中医英语常用语
（一）中医方剂名称的翻译方法
从目前的翻译实践来看，方剂名称均可以音译。如“麻黄汤”可译为Mahuang Decoction，“桂枝汤”可译为Guizhi Decoction。也有的将剂型也予以音译。但也有不少人采用直译或意译的方式翻译方剂名称。但在具体翻译时有的采用英语翻译方剂名称中的中药名（如将“桂枝汤”译为Cinnamon Twig Decoction），有的则采用拉丁语翻译（如将“桂枝汤”译为Ramulus Cinnamoni Decoction）。有关中药名称的翻译问题，请参见第二十课的有关内容。
就直译和意译而言，方剂名称的翻译可以有如下一些方式：
１．以方中君药命名的方剂译式为：主药名＋剂型名，如“麻黄汤”可译为Herba Ephedrae Decoction或Ephedra Decoction。
２．以主治病证命名的方剂译式为：病证名＋剂型名，如“疝气汤”可译为Hernia Decoction。
３．以动物命名的方剂译式为：动物名＋剂型名，如“白虎汤”可译为White Tiger Decoction，“青龙汤”可译为Blue Dragon Decoction。
４．以借喻法命名的方剂译式为：借喻物＋剂型名，如“碧玉散”可译为Jasper Powder，“玉女煎”可译为Jade Maiden Decoction。
５．以功效命名的方剂译式为：功效＋剂型名，如“温脾汤”可译为Spleen-Warming Decoction或Decoction for Warming the Spleen。
６．以服药时间命名的方剂译式为：时间＋剂型名，如“鸡鸣散”可译为Rooster-Crowing Powder，“鸡苏散”可译为Rooster-Waking Powder。
７．以主药加功效命名的方剂译式为：主药＋剂型名＋for＋功效，如“朱砂安神丸”可译为Cinnabaris （或Cinnabar）Decoction for Tranquilizing the Mind，“黄连解毒汤”可译为Rhizoma Coptidis （或Coptis）Decoctioin for Relieving Toxin。
8．以颜色命名的方剂译式为：颜色+剂型名，如“桃花汤”可译为Peach Blossom Decoction，“紫雪丹”可译为Purple-Snow Bolus。
9．以加减方式命名的方剂译式为：君药+剂型名+plus（加）或minus（减）+加上或减去的药物名称，如“桂枝加（减）芍药汤”可译为Ramulus Cinnamoni （或Cinnamon Twig）Decoction Plus Radix Paeoniae（或Peony）。
10．以方中所含诸药数加功效命名的方剂译式为：所含诸药数+剂型名+for+功效，如“五味消毒饮”可译为Five-Ingredient Decoction for Eliminating Toxin。
（三）中医方剂常见剂型及其翻译
中医方剂剂型比较多，现就其主要种类与译法分述如下：
1．汤剂：Decoction
2．散剂：Powder
3．丸剂：可译为Bolus（大丸药）、Pellet（小丸药）或Pill
（1）蜜丸：Honeyed Bolus
（2）水丸：Water Pellet
（3）糊丸：Paste Pill
（4）浓缩丸：Condensed Pellet
4．膏剂：Paste, Ointment, Plaster, Salve
（1）流浸膏：Liquid Extract
（2）浸膏：Extract
（3）煎膏：Decocted Paste
（4）软膏：Ointment, Paste
（5）硬膏：Plaster
5．丹剂：与丸剂同，只因多用精练药品或贵重药品制成，所以称丹不称丸。
6．酒剂：Vinum
7．茶剂：Medicinal Tea
8．药露：Syrup
9．锭剂：Lozenge, Pastille, Troche
10．糖浆剂：Syrup
11．片剂：Tablet
12．冲服剂：Granule
13．针剂：Injection
14．栓剂：Suppository
15．胶囊剂：Capsule
（二）中药药性的翻译
1．Among these materials, flowers, herbs and trees are the ones most frequently used, that is why Chinese materia medica is called Chinese medicinal herbs.
在这些药物中，大多数是、草和树木，所以中药又称为中草药。
2．The Chinese medicinal herbs are characterized by four properties (cold, heat, warm and cool) and five tastes (sour, bitter, sweet, acrid or pungent-spicy and salty).
中草药具有寒、热、温、凉四种不同的药性（即四气）和酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五种不同的味道（即五味）。
3．Herbs such as prepared aconite root (Fuzi), which relieve cold syndromes, are characterized as warm or hot.
象附子这样能解除寒证的草药性属温热。
4．When the taste is not obvious, it is known as bland or tasteless.
味道不明显的草药为淡味或无味。
5．Also, some herbs are characterized as astringent.
还有一些药物具有收涩的作用。
6．Herbs that have a dispersing function are pungent-spicy.
辛味之药具有宣散作用。
7．Herbs may be cold, slightly cold and very cold; bitter, slightly bitter and very bitter; etc.
药物或者为寒、微寒和大寒；或者为苦、微苦和苦甚。
8．The functional tendencies of herbs are marked by ascending, descending, floating and sinking.
药物的作用趋势为升降沉浮。
9．Herbs that ascend and float move upward and outward; they promote sweating, raise yang, cause vomiting and open the orifices.
具有升浮作用的药物有发汗、升阳、涌吐和开窍的功效。
10．Herbs that descend and sink move downward and inward, conduct qi downward, promote urination and defecation, subdue yang and calm the mind.
具有降沉作用的药物有行气、通便、潜阳和安神的功效
11．In addition, processing and preparation may change the taste and property of the herb and influence its functional tendencies.
另外，炮制有可能改变药物的性味和影响药物的作用趋向。
12．A herb may selectively act upon a particular part of the body to relieve pathogenic change in specific meridians and organs.
一个药物可以有选择性地作用于人体的某一特定部位以消除某一经络或器官的病变。
13．The meridians that a herb enters depend on the corresponding symptoms relieved.
一个药物归于何经取决于它所祛除之症状。
14．In the Chinese Materia Medica, the words “toxic, nontoxic, very toxic or slightly toxic” often appear.
在《中华本草》一书中，“有毒、无毒、有大毒或有小毒”等词经常出现。
15．No overdose of toxic herbs should be given as this may lead to side effects.
使用有毒的药物时不要多量，以免带来副作用。
（三）中医治则的翻译方法
1．Diaphoresis, also known as exterior-relieving method, is a therapeutic method used to open the muscular interstices and relieve exterior syndrome with the herbs for relieving the exterior and inducing sweating.
汗法，也叫解表法，是运用解表发汗的方药，开泄肌腠，解除表证的一种治疗方法。
2．It also can be used to treat edema serious above the waist, early stage of carbuncle and ulcer as well as inhibited eruption of measles with the same manifestations mentioned above.
本法也可以用以治疗水肿病腰以上肿甚、疮疡病初起，以及麻疹透发不畅等具有上述证候者。
3．Diaphoresis is either induced by herbs acrid in taste and warm in nature or by herbs acrid in taste and cool in nature.
汗法有辛温发汗和辛凉发汗之分。
4．the method of nourishing yin to induce sweating
滋阴发汗
5．the therapy of supporting yang to induce sweating
助阳发汗
6．Emesis is a therapeutic method used to direct pathogenic factors or toxic materials to be vomited out through the mouth.
吐法是引导病邪或有毒物质，使之从口涌吐而出的一种治疗方法。
7．Emetic therapy is usually used to treat sthenia syndrome with urgency to vomit out things retained inside.
吐法常用以治疗病情急迫而必须迅速吐出积滞的实证。
8．Purgation is a therapeutic method used to discharge feces, eliminate retention of substance and fluid inside the body and relieve accumulation of sthenia-heat with the prescriptions and herbs effective for catharsis.
下法是运用具有泻下作用的方药，通过泻下大便，攻逐体内结滞和积水，并解除实热蕴结的一种治疗方法。
9．Mediation is a therapeutic method used for eliminating pathogenic factors and supporting healthy qi.
和法是祛除病邪扶助正气的一种治疗方法。
10．This therapy is used to treat a variety of syndromes, such as shaoyang syndrome marked by alternative chills and fever in the semi-exterior and semi-interior phase; irregular menstruation due to disharmony between the liver and stomach and stagnation of liver qi; abdominal pain and
diarrhea due to hyperactivity of the liver and asthenia of the spleen.
这一疗法应用范围广，如往来寒热于半表半里的少阳证，肝胃不和、肝气郁结所致的月经不调，以及肝旺脾虚的腹痛、泻泄等。
11．Clinically mediation is divided into four types: mediating shaoyang, relaxing the liver and harmonizing the stomach, regulating the liver and spleen, and regulating the intestines and stomach.
临床上和法分为四种：和解少阳，适用于邪在半表半里之间的少阳证；舒肝和胃，适用于肝气犯胃，胃失和降；调和肝脾，适用于肝脾失调；调和肠胃，适用于邪在肠胃，寒热互见。
12．Warming therapy, also known as cold-eliminating therapy, is a therapeutic method used to eliminate pathogenic cold and invigorate yangqi with the prescriptions and herbs warm and hot in nature.
温法，也叫祛寒法，是运用性质温热的方药，以祛除寒邪和补益阳气的一种治疗方法。
13．Clinically warming therapy is divided into three types: warming the middle to eliminate cold, resolving phlegm and retention of fluid by warming and restoring yang to rescue collapse.
临床上温法分为三类：温中祛寒、温化痰饮、回阳救逆。
14．Warming therapy also includes such therapeutic methods as warming the lung to resolve fluid retention, warming the kidney to promote water metabolism, warming meridians and the liver and warming the stomach to regulate qi.
温法还包括温肺化饮、温肾利水、温经暖肝、温胃利气等。
15．Heat-clearing therapy is a therapeutic method used to clear away heat by means of reducing fire, removing toxin and cooling blood with the prescriptions and herbs cold and cool in nature.
清法是运用性质寒凉的方药，通过泻火、解毒、凉血等作用，以清除热邪的一种治疗方法。
16．Heat-clearing therapy is clinically divided into four types: clearing away heat to reduce fire, clearing away heat to remove toxin, clearing away heat at ying phase to cool blood, and nourishing yin to clear away heat.
临床上清法分为四类：清热泻火、清热解毒、清营凉血、养阴清热。
17．Resolution is a therapeutic method used to remove the retention of food and eliminate stagnation with herbs effective for promoting digestion.
消法是运用助消化、导食滞的方药，以消积导滞的一种治疗方法。
18．Clinically resolution is divided into three types: promoting digestion to eliminate food retention, removing mass and resolving accumulation and regulating qi to resolve stasis.
临床上消法分为三类：消食导滞、消痞化积、行气消瘀。
19．Other resolving therapies include resolving phlegm to remove fluid retention, resolving water to subside swelling and softening hardness to resolve stagnation.
