewrite the sentences 1. Kitty heard the news. She jumped with joy. 2. Tom put on his swim-suit. He dived into the swimming pool. 3. While she was cooking, she burned her right hand. 4. After he had finished his homework, he went out to play football. 以上改写后的三个句子中的现在分词短语做______状语。 现在分词作状语：相当于状语从句，但从句和主句的____语必须一致. 时间状语： 1. Working in the factory, he learned a lot from the workers.(分词一般式） 2. Having read the letter, she got very excited（完成式） 3. ________hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. 4. = as soon as _________________________________________. 5. Be careful when crossing the street. 条件状语： 1.If you walk hard, you will succeed. 2. = _______________________________ 伴随方式状语 1. She came _______(run) towards me. 2. The children ran out of the room, __________(laugh) and _______(talk) merrily. 3. ____________(travel) by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 4. ____________(follow) the guide, they started to climb. 5. _____________(follow) by the students, the teacher entered the office. 原因状语 1. Because I was sick, I stayed at home.
分词的相关语法（Participle） 大家都知道英文的动词（verb）可不像中文那般单纯。比如说“帮助”一词，虽可做动词，也可做名词用；可是就没有时间性。而英文动词的变化可就多了，它可变成名词、形容词、副词等，而且还有所谓“Tenses”（时态）。比如“help”，就有下列各种时态： Simple Present 现在时态-- help, helps Simple Past过去时态-- helped Simple Future将来时态-- shall help, will help ... Present Continuous 现在进行时态-- be helping Present Perfect现在完成时态-- have helped, has helped... Present Perfect Continuous 现在完成进行时态-- have been helped... Past Continuous 过去进行时态-- was helping... Past Perfect过去完成时态-- had helped... Past Perfect Continuous 过去完成进行时态-- had been helping... Future Continuous 将来进行时态-- shall be helping... Future Perfect将来完成时态-- shall have helped... Future Perfect Continuous 将来完成进行时态-- shall have been helping... Present Participle 现在式分词-- helping Past Participle过去式分词-- helped Perfect Participle 完成式分词-- having helped... 呵呵，单单一个动词就就上面那么多的时态变化，英文真伟大!且慢，上面所举的那个help，看来只有下列几种“变形”而已（你知道吗，英文是一种“变形语”哟！汉语则是“分析语”）：help,helping,helped 别高兴得太早啦，其实有好多动词它的Past和Perfect时态的拼写法就不太相同，如： write: wrote（Past），written（Perfect） sing: sang（Past），sung（Perfect） 而有些动词则“始终如一”，各种时态（除了各类进行式）都是一样的拼写，如：cut，hit，hurt，let，put，read，shut ... 上面所谈都是一些动词的基础知识（要是详细谈起来又是一大篇呢!）。现在言归正传，我们所要谈的是“分词”。基本上分词分为下列两种（第三种的Perfect Participle拼入Past Participle）： 1.现在式分词（Present Participle） 2.过去式分词（Past Participle）
现在分词呢，是由动词末尾加-ing 形式构成，因此又叫动词的-ing 形式。V+-ing 千万要注意V-ing形式的规则哟！ 不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语。还有时态和语态的变化。见图 作主语：动名词 1 Teaching is my full-time job. 2 Writing an English composition is not easy. 3 It’s useless taking this kind of medicine. 作表语 （1）动名词 My job is teaching. = Teaching is my job. Her full-time job is laying eggs. =Laying eggs is her full-time job. （2）现在分词 The play is exciting. ≠ Exciting is the play. The story he told us was very interesting. ≠Interesting was the story he tol d us. 作表语 （1）动名词 My job is teaching. = Teaching is my job. Her full-time job is laying eggs. =Laying eggs is her full-time job. （2）现在分词 The play is exciting. ≠ Exciting is the play. The story he told us was very interesting. ≠Interesting was the story he told us. 