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中考英语阅读理解命题特点及复习建议_6

中考英语阅读理解命题特点及复习建议_6
中考英语阅读理解命题特点及复习建议_6

中考英语阅读理解命题特点及复习建议

§历年来我省中考阅读理解题的特点

1、考试时间为40分钟,共20题,每题2分,共计40分。阅读理解主要有五篇短文,

短文的长度平均为260词左右,总阅读量为1400词左右,阅读速度平均为60 Wpm(word per minute)

2、阅读理解的题材广泛,体裁多种,题型多样。阅读理解的题材广泛,内容包罗万象,如有关动植物、人物传记、历史、文化、环境、资源、交通、医学、经济、信息等方面。总体上说,其题材主要集中在科普知识,社会文化和经济生活三方面。

阅读理解文章的体裁主要有三类:叙述文、说明文和议论文。

1)、叙述文

叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主,对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中,或顺序或倒序。但是在考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文,因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以中考中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章。这类文章的基本结构模式是:

(1)一段概括性的话引入要叙述的经历(话题)

(2)叙述先前的经历及其感悟或发现

(3)叙述接下来的经历及其感悟或发现

(4)做出总结或结论

2)、说明文(描述文)

说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即:提出问题(或以一个事例引出问题)---- 发现直接原因----- 分析深层原因-----得出结论或找到出路。知道了类似的文章结构特点,就可以据此来进行考题预测。比如,我们看出了该篇文章属于这种结构类型,就能判断出几个问题中肯定有一个要问原因,还有可能要出现推断题。

3)、议论文

我们大家最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张---反主张模式。在这一模式中,作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点,然后进行澄清,说明自己的主张或观点,或者说提出反主张或真实情况。议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作者观点态度题,文章主旨题以及推理判断题。只要发现了这种结构特点,解答问题的主要任务就变成了到段落内找答案,基本上不存在任何困难。

通过研究以上的文章结构特点,我们不难发现,在我省中考阅读理解中无论任何体裁的文章往往都遵循着这样一个共同的模式:提出话题(观点或事例)---- 用事例分析原因(或批驳观点)------得出结论。对文章结构特点的把握有助于读者更加自觉地关注文章的开始和结尾,分清观点和事例,从而在阅读理解中准确定位,快速答题。

通过历年试题的分析我们发现我省中考阅读文章主要是议论文和说明文。

阅读理解的题型主要有主观性题型和客观性题型。前者主要包括主旨型、推理型、作者语气、态度型、结论型等。后者主要包括事实型、推测词义型、指代关系型、常识题、是非题等。

§英语课程标准对阅读理解的具体要求

《课程标准》对初中毕业生英语阅读技能的要求是:

(1)能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义;

(2)能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系;

(3)能找出文章中的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事的发展和可能的结局;

(4)能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料;

(5)能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息;

(6)能利用字典等工具书进行学习;

(7)除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。

标准要求学生既能理解个别句子的意义,也能理解上下文的逻辑关系;既能理解字面的意思,也能理解隐含的意思;既能理解事实和细节,也能理解所读材料的主旨和大意;能就文章的内容进行判断,推理和信息转换。

§中考常见题型、命题原则及答题策略

我省中考阅读测试一般包括5篇文章的阅读,分A)、B)两个部分,A)部分是四选一,共有四篇文章,B)部分是根据文章回答问题。

从问题设置上可以将问题总结为四种类型:

一、细节理解性问题一般针对某个特定细节而提出,难度较小,属浅层理解,通读短文后一般能直接找出答题依据。

细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种:

(1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?

(2) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?

(3) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?

(4) The author mentions all of the following except . . .

(5) The reason for . . .is . . .

(6) The author states that . . .

(7) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ..

解题技巧:

1、通读全文,领悟大意,理解文章结构层次及细节,特别注意以下几个方面:

五个W(Who, where, when, which)和一个H(how)以及其他特殊之处;

数字、日期、时间等;

同位语、破折号、括号、省略号等;

表示附加说明的词,如:by the way, besides, what’s more, in addition to, including to, as well as等。

倒装句及加强语气的词,如above all, mainly, mostly, certainly, indeed等。

2选用排除法排除不符合原文细节的选项,剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。

Example :

72. How many factors are mentioned that may contribute to the good health of these long-lived people?

A. Two

B. Three

C. Four

D. Five

本题是考核学生根据止下文全面理解和进行正确判断的能力,问的是本文论述导致这些老人长寿的几个主要因素。

考生审题时,应注意以下几点:

(1)、问到who, what, which, when,where,how,why等的问题时,往往有according to the author(passage)这样的限制语。回答时,一定要以文章所谈到的内容为依据,而不要凭自己的观点或经验去选择不符合文章内容的答案。

(2)、如果问的内容是由数字表示的事实或细节,时间、价格、次数等要经过计算才能回答,不要轻易从文中直接给出数字,以免理解错误。

(3)、如果问题中含有否定意义的词语,如有not,except (for),least, never等,要特别留心,不要理解错了,而选择相反的答案。

(4)、要准确把握指代关系,阅读时我们常常遇到一些代词,如it, its, they, them, their, this, that, these, those, one, ones等,用来代替上文提到的人、事或物。对其指代关系的理解往往是至关重要的。

二、语句理解题要求正确理解短文中一些关健词、短语或句子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、词的多义性、同近义语替换、习语释义、句型或语态转换等。

解题技巧:

1透彻理解题意,从短文中找到相关的词、短语或句子,根据特定的语境判断理解,推敲斟酌,最后确定含义。

2 要熟悉常见的设问形式:

1) The underlined w ord in the … paragraph refers to /means ________.