消法还包括消痰化饮、消水散肿及软坚散结。
20．Invigorating therapy is a therapeutic method used to treat asthenia and weakness by means of supplementing essence, blood and body fluid with the prescriptions and herbs effective for tonifying and reinforcing the body.
补法是运用滋养强壮作用的方药，以补充精、血、津液等物质，消除虚弱证候的一种疗法。
21．Clinically invigorating therapy is divided into four types: invigorating qi, tonifying
blood, invigorating yin, invigorating yang.
临床上补法分为五类：补气、补血、补阴、补阳。
（四）病机病症翻译
1. Pathogenesis refers to the mechanism involved in the occurrence, development and changes of disease.
病机即疾病发生、发展与变化的机理。
2．Such a combat between healthy qi and pathogenic factors damages the relative equilibrium between yin and yang in the body, or leads to dysfunction of the viscera and meridians, or results in disturbance of qi and blood, which consequently bring on various local or general pathological changes.
正邪相争破坏了人体阴阳的相对平衡，或使脏腑、经络功能失调，或使气血功能紊乱，从而产生全身或局部的多种多样的病理变化。
3．Although diseases are various and clinical manifestations are complicated, the pathogenesis, in general, involves no more than such factors as superabundance or decline between healthy qi and pathogenic factors, imbalance between yin and yang, disorder of qi and blood as well as dysfunction of the viscera and meridians.
尽管疾病的种类繁多，临床征象错综复杂，但总离不开邪正盛衰、阴阳失调、气血失常、经络和脏腑功能紊乱等病机变化的一般规律。
4．In this case the healthy qi is difficult to launch an intense struggle against pathogenic factors and eventually leads to an asthenia syndrome.
在这种情况下，正气难以有力抗击邪气，引起虚证。
5．The clinical manifestations of asthenia syndrome are spiritual and physical lassitude, lusterless complexion,palpitation and shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, or feverish sensation over five centers (palms, soles and chest), or aversion to cold and cold limbs and weak pulse, etc.
虚证的临床表现是神疲体倦、面容憔悴，心悸气短，自汗，盗汗，五心烦热，畏寒肢冷，脉虚无力等。
6．Under such a condition, the conflict between healthy qi and pathogenic factors is intense and brings on a sthenia syndrome.
在这种情况下，邪正之争激烈，导致实证。
7．The clinical manifestations of sthenia syndrome are profuse phlegm, indigestion, accumulation of fluid and dampness, interior retention of blood stasis, high fever, mania, high and coarse voice, unpalpable abdominal pain, constipation, dysuria and powerful pulse, etc.
实证的临床表现是壮热，狂燥，声高气粗，腹痛拒按，二便不通，脉实有力等
8．The pathological changes of imbalance between yin and yang mainly include relative predominance, relative decline, mutual consumption, mutual rejection and depletion of yin and yang.
阴阳失调的病理变化包括阴阳偏胜、阴阳偏衰、阴阳的护损、阴阳的格拒和阴阳的亡失。
9．“exuberance of pathogenic factors leads to sthenia”
“邪气盛则实”
10．That is why it is said in Su Wen that “predominance of yang causes external heat”.
所以《素问》说：“阳盛则外热”。
11．Relative decline of yin and yang refers to asthenia syndrome because “loss of essence
leads to asthenia”.
阴阳的偏衰指的是“精气夺则虚”的虚证。
12．Relative decline of yang is mainly caused by congenital deficiency, or postnatal malnutrition and endogenous impairment due to overstrain, or prolonged illness consuming yangqi.
阳偏衰主要由先天禀赋不足，或后天饮食失养和劳倦内伤，或久病损伤阳气所致。
13．The causes of relative decline of yin are various, such as pathogenic factors of yang nature impairing yin, fire transformed from extreme changes of emotions damaging yin and prolonged illness consuming yin.
阴偏衰多由阳邪伤阴，或因五志过极，化火伤阴，或因久病耗伤阴液所致。
14．The usual symptoms caused by relative decline of yin are f everish sensation over the five centers (palms, soles and chest),bone-steaming, tidal fever, flushed cheeks, emaciation, night sweating, dry mouth and throat and reddish tongue with scanty coating as well as thin, rapid and weak pulse.
阴偏衰的常见症状为五心烦热、骨蒸、潮热、面赤、消瘦、盗汗、口干咽燥、舌红少苔、脉细数无力等。
15．Mutual consumption means that the asthenia or deficiency of yin or yang affects its opponent, consequently bringing on simultaneous asthenia of both yin and yang.
互损指的是阴或阳任何一方的虚损影响及相对的一方，形成阴阳两虚的病机。
16．The asthenia of yin leading to asthenia of yang is known as yin consuming yang and the asthenia of yang resulting in asthenia of yin is called yang consuming yin.
阴虚而导致阳虚称为阴损及阳，阳虚导致阴虚称为阳损及阴。
17．The former refers to a morbid state marked by asthenia of both yin and yang resulting from yin asthenia due to loss of yin-fluid that makes the production of yangqi deficient.
前者指阴液亏损累及阳气化生不足，形成以阴虚为主的阴阳两虚病理状态。
18．The latter refers to a morbid state marked by asthenia of both yin and yang resulting from asthenia of yang that affects the production of yin-fluid.
后者指阳气虚累及阴液的化生，从而形成以阳虚为主的阴阳两虚病理状态。
19．Mutual rejection between yin and yang means that the extreme superabundance of either yin or yang stagnates inside and rejects its opponent, consequently bringing on complicated pathological phenomena such as true cold and false heat or true heat and false cold.
阴阳格拒指阴或阳的一方偏胜至极，因而壅遏于内，将另一方排斥格拒于外，从而出现真寒假热或真热假寒等复杂的病理现象。
20．Superabundance of yin rejecting yang, also known as rejection of yang, means that interior exuberance of yin drives yang to float exteriorly, clinically leading to such false-heat symptoms as flushed cheeks, dysphoric fever, thirst and large pulse.
阴盛格阳，又称格阳，指阴寒之邪壅盛于内，逼迫阳气浮越于外的病理状态，临床表现为面红、烦热、口渴、脉大等假热之象。
21．Exuberance of yang rejecting yin, also known as rejection of yin, means that interior predominance of pathogenic heat stagnate yang and prevents it from reaching the limbs, clinically resulting in such false-cold symptoms as deep cold sensation of the limbs and sunken pulse.
阳盛格阴，又称格阴，指热邪内盛，阳气被遏，不能外达于肢体，临床表现为四肢逆冷、脉象沉伏等假寒之象。
22．Loss of yin or yang refers to a critical morbid state due to sudden and excessive loss of
yin-fluid or yangqi.
阴阳亡失指机体的阴液或阳气的突然大量亡失，导致生命垂危的一种病理状态。
22．Loss of yin is frequently caused by superabundance of pathogenic heat or prolonged retention of pathogenic heat that scorches yin-fluid, or by other factors that excessively consumes yin-fluid.
亡阴常由热邪炽盛，或邪热久留，大量灼阴液所致，也可由其它因素大量耗损阴液而致。
23．“five endogenous pathogenic factors”
内生五邪
（五）有关痰的翻译
1. The experience was unique, at times hard or trying—yet taken as a whole, invaluable and enriching.
(在该院的)经历是不同寻常的,虽然有时艰难或者难堪,但总的来说是很有价值的和丰富的。
2. In traditional Chinese medicine, the term “phlegm” has two meanings. In a narrow sense, it is that substance which one expectorates. In a broader sense, it is the substance which can lodge in the meridians and organs, manifesting as phlegm syndromes.
在中医里，痰有两层意思。狭义的痰指的是由喉咙咯出的痰; 广义的痰指的是可以停滞在经络和器官里并引起痰证的痰。
3. The production of phlegm is mainly associated with a dysfunction in the transformation, transportation and elimination of fluid resulting from disorders of the lungs, spleen and kidneys. Phlegm is a progression of dampness, but is heavier and thicker than dampness, and even more likely to cause blockage and obstruction. Phlegm is both the result and cause of disharmony.
痰的生成主要与肺脾和肾脏病变引起的运化和排泄水液功能失调有关。痰是湿之甚,但比湿厚重, 甚至更易于引起阻滞和闭塞。痰既是失调的结果, 有时失调的原因。
4. The spleen is said to form phlegm, and the lungs are said to store it. Phlegm may be both the cause and result of the failure of the dispersing and descending function of the lungs.
脾是生痰之源, 肺为储痰之器。肺失宣降可以引起痰，痰也可以导致肺失宣降。
5. This can manifest as fullness and distension in the epigastrium, borborygmus, loose stools, lethargy[?leθ?d?i:], and generalized heavy sensation.
这可以表现为胃脘部胀满, 肠鸣, 便溏, 昏睡, 及全身困重。
6. Deficiency of kidney yang may lead to a dysfunction in the transformation of water, causing water to flood upward, and resulting in the formation of phlegm.
肾阳虚可导致水湿运化失常,从而引起水液上泛, 形成痰液。
7. Exophthalmic goiter is a condition marked by protrusion of the eyeballs, increased heart action, enlargement of the thyroid gland, weight loss, nervousness, fine tremor of the extended fingers and tongue, altered bowel activity, heat intolerance, and excessive sweating.
眼球突出性甲状腺的特征是眼球突出, 心跳加快，甲状腺增大，体重下降，紧张, 指端微微颤动, 大便失常, 恶热, 多汗等。
8. In traditional Chinese medicine, this condition is regarded as arising from emotional distress or frustration, which may cause stagnation of the liver qi and spleen qi and the accumulation of phlegm.
在中医里，这中病理状态被看作是情志不遂所致, 可引起肝脾之气郁结及痰液聚积。
9. If, in addition, this prolonged stagnation of the qi has transformed into fire, there may be damage to the heart yin with irritability, mental restlessness, and palpitations.
另外，如果气郁化火, 则可伤心阴, 症见易怒, 心烦和心悸等。
(六)八纲相关翻译
1．The manifestations of diseases, though complicated, can be generalized into certain patterns in the light of the eight principles.
疾病的表现尽管极其复杂，但基本上都可以用八纲加以归纳。
2．So it is said in Su Wen “the experienced diagnosticians inspect complexion and take pulse to differentiate yin and yang first.”
所以《素问》说：“善诊者，察色按脉，先别阴阳。”
3．G enerally speaking, any syndromes that correspond to “yin” in nature are termed yin syndromes, such as interior syndrome, cold syndrome and asthenia syndrome; while any syndromes that correspond to “yang” in nature are termed yang syndromes, such as exterio r syndrome, heat syndrome and sthenia syndrome.
一般地讲，凡符合“阴”的属性的证候称为阴证，如里证、寒证、虚证等；凡符合“阳”的属性的证候称为阳证，如表证、热证、实证等。
4．lying with the knees drawn up
蜷卧
5．The differentiation of syndromes according to the exterior and interior syndromes is applicable to exogenous diseases for the purpose of detecting the depth of transmission and the development of pathological changes.