作宾语：动名词 I have just finished doing my home work. I suggested asking his brother for some money. He keeps buying expensive maps. He must have more than 200 by now. 只接动名词作宾语的常见动词有十六个：resist、mind、suggest、delay、keep on、look forward to、enjoy、include、appreciate、imagine、practise、finish、succeed in、consider、can’t help、miss。 作宾语补足语：现在分词 I heard the girl singing in the classroom. I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open. The baby watched his dad shaving his face with great interest. 能跟现在分词作宾语补足语的常见动词有这些，看看有什么好方法可以将它们记住：make、let、have、look at、see、watch、hear、listen to、notice、feel。 对了，用“三让、三看、两听、注意感觉”。多简单！ 作定语 ⑴动名词作定语表示性质或用途。 a washing machine ＝a machine for washing a swimming pool ＝a pool for swimming 例：This is a new washing machine. ⑵现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。 a developing country ＝a country which is developing a sleeping boy＝a boy who is sleeping
-ing分词用法归纳 1. -ing分词概述 -ing分词的基本形式是由动词加-ing 构成，与动词的现在分词形式一致。 -ing分词的主要变化形式有一般式和完成式；一般式和完成式中又分别有主动形式及被动形式。详见下表： 2. -ing分词的意义 (1) -ing分词所表示的动作常与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如： He used to stand there thinking. 他过去常站在那儿思考。 They held activities celebrating their culture. 他们举行活动来庆祝他们的文化。 (2) -ing分词若在suggest, insist等动词后或作结果状语时，表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后； He suggested us practicing English every day. 他建议我们每天练习英语。 He insists on going with us together. 他坚持要跟我们一起去。 Her mother went away alone, leaving her crying there. 她母亲一个人走了，让她一个人在那儿哭。 (3) -ing分词若在forget, regret, remember等动词后或作时间状语时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如： Can you still remember living there? 你还能记得在那里的生活情况吗？ I don’t regret helping him, though he is unkind to us. 尽管他对我们不友好，我对帮助他还是不后悔。 (4) -ing分词若在介词before, after之后，动作的先后依介词before, after的意义而定。如： I often read some newspaper before getting to sleep. 我在入睡前常要看一看报纸。 (5) -ing分词表泛指意义的动作或状态时，没有时间意义。如： Keeping on doing morning exercises is a good habit. 坚持做早操是一种好的习惯。 (6) -ing分词的完成式表示所发生的动作在谓语动词的动作之前。如： Not having received her answer, he decided to write to her again. 由于没有收到她的回信，他决定再给她写封信。 (7) -ing分词的主动形式，表明逻辑主语所动作的发出者；过去分词表明逻辑主语是动作的承受者。如： Seeing from the top of the mountain, you will find the town very beautiful. 你从山顶上看，就会发现这座城市很美。 Seen from the top of the mountain, the town looks beautiful. 从山顶上看去，这座城市看起来很美。 (8) -ing分词的否定式是在-ing分词前面加否定词not。如： Not knowing what to do, he went to ask the teacher for help. 由于不知道该怎么做，他去请求老师的帮助。 Not having made it clear, he went to ask the teacher about it again. 由于他没有弄明白，他又去向老师询问这件事。 3. -ing分词的句法功能
高中英语分词作状语精讲(附作文写作亮点2) 难点形成原因: 1. 对在句中作时间、条件、原因还是别的状语不是很清楚。 2．分不清何时用现在分词、何时用过去分词。 解决办法： 1．理解分词作状语时可以转换成相应的状语从句。 2．分清何时用现在分词、何时用过去分词。 用法讲解： 1.分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件，方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句；表示方式或伴随状况时可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。 例如： Put into use in April 2000 (=When it was put into use in April 2000), the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. 分词短语作时间状语 Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network (=Because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network), Alice was in low spirits. 分词短语作原因状语