2) What does “______” in paragraph … stand for /mean?

3) “______” could best be replaced by which of the following?

4) The expression /phrase “_______” means ______.

5) The word “______” is closest in meani ng to ______.

Examples:

Another factor(因素) that may contribute to(促使) the good health of these people is their isolation. Most of them are kept off the modern world.

74. What does the word “isolation” means in Chinese?

A. 自我封闭B、与世隔绝C、独立D、淡泊

通过通读文章,从后面句子可以推断出这个单词的汉语意思是B。

猜测词义的技巧:

1)上下文间意义的联系;

2)同义关系,反义关系;

3)词的定义;

4)对词的解释和举例;

5)构词法知识猜测词义。

点晴:Words, like people, are frequently known by the company they keep. A word’s context or surroundings, can provide clues to meaning.

三、推理判断题主要对短文的结论、隐含意义(寓意)、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的等进行考查,纵观全文,在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上,严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述事实,进行正确的、合乎逻辑的推论和引申,包括事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度、语言中的语态和语气等。有时还可能会假设一种情况要求考生对原文中没有提及情况进行推理和想象,对题目中提出各种可能性进行推敲,从而选出符合原文信息或作者意图的最佳答案。

解题技巧:

1、读懂原文,抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落,透彻理解文章内容注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系,并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会常识,仔细斟酌,作出准确的推断和引申。

2、熟悉常用的设问方式:

1) We can infer /conclude from the passage that ______.

2) It can be inferred /concluded (from the passage) that ________.

3) The passage /story /author /paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _______.

4) The author strongly suggests that__________ ______.

5) What do you think would happen (to…) at the end of the story?

四、归纳概括题此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次(主题句或题

段)、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面,要求考生在准确理解全文后,归纳短文要点、概括中心思想,也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特点等。

解题技巧:领会全文大意,灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法,真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。一般而言,英语文章的话题往往用很少几个词加以概括,通常具体反映在文章的题目或一段短文的小标题上;不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题,特点是新闻报道,第一段通常是故事的梗概(lead paragraph),这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想,但也要注意,不少文章的中心思想也常贯穿于全文之中;主题段通常在文章简要概括文章中心思想,而主题句(topic sentence)常在一段的开头,也有可能在段中或段末。

这类题常见的命题方式有:

(1)What is the main idea (subject) of this passage ?

(2)What does this passage mainly talk about ?

(3)The main theme of this passage is ___________.

(4)The main point of the passage is__________.

(5)Which of the following is the best title for the passage ?

(6)The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is ___________.

(7)The purpose of the writer in writing this passage _________.

(8)Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole ?

1、关于主题型找中心(Main Idea)

Example 1:

68.These two passages are _____________.(07中考第68小题,阅读理解A篇)

A. diaries

B. reports

C. news

D. ads

本题问及文章的体裁。通过快读(skimming )我们知道这是一篇有两段关于宾馆和前往美国的飞机航线的文章,根据所述内容和格式,可以知道D是正确答案。

2、关于标题型为文章选择标题(Title)

Example :

75.What would the best title for the passage?

A. Good Health

B. The Old People in the Mountains

C. Long-lived People

D. The Secret of Long Life

本题是给文章选标题,实际上也是问及全篇的主旨。

3、关于目的型推断作者的写作意图(Purpose)

类似:The author's purpose in writing this passage is to________.

这类题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的句子,而且要能够根据作者思路的展开,把握作者在整篇文章中的观点,因此,必须看懂全篇文章的意思

§答题的基本步骤

1. 先看问题,再读文章:带着问题阅读短文,确定主攻方向,特别要注意首尾段和首尾句,把握文章的主题和用户服务,摘取有用的材料,舍弃无关的信息,有的放矢,高效省时。

2. 细读全文,认真推敲:针对题目的要求,细心阅读与试题有的词汇、句子或段落,要特别留心一些信息词,它们既是检查的重点,也是把握全文意思的突破口。因此必须准确判断,仔细斟酌,以便选出最佳答案。

3. 复读全文,验证答案:在选出全部答案后,应将答案带入问题中重读全文,看前后意思是否贯通,有无矛盾,若前后不一致或意思矛盾,则要考虑重选答案。

2、抓细节、做记号。了解文章主旨后应该细读文章,并且边读边用铅笔做些记号,例如

把人物、时间、地点等圈出来,看完再回头找时便一目了然了。对于难一点的题目,要回头再查阅短文,在文中划出依据。

§注意事项

1、所选有据,避免主观学会“虚实结合”

2、符合原文的答案=正确答案≠最佳答案阅读题要求选的是最佳答案,有的答案从某个枝节来看是对,但从全文来看则不是最佳的。因此,必须通盘考虑,取主题,舍枝节。

3、解题有法,但无定法,贵在得法。要答好阅读理解题,必须多读、巧读和善于思考。要不断扩大词汇量,拓宽阅读面,提高阅读速度,同时也要探索和总结适合自己方法或,实践出真知,多练出效益。

提示:Put yourself in the writer’s shoes !