表里辨证适用于外感病，可察知病情的轻重深浅及病理变化的趋势。
6．Interior penetration of the exogenous pathogenic factors indicates progress of the disease while exterior withdrawal of the endogenous pathogenic factors suggests receding of the disease.
表邪入里为病进，里邪出表为病退。
7．The interior syndrome, usually seen at the middle and late stages of exogenous diseases or endogenous diseases, is usually caused by interior transmission of the unrelieved exogenous pathogenic factors into the viscera, or by direct invasion of exogenous pathogenic factors into the viscera, or by impairment of the viscera by emotional factors, improper diet and overstrain.
里证多见于外感病的中后期或内伤病，一般由外邪不解内传入里，侵犯脏腑所致，或外邪直接侵犯脏腑而成，或情志内伤，饮食劳倦等因素直接损伤脏腑。
8．That is what imp lied in the statement of “predomination of yang generating heat and predomination of yin generating cold”.
这就是“阳盛则热，阴盛则寒”的含义。
9．floating whitish complexion[k?m?plek??n]（面色）
晄白
10．bland taste in the mouth
口淡
11．profuse and clear urine
小便清长
12．interior penetration of heat transformed from pathogenic cold, or heat transformed from
extreme changes of emotions, or heat accumulating from improper diet
寒邪化热入里，或七情过激，郁而化热，或饮食不节，积蓄为热。
13．scanty and brownish urine
小便短赤
14．Asthenia means insufficiency of healthy qi and sthenia means exuberance of pathogenic factors.
虚指正气不足，实指邪气盛实。
15．Asthenia syndrome, including asthenia of yin, yang, qi, blood, essence, body fluid and the viscera, is caused either by congenital insufficiency or postnatal malnutrition.
虚证包括阴、阳、气、血、精、津，以及脏腑等各种不同的虚损，由先天不足和后天失调所引起。
16．However, the main cause of asthenia syndrome is usually the postnatal malnutrition, such as weakness of the stomach and spleen due to improper diet, impairment of visceral qi and blood due to emotional factors and overstrain, consumption of kidney essence due to excessive sexual activity and damage of healthy qi due to prolonged illness or improper treatment.
但虚证主要还是由后天失调所引起，如饮食失调、后天不固；七情劳倦，内伤脏腑气血；房室过度，耗伤肾脏元真之气；或久病失治疗误治等。
17．pale whitish or sallow[?s?l??] complexion,
面色淡白或萎黄
18．light-coloured, bulgy and tender tongue
舌淡胖嫩
19．feverish sensation over the five centers (palms, soles and chest)
五心烦热
20．unpalpable abdominal pain
腹痛拒按
21．Though classified into different categories, they are inseparable and interconnected.
八纲虽然可以分为不同的类型，但实际上是相互关联的，不可截然分开。
(七)望诊
Inspection of complexion means to observe the facial changes in colour and luster. Generally speaking, reddish complexion indicates heat syndromes; whitish complexion indicates
cold and asthenia syndrome; yellowish complexion indicates asthenia[?s?θi:nj?]（虚弱）and dampness syndromes; bluish complexion suggests pain and cold syndrome, blood stasis [?steisis]（停滞）and convulsion[k?n?v?l??n]（惊厥、抽搐）; and blackish complexion shows asthenia of the kidney, blood stasis and fluid retention[ri?ten??n]（阻滞）.
（八）脉象
Floating pulse (Fu Mai): Exterior syndrome (floating and forceful pulse indicating exterior sthenia syndrome while floating and weak pulse indicating exterior asthenia syndrome);
Deep pulse (Chen Mai): Interior syndrome (deep and forceful pulse indicating interior sthenia syndrome while deep and weak pulse indicating interior asthenia syndrome);
Slow pulse (Chi Mai): Cold syndrome (slow and forceful pulse indicating cold-sthenia syndrome while slow and weak pulse indicating asthenia-cold syndrome);
Rapid pulse (Shuo Mai): Heat syndrome (rapid and forceful pulse indicating sthenia-heat while rapid and weak pulse indicating asthenia-heat);
Weak pulse (Xu Mai): Asthenia syndrome (often asthenia of both qi and blood);
Forceful pulse (Shi Mai): Sthenia syndrome;
Slippery pulse (Hua Mai): Retention of phlegm and food, sthenia-heat;
Astringent pulse (Se Mai): Consumption of essence, deficiency of blood, stagnation of qi and stasis of blood;
Full pulse (Hong Mai): Exuberance of heat and pathogenic factors;
Thin pulse (Xi Mai): Asthenia of yin-blood and dampness;
Soft pulse (Ru Mai): Various conditions of asthenia and dampness;
Taut pulse (Xian Mai): Liver and gallbladder disease, various kinds of pain problems, phlegm and retention of fluid;
Tense pulse (Jin Mai): Pain and cold;
Rapid irregular intermittent pulse (Cu Mai): Sthenia-heat due to exuberance of yang, phlegm, retention of fluid and food;
Knotted pulse (Jie Mai): Qi stagnation due to predomination of yin, phlegm stagnation and blood stasis;
Slow regular intermittent pulse (Dai Mai): Declination of visceral qi, wind and pain syndrome, fright and traumatic injury.
1．Traditional Chinese medicine holds that, with the opposition and unity relationships the body keeps a dynamic equilibrium between the internal and external environments and the viscera and the tissues due to the relationships of opposition and unity among them.
（八）病因
中医学认为，人体各脏腑组织之间，以及人体与外界环境之间，既对立又统一，维持着相对的动态平衡。
2．Pathogenic factors are various, such as abnormal changes of weather, infection of pestilence, mental stimulation, improper diet, overstrain, trauma due to heavy load, injury caused by falling, incised wound and insect or animal bites, etc.
病邪多种多样，如气候的异常、疫疠的传染、精神刺激、饮食劳倦、持重努伤、跌仆金刃外伤，以及虫兽所伤等等。
3．During the course of a disease, the cause and effect are often interacting with each other. The effect at a certain pathological stage may turn into cause and vice versa.
在疾病过程中，原因和结果是互相作用着的，在某一病理阶段中是结果的东西，在另一阶段中则可能成为原因。
4．In Su Wen, for example, it says: “The pathogenic factors originate either from the yin aspect or yang aspect. Those from the yang aspect are caused by wind, rain, cold and summer-heat; while those from the yin aspect are caused by improper diet and living conditions as well as sexual activity and emotional changes.”
比如，《素问》中说：“夫邪之生也，或生于阴，或生于阳。其生于阳者，得之风雨寒暑。其生于阴者，得之饮食居处，阴阳喜怒。”
5．“Diseases are exclusively caused by three kinds of patho genic factors. The first group are
endogenous factors caused by invasion of exogenous pathogenic factors into the viscera from the meridians; the second group are the ones attacking the skin and bringing on stagnation of the vessels that connect the four limbs and nine orifices; and the third group are the injuries caused by sexual activity, incised wound and insect and animal bites.”
“千般灾难，不越三条，一者，经络受邪入脏腑，为内所因也；二者，四肢九窍，血脉相传，壅塞不通，为外皮肤所中也；三者，房室、金刃、虫兽所伤。”
6．In the Jin Dynasty, Tao Hongjing also summarized the causes of diseases into three categories, namely “endogenous factors, exogenous factors and others”.
在晋代，陶弘景将病因归纳为三类，即“一为内疾，二为外发，三为它犯。”
7．In order to distinguish them from the six exogenous pathogenic factors, they are called “five endogenous pathogenic factors or five endogenous evils”, namely endogenous wind, endogenous cold, endogenous dampness, endogenous dryness and endogenous fire.
为了将其区分开来，它们被称为“内生五邪”，即内风、内寒、内湿、内燥、内火。
8．Since abnormal change of emotions is the major factor causing internal problems, it is termed “internal injury due to seven emotions”.
由于情志异常是造成内伤病的主要原因，所以称为“内伤七情”。
9．That is why it is said in Su Wen that “anger impairs the liver”;” excessive joy impairs the heart”; “excessive contemplation impairs the spleen”; “anxiety impairs the lung”; and “fright or fear impairs the kidney”.
这就是为什么《素问》中说“怒伤肝”；“喜伤心”；“忧伤肺”；“思伤脾”；“惊恐伤肾”。
10．It is also said that “anger drives qi to flow upward; joy makes qi sluggish; grief consumes qi; fear drives qi to flow downward… fright disorders qi… and over contemplation stagnates qi.”
“怒则气上；喜则气缓；悲则气消；恐则气下……惊则气乱……思则气结。”
11．However, improper diet or partiality in diet frequently leads to diseases.
但饮食不节或偏食常可引起疾病。
12．“Phlegm” not only refers to sputum expectorated from the throat, but also includes scrofula, nodules and the thick liquid substance retained or stagnated in the viscera and meridians.
“痰”不仅仅指从喉咙咯吐出来的痰，也包括瘰疬、痰核和停滞在脏腑经络等组织中而未被排出的痰液。
13．Blood stasis can be caused either by asthenia and stagnation of qi, blood-cold and blood-heat or by endogenous and exogenous injury or extravasation of blood due to blood-heat.
瘀血或由气虚、气滞、血寒、血热等原因所造成，或由内外伤或血热妄行等原因所引起。
（九）血
1．In Su Wen, it says t hat “the middle energizer receives qi (food nutrients), takes the juice and transforms it into red liquid known as blood”
《素问》说：“中焦受气取汁，变化而赤，是谓血。”
2．Ling Shu says that “Yingqi separates its liquid, infuses it into the vessels and transforms it into blood t o nourish the four limbs and the viscera.”
《灵枢》说：“营气者，泌其津液，注之于脉，化以为血；以荣四末，内注五脏六腑……”
3．nourish and moisten[?m??s?n] the whole body.
营养和滋润全身。
4．In the Chapter of the Generation of the Five Zang-Organs in Su Wen, it says: “With the nourishment of blood, the liver is able to maintain normal vision; with the nourishment of blood, the feet are able to walk; with the nourishment of blood, the palms are able to grip objects; with the nourishment of blood, the fingers are able to grasp”.
《素问?五脏生成篇》说：“肝受血而能视，足受血而能步，掌受血而能握，指受血而能摄。”
5．The nourishing and moistening functions are signified by such manifestations as ruddy complexion, well-developed and strong muscles, lustrous skin and hair as well as nimble and flexible sensation and movement.
血的营养和滋润的生理功能主要体现在面色的红润、肌肉的丰满和壮实、皮肤和毛发的润泽有华、感觉和运动的灵活自如等方面。
6．Insufficiency of blood or continuous excessive consumption of blood or hypofunction of blood in nourishing and moistening the body will inevitably lead to such general or local
pathological changes as vertigo[?v?:t??g??], blurred vision, pale or sallow[?s?l??]
complexion, dry hair or skin, numbness of limbs or extremities.