Given time (=If he is given time), he’ll make a fist-class tennis player. 分词短语作条件状语 We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, thinking that all children like these things. (= and think that all children like these things.) 分词短语作伴随状语 2. 有时为了强调，分词前可带when, while, if, though, as if, unless等连词一起作状语，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。 例如： When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. Though tired, he still continued reading. 3. 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较。 不管是现在分词还是过去分词单独作状语，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可转换成一个相应的状语从句或并列句，如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为被动结构，就用过去分词；如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为主动结构，就用现在分词。例如： When compared with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. （04湖北） 分词部分相当于When the biggest ocean is compared with the size of the whole earth, 主语与
同义词库暗无天日=天昏地暗暗笑=窃笑暗影=阴影暗语=切口=黑暗暗中肮脏=邋遢昂首=抬头昂首望天=傲睨一世昂扬=高昂凹地=洼地凹凸=高低熬煎=折磨熬炼=锻炼翱翔=飞翔傲岸=高傲傲慢=狂妄傲睨=渺视傲睨万物=傲世轻物傲睨一世=傲睨万物傲世轻物=傲睨万物傲视=睥睨傲雪欺霜=坚贞不屈傲卒多败=骄兵必败傲卒多降=骄兵必败奥秘=秘密=秘密奥密奥妙=玄妙懊悔=悔恨懊恼=烦恼懊丧=悔恨八百壮士=四行孤军才高八斗八斗之才= 八方受敌=四面楚歌八竿子打不着=八棍子撂不着八股=陈腔滥调八怪七喇=稀奇古怪八棍子撂不着=八竿子打不着八两半斤=不相上下八门五花=五花八门八面见光=八面玲珑八面玲珑=八面见光八面受敌=四面楚歌 八面威风=气势汹汹八字帖=发草帖巴结=逢迎巴望=渴望扒手=翦绺=废除拔除拔锚=起锚拔苗助长=适得其反拔取=选取拔擢=扶植跋扈=猖进退失据跋前疐后= 跋前踬后=动辄得咎跋文=后记把臂而谈=促膝谈心把柄=痛处把持=操纵把脉=切脉把守=看管把玩簸弄=戏弄把稳=当心把握=驾驭 把戏=花招罢工=歇工罢了=而已罢免=撤职罢手=歇手=放手罢休霸道=蛮横霸术=机谋霸占=攻克白痴=呆子白搭=白费鹤发白发= 白发苍颜=皓首苍颜白发银须=庞眉皓发白费=白搭白费心血=枉费心机白话=口语白驹过隙=光
阴似箭白腊=石蜡白蜡=洋蜡白日=白天白日飞升=白日升天 白日升天=白日飞升白手=空手白手起家=自食其力白叟=老人白天=白昼=白净白皙白云苍狗=沧海桑田白种人=碧眼儿白昼=白天白=利剑百般=千般百步穿杨=百发百中百尺竿头=扶摇直上百辞莫辩=有口难言百发百中=矢无虚发百孔千疮=民生凋敝百口=合家百里挑一=寥寥无几百了千当=千了百当百密一疏=鸭蛋虽密也有缝百思不解=大惑不解百无禁忌=童言无忌 百姓=黎民百依百顺=视为心腹百战百胜=势如破竹百折不回=一往直前百折不挠=百折不回=左右摆布摆荡=动摇摆架子=搭架子摆列=排列摆设=部署摆脱=开脱腐败败北= 败坏=松弛败尽家业=倾家荡产败类=莠民败露=败事败事=败露败兴=没趣败行=劣行拜把兄弟=换帖兄弟拜别=离别拜访=造访 拜鬼求神=求神拜鬼拜候=访问拜见=参见拜年=贺年拜托=托付=访候拜望拜谒=拜望扳缠不清=纠缠不清扳话=攀谈扳连=连累扳谈=交谈布鼓雷门班门弄斧= 班师=凯旅般游=盘游颁布=颁发颁布发表=宣布颁发=发表斑白=花白斑点=雀斑斑斓=美丽斑纹=花纹搬场=搬家 搬动=挪动转移搬家=搬迁搬弄=挑衅搬弄是非=挑拨离间搬迁=搬家=木屋板屋板滞=呆滞版图=邦畿办法=措施
英语分词的用法 英语中的分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。及物动词的现在分词表示正在进行和主动意义，过去分词表示已经完成和被动意义。现将常用的英语分词的用法归纳如下: 1.作定语 分词可用来修饰名词或代词，并和所修饰的词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 (1)前置定语 单个分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰名词之前，作前置定语。例如： What exciting news it is! 这是多么令人振奋人心的消息! There were a lot of excited people at the concert．演奏会上，很多人兴奋不已。 (2)后置定语 a、少数单个分词(尤其是过去分词为多)作定语时，也可作后置定语。例如： Make sentences with the words given ．用所给的词造句。 The goods ordered will be delivered soon. The money left is far from enough. Many people are dubious about the announcement from the authorities concerned. b、单个分词作不定代词的定语时，要放在被修饰代词之后，作后置定语。例如： Is there anything unsolved ? 还有没解决的问题吗? There is something missing ． 有东西丢失了。 c、分词短语作定语时，要放在被修饰名词之后，作后置定语。这时的分词短语相当于一个定语从句。