§平时训练建议

1、抓好平时上课时间,每周做两三次限时阅读训练,主要是在上课的开始几分钟完成。课后学生自己练习时也掌握好时间。

2、留下阅读痕迹。每篇阅读都要求学生在文中划出答案所在,或是在题目旁边标注行数和解题理由。

3、进行一定量的有目的针对性强的训练,注重答案的讲解,让学生知道寻找和得出答案的方法,做完以后请学生自己讲出答案和思路。

4、资料的选择上要把握难易程度。

§培养良好的阅读习惯

1、良好阅读习惯的培养

1).在阅读速度方面,要以较快的速度从大量材料中捕捉有关信息,我们必须养成良好的将遇良才习惯,不是逐词阅读,而是按意群(meaningful group)扫视、连贯阅读;是拘泥于个别词句的理解,而力求融会贯通、掌握通篇的中心思想;不是通过翻译来理解,而是使英语的文字在大脑里直接产生意义。只有这样,阅读速度才能加快,理解的准确率才会提高。

2).在阅读理解方法方面,应看准确题干,根据不同的目的,采用不同的方法一般说来,有快读、查读和细读三种。

(1)快读(Skimming).快读的目的是用浏览全言语的方法了解文章的大意和主题思想,并对文章的结构有个总的概念,快读时,应特别注意文章的开始段、结束段、文章中每段的段首句和结尾句以及篇章连接手段和行文中的信息词(signal word),因为它们往往是对文章内容的最艰险概括,是左右文章大意的关键。

(3)细读(Reading for full understanding).找到文章中的有关范围以后,即在引范围内逐句阅读,特别对关键词、句要仔细琢磨,以便对其有较深刻、较准确的理解和掌握。不仅要理解其字面意思,而且要通过推理、判断、弄清文章中“字里行间”潜在意思。在细读时,对没有学过的生词,可根据上下文或自己的背景知识等来推测其意义;对难以看懂的长句,可借助语法手段,对其加以分析,以达到透彻理解。

3).打下坚实的语言功底。当学生普遍了解了阅读方法与技巧后,都感到有了长足的进步,但再往后就感到提高不是太大,这主要是因为头脑长足的进步,但再往后就感到提高不是太大,这主要是因为头脑中的积累不够,因此在平时的学习过程中应把握以下两个方面:

(1)掌握新课程标准的词汇量,新课程标准要求基础阶段的大学生应掌握1600个中和短语;熟练掌握英语的语法及惯用法,在平时学习中注意对所学的语法知识加以归纳总结,达到熟练运用。

(2)进行有计划、有目的、大量的阅读实践,只有在大量的阅读中,才能建立语感,掌握正确的阅读方法,提高阅读技能。但应注意的是这种阅读不是盲目的,而是有计划、有目的的,平时将遇良才时,把精读和泛读的内容区分开,定期进行阅读效果总结。同时,还应有意识地扩大阅读面,看一些有关英、美等国的社会文化背景的材料和科普读物,这对于提高理解能力是大有裨益的。

2、克服阅读的不良习惯

(1)“指读”,即为了“集中注意力”,用手指或笔尖指着文章细细的逐词阅读。一遇到生词,便停顿下

来,无法在通篇理解的基础上继续进行阅读。也影响整句或整段的意思的理解。

(2)“唇读”,即有的学生在阅读中寺喜欢读出声来,或即使不出声,嘴唇蠕动,或脑子里也在想着读音,无形当中影响了大脑的思维速度。

(3)“回读”,也叫“即时重读”即在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时,返回句首甚至段首重读;还有相当多的学生对阅读已经产生心理定势,即认为自已第一遍肯定读不懂,因此反复多遍,浪费很多时间。

(4)“译读”,即在阅读过程中,不断地进行逐词逐句的翻译,通过译成母语来辅助理解。由于没有掌握正确的阅读方法,习惯于在不加限定的时间内,对一小块文章精雕细琢,导致了逐词阅读接受信息的习惯。

3、做阅读理解题时“五忌”

1).忌不带问题

做阅读理解题时,应先把文章后面所给的考查题浏览一遍,然后带着这些问题进行阅读。边阅读边选出考查表层情况问题的答案,从而提高阅读效果。

2).忌草率行事

在设计理解题时,设计者往往在四个选项中设计出一个似是而非的答案。这样答案干扰性特别强,容易迷惑考生。如果在发现一个看似正确答案时就草率定案,往往会掉进设计者设置的“陷阱”里。处理的方法是:对所给四个备选答案进行分析比较,在理解阅读材料内容的基础上进行去伪存真,方可选出正确答案。

3).忌主观印象

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4).忌囫囵定案

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5).忌忽略时间

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