血的生成不足或持久地过度耗损，或血的营养和滋润作用减弱，均可引起全身或局部血虚的病变，出现头昏目花、面色不华或萎黄、毛发干枯、肌肤干燥、肢体或肢端麻木等临床表现。
7．So it is said in Su Wen that “blood and qi constitute the spiri t of man and must be carefully nourished.”
所以《素问》说：“气血者，人之神，不可不谨养。”
8．That is why it is said in Ling Shu that “harmony of blood and smoothness of the vessels are key to the normal state of the spirit.”
这就是为什么《灵枢》说：“血脉和利，精神乃居。”
9．Since the pumping of the h eart propels blood to circulate, it says in Su Wen that “the heart dominates the blood vessels.”
由于心脏的搏动推动血液的运行，所以《素问》说：“心主身之血脉。”
10．The dispersion and connection with various vessels of the lung as well as the dredging and releasing functions of the liver are also essential factors in promoting the circulation of blood.
肺的宣发和朝百脉，肝的疏泄等，是推动和促进血液运行的重要因素。
11．The function of the spleen to command blood and the function of the liver to store blood are the key factors in keeping the blood circulating inside the vessel and preventing it from extravasating.
脾的统血和肝的藏血等，是固摄血液、防止外溢的重要因素。
12．Clinically four types of blood disorders are commonly encountered, namely blood
asthenia[?s?θi:nj?], blood stasis, blood-heat and blood-cold.
临床常见的血病证候有血虚、血瘀、血热和血寒等四种。
13．Blood asthenia refers to a syndrome marked by general weakness due to consumption or insufficiency of blood and malnutrition of the whole body.
血虚证是血液亏虚，脏腑百脉失养，表现全身虚弱的证候。
14．The clinical manifestations of blood asthenia are pale or sallow complexion,
light-coloured lips and nails, dizziness, palpitation[p?lpi?tei?(?)n](心悸), insomnia, numbness[?n?mn?s] (麻木)of hands and feet, light-coloured and scanty[?sk?nti:]（稀少的）
menstruation, delayed menstruation or amenorrhea, light-coloured tongue with whitish coating, thin and weak pulse.
血虚的临床表现为面白无华或萎黄，唇色淡白，爪甲苍白，头晕眼花，心悸失眠、手足发麻，妇女经血量少色淡，衍期甚或闭经，舌淡苔白，脉细无力。
15．The clinical manifestations of blood stasis are fixed and unpalpable stabbing pain, often aggravated in the night; bluish coloration if the mass is superficial; hard mass if it is in the abdomen; repeated hemorrhage with blackish color and blood clot or pitch-like stool; blackish
complexion,squamous and dry skin,purplish [?p?:pli?]（略带紫色的）lips and nails,or subcutaneous purplish maculae, or visible veins over the abdomen, amenorrhea[ei?men??ri:?]（闭经）in women, purplish and grayish [?ɡreii?]（略带灰色的）tongue, or ecchymosis and
petechia, thin and unsmooth pulse.
血瘀的临床表现为疼痛如针刺刀割，痛有定处，拒按，常在夜间加剧。肿块在体表者，色呈青紫；在腹内者，坚硬按之不移。出血反复不止，色泽紫暗，中加血块，或大便色黑如柏油。面色黧黑，肌肤甲错，口唇爪甲紫暗，或腹部青筋外露。妇女常见经闭。舌质紫暗，或见瘀斑瘀点，脉象细涩。
16．Blood-heat refers to a syndrome of superabundance of fire and heat in the viscera and invasion of heat into blood-phase.
血热证，是脏腑火热炽盛，热迫血分所表现的证候。
（十）气
1．Qi is a conception signifying a rudimentary understanding of the natural phenomena in the ancient times in China.
气的概念反映了古代中国人对自然现象的一种朴素的认识。
2．“the human beings were produced by the interaction between the terrestrial qi and the celestial qi in accordance with the variations of the four seasons”
“人以天地之气生，四时之法成。”
3．“the combination of terrestrial qi and celestial qi has given rise to the existence of the human beings.”
“天地合气，命之曰人。”
4．“The sky provides men with five kinds of qi and the earth provides men with five kinds of flavors. The five kinds of qi enter the body through the nose and stay in the heart and the lung, so that the complexion is lustrous and the voice is sonorous; the five kinds of flavors enter the body through the mouth and stay in the intestines and stomach to produce nutrient substance to nourish the five kinds of qi.”
“天食人以五气，地食人以五味。五气如鼻，藏于心肺，上使五色修明，音声能彰；五味入口，藏于肠胃，味有所生，以养五气。”
5．Qi in the human body is derived from congenital qi inherited from the parents, food nutrients the food transformed by the spleen and stomach and fresh air inhaled from the natural
world by the lung.
人体的气，来源于禀受父母的先天之精气、饮食物中的营养物质和存在于自然界的清气。
6．Because the congenital qi depends on the essence-storing function of the kidney to perform its physiological action; food nutrients relies on the transporting and transforming functions of the spleen and stomach to derive from the food; and the fresh air in the natural world depends on the lung to inhale into the body.
因为先天之精以来于肾藏精气的生理功能，才能充分发挥先天之精的生理效应；水谷之精气依赖于脾胃的运化功能，才能从饮食物中摄取而化生；存在于自然界的清气，则依赖于肺的呼吸功能，才能吸入。
7．“blood flows with warmth and coagulates with cold.”
“血得温而运，得寒而凝。”
8．“Excess of qi indicates heat while deficiency of qi suggests cold.”
“气实者，热也；气虚者，寒也。”
9．That is why it is said in Su Wen that “only when qi in the body is deficient can pathogenic factors invade the body.”
所以《素问》说：“邪之所凑，其气必虚。“
10．If qi fails to control blood, it may leads to various kinds of hemorrhage; if qi fails to check body fluid, it may result in spontaneous sweating, profuse urine or incontinence of urine, drooling, regurgitation of clear water and diarrhea; if qi fails to astringe sperm, it may bring on seminal emission, spermatorrhea and prospermia.
如气不摄血，可导致各种出血；气不摄津，可导致自汗、多尿或小便失禁、流涎、泛吐清水、泄泻滑脱；气不固精，可出现遗精、滑精和早泄等。
11．“Without the activities of coming in and going out, there will be no such processes of birth, growth, maturity, aging and death; without the activities of ascending and descending, there will be no possibility of sprouting, growth, transformation, reaping and storage.”
“故非出入，则无以生长壮老已；非升降，则无以生长化收藏。“
12．It derives from the congenital essence stored in the kidney and depends on nutrients of food to nourish.
元气主要来自于肾所藏的精气，又依赖后天水谷精气的培养。
13．The physiological functions of Zongqi are to flow through the respiratory tract to promote respiration and run through the heart vessels to promote the circulation of qi and blood.
宗气的主要生理功能是走息道以行呼吸和贯心脉以行气血。
14．But unlike Yingqi, it flows outside the vessels and is active in nature and rapid in circulation.
不象营气，卫气运行于脉外，活动性强，流动迅速。
15．“Yingqi transforms into liquid, infusing into the vessels and transforming into blood to nouris h the four extremities in the exterior and the viscera in the interior.”
“荣气者，泌其津液，注之于脉，化以为血，以荣四末，内注五脏六腑。”
16．Its physiological functions are protecting the body surface against exogenous pathogenic factors, warming and nourishing the viscera, muscles and the skin as well as controlling the opening and closing of the pores to adjust the excretion of sweat.
其生理功能为护卫肌表防御外邪入侵；温养脏腑、肌肉、皮毛等；调节控制腠理的开合和汗液的排泄。
（十一）五脏
1．For example, the liver prefers to grow freely and dislikes depression, so it pertains to wood; the heart pumps blood to warm the body, thereby it pertains to fire; the spleen is responsible for transforming and transporting cereal nutrients to all parts of the body, thus it pertains to earth; the lung is marked by the functions of purification and descending, for that reason it pertains to metal; the kidney is in charge of storing essence and governing water, therefore it pertains to water.
肝喜条达而恶抑郁，故以肝属木；心阳有温煦的之功，故以心属火；脾有运化水谷，输送精微，营养五脏六腑、四肢百骸之功，故以脾属土；肺具清肃之性，肺气以肃降为顺，故肺属金；肾有藏精、主水等功能，故以肾属水。
2．The assignment of the fiver zang-organs to the five elements not only have expounded the functional features of the five zang-organs, but also have elucidated the intrinsic relationships among the physiological functions of the five zang-organs.
五脏的五行归属，不仅阐明了五脏的功能特性，而且还说明了脏腑生理功能的内在联系。
3．The liver promoting the heart means wood generating fire, such as the liver storing blood to supplement the heart; the heart promoting the spleen means fire generating earth, such as heart yang warming the spleen; the spleen promoting the lung means earth generating metal, such as “the essence distributed by spleen qi flowing upward into the lung”; the lung promoting the kidney means metal generating water, such as downward flowing of pulmonary qi supplementing the kidney water; the kidney promoting the liver means water generating wood, such as the kidney storing essence to nourishing blood in the liver; etc.
肝生心就是木生火，如肝藏血以济心；心生脾就是火生土，如心阳以温脾；脾生肺就是土生金，如“脾气散精，上归于肺”；肺生肾就是金生水，如肺金肃下行以助肾水；盛生肝就是水生木，如肾藏精以滋养肝的阴血等等。
4．The manifestations of the mutual restricting relationship among the five zang-organs also can be summarized according to what is described in the Chapter of Discussion on the Generation of the Five Zang-Organs in Su Wen: “the dominator of the heart…is the kidney”; “the dominator of the lung…is the heart”; “the dominator of the spleen…is the liver”; “the dominator of the kidney…is the spleen”. “Dominator” actually means “restriction” or “restraint”.
五脏相互制约关系在《素问?五脏生成论》中被描述为：“心……其主肾也”；“肺……其主心也”；“脾……其主肝也”；“肾，其主脾也”。“主”实际上指制约，也就是相克。
5．Since the human body is an organic whole and there exist both inter-promoting and inter-restricting relationships among the viscera, when one internal organ is afflicted, other organs and tissues may get involved. Such an involvement is known as “transmission and change” in traditional Chinese medicine.
由于人体是一个有机的整体，五脏之间存在着相生相克的关系，一个脏器受邪，其它脏器和组织也将受累。这种情况在中医上被称作“传变”。
6．“disorder of the mother-organ involving the child-organ” and “disorder of the child-organ affecting the mother-organ”.