例如： Do you know the old woman sitting under the tree ?(=Do you know the old woman who is sitting under the tree ?) 你认识坐在树下的那个老太太吗? There comes a girl dressed in red ．(=There comes a girl who is dressed in red ．) 一个穿红衣服的女孩走过来了。 2.作表语 分词作表语，相当于形容词。现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的性质或特征，含有“令 人……的”意思。过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的情形或状态，含有“感到……的”意思。例如： The match was very disappointing ． 这场比赛令人失望。 They were very disappointed ． 他们都非常失望。 3.作补语 (1)作宾语补语 a、分词作宾语补足语，宾语和现在分词(主动意义)有逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语和过去分词 (被动意义)有逻辑上的动宾关系。 分词通常用在see，hear, watch，notice，feel，find等感官动词或have，get，make
通过高考题精讲现在分词作补语 感官/使役动词+宾语+doing （表动作的进行/持续的状态） (1986)9. The next morning she found the man __________ in bed, dead. (A)lying (B)lie (C)lay (D)laying 解析：本题选择A. 本题考查现在分词作补语。 本题关键是find sb doing 和lie作为躺的分词lying. find the man lying 主谓关系 句意：第二天早上她发现这个人躺在床上，死了。 （2004天津）34. Don’t leave the water________ while you brush your teeth .
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run 解析：本题选择B. 本题考查现在分词作补语。 本题关键是leave sth doing 使保持…… run流动不及物动词leave water running 主谓关系 句意：你刷牙时不要让水一直流着。 （2003全国）22．A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ________in the kitchen. A．smoke B．smoking C．to smoke D．smoked 解析：本题选择B. 本题考查现在分词作补语。 本题关键是find sb doing 变成sb is found doing 宾语补足语变成主语补足语。 Find him（cook）smoking 发现他正在吸烟 主谓关系 句意：厨师一旦发现在厨房吸烟，就会立即被开除。
语法七大语法考试重点 一独立主格 （一）：独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （二）独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. This done, we went home. The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. He came into the room, his ears red with cold. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 二过去完成时 1）概念：表示过去的过去其构成是had +过去分词构成。 2）用法 a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn t. 3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
动词分词（一） 分词也是动词的一种非限定形式，在句子中可以充当定语、表语、或是状语，有时也可以用在复合结构中。分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词。现在分词一般有主动的意思，过去分词：被动。 现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。 e.g. I) The food smells inviting (诱人的). II) The film is very interesting. III) I am very interested in this film. IV) The door remained locked. 能这样用的分词最常用的有：amusing, encouraging, confusing, disappointing, interesting, exciting, inviting, missing, pressing, promising, puzzling, surprising, shocking, upset, delighted, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, married, excited, experienced (有经验的), interested, confused, satisfied, tired, exhausted等等。这类分词几乎已经变成了形容词了。 造句练习： 1.这是一部有趣的戏剧。我被逗乐了。（amusing/amused） 2.看到这令人困惑的地图，我感到更加疑惑了。(confusing/confused) 3.经过让人筋疲力尽的马拉松比赛后，Tonny 感到精疲力竭。(exhausted/exhausting) 4.一则令人失望的消息 5．尽管经过多次失败，我们不应该感到气馁。(discouraged) A) 分词作定语的时候很多，单个动词分词形式一般放在被修饰的名词前。 e.g. I) Our economy (经济) is developing at an astonishing (令人惊叹的) speed. 2) This is a pressing problem. 3) We need more qualified (合格的) teachers. 4) It is also called “The Unfinished drama” (未完成的戏剧). 有时，过去分词也要求后置。