“母病及子”、“子病犯母”。
7．Clinic ally “insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney” (this is due to the fact that the kidney essence becomes deficient first and then causes insufficiency of liver blood, consequently bringing about insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney) and “failure of water to nourish wood” (the kidney water gets insufficient first and fails to nourish liver wood, eventually leading to asthenia of liver and kidney yin and hyperactivity of liver yang)
are all the manifestations of “disord er of the mother-organ involving the child-organ”.
临床上常见的“肝肾精血不足”（这是由于先有肾精不足，然后累及肝脏，而致肝血不足，从而形成肝肾精血不足）和“水不涵木”（由于先有肾水不足，不能滋养肝木，从而形成肝肾阴虚，肝阳上亢）都属母病及子的范围。
8．Clinically asthenia of heart and liver blood (this is because sufficiency of heart blood appears first and then involves the liver, leading to insufficiency of liver blood) and superabundance of heart and liver fire (this is because superabundance of heart fire appears first and then affects the liver, giving rise to the production of liver fire) are all the manifestations of “disorder of the child-organ affecting the mother-organ”.
临床上常见的心肝血虚（这是由于先有心血不足，然后累及肝脏，而致肝血不足，从而形成心肝血虚）和心肝火旺（由于先有心火旺盛，然后累及肝脏，引动肝火，从而形成心肝火旺）都属子病犯母的范围。
9．Transmission following the inter-restricting order involves two aspects: “over-res tricting” and “counter-restricting” which indicate disorders caused by abnormal restriction.
相克传变包括两个方面：“相乘”和“相侮”，均属于不正常的相克。
10．In the Chapter of Major Discussion on the Motion of the Five Elements in Su Wen, it is said: “When one element is in superabun dance, it brings the one that it dominates under control and counter-restricts the one that it normally inferior to; when one element is in deficiency, it will be over-restricted by the one that it is normally inferior to and counter-restricted by the one that it normally dominates.”
《素问?五运行大论》说：“气有余，则制己所胜而侮所不胜，其不足，则己所不胜，侮而乘之；己所胜，轻而侮之。”
11．For instance, a patient with bluish complexion accompanied by preference for sour taste and taut pulse suggests liver disease; a patient with reddish complexion accompanied by bitter taste in the mouth and full pulse indicates hyperactivity of heart-fire; a patient with spleen asthenia appears bluish in complexion indicates subjugation of earth by wood; and a patient with heart disease appears blackish in complexion indicates restriction of fire by water; etc 如面见青色，喜食酸味，脉见弦象，可以诊断为肝病；面见赤色，口味苦，脉象洪，可以诊断为心火亢盛；脾虚的病人，面见青色，为木来乘土；心脏病人，面见黑色，为水来克火，等等。
12．Clinically the therapeutic principles made according to this theory are known as “to reinforce the mother-organ in case of asthenia (or deficiency) and to purge (or reduce) the child-organ in case of sthenia (or excess)” mentioned in the sixty-ninth chapter of Nanjing (Canon of Difficulties).
临床上根据这一理论确立的治疗原则在《难经?六十九难》中被称为“虚则补其母，实则泻其子”。
13．Enriching water to nourish wood: This is a method is used to nourish kidney yin to conserve liver yin, also known as nourishing the kidney to strengthen the liver and applicable to the treatment of consumption of kidney yin with insufficiency of liver yin and relative hyperactivity of liver yang.
滋水涵木法：是滋养肾阴以养肝阴的方法，又称为滋肾养肝法，适用于肾阴亏损而肝阴不足，以及肝阳偏亢之证。
14．Supplementing fire to reinforce earth: This is a method used to warm kidney yang and supplement spleen yang, also known as method for warming the kidney to strengthen the spleen
and applicable to inactivation of spleen yang due to declination of kidney yang.
益火补土法：是温肾阳以补脾阳的一种方法，又称为温肾健脾法，适用于肾阳式微而致脾阳不振之证。
15．Enriching earth to generate metal: This is a method used to supplement the spleen to nourish qi, also known as a method for supplementing and nourishing spleen and lung, applicable to weakness of the lung and spleen due to hypofunction of the spleen and stomach.
培土生金法：是用补脾益气以补益肺气的方法，又称为补养脾肺法，适用于脾胃虚弱，不能滋养肺脏而肺虚脾弱之证。
16．Mutual generation between metal and water: This is a method used to treat asthenia (or deficiency) of lung and kidney yin, also known as supplementing the lung to nourish the kidney.
金水相生法：是滋养肺肾阴虚的一种方法，又称为补肺滋肾法。
17．Suppressing wood and supporting earth: This is a method used to treat hyperactivity of the liver and weakness of the spleen, also known as soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach, applicable to the treatment of subjugation of earth by hyperactivity of wood and failure of wood to soothe earth.
抑木扶土法：是治疗肝旺脾虚的一种方法，又称为平肝和胃法，适用于木旺乘土，木不疏土之证。
18．Consolidating earth to control water: This is a method used to treat accumulation and retention of water and dampness with herbs for warming and activating spleen yang or warming the kidney to strengthen spleen, applicable to edema, distension and fullness due to inactivation of the spleen.
培土制水法：是用温运脾阳或温肾健脾药以治疗水湿停聚为病的一种方法，适用于脾虚不运所致的水肿胀满之证。
19．Reinforcing metal to soothe wood: This is a method for purifying and descending pulmonary qi to suppress liver wood, clinically used to treat relative superabundance of liver-fire.
佐金平木法：是清肃肺气以抑制肝木的一种治疗方法，临床上多用于肝火偏盛，影响肺气清肃之证。
20．Reducing the south and supplementing the north: This is a method for reducing heart-fire and enriching kidney water, applicable to disharmony between the heart and kidney due to insufficiency of kidney yin and relative superabundance of heart-fire.
泻南补北法：是泻心火滋肾水的一种方法，适用于肾阴不足，心火偏旺，水火不济，心肾不交之证。
1．That is why the five elements were originally called “five materials”.
这就是为什么五行最早被称为“五材”。
2．It is said in Zuo Zhuan (Zuo`s Interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Annals): “Nature produces five kinds of materials and people depend on these materials to live. None of them can be dispensed with”.
“天生五材，民并用之，废一不可。”
3．S hang Shu, a nother classical work, states: “Water and fire are used for cooking; metal and wood are used for cultivating; and earth is responsible for the production of all things for people to use.”
另一部经典著作《尚书》中说：“水火者，百姓之所饮食也；金木者，百姓之所兴作也；土者，万物之所资生，是为人用。”
4．For instance, wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally. So anything with
the functions of growing, ascending and developing freely is attributed to the category of wood. Fire is characterized by flaming up. Thereby anything with the functions of warming and rising is attributed to the category of fire. Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping. So anything with the functions of generating, transforming, supporting and receiving is attributed to the category of earth. Metal is characterized by change. Hence anything with the functions of purifying, descending and astringing is attributed to the category of metal. Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing. Therefore anything with the functions of cooling, moistening and moving downward is attributed to the category of water.
比如，木的特性被概括为“木曰曲直”，因而凡具有生长、升发、条达舒畅作用或性质的事物，均归属于木；火的特性被概括为“火曰炎上”，因此凡具有温热、升腾作用的的事物，均归属于火；土的特性被概括为“土爰稼穑”，所以凡具有生化、承载、受纳作用的事物，均归属于土；金的特性被概括为“金曰从革”，因此凡具有清洁、肃降、收敛等作用的事物，均归属于金；水的特性被概括为“水曰润下”，所以凡具有寒凉、滋润、向下运行的事物，均归属于水。
５．With analogy, they classified all these into the five elements according to their nature, function and form.
根据取类比象的原则，他们将所有这些（事物和现象）依其性质、功能和形式分归五行。
６．The movement of the five elements is mainly characterized by inter-generation (or inter-promoting), inter-restriction (or inter-restraint or interacting), over-restriction (or over-restraint or subjugation), counter-restriction (or counteracting or counter-restraint) and mutual interaction between mother-organ and child- organ.
五行之间的运动特点主要有相生、相克、相乘、相侮以及母子关系等。
７．Inter-generation means that one kind of object generates, strengthens or brings forth another…
相生指这一事物对另一事物具有促进、助长和资生的作用。
８．Each of the five elements is marked by such relations as “being generated” and “generating”.
对于五行中的任何一“行”来说，都存在着“生我”和“我生”的关系。
９．Each element is the “child” of the element that generates it and the “mother” of the one it generates. Take wood for example.
每一行既是“我生”之“子”，又是“生我”之“母”。
10．In this circular order, each of the five elements is marked by “being restricted” and “restricting”. For example, the element restricting wood is metal, and the element that is restricted by wood is earth.
对于五行中的任何一“行”来说，都存在着“克我”和“我克”的关系。
11．Without generation, there would be no growth and development; without inter-restriction, there will inevitably be hyperactivity that consequently bringing about harm.
无生则发育无由，无制则亢而为害。
12．Counter-restriction literarily means that the strong one bullies the weak.
相侮，从字面上讲就是依强欺弱。
13．It is a morbid condition in which one element fails to restrict the other in the regular order, but is restricted by the other in the reverse order.
在病理条件下，一行不能按正常顺序克制另一行，反而被另一行转而反克。
14．“Interaction between mother and child “ refers to abnormal intergeneration in the five
elements.
“母子传变”指五行中不正常的相生关系。
15．The interaction between the “mother” and “child” includes both “the disease of the mother-organ involving the child-organ “ and “disease of the child-organ affecting the mother-organ.”.
“母子传变”包括“母病及子”和“子病犯母”两个方面。
（十二）阴阳
1．Yin and yang generally refer to two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in the natural world.
阴阳是对自然界相互关联的某些事物和现象对立双方的概括。
2．The side facing the sun is yang and the reverse side is yin.
向日为阳，背日为阴。
3．“water and fire are the symbols of yin and yang.”
水火者，阴阳之征兆也。
4．“Yin and yang are what is called Dao”
“一阴一阳谓之道。”
5．On the one hand, under certain conditions yin may change into yang and vice versa; and on the other hand, any phenomenon may be infinitely divided into its yin and yang aspects.
一方面，在一定条件下，阴可以转化为阳，阳也可以转化为阴；另一方面，任何事物和现象都可以无限地分为阴阳两个方面。
6．“Yin and yang form the law of heaven and earth (the natural world), the fundam ental principles of all things, the parents (originators) of change, the beginning of birth and death...”
阴阳者，天地之道也，万物之纲纪，变化之父母，生杀之始本……”。
7．For instance, in the natural world, the motions of celestial bodies, the variations of the four seasons, the alternations of days and nights, as well as sprouting in spring, growing in summer, reaping in autumn and storing in winter, are all the concrete manifestations of the unity and opposition between yin and yang.
比如，自然界中的天体运动、四季变化，昼夜更替以及春生、夏长、秋收、冬藏等都是阴阳对立统一的具体表现。
8．“Predomination of yin results in yang disease while predomination of yang leads to yin disease.”
阴胜则阳病，阳生则阴病。
9．So “if only yang exist, there will be no birth; if only yin exists, there will no growth.”
所以“孤阴不生，孤阳不长。”
10．Such an interdependence between yin and yang is also reflected in the relationship between substance and function. The substance corresponds to yin and the function to yang. Thereby, there is no substance without function and no function without substance.
阴阳相互依存的关系也反应在物质与功能的关系中。物质属阴，功能属阳。所以没有无功能的物质，也没有无物质的功能。
11．“Yin remains inside to act as a guard for yang, while yang stays outside to serve as a actor of yin”.
“阴在内，阳之守也。阳在外，阴之使也。”
12．However, when the interdependent relationships between substances, between functions as
well as between substances and functions are abnormal, life activities will be broken, thus bringing about dissociation of yin and yang, depletion of essence, and even an end of life.
如果功能与功能、物质与物质以及物质与功能之间的关系失常，生命活动就会受到损害，从而导致阴阳离绝、精气衰竭，甚至危及生命。
13．Waning and waxing between yin and yang
阴阳消长
14．waning of yin will lead to waxing of yang and vice versa
阴消则阳长，阳消则阴长。
15．This process is what “consumption of yin leading to gaining of yang (or waning of yin and waxing of yang)” means.
这就是阴消则阳长的含义。
16．T his process is what “consumption of yang leading to the gaining of yin (or waning of yang and waxing of yin)” means.
这就是阳消则阴长的含义。
17．In given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its opposite side.
在一定的条件下，阴阳可以各自向其相反的方向转化。
18．If we regard the waning and waxing relation between yin and yang is a process of quantitative change, then the inter-transformation between yin and yang is a qualitative change.
如果将阴阳的消长看作是量变，那么阴阳的相互转化就是质变。
19．“extreme yin gives rise to yang, while extreme yang gives rise to yin” and “extreme cold brings on heat, while extreme heat brings on cold”. That is why it is said that “things will develop in the opposite direction when they become extreme.”
“重阴必阳，重阳必阴”“寒极生热，热极生寒”。这就是“物极必反”的道理。20．The infinite divisibility of yin and yang
阴阳的无限可分性
21．“Yin and yang have their names but no forms. Thus it can be extended from one to ten, from ten to a hundred, from a hundred to a thousand, from a thousand to ten thousand.”
“故曰阴阳者，有名而无形，数之可十，推之可百，数之可千，推之可万”22．“There is y in within yin and yang within yang. From dawn till noon the is the yang within yang; from noon till dusk is yin within yang; from dusk till midnight is yin within yin; from midnight till dawn is yang within yin.”
“阴中有阴，阳中有阳。平旦至日中，天之阳，阳中之阳；日中至黄昏，天之阳，阳中之阴也；合夜至鸡鸣，天之阴，阴中之阴也；鸡鸣至平旦，天之阴，阴中之阳也”。
（十三）中医特点
1．The theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine had evolved in the long course of clinical practice under the guidance of materialism and dialectics. It has originated from practice and, in turn, guides the practice. This unique system of theory is characterized by the conception of organic wholeness and treatment based on syndrome differentiation.
中医学的理论体系是经过长期的临床实践，在唯物论和辩证法思想指导下，逐步形成的，它来源于实践，反过来指导实践。这一独特的理论体系有两个基本特点：一是整体观念，二是辨证论治。
2．The conception of organic wholeness refers to the unity and integrity the human body itself and its close relationship with the outer world.
英语辩论常用语句汇总 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-
A s k i n g f o r o p i n i o n s ?Do you agree / Do you agree that … ?Do you think it’s a good idea? ? ?Do you think so? ?Is this all right with you? ?You don’t disagree, do you? ? ?What’s your opinion? ? ?What do you think (about …) ? ?What are your ideas? ?Do you have any thoughts on that? ?How do you feel about that? G i v i n g o p i n i o n s ?I tend to think/believe/feel… ?Personally, I believe (think/feel…) ?I (honestly) think (believe/feel …) ?In my opinion/view… ?I suppose (guess/reckon/imagine …)?The way I look at it/see it… ?It appears/seems to me… ?To my mind… ?To the best of my knowledge… As I see it… ?As far as I can tell…?Do you know what I think I think… ?If you ask me… ?I’d say that… ?Let me tell you… ?I’m pretty/quite/fairly sure/certain that… ?It’s quite obvious/clear that... E x p r e s s i n g A g r e e m e n t ?Exactly/absolutely/defi nitely. ?Of course/Sure. ?Right/All right. ?Yes, quite so. ?That’s (quite) right/true. ?Yes you’re right. ?Yes, we see eye to eye.?Yes, you are right on!?Yes, I suppose/guess so.?I (totally/entirely) agree. ?I think so, too.
政治 常见政治问题新闻词汇 ●Sanction制裁 ●Anarchy无政府状态 ●Ballot选票 ●Boycott联合抵制 ●Truce休战 ●Activist激进分子 ●Asylum政治庇护 ●Bill议案 ●Violate违反 ●Treaty协定 ●Parliament国会 ●House of commons下议院 ●Senate参议院 ●Congressman国会/众议院议员 ●Court法庭[院] ●House of lords上议院 ●Congress（美国等国的）国会、议会●Senator参议员 ●Legislature立法机关、立法机构 ●Procurator检察官 ●Security forces安全部队 ●Campaign运动选举 ●Cease-fire停火●Armed forces武装部队 ●Expel驱逐，放逐 ●Cabinet内阁 ●Casualty伤亡 ●Diplomatic tie外交关系 ●Ambassador大使，使节 ●Inflation通话膨胀 ●Reject否决 ●Statement声明 ●Interfere干涉 ●Unseat罢免 ●Protest示威 ●Democracy民主 ●Proposal提议 ●Domestic affairs内政 ●Resignation辞职 ●Impeach弹劾 ●Insurgent造反者，反抗国内政权的人●Multi-party elections多党选举 ●Amnesty特赦 ●Curfew宵禁 ●Anarchism无政府主义 ●Ballot选举票，投票，票数，投票 常见政治头衔新闻词汇 ●President总统 ●Premier总理 ●Secretary of state国务卿●Prime minister首相 ●Chief executive行政长官●Deputy president副总统●Foreign minister外长 ●Finance minister财长 ●Secretary-general秘书长●Chairman主席 新闻中出现的中国时政的词汇 ●Rapid economic growth快速经济增长 ●Disparate development发展不平衡 ●Flood-prevention project防洪工程 ●Building redundant project重复建设 ●Work contracted to households包干到户 ●Strive for a relatively comfortable life奔小康 ●Lighten the burden on the peasant（farmers）减轻农民负担●A constructive strategic partnership建设性战略伙伴关系 外交用词 ●Ambassador大使●Diplomacy外交●Consulate领事馆，领事任期，领事 的职位
关于英语辩论赛的技巧 英语辩论赛的技巧：多用反问句 在进行比赛的时候，可以多用一些反问句来增加气势，让对方觉得你准备充足，如经常用到Don't you think that。 英语辩论赛的技巧：语句要尽量简短 在英语辩论赛的时候尽量要以短小、简短的句子为主，用词要简单，道理浅显，别人一听就知道你在说的话语，而不是要想半天才明白你在说什么，如可以说you are bad，就尽量不要说you are not good。 英语辩论赛的技巧：要围绕主题 有些参加英语辩论赛的朋友，很多时候不知不觉在说的过程中就偏离了主题，其实这个对于英语辩论赛来说是很分的，一定切记要围绕主题，要有好心态，不要太心急。 英语辩论赛的技巧：保持微笑 每次站起来的时候要先微笑，过两秒再进行辩论。脸上保持微笑，这样会表示自己充满自信，也可以放松自己，同时给辩论对方一种气势，造成对方一定的心理压力。 英语辩论赛的技巧：语速要慢 记得你这个是英语辩论赛，全程是用英语进行的，你的对手在你说话快的程度可能会听得到明白你在说话，但大部分听众对于你说得快的情况就会不知道你在说什么，这样就是失去辩论的意义。 辩论赛技巧： 1、打乱阵脚：组织有序进攻，打乱对方的阵脚，使之兵未败而阵先乱，岂有不败之理? 2、直击底线。有意识地对对方底线全力猛攻，使其自我动摇，无力接济，仅有招架之功，却无还手之力，处于被动境地。 3、时间把握：即从严把握本方时间，有意启导、引导对方在无意识中把规定时间及早耗尽，以造成缺席审判的情势，这对本方极为有利。 4、节奏把握：自由辩论的时间不长，但是由于争锋剧烈，对抗性强，故往往呈现出很强的快节奏。一般而言，一强到底，一胜到底的队伍不多，这就需要有韧劲和力量持久才能取胜。故有经验的辩论队往往是先弱后强，欲擒故纵。其利在于先让对方强，以观察其底气，辨别其优劣，在制伏它。 5、避锋折锐：针锋相对，往往会陷于对峙和僵持。你针尖我麦芒，你推我搡，既不利于取胜，现场效果也不好。故有经验的辩论队往往不正面迎击，而是闪避一旁，轻轻折断其锋锐。这种闪避不是回避问题，而是巧用智力，或侧击、或高压、或机智、或幽默，巧击要害，巧借场上效果来使对方退却。简言之，即以大智大巧而对，不以表面热闹、直硬相拼见高低。 大家一定要记得上面所说的几点，并且多点练习就好。
英语辩论赛常用语集锦大全 英语辩论赛越来越受师生们的喜欢，辩手们想要赢得比赛学会掌握一些常用语是很必要的。下面是小编搜集整理的英语辩论赛常用语荟萃集锦，欢迎阅读。更多资讯请继续关注辩论赛栏目。 英语辩论赛常用语荟萃集锦 inmyopinion…我的意见是…… personallyIthink……我个人认为…… Ibelievethat……我相信…… Ithinkthat……我觉得…… thepointisthat……关键是……，要点是..... ifyouaskme……如果你问我…… I’dliketosaythis：……我会这样说…… I’dliketopointoutthat我想指出的是…… speakingformyself站在自己的立场上说…… inmyexperience…根据我的经验…… challenginganopinion质疑某种观点 thatcan’tbetrue那不可能是真的。 butwhatabout…?但关于……方面呢? clarifyingapoint阐述观点 whatIsaidwas…我刚才说的是…… whatImeantosaywas…我的意思是说…… letmerepeatwhatIsaid.让我重复我刚才所说的。
letmerephrasewhatIsaid.让我重申刚才所说的。 agreeingwithanopinion同意观点 ofcourse当然。 right.是的。 exactly.对。 that’strue.是那样。 sodoI.(neitherdoI.)我也这样认为。(不这样认为。) Iagreecompletely.我完全赞同。 Iagreewithyouentirely.我完全同意你所说的。 you’reabsolutelyright.显然你是对的。 that’sagoodpoint.这个看法不错。 Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.我绝对赞成你。 Ifeelthesameway.我也持同样的想法。 disagreeingwithanopinion反对意见。 however，…然而…… Idon’tthinkso.我不那样认为d.Idon’tthink…我认为……不是那样的。 ontheotherhand…另一方面…… onthecontrary.相反的。 that’snot(entirely)true.那不(完全)正确。 Ican’tpossiblyagreewithyou.我不可能同意你。 Ihatetodisagreewithyou，but…我不喜欢反对你，但…… allright，butdon’tyouthink…?好吧，但难道你不觉得……