e.g. I) This is the only food left. II) The people interviewed (采访对象) are two high school students. B) 分词短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。现在分词一般用来表示正在进行的动作，或经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态，表示主动的意思，而过去分词可以表示或被动或已经完成的动作。 e.g. I) There are a lot of boys on the sports ground playing (= who are playing) football. II) They built a railway leading (= which leads) into the mountain. IV) What is the language spoken (which is spoken) in this area? V) Why are farmers in some developed countries (发达国家) luckier than those in developing countries (发展中国家)? 但是如果定语从句和主句时态不一致，则不能用现在分词短语替代定语从句。同时，谓语动词是be或含有情态动词的定语从句也不能用现在分词短语替代。 e.g.I) The man who came this morning is our English teacher. (√)
英语语法-ing分词的用法 ing分词的用法 1、-ing分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）： 一般式完成式 主动形式doing 主动形式having done 被动形式being done 被动形式having been done -ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如： Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。 2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式： -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。 3. -ing分词的被动式： -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。 注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如： Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。 4. -ing分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)–ing分词（短语）作主语： Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。 在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。 ①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。 ②在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如： There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
1. _______ born in China, the boy was brought up in the USA. A. Although B. Since C. As D. When 【翻译】虽然这个男孩是在北京出生的，但却是在美国长大的。 ［考点］状语从句 【精析】 A 分析句意可知，本句应为although引导的让步状语从句，表示“虽然，即使”的意思。因为主从句主语和谓语一致，所以从句中although后省略了“the boy was”。although与but不能同时出现。since和as均引导原因状语从句，as也可引导让步状语从句，但是需用倒装形式；when引导时间状语从句。 2. _______ is known to all, haste makes waste. A. What B. That C. As D. Which 【翻译】众所周知，欲速则不达。 ［考点］词语搭配 【精析】 C 常用搭配“As is known to all”意思“众所周知”，是as引导的非限制性定语从句，as指代逗号后面的整个主句，并在从句中充当主语。如：As is known to all, war is serious.众所周知，战争是残酷的。 3. That is the very old woman _______ house was burned down last night. A. which B. her C. of whom D. whose 【翻译】这正是那位老妇人，她的房子昨晚被烧掉了。 ［考点］定语从句 【精析】 D whose为关系代词，指人，是先行词old woman的所有格，在从句中充当house的定语。 4. Hardly had he finished his speech _______ the audience started cheering. A. than B. then C. when D. as soon as 【翻译】他刚一演讲完，观众就开始欢呼。 ［考点］词语搭配 【精析】 C 固定搭配“Hardly...when...”表示“一……就……”，另有“no sooner...than”和“Scarcely...when”均表示相同的意思。 5. _______ the book, he found out some answers to this question. A. As he reading B. At his reading C. As reading D. On reading 【翻译】刚读这本书，他就发现了这个问题的答案。 ［考点］词语搭配 【精析】 D on doing意为“一……就……”。此处的on相当于as soon as,引导状语从句。表示从句中的动作的时间比主句中动作的时间稍提前一点。 6. The spacecraft will send back _______ on surface winds and temperatures. A. many new information B. some new information C. a new information D. a few new information 【翻译】太空飞船将会发送一些新的关于表面风和温度的信息。 ［考点］词语搭配