一．国际事务： negotiations，delegate，delegation，summit 峰会 charter n. 特许状，执照，宪章 pledge n. 诺言，保证，誓言，抵押，信物，保人，祝愿vt. 许诺，保证，使发誓，抵押，典当，举杯祝……健康 vt. 特许，发给特许执照 promote peace 促进和平 boost economic co-op 加强经济合作 make concession/compromise 作出妥协 pass a resolution 通过决议 sanction n. 核准，制裁，处罚，约束力 vt. 制定制裁规则，认可，核准，同意 default n. 违约，不履行责任，缺席，默认值 vt. 疏怠职责，缺席，拖欠，默认 vi. 疏怠职责，缺席，拖欠，默认 veto a bill 否决议案 break the deadlock 打破僵局 a scientific breakthrough 科学突破 an unexpected outcome 出乎意料的结果 sign/ratify an accord/deal/treaty/pact/agreement 签署协议diplomatically isolated country 在外交上被孤立的国家diplomatic solutions 外交解决方案 hot spot 热点 take hostilities toward..... 对……采取敌对态度 ethnic cleansing 种族排斥 refugee，illegal aliens 非法移民 mediator 调解员 national convention 国民大会 fight corruption 反腐败 corrupted election 腐败的选举 peace process 和平进程 give a boost to... 促进 booming economy 促进经济发展 mutual benefits/interests 双赢 Defense Minister，evacuate，flee from Pentagon 五角大楼impose/break a deadline 规定/打破最后期限 retaliate 报复 banking reform 金融改革 commissioner 代表 go bankrupt 破产 file for bankruptcy 提出破产 deputy 代表
闻报道常用英语词汇 accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n．广告．advance n．预发消息；预写消息affair n．桃色新闻；绯闻anecdote n．趣闻轶事assignment n．采写任务attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源back alley news n. 小道消息backgrounding n．新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。banner n．通栏标题beat n．采写范围blank vt. "开天窗" body n. 新闻正文boil vt．压缩(篇幅) box n. 花边新闻brief n. 简讯bulletin n．新闻简报byline n. 署名文章caption n．图片说明caricature n．漫画carry vt．刊登cartoon n．漫画censor vt. 审查(新闻稿件)，新闻审查chart n．每周流行音乐排行版clipping n．剪报column n．专栏；栏目columnist n．专栏作家continued story 连载故事;连载小说contributing editor 特约编辑contribution n．(投给报刊的)稿件;投稿contributor n．投稿人copy desk n．新闻编辑部copy editor n．文字编辑correction n．更正(启事) correspondence column读者来信专栏correspondent n.驻外记者；常驻外埠记者cover vt．采访;采写cover girl n. 封面女郎covert coverage 隐性采访;秘密采访crop vt．剪辑(图片) crusade n．宣传攻势cut n．插图vt．删减(字数) cut line n．插图说明daily n．日报dateline n．新闻电头deadline n．截稿时间dig vt．深入采访；追踪(新闻线索)；“挖”(新闻) digest n．文摘editorial n．社论editorial office 编辑部daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报party organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸Chinese paper 中文报纸English newspaper 英文报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸Japanese paper 日文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front
我方坚持认为” 应该是脱口而出We firmly insist that，“开头的观点the beginning viewpoint”，“最后的陈词the final statement” Honorable judges, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen..... Ways to open a debate ?To set the framework for our opinion, we believe it is necessary to state… ?We would like to introduce our stand by giving the following definitions. … ?In order to effectively debate this topic, we would like to propose…. ? A number of key issues arise which deserve closer examination. ?We will elaborate one of the most striki ng features of this problem, namely… ?In the first place we would like to make clear that….The main argument focuses on…. 1. Giving Reasons and offering explanations: ?To start with…, The reason why..., That's why..., For this reason..., That's the reason why..., ?Many people think...., Considering..., Allowing for the fact that..., When you consider that..., 2. Asking for an opinion from the other party ?I would be glad to hear your opinio n of … 我很乐意听听你对……的意见。 ?Are you of the same opinion as me? 你与我的看法一致吗？ ?I was wondering where you stood on the question of … 我想知道你对……问题怎么看。 ?well…what do you think (about ?Do you agree? (don't you agree?)你同意吗?(你是不是同意?) ?What's your view on the matter? how do you see it?你怎么看它? ?let‘s have your opinion.让我们听听你的意见！ ?do you think that…?你认为…吗 3. Stating an opinion陈述观点 ?I think..., In my opinion..., I believe… I'd like to point out that我想指出的是… ?Speaking for myself站在自己的立场上说…In my experience…根据我的经验… ?I'd like to say this：…我会这样说… I'd rather..., I'd prefer..., ?The way I see it..., As far as I'm concerned...,就我而言，… ?If it were up to me..., I suspect that..., ?I'm pretty sure that..., It is fairly certain that..., ?I'm convinced that..., I honestly feel that…, ?I strongly believe that..., Without a doubt...
英语新闻词汇大全accredited journalist n. 特派记者 advertisement n．广告． advance n．预发消息；预写消息 affair n．桃色新闻；绯闻 anecdote n．趣闻轶事 assignment n．采写任务 attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源 back alley news n. 小道消息 backgrounding n．新闻背景 Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。 banner n．通栏标题 beat n．采写范围 blank vt. "开天窗" body n. 新闻正文 boil vt．压缩(篇幅) box n. 花边新闻 brief n. 简讯 bulletin n．新闻简报 byline n. 署名文章 caption n．图片说明 caricature n．漫画 carry vt．刊登 cartoon n．漫画 censor vt. 审查(新闻稿件)，新闻审查 chart n．每周流行音乐排行版 clipping n．剪报 column n．专栏；栏目 columnist n．专栏作家
continued story 连载故事;连载小说contributing editor 特约编辑 contribution n．(投给报刊的)稿件;投稿contributor n．投稿人 copy desk n．新闻编辑部 copy editor n．文字编辑 correction n．更正(启事) correspondence column读者来信专栏correspondent n.驻外记者；常驻外埠记者 cover vt．采访;采写 cover girl n. 封面女郎 covert coverage 隐性采访;秘密采访 crop vt．剪辑(图片) crusade n．宣传攻势 cut n．插图vt．删减(字数) cut line n．插图说明 daily n．日报 dateline n．新闻电头 deadline n．截稿时间 dig vt．深入采访；追踪(新闻线索)；“挖”(新闻) digest n．文摘 editorial n．社论 editorial office 编辑部 daily 日报 morning edition 晨报 evening edition 晚报 quality paper 高级报纸 popular paper 大众报纸 evening paper 晚报 government organ 官报
英语新闻中常用高频词汇大全新闻词汇精选 1.Academy Awards 学院奖（奥斯卡金像奖） 2. Apollo Program 阿波罗计划 3. Mr Bean 豆子先生 4. Beat Generation 垮了的一代 5. Bible 《圣经》 6. Black Monday 黑色星期一 7. Broadway(New York) 百老会 8. Central Park 中央公园 9. Charlie Chaplin 查利·卓别林 10. Chinatown 唐人街 11.Civil rights movement 民权运动 12.Bill Clinton 比尔·克林顿 13.Coca-cola 可口可乐 14.Cookbooks 烹饪书 15.Cosmopolitan 大都 16.Cowboy 牛仔 17.Credit Card 信用卡 18.Disneyland 迪斯尼乐园 19.First lady 第一夫人 20.ghost towns 鬼城 21.the God father 教父 22.Grammy Awards 格来米奖 23.Great Depressions 大萧条 24.Great Salt lake 大盐湖 25.Gulf War 海湾战争
26.Halloween 万圣节(节) 27.Hariem 哈雷特(黑人区) 28.Harvard University 哈佛大学 29.Oxford University 牛津大学 30.Camoridge University 剑桥大学 31.Holiday Inn 假日酒店 32.Hollywood 好来坞 33.home computer 家用电脑 34.home video 家用录像 35.hot dog 热狗 36.Independence Day 独立日 37.Michael Jordan 麦克尔·乔丹 38.Michael Jackson 麦克尔·杰克逊 39.Helen Keller 海伦·凯莉 40.Kennedy Assasination 肯尼迪暗杀案 41.Kentucky Fried 肯德鸡 42.Bill Jean 比尔·金 43.Martin Luther King 马丁·路德金 44.Kodak 科达 45.Korean War 朝鲜战争 46.Lincoln Memorial 林肯纪念碑 47.Little Rock 小万城 48.Los Angeles 洛杉机 49.Bruce Lee 李小龙 50.McDonalds 麦当劳 51.Madonna 麦当娜 52.Marijuana 大麻 53.Marlboro Man 万宝路人 54.Mickey Mouse 米老鼠
英语辩论常用语（外语083的同学们看过来！）2009-12-16 22:19 | (分类:Rebe is learning!) 一辩：FIRST DEBA TER 二辩：SECOND DEBATER 对方辩友，my fellow debaters 开始的陈词，Honorable judges, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen..... 如果想要驳斥对方的逻辑，进行假设：according to your logic 反对object to 观点opinion 总结summary 辩论常用短语荟萃 1. stating an opinion 陈述观点 a. in my opinion…我的意见是…… b. personally I think……我个人认为…… c. I believe that……我相信…… d. I think that……我觉得…… e. the point is that……关键是……, 要点是..... f. if you ask me……如果你问我…… g. I’d like to say this：……我会这样说…… h. I’d like to point out that 我想指出的是…… i. speaking for myself 站在自己的立场上说…… j. as far as I’m concerned，…就我而言，…… k. in my experience…根据我的经验……
l.Another point is that …另一点是…… m.Another way of looking at it is …看这个问题的另一个看法是……n.I forgot to say / tell you that…我忘记要讲…... 2. challenging an opinion 质疑某种观点 a. that can’t be true 那不可能是真的。 b. but what about…？但关于……方面呢？ 3. clarifying a point 阐述观点 a. what I said was…我刚才说的是…… b. what I mean to say was…我的意思是说…… c. let me repeat what I sai d. 让我重复我刚才所说的。 d. let me rephrase what I said. 让我重申刚才所说的。 4. agreeing with an opinion 同意观点 a. of course 当然。 b. right. 是的。 c. exactly. 对。 d. that’s tru e. 是那样。 e. so do I. （neither do I.）我也这样认为。（不这样认为。） f. I agree completely. 我完全赞同。 g. I agree with you entirely. 我完全同意你所说的。 h. you’re absolutely right. 显然你是对的。 i. that’s a good point. 这个看法不错。
英语新闻词汇大全 accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n．广告． advance n．预发消息；预写消息affair n．桃色新闻；绯闻 anecdote n．趣闻轶事 assignment n．采写任务 attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源back alley news n. 小道消息backgrounding n．新闻背景 Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。banner n．通栏标题 beat n．采写范围 blank vt. "开天窗" body n. 新闻正文 boil vt．压缩(篇幅) box n. 花边新闻 brief n. 简讯 bulletin n．新闻简报 byline n. 署名文章 caption n．图片说明 caricature n．漫画 carry vt．刊登 cartoon n．漫画 censor vt. 审查(新闻稿件)，新闻审查chart n．每周流行音乐排行版clipping n．剪报 column n．专栏；栏目 columnist n．专栏作家 continued story 连载故事;连载小说
contributing editor 特约编辑 contribution n．(投给报刊的)稿件;投稿contributor n．投稿人 copy desk n．新闻编辑部 copy editor n．文字编辑 correction n．更正(启事) correspondence column读者来信专栏correspondent n.驻外记者；常驻外埠记者 cover vt．采访;采写 cover girl n. 封面女郎 covert coverage 隐性采访;秘密采访 crop vt．剪辑(图片) crusade n．宣传攻势 cut n．插图vt．删减(字数) cut line n．插图说明 daily n．日报 dateline n．新闻电头 deadline n．截稿时间 dig vt．深入采访；追踪(新闻线索)；“挖”(新闻) digest n．文摘 editorial n．社论 editorial office 编辑部 daily 日报 morning edition 晨报 evening edition 晚报 quality paper 高级报纸 popular paper 大众报纸 evening paper 晚报 government organ 官报 party organ 党报
英文辩论赛流程和规则 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
附件： 英语辩论赛流程以及评分标准 一、英语辩论赛流程 英语辩论赛采用国际议会制比赛形式，参照第十三届“外研社杯”全国英语辩论赛的要求，具体流程为： 1、主席致辞：宣布辩题及辩题相关背景资料；介绍选手包括学院、专业、年级及正反方所持观点等；介绍评委及比赛规则。 2.、比赛阶段： 比赛由正方和反方组成，双方各两名选手，选手可自行分工，一人担任一辩，一人担任二辩。比赛前15分钟主席将辩题(motion)公布给两队，并由抓阄决定正反方，正方对辩题持肯定态度，反方对辩题持否定态度，双方在辩论开始前有15分钟准备时间，辩论具体进行过程如下：1)正方一辩发言（7分钟） 第一分钟结束时--举牌提示,第六分钟结束时--举牌提示,第七分钟结束时---举牌提示 2）反方一辩发言（8分钟） 第一分钟结束时--举牌提示,第七分钟结束时--举牌提示,第八分钟结束时---举牌提示 3）正方二辩发言（8分钟） 第一分钟结束时--举牌提示,第七分钟结束时--举牌提示,第八分钟结束时---举牌提示 4）反方二辩发言（8分钟）
第一分钟结束时--举牌提示,第七分钟结束时--举牌提示,第八分钟结束时---举牌提示 5）反方一辩总结（4分钟） 第一分钟结束时--举牌提示,第三分钟结束时--举牌提示,第四分钟结束时---举牌提示\ 6）正方一辩总结（5分钟） 第一分钟结束时--举牌提示,第四分钟结束时--举牌提示,第五分钟结束时---举牌提示 比赛阶段注意事项: 在提示牌提示结束后,有20秒宽限期,发言者必须在此期间内完成自己的发言,如果超过宽限期,则扣分.如果发言者发言时间远远少于规定时间,则评委会将此看作没有充分展开自己的观点而给发言者扣分. 在前1-4环节中,对方可以根据发言者正在申诉的论点提出本方的观点(pointofinformation,简称为POI) 比赛阶段提问者提出POI的注意事项: 1）POI要简短，切题，机智。严禁针对比赛规则和个人提出问题；2）提出POI时要从座位上起立，并举手示意.提问者可以用类似onthatpoint,Sir/Madam 的话引起发言者的注意； 3）发言者可以采取以下方式回应对方提出的POI:语言拒绝(类似sorry)、接受提问（类似ok）；
英语辩论赛常用语 A征求他人观点或意见的用语 I would be glad to hear your opinion of …我很乐意听听你对……的意见。 Are you of the same opinion as I? 你与我的看法一致吗？ I was wondering where you stood on the question of …我想知道你对……问题怎么看。 B引入自己的新观点或看法的用语 Another point is that …另一点是…… Another way of looking at it is …看这个问题的另一个看法是…… I forgot to say / tell you that…我忘记要讲…... C就自己阐述的观点进行总结时的用语 That’s all I want to say. 我想说的就这些了。 Do you agree? I’m sure you agree. 你赞同吗？我相信你是赞同的。 D就对方阐述的观点进行总结时的用语 As you said…像你所说的那样…… But didn’t you say that…？但是，难道你没说过……吗？、 If I understood you correctly, you said that…要是我理解正确的话，你说过…….
E如何礼貌地反对对方某一观点 I’m not sure really. Do you think so? Well, it depends. I’m not so certain. Well, I’m not so sure about that. I’m inclined to disagree with that. No, I don’t think so really. F如何强烈反对对方某一观点 I disagree. I disagree with you entirely. I’m afraid I don’t agree. I’m afraid you are wrong there. I wouldn’t accept that for one minute. You can't really mean that. You can’t be serious. 我觉得我们可以从以下方面去说： 国庆节的活动应有主题地开展，给每年的国庆节确定一个主题，围绕主题开展节日活动，以便让更多的人能通过这个特别的日子或产生对先辈们的敬意，或珍惜今天的幸福生活，或感
英语辩论赛常用词汇和表达法汇总辩论赛English debating Competition 辩论赛事debating event 主办host\manage 议会制辩论preliamentary debating style 循环赛preliminary debate 淘汰赛elimination debate 八分之一决赛octofinals 四分之一决赛quarterfinals 半决赛semifinals 决赛grand final 正方pro side 反方con side 正方一辩the first debater of pro side 反方一辩the second debater of con side 计时员timekeeper 打分score the competition 定义要合理the definition should be reasonable 素材要有说服力matter should be persuasive 没有平局there is no draws in competitive competition 一辩：first debater 二辩：second debater 对方辩友，my fellow debaters 开始的陈词，Honorable judges, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen..... 如果想要驳斥对方的逻辑，进行假设：according to your logic You are missing the point！（你没有说重点！你没有围绕中心！即，他在钻洞子，这个时候他很有可能会说漏。注意，要用are，不能说成You're，因为这样语气，士气就没有了。） You just don't understand what we talked about！（你根本就没有明白我们刚说了什么！即：误解了，曲解了） You know what? You are straying from the main point！你知道吗？你已经跑题了！（也要注意，都用You are） 自由辩论的阶段，可以在他在说的时候，插进去，说“Wait！Wait！You just said……，did you？”（当然这句话要用在，你发现对方说的不正确时~~） You are generalizing what I asked！(你在以偏盖全！即：我要你回答这个，但对方你绕过去了！) Please ask my question！（请不要回避我的问题！请你回答！！） 正方affirmative 反方negative 辩题topic /issue 校园辩论赛academic debate 辩手/辩护advocate 歧义ambiguity 主事者agent of change(负责采取正方计划的人或单位) 论点，论据argument 辩论argumentation (正式)辩论debate 断言assertion 佐证backing "Balance of arguments" judge 裁判式评判人员 "Better job of debating" judge 评审式评判人员 主张claim 交锋clash 资料data,也作ground 推定presumption 论据evidence 目标goals 通案反驳off-case 命题proposition Refutation 反驳Stock issues 核心议题Topicality 合题性Warrant
negotiations, delegate , delegation, summit峰会, declaration sponsor , 消除分歧, promote peace 促进和平,boost economic co-op加强经济合作make concession/compromise作出妥协,pass a resolution通过决议,veto a bill否决议案, break the deadlock打破僵局 a scientific breakthrough科学突破,an unexpected outcome出乎意料的结果 sign/ratify an accord/deal/treaty/pact/agreement签署协议 diplomatically isolated country在家,diplomatic solutions外交解决方案,military option军事解决途径(动用武力), escalating tension逐步升级的局势, military coupe军事政变,forced from office被赶下台,step down/aside下台 on the brink of war处于战争边缘, hot spot热点,take hostilities toward..对..采取敌对态度, sporadic fighting断断续续的战斗 rebels , wounded,killed, injury,death,casualties伤亡 heavy fighting激战, genocide种族灭绝,relief effort救济工作, humanitarian aid人道主义援助 ethnic cleansing种族排斥, broker/mediate a ceasefire/truce促成停火,refugee, illegal alliens非法移民, mediator调解员, end the bloodshed结束流血事件, special envoy特使 维和部队, national convention国民大会 guerrilla war游击战争,border dispute边境争端,armed conflict武装冲突,reconciliation调解fight corruption反腐败,corrupted election腐败的选举 peace process和平进程, give a boost to...促进,booming economy促进经济发展 civil war内战, mutual benefits/interests双赢 cruise missile 巡航导弹, come to a conclusion达成一致 coalition forces联合军队,interim/transitional gov't过渡政府, sluggish economy萧条的经济 on high alert 处于高级戒备状态, rebellion叛乱,rebel forces叛军 Defense Minister , evacuate, flee from Pentagon五角大楼, impose/break a deadline规定/打破最后期限,retaliate报复 banking reｆｒｏｍ金融改革, commissioner代表 go bankrupt破产,file for bankrupcy提出破产, deputy代表 sensitive , hostage, kidnapped French nationals被绑架的法国人, rescue,release invade , US-led invasion美国领导的入侵, right-wing extremists右翼极端分子,external forces外部力量 warring factions交战各方, topple the government推翻政府 speculate, disarmament agreement裁军协议,mandate , to lift a boycott取消禁令withdraw , embargo, impose sanctions against...实施制裁 dismantle销毁, the implementation of an accord执行决议 germ warfare介子战争, to ease the ban on ivory trade to harbor sb.保护, animal conservation动物保护,threatened/endangered species濒危物种 illegal poaching非法捕猎,face extinction濒临灭亡 stagnant/ recession 萧条, financial crisis金融危机, deflation通货紧缩,inflation通货膨胀, retail prices零售价格,whole sale prices批发价格suicide bombing自杀性袭击事件,dispute , crisis,coflict, holy